國立中興大學 114 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
The new drug showed remarkable ____ in treating previously resistant infections, although long-term studies are still pending.
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核心觀念
本題考查「藥物相關字彙」與語意搭配。句型為：
The new drug showed remarkable ____ in treating previously resistant infections...
空格位於 showed remarkable + 名詞 之後，需要填入能表示「藥物治療效果強、藥效顯著」的名詞。
potency 指「效力、效能、藥效強度」，可用來描述藥物對病原體或疾病的作用強弱。題幹提到新藥能治療過去具有抗藥性的感染，因此最符合語意的是 potency。
解題方法
先定位關鍵語意：
in treating previously resistant infections
在治療過去具有抗藥性的感染方面
「previously resistant」表示這些感染過去對既有治療具有抵抗性，因此新藥若能有效治療，重點在於它具有顯著的「藥效」或「作用強度」。
再觀察句型：
showed remarkable + 名詞
空格需要填入名詞。四個選項皆為名詞，但只有 potency 能自然表示藥物的治療效力。
題幹完整翻譯如下：
The new drug showed remarkable potency in treating previously resistant infections, although long-term studies are still pending.
這種新藥在治療過去具有抗藥性的感染方面展現出顯著的藥效，儘管長期研究仍在等待完成。
後半句 although long-term studies are still pending 表示長期研究尚未完成，提醒讀者目前僅能確認短期或初步效果，並不改變前半句對新藥藥效顯著的描述。
選項分析
(A) chronicity
chronicity 意為「慢性、慢性化程度、持續時間長的特性」，通常用來描述疾病或症狀長期存在的狀態。
例如：
第 2 題2 分
During routine testing, several healthcare workers were identified as ____, prompting concerns as they had worked closely with vulnerable patients while unaware they carried the virus.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學英文單字的語意辨識，並結合文法結構：
be identified as + 形容詞／名詞
被確認為……、被辨識為……
句中 healthcare workers（醫療工作者）雖然攜帶病毒，卻在與脆弱患者密切接觸時「沒有察覺自己帶有病毒」。因此，空格應填表示「無症狀的」形容詞。
asymptomatic 指「無症狀的」，亦即感染某種疾病或病毒，但沒有出現明顯臨床症狀。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為：
several healthcare workers were identified as ____, prompting concerns as they had worked closely with vulnerable patients while unaware they carried the virus.
翻譯：
幾名醫療工作者被確認為____，這引發了疑慮，因為他們在不知道自己攜帶病毒的情況下，曾與易受感染的患者密切接觸。
其中：
- routine testing：例行檢測
- healthcare workers：醫療工作者、醫護人員
- identified as：被確認為、被辨識為
- prompting concerns：引發疑慮
- worked closely with：與……密切接觸／合作
- vulnerable patients：脆弱患者、易受感染的患者
- unaware：未察覺的、不知道的
- carry the virus：攜帶病毒
「不知道自己帶有病毒」且仍能工作、接觸患者，最符合「無症狀感染者」的情境。
解題方法
先抓語意線索：
- 這些醫療工作者是透過 routine testing（例行檢測） 被發現。
- 他們「不知道自己攜帶病毒」。
- 他們曾與 vulnerable patients 密切接觸，因此引發感染風險的疑慮。
- 題目需要一個能描述「感染病毒但沒有明顯症狀」的形容詞。
因此，完整句意為：
幾名醫療工作者被確認為無症狀者，這引發了疑慮，因為他們在不知情的情況下曾與脆弱患者密切接觸。
故選 asymptomatic。
文法上，identified as 後面可接形容詞，描述某人的狀態：
第 3 題2 分
In discussing the latest immunotherapy treatments, researchers noted that the drug’s ____ effects were particularly promising, as it specifically targeted cancer cells while leaving healthy tissue largely unaffected.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學語境中的字義判斷」與形容詞搭配。關鍵在於藥物能夠：
- 特異性攻擊癌細胞
- 對健康組織影響很小
因此描述的是藥物具有「選擇性的」作用，即 selective effects。
題幹中的關鍵句為：
“as it specifically targeted cancer cells while leaving healthy tissue largely unaffected.”
翻譯：
「因為它能特異性地鎖定癌細胞，同時大致不影響健康組織。」
這種「作用目標集中於病變細胞，避開正常細胞」的特徵，正是 selective 的語意。
文法與語意重點
句型為：
the drug’s ____ effects were particularly promising
其中：
- the drug’s：該藥物的
- ____ effects：空格填入形容詞，修飾 effects
- particularly promising：特別令人看好、前景特別良好
後半句由 as 引導原因或說明：
as it specifically targeted cancer cells while leaving healthy tissue largely unaffected
其中：
- specifically target：特異性地鎖定、針對
- while：同時、而
- largely unaffected：大致未受影響
整句意思是：「研究人員指出，該藥物的選擇性作用特別令人看好，因為它能鎖定癌細胞，卻大致不傷害健康組織。」
選項分析
(A) arbitrary
arbitrary 意為「任意的、武斷的、無明確依據的」。
例如：
- an arbitrary decision：武斷的決定
- arbitrary rules：任意訂定的規則
藥物若是任意作用，表示其作用缺乏特定目標，與題幹所說的 specifically targeted cancer cells 不符。因此不適合填入。
(B) deleterious
deleterious 意為「有害的、不利的」，通常指會造成損害。
第 4 題2 分
After analyzing his family medical records, the genetic counselor explained that the chromosomal abnormality was ____, which helped explain the similar symptoms observed across three generations.
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核心觀念
本題考查近形近音形容詞的字義辨析，以及醫學英文中描述疾病「先天形成」與「跨世代出現」的語意。
題幹關鍵在於：
the chromosomal abnormality was ____, which helped explain the similar symptoms observed across three generations.
染色體異常是____的，這有助於解釋三代之間所觀察到的相似症狀。
「染色體異常」能在家族三代中造成相似症狀，表示此異常與出生時即存在的遺傳性狀況有關，因此應選 congenital。
須注意：congenital 強調「出生時即存在、先天的」，不一定代表必然由父母遺傳；hereditary 才是「遺傳的」。本題雖然提到三代家族病史，但選項中只有 congenital 符合染色體異常的醫學語境。
解題方法
先判斷空格的詞性。空格位於：
the chromosomal abnormality was ____
在 be 動詞後，需要填入形容詞作主詞補語。四個選項皆可作形容詞，因此不能只靠詞性判斷，必須進一步分析語意。
再觀察後半句：
similar symptoms observed across three generations
「症狀出現在三代之間」暗示這是家族性、先天性或遺傳相關的異常。染色體異常若從出生時即存在，便能說明家族成員長期出現相似症狀。故填入：
the chromosomal abnormality was congenital
完整句意為：
在分析他的家族病歷後，遺傳諮詢師解釋，這項染色體異常是先天性的，這有助於說明為何三代人都觀察到相似的症狀。
選項分析
(A) concurrent
concurrent 意為「同時發生的、並存的」。
例如：
- concurrent infections：同時發生的感染
- concurrent events：同時發生的事件
若填入：
the chromosomal abnormality was concurrent
意思會變成「染色體異常是同時發生的」，但題幹沒有提供另一個事件作為比較對象，也無法解釋症狀為何跨越三代出現，因此不合語意。
(B) congenital
congenital 意為「先天的、出生時即存在的」。
常見搭配包括：
- congenital disorder：先天性疾病
- congenital heart defect：先天性心臟缺陷
- congenital abnormality：先天性異常
染色體異常若在出生時便已存在，便可稱為 congenital chromosomal abnormality。這樣的異常可導致家族成員在不同世代出現相似症狀，符合題幹語境。
因此本選項正確。
(C) contingent
contingent 意為「視情況而定的、取決於……的」。
常見用法為：
- contingent on/upon...：取決於……
- a contingent event：取決於條件的事件
例如：
第 5 題2 分
Early detection proved challenging as many patients sought medical attention only after the ____ period had elapsed, by which time the infection had already progressed to an advanced stage.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學英文關鍵術語」與「語境搭配」。句中空格位於 the ____ period，需要填入能與 period 形成固定搭配，且符合感染疾病發展情境的名詞。
- incubation period：潛伏期，指病原體進入人體後，到症狀開始出現前所經過的時間。
- perfusion：灌流、血液灌注，指血液流經組織或器官的情形。
- remission：緩解期，指疾病症狀減輕或暫時消失的階段。
- suppression：抑制、壓制，指某種活動或反應受到抑制。
題幹描述「早期偵測很具挑戰性」，原因是許多病人在某段期間經過後才就醫，此時感染已惡化到晚期。這段期間應是疾病初期、症狀尚未明顯的潛伏期。
解題方法
定位題幹中的關鍵語意：
Early detection proved challenging as many patients sought medical attention only after the ____ period had elapsed, by which time the infection had already progressed to an advanced stage.
翻譯為：
早期偵測證實相當困難，因為許多病人直到 ____ 期已經過去後才尋求醫療協助；到了那時，感染已經進展至晚期。
句中的 after the ____ period had elapsed 表示「某段期間已經經過之後」。後半句 the infection had already progressed to an advanced stage 提示感染在未被及早發現的期間持續發展，因此答案須是感染初期的時間階段。
最符合的搭配是：
the incubation period had elapsed
潛伏期已經過去
【答案】(A) incubation
文法與語意重點
- after + 子句
after the incubation period had elapsed 是由 after 引導的時間副詞子句，表示「在潛伏期經過之後」。
- had elapsed
elapsed 是動詞，意為「經過、逝去」，常用於時間：
第 6 題2 分
The unique bugs, black soldier fly larvae, transform food waste into nutrient-rich ____, which can help restore soil biodiversity and quality.
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核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與環境生物學相關字彙。
黑水虻幼蟲（black soldier fly larvae）能分解食物廢棄物，將其轉化為富含養分的肥料，這類肥料稱為 biofertilizer（生物肥料）。生物肥料可增加土壤養分，改善土壤品質，並有助於恢復土壤生物多樣性。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為：
The unique bugs, black soldier fly larvae, transform food waste into nutrient-rich ____, which can help restore soil biodiversity and quality.
翻譯：
這些獨特的昆蟲，也就是黑水虻幼蟲，會將食物廢棄物轉化為富含養分的生物肥料，而這種生物肥料有助於恢復土壤的生物多樣性與品質。
空格前有形容詞片語 nutrient-rich（富含養分的），後面接名詞；空格所指的物質必須是能改善土壤的產物。
解題方法
先判斷黑水虻幼蟲處理食物廢棄物後的產物性質：
- 食物廢棄物經生物分解後，可形成含有有機質與養分的物質。
- 題幹指出該物質能恢復土壤的生物多樣性與品質。
- 因此，空格應填「能補充土壤養分的肥料」，即 biofertilizer。
文法上，空格位於介系詞 into 後，需填入名詞；四個選項皆為名詞，因此主要依據語意判斷。
選項分析
(A) pesticide
第 7 題2 分
In their efforts to achieve a breakthrough in marsupial breeding, researchers obtained ____ from eastern grey kangaroos, utilizing these biological samples for in vitro fertilization (IVF).
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨析：判斷何種名詞能作為 IVF 使用的生物樣本。
- 語意搭配：
obtain ____ from ...表示「從……取得某種東西」。 - 上下文定位：後面的
these biological samples指回前方所取得的名詞，因此空格必須是「生物樣本」。 - 單複數一致：
these biological samples為複數概念，空格宜填複數名詞。
關鍵句與翻譯
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為：
researchers obtained ____ from eastern grey kangaroos, utilizing these biological samples for in vitro fertilization (IVF).
翻譯：
研究人員從東部灰袋鼠取得了____，並利用這些生物樣本進行體外受精（IVF）。
其中 these biological samples 明確說明空格所指的是「生物樣本」。能與此語意相互呼應的選項是 specimens。
解題方法
先觀察空格後方的線索：
these biological samples：這些生物樣本for in vitro fertilization (IVF)：用於體外受精
研究人員為了進行袋鼠繁殖研究，必須取得可供實驗使用的生物材料，例如細胞、組織或生殖細胞。英文中，泛指供研究或檢驗的生物樣本，常用 specimen；複數為 specimens。
因此句意為：
研究人員從東部灰袋鼠取得了生物樣本，並將這些樣本用於體外受精。
選項分析
(A) predators
意為「掠食者、捕食動物」。例如獅子、老虎可能是其他動物的 predators。掠食者是具有捕食關係的動物身分，不是供 IVF 使用的生物樣本；後面的 these biological samples 也無法指稱 predators，因此錯誤。
第 8 題2 分
During a clinical trial, some participants received the actual medication, while others were given a ____, a harmless substance with no active ingredients used to measure the drug’s true effectiveness.
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核心觀念
本題考「臨床試驗」情境中的醫學英文詞彙辨識，關鍵是根據後方的定義判斷名詞：
a harmless substance with no active ingredients used to measure the drug’s true effectiveness
「一種無害、沒有活性成分，用來測量藥物真正療效的物質」
在臨床試驗中，部分受試者接受真正的藥物，另一部分接受外觀或形式相似、但不含有效成分的安慰性物質，藉此比較兩組結果。這種物質稱為 placebo，中文為「安慰劑」或「假藥」。
解題方法
先抓住題幹中的兩個線索：
- clinical trial：臨床試驗。
- harmless substance with no active ingredients：無害且不含活性成分的物質。
句中結構為：
some participants received the actual medication, while others were given a ____ , a harmless substance...
其中 a harmless substance... 是對空格名詞的補充說明，也就是同位語。空格應填入一個能表示「臨床試驗中用來和真正藥物比較的無活性物質」的名詞。
符合此定義的是 placebo。
題幹定位與翻譯
定位答案的關鍵句為：
others were given a placebo, a harmless substance with no active ingredients used to measure the drug’s true effectiveness.
翻譯：
第 9 題2 分
Regular yoga practice can enhance ____, allowing practitioners to maintain physical exertion for longer periods without fatigue.
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核心觀念
本題考「語境判斷」與近義名詞辨析。關鍵線索是：
- maintain physical exertion for longer periods：維持身體運動更長時間
- without fatigue：不感到疲勞
能使人長時間持續運動而不易疲倦的能力是「耐力」，英文為 stamina。
題幹定位與翻譯
Regular yoga practice can enhance ____, allowing practitioners to maintain physical exertion for longer periods without fatigue.
翻譯：
規律的瑜伽練習可以增強＿＿，使練習者能在不感到疲勞的情況下，維持身體運動更長的時間。
題幹後半句的 maintain physical exertion for longer periods without fatigue 直接界定空格所需的能力：長時間持續身體活動的耐力，因此填入 stamina。
解題方法
先判斷空格的詞性。空格位於動詞 enhance 之後，需填入名詞：
enhance + 名詞
再依照後面的分詞片語 allowing practitioners... 判斷語意。這個片語說明增強該能力後所產生的效果：練習者能長時間運動，且不容易疲勞。
因此，答案必須與「持續運動的能力」直接相關，即 stamina。
選項分析
(A) resilience
意為「韌性、復原力、抗逆力」，通常指人在壓力、挫折或傷害後恢復的能力，例如心理韌性、身體復原力。雖然瑜伽可能有助於提升身體適應力，但本句明確強調「長時間運動而不疲勞」，與 resilience 的核心意義不符，故錯誤。
(B) dexterity
意為「靈巧、熟練度」，指操作手部或身體動作時的敏捷與協調能力，例如彈奏樂器、使用工具或進行精細動作。它強調動作技巧，不表示能長時間運動而不疲倦，故錯誤。
第 10 題2 分
After the mysterious death of the scientist, medical examiners conducted a(n) ____, a full post-mortem examination, to determine the exact cause.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學相關字彙辨析」與「語意定位」。關鍵在於判斷空格後的同位語：
a full post-mortem examination
完整的死後檢查，也就是「屍體解剖」。
因此，空格必須填入表示「驗屍、屍體解剖」的名詞 autopsy。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句：
After the mysterious death of the scientist, medical examiners conducted an autopsy, a full post-mortem examination, to determine the exact cause.
翻譯：
這名科學家神秘死亡後，法醫進行了驗屍／屍體解剖，也就是完整的死後檢查，以確定確切死因。
其中，逗號後的 a full post-mortem examination 是對前面名詞的補充說明，直接界定答案為 autopsy。
解題方法
先抓出語意線索：
- death of the scientist：科學家死亡
- medical examiners conducted：法醫進行
- a full post-mortem examination：完整的死後檢查
- determine the exact cause：確定確切原因，此處指死因
「對死亡者進行完整的死後檢查」即為 autopsy。此外，conduct an autopsy 是常見搭配，意思是「進行驗屍」。
選項分析
(A) autopsy（驗屍；屍體解剖）
正確。Autopsy 是為查明死因，對死者遺體進行的醫學檢查與解剖。它符合 a full post-mortem examination 的定義，也符合 conducted an autopsy 的搭配。
(B) biopsy（活體組織切片檢查；活體組織檢查）
錯誤。Biopsy 是從活體取出組織或細胞，進行顯微鏡或病理檢查，以判斷是否有癌症等疾病。它的重點是「取樣檢查」，不等於死者遺體的完整死後檢查。
常見搭配為 perform a biopsy，如：
第 11 題2 分
After reviewing the patient’s medical history and blood pressure readings, the doctor suggests that the patient ____ lisinopril 10mg daily to manage high blood pressure and prevent complications.
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核心觀念
本題考「建議、要求、命令類動詞」後接 that 子句時的虛擬語氣。
動詞 suggest 表示「建議」時，常用句型：
此處的原形動詞又稱為 mandative subjunctive（命令式虛擬語氣）。主詞即使是第三人稱單數，動詞仍不加 -s。
例如：
- The doctor suggests that he take the medicine.
- The teacher recommends that every student review the lesson.
- The committee demands that the plan be revised.
解題方法
題幹關鍵結構為：
the doctor suggests that the patient ____ lisinopril 10mg daily
suggests 後方接 that 子句，表示醫師提出建議，因此 that 子句中的動詞使用原形。
完整句子為：
After reviewing the patient’s medical history and blood pressure readings, the doctor suggests that the patient take lisinopril 10mg daily to manage high blood pressure and prevent complications.
翻譯：
在檢視病人的病史與血壓讀數後，醫師建議病人每天服用 10 毫克的 lisinopril，以控制高血壓並預防併發症。
因此空格應填原形動詞 take。
選項分析
- (A) take：正確
take 是動詞原形，符合：
第 12 題2 分
If the patient ____ the prescribed treatment plan, she would have avoided the complications.
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核心觀念
本題考「與過去事實相反的假設語氣」，也稱為第三類條件句（third conditional）。
基本句型為：
此句型表示「如果過去曾經……，過去就會……」，但事實上並未如此，且結果已經發生或已成定局。
題幹後半句為：
she would have avoided the complications
她本來就可以避免這些併發症。
其中的 would have + 過去分詞 明確表示過去的假設結果，因此前面的 if 子句必須使用 had + 過去分詞。
解題方法
先觀察主要子句：
If the patient ____ the prescribed treatment plan, she would have avoided the complications.
後半句的 would have avoided 是過去完成式假設結果，代表「過去若採取某行動，過去便會產生不同結果」。
因此，if 子句應使用過去完成式：
完整句子為：
If the patient had followed the prescribed treatment plan, she would have avoided the complications.
翻譯：
如果病人當時遵照醫囑的治療計畫，她本來就能避免這些併發症。
選項分析
(A) followed
followed 是過去式。若使用過去式，通常搭配第二類條件句：
例如：
If the patient followed the treatment plan, she would recover faster.
如果病人遵照治療計畫，她就會恢復得更快。
本題主要子句是 would have avoided，表示過去的假設結果，因此不能與單純過去式 followed 搭配。故錯誤。
(B) has followed
has followed 是現在完成式，表示從過去某時間延續至現在，或某動作對現在仍有影響。
第 13 題2 分
The symptoms persisted ____ the administration of antipyretics, indicating that the treatment was not effective in controlling the fever.
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核心觀念
本題考「讓步介系詞與連接詞的用法」，以及句子的語意邏輯。
題幹：
The symptoms persisted ____ the administration of antipyretics, indicating that the treatment was not effective in controlling the fever.
翻譯：
症狀在使用退燒藥之後仍持續存在，這表示該治療對控制發燒並不有效。
句中「症狀持續」與「使用退燒藥」形成相反結果：
- 預期：使用退燒藥後，症狀應該改善。
- 實際：即使使用退燒藥，症狀仍然持續。
因此需要表達「儘管、即使」的讓步語意。
解題方法
空格後面的結構是：
the administration of antipyretics
這是一個名詞片語，意思是「退燒藥的使用／給藥」。
能直接接名詞片語、表示「儘管」的介系詞是 despite：
despite + 名詞／名詞片語
完整句子為：
The symptoms persisted despite the administration of antipyretics.
意思是：
儘管使用了退燒藥，症狀仍持續存在。
後半句：
indicating that the treatment was not effective in controlling the fever
是現在分詞片語，補充說明前句所呈現的結果。因為症狀沒有因退燒藥而改善，所以推知治療控制發燒的效果不佳。
選項分析
(A) because
because 是從屬連接詞，表示「因為」，後面通常接完整子句：
because + 主詞 + 動詞
例如：
The symptoms persisted because the treatment was ineffective.
題幹空格後只有名詞片語 the administration of antipyretics，不能直接以 because 接續。即使改成 because of the administration of antipyretics，語意也會變成「因為使用退燒藥，所以症狀持續」，與後文「治療並不有效」的語意不相符，因此錯誤。
(B) despite
despite 是介系詞，表示「儘管、即使」，後面可接名詞或名詞片語：
despite + 名詞／名詞片語
題幹中的 the administration of antipyretics 正好是名詞片語，且全句表達「儘管使用退燒藥，症狀仍持續」的讓步關係，文法與語意皆正確。
(C) although
第 14 題2 分
The surgical procedure ____ as soon as the patient's condition stabilizes, specifically when the white blood cell count returns to normal range.
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核心觀念
本題考查「情態助動詞 + 被動語態」以及語意判斷。
句子的主詞是 The surgical procedure（手術程序），手術程序是「被執行」的對象，不是主動執行其他動作的人，因此需要使用被動語態：
其中：
- should：應該
- be performed：被執行、接受施行
因此正確結構為：
解題方法
先判斷主詞和動作之間的關係：
- 主詞 The surgical procedure 是「手術程序」。
- 手術程序不會主動執行自己，而是由醫療人員施行。
- 因此句子必須採用被動語態。
再觀察時間與語意：
The surgical procedure ____ as soon as the patient's condition stabilizes, specifically when the white blood cell count returns to normal range.
翻譯為：
病人的情況一穩定，確切地說，當白血球計數恢復到正常範圍時，這項手術程序就應該被施行。
「病情穩定後應接受手術」表示建議或適當性，使用 should 最合適；而手術是「被施行」，所以搭配 be performed。
關鍵單字與片語
- surgical procedure：外科手術程序、手術
- patient's condition：病人的狀況、病情
- stabilize：穩定下來
- as soon as：一……就……
- specifically：特別是、確切地說
- white blood cell count：白血球計數
- return to normal range：恢復到正常範圍
- perform a surgical procedure：施行手術
題幹中定位答案的關鍵句為：
The surgical procedure ____ as soon as the patient's condition stabilizes.
翻譯：
病人的情況一穩定，這項手術程序就應該被施行。
其中 The surgical procedure 是接受動作的對象，故應選被動形式 should be performed。
選項分析
(A) has performed
第 15 題2 分
The researchers were shocked to find that the ancient manuscript ____ before they had the chance to examine it.
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核心觀念：過去完成式
本題考「過去完成式（past perfect）」的用法，句型為：
過去完成式表示「在過去某一時間或動作之前，已經完成的動作」。若句中有兩個發生在過去的事件，較早發生者通常使用過去完成式，較晚發生者使用過去式。
題幹中有兩個過去事件：
- 古代手稿消失。
- 研究人員有機會檢查手稿。
手稿消失發生在研究人員檢查之前，因此應使用過去完成式：
The researchers were shocked to find that the ancient manuscript had disappeared before they had the chance to examine it.
研究人員震驚地發現，那份古代手稿在他們有機會檢查之前就已經消失了。
解題方法
先找出題幹中的時間關係：
- were shocked：研究人員感到震驚，發生在過去。
- examine it：檢查手稿，發生在過去。
- disappear：手稿消失，也發生在過去，但早於檢查。
「手稿消失」是過去事件中更早完成的動作，因此使用：
其中：
- had：過去式助動詞。
- disappeared：動詞 disappear 的過去分詞。
完整語意是「在研究人員有機會檢查之前，手稿早已消失」。
選項分析
(A) disappears
disappears 是現在式第三人稱單數，表示「消失、會消失」。
若填入此選項：
The researchers were shocked to find that the ancient manuscript disappears...
主句使用過去式 were shocked，但從屬子句卻使用現在式 disappears，與題目所描述的過去事件時間不一致。除非是在敘述普遍事實或特殊的歷史現在式，否則此處不應使用現在式，因此錯誤。
(B) was disappearing
was disappearing 是過去進行式，表示「當時正在消失」。
過去進行式強調某個過去時間點正在進行中的動作。然而題幹重點是手稿在研究人員檢查之前「已經消失」，屬於先完成的事件，不是強調消失過程正在進行。
第 16 題2 分
The research team had meticulously planned every aspect of the project; ____, unexpected technical failures forced them to revise their approach entirely.
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核心觀念
本題考「轉承副詞（conjunctive adverb）」的語意與句型。前句表示研究團隊已經「仔細規劃」，後句卻出現「意外技術故障」，導致計畫必須完全修改，前後形成明顯的轉折、對比。
句型為：
完整句子；轉承副詞，完整句子。
其中 nevertheless 表示「然而、儘管如此」，用來引導與前句預期相反的結果。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵在於：
The research team had meticulously planned every aspect of the project; ____, unexpected technical failures forced them to revise their approach entirely.
翻譯：
研究團隊已經周密規劃了這項計畫的每一個面向；然而，意外的技術故障迫使他們完全修改原先的方法。
前句說計畫準備得非常完整，按照一般預期，計畫應能順利進行；後句卻說「意外技術故障」迫使團隊改變方法，因此需要表達「儘管前面準備充分，事情仍發生出乎預期的變故」。
故應選擇表示轉折的 nevertheless。
選項分析
(A) hence
hence 意為「因此、所以」，表示因果或推論結果。
若填入：
The team had meticulously planned the project; hence, unexpected technical failures forced them to revise their approach.
語意變成「因為團隊周密規劃，所以意外技術故障迫使他們修改方法」，前句與後句並非合理的因果關係，語意不成立。
(B) nevertheless
nevertheless 意為「然而、儘管如此、可是」。
前句說計畫已經周密規劃，後句卻發生意外故障，正是「雖然準備充分，仍然遇到問題」的轉折關係，因此正確。
第 17 題2 分
Despite several warnings, the hikers insisted ____ continuing their journey up the mountain, unaware of the approaching storm.
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核心觀念
本題考查「動詞搭配介系詞」以及片語 insist on + V-ing 的用法。
- insist on + 名詞／動名詞（V-ing）：堅持某事、堅持做某事
- 題幹中的 continuing 是動名詞，前面應搭配介系詞 on。
固定句型：
例如：
- She insisted on paying the bill.
她堅持要付帳。 - He insisted on going there alone.
他堅持獨自前往那裡。
解題方法
先找出主要動詞 insisted，再判斷其後的固定搭配：
insisted ____ continuing
表示「堅持繼續……」，英文固定使用 insist on + V-ing，因此空格填入 on。
題幹定位答案的句子為：
Despite several warnings, the hikers insisted on continuing their journey up the mountain, unaware of the approaching storm.
翻譯：
儘管已經受到數次警告，這些健行者仍堅持繼續登山旅程，沒有察覺即將來臨的暴風雨。
其中：
- Despite several warnings：儘管有數次警告
- hikers：健行者、登山者
- insisted on continuing：堅持繼續
- their journey up the mountain：他們登山的旅程
第 18 題2 分
The newly established institute, ____ scientists collaborate on renewable energy solutions, has already attracted global attention for its groundbreaking research.
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核心觀念
本題考「關係副詞」與「關係代名詞」的區別，並結合逗號所引導的非限定關係子句。
句中先行詞為 the newly established institute，指一個研究機構。後面的子句是：
scientists collaborate on renewable energy solutions
科學家合作研究再生能源解決方案。
動詞片語 collaborate on 已具備完整結構：
- scientists：主詞
- collaborate：動詞
- on renewable energy solutions：介系詞片語，說明合作的主題
子句內沒有缺少主詞或受詞，因此需要表示「在那裡」的關係副詞 where，相當於 in which。
解題方法
逗號後的關係子句是補充說明，先判斷子句是否完整：
the institute, ____ scientists collaborate on renewable energy solutions, ...
「科學家在該研究所合作研究再生能源解決方案」可改寫為：
Scientists collaborate on renewable energy solutions at the institute.
介系詞片語 at the institute 表示地點，因此將先行詞代回後，使用關係副詞 where：
The newly established institute, where scientists collaborate on renewable energy solutions, has already attracted global attention.
全句翻譯為：
這所新成立的研究所，科學家在其中合作研究再生能源解決方案，已經因其突破性的研究成果吸引了全球的關注。
選項分析
(A) which
which 是關係代名詞，可在關係子句中擔任主詞或受詞。例如：
The institute, which conducts groundbreaking research, ...
此時 which 是動詞 conducts 的主詞。
但本題中：
scientists collaborate on renewable energy solutions
已有主詞 scientists，且 collaborate on 結構完整，沒有缺少受詞。因此不能使用 which 來表示「在研究所裡」。
(B) where
where 是關係副詞，表示「在那裡、在其中」，先行詞通常是 place、school、institute、company 等地點或場所。
本題可將 where 還原為：
第 19 題2 分
Due to the severity of the patient’s condition, the doctor ____ an emergency operation performed immediately.
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核心觀念：使役動詞與受詞補語
本題考「使役動詞＋受詞＋補語」的句型，重點在於判斷手術是由誰執行，以及動詞後面應接何種形式。
句型整理如下：
- make + 受詞 + 原形動詞：強迫、使某人做某事
- The doctor made the nurse call the surgeon.
- get + 受詞 + 過去分詞：使某事被完成；設法安排某事完成
- The doctor got the operation performed.
- have + 受詞 + 過去分詞：請人完成某事；安排某事被完成
- The doctor had the operation performed.
- let + 受詞 + 原形動詞：允許某人做某事
- The doctor let the nurse leave.
題目中，醫師是「安排緊急手術立即進行」，並非親自執行手術，因此需要：
解題方法
題幹中的核心結構是：
the doctor ____ an emergency operation performed immediately
其中：
- 受詞：an emergency operation
- 受詞補語：performed
- performed 是過去分詞，表示「手術被執行」
因此空格應填入能搭配「受詞＋過去分詞」的使役動詞。have + O + p.p. 表示「安排某事由他人完成」，最符合醫療語境及正式書面英文。
完整句子為：
Due to the severity of the patient’s condition, the doctor had an emergency operation performed immediately.
翻譯：
由於病人的病情嚴重，醫師立即安排進行緊急手術。
題幹定位與語意重點
關鍵片語是：
- Due to：由於
- the severity of：……的嚴重性
- the patient’s condition：病人的病情
- an emergency operation：緊急手術
- performed：被執行、被進行
- immediately：立即地
其中 had an emergency operation performed 的語意不是「醫師親自做手術」，而是：
醫師安排某位醫療人員執行手術。
選項分析
(A) made
make 的基本使役句型是：
例如：
第 20 題2 分
Only after numerous failed attempts to stabilize the patient’s vital signs ____ the doctors consider an experimental treatment.
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核心觀念：限制副詞片語置於句首時的倒裝
本題考查「限制性副詞片語置於句首，引發部分倒裝」的文法。
句首的 Only after ... 表示「只有在……之後」，具有強調與限制語氣。當此類限制語放在句首時，主句須採用部分倒裝：
助動詞／be 動詞／情態動詞 + 主詞 + 原形動詞
題幹原句：
Only after numerous failed attempts to stabilize the patient’s vital signs ____ the doctors consider an experimental treatment.
主句的正常語序應為：
The doctors considered an experimental treatment.
因為主句動詞 consider 使用過去式，倒裝時需加入過去式助動詞 did，並將主要動詞還原為原形 consider：
Only after numerous failed attempts to stabilize the patient’s vital signs did the doctors consider an experimental treatment.
關鍵單字與片語
- numerous：許多的、大量的
- failed attempts：失敗的嘗試
- stabilize：使穩定
- the patient’s vital signs：病人的生命徵象
- vital signs：生命徵象，通常包括體溫、脈搏、呼吸與血壓
- consider：考慮
- experimental treatment：實驗性治療
解題方法
先找出主句的主詞與主要動詞：
- 主詞：the doctors
- 主要動詞：consider
- 時態：過去式，語意上表示醫師在多次失敗後，才考慮實驗性治療
句首的 Only after numerous failed attempts to stabilize the patient’s vital signs 是時間與限制性的副詞片語。當 Only 所修飾的副詞片語置於句首時，主句必須倒裝。
由於原句的主要動詞是一般動詞 consider，且使用過去式，因此使用過去式助動詞 did：
套入本題：
完整句意為：
Only after numerous failed attempts to stabilize the patient’s vital signs did the doctors consider an ex
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Loneliness is a growing global health concern that affects individuals of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Governments and health organizations grapple with mounting evidence of isolation's devastating societal toll. ____ Similarly, the US Surgeon General has highlighted its impact on mortality, equating it to smoking 15 cigarettes per day. Loneliness is defined as the distressing perception of social isolation stemming from a gap between an individual’s desired and actual social connections. Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups. ____ Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death. Several factors contribute to this heightened risk, including biological changes such as weakened immunity, elevated stress, inflammation, and compromised metabolism. ____ Given these severe health implications, tackling this epidemic requires a multifaceted approach, including individual efforts to raise awareness and healthcare interventions like counseling and therapy.
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核心觀念
本題屬於「篇章結構題」（Text Structure / Sentence Insertion），主要測驗考生掌握文章邏輯脈絡、主題句與支持句（General-to-Specific）開展關係以及代名詞與關鍵語意銜接的能力。
解答此類題型的核心在於「定位空格前後文的邏輯關聯」，特別是注意句子間的概念呼應（如全體與個體、定義與實例、成因與結果）。
解題方法
- 鎖定題目對應之空格位置：
本篇題組共有三個空格，第 22 題對應文章中的第二個空格：
"Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups. [ 第 22 題空格 ] Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death."
- 分析前文的語意與鋪陳（Topical Setup）：
- 前一句提到：
“Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups.”
（近期研究揭示了在不同年齡族群中令人擔憂的現象／模式。） - 句尾明確點出關鍵概念：“different age groups”（不同年齡族群），此為典型的「上位概括句（General Statement）」，後續句子必定要承接具體年齡層（如青少年、年長者等）的具體現象或數據（Specific Evidence）。
- 分析後文的承接邏輯（Follow-up Transition）：
- 後一句轉入更深入的死亡風險研究：
“Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death.” - 空格處需要一個由「不同年齡層」切入、並帶出具體警訊（alarming rates / statistics）的句子，做為從「年齡層現象」過渡到「整體生理健康與死亡風險」的銜接橋樑。
- 代入選項比對：
選項 (E) 的開頭直接使用 “Adolescents, in particular, ...”（尤其是青少年……），精準呼應了前句的 “different age groups”，並提供了具體比例數據（5% 至 15%），是唯一的邏輯銜接選項。
選項分析
-
(A) Additionally, loneliness is associated with mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts.
錯誤。此選項在探討孤獨帶來的「心理健康問題」（憂鬱、焦慮、自殺念頭），與前文的「不同年齡族群（different age groups）」完全缺乏邏輯連貫；此句適合放在探討多重健康衝擊的段落中（本題組第三個空格之後文提到 severe health implications 時）。 -
(B) The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified loneliness as a significant public health threat, initiating an international commission to address the issue.
錯誤。
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Loneliness is a growing global health concern that affects individuals of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Governments and health organizations grapple with mounting evidence of isolation's devastating societal toll. ____ Similarly, the US Surgeon General has highlighted its impact on mortality, equating it to smoking 15 cigarettes per day. Loneliness is defined as the distressing perception of social isolation stemming from a gap between an individual’s desired and actual social connections. Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups. ____ Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death. Several factors contribute to this heightened risk, including biological changes such as weakened immunity, elevated stress, inflammation, and compromised metabolism. ____ Given these severe health implications, tackling this epidemic requires a multifaceted approach, including individual efforts to raise awareness and healthcare interventions like counseling and therapy.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題屬於「篇章結構題」（Text Structure / Sentence Insertion），主要測驗考生掌握文章邏輯脈絡、主題句與支持句（General-to-Specific）開展關係以及代名詞與關鍵語意銜接的能力。
解答此類題型的核心在於「定位空格前後文的邏輯關聯」，特別是注意句子間的概念呼應（如全體與個體、定義與實例、成因與結果）。
解題方法
- 鎖定題目對應之空格位置：
本篇題組共有三個空格，第 22 題對應文章中的第二個空格：
"Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups. [ 第 22 題空格 ] Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death."
- 分析前文的語意與鋪陳（Topical Setup）：
- 前一句提到：
“Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups.”
（近期研究揭示了在不同年齡族群中令人擔憂的現象／模式。） - 句尾明確點出關鍵概念：“different age groups”（不同年齡族群），此為典型的「上位概括句（General Statement）」，後續句子必定要承接具體年齡層（如青少年、年長者等）的具體現象或數據（Specific Evidence）。
- 分析後文的承接邏輯（Follow-up Transition）：
- 後一句轉入更深入的死亡風險研究：
“Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death.” - 空格處需要一個由「不同年齡層」切入、並帶出具體警訊（alarming rates / statistics）的句子，做為從「年齡層現象」過渡到「整體生理健康與死亡風險」的銜接橋樑。
- 代入選項比對：
選項 (E) 的開頭直接使用 “Adolescents, in particular, ...”（尤其是青少年……），精準呼應了前句的 “different age groups”，並提供了具體比例數據（5% 至 15%），是唯一的邏輯銜接選項。
選項分析
-
(A) Additionally, loneliness is associated with mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts.
錯誤。此選項在探討孤獨帶來的「心理健康問題」（憂鬱、焦慮、自殺念頭），與前文的「不同年齡族群（different age groups）」完全缺乏邏輯連貫；此句適合放在探討多重健康衝擊的段落中（本題組第三個空格之後文提到 severe health implications 時）。 -
(B) The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified loneliness as a significant public health threat, initiating an international commission to address the issue.
錯誤。
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Loneliness is a growing global health concern that affects individuals of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Governments and health organizations grapple with mounting evidence of isolation's devastating societal toll. ____ Similarly, the US Surgeon General has highlighted its impact on mortality, equating it to smoking 15 cigarettes per day. Loneliness is defined as the distressing perception of social isolation stemming from a gap between an individual’s desired and actual social connections. Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups. ____ Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death. Several factors contribute to this heightened risk, including biological changes such as weakened immunity, elevated stress, inflammation, and compromised metabolism. ____ Given these severe health implications, tackling this epidemic requires a multifaceted approach, including individual efforts to raise awareness and healthcare interventions like counseling and therapy.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題屬於「篇章結構題」（Text Structure / Sentence Insertion），主要測驗考生掌握文章邏輯脈絡、主題句與支持句（General-to-Specific）開展關係以及代名詞與關鍵語意銜接的能力。
解答此類題型的核心在於「定位空格前後文的邏輯關聯」，特別是注意句子間的概念呼應（如全體與個體、定義與實例、成因與結果）。
解題方法
- 鎖定題目對應之空格位置：
本篇題組共有三個空格，第 22 題對應文章中的第二個空格：
"Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups. [ 第 22 題空格 ] Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death."
- 分析前文的語意與鋪陳（Topical Setup）：
- 前一句提到：
“Recent studies have revealed concerning patterns across different age groups.”
（近期研究揭示了在不同年齡族群中令人擔憂的現象／模式。） - 句尾明確點出關鍵概念：“different age groups”（不同年齡族群），此為典型的「上位概括句（General Statement）」，後續句子必定要承接具體年齡層（如青少年、年長者等）的具體現象或數據（Specific Evidence）。
- 分析後文的承接邏輯（Follow-up Transition）：
- 後一句轉入更深入的死亡風險研究：
“Research indicates that loneliness is linked to a 30% increased risk of premature death.” - 空格處需要一個由「不同年齡層」切入、並帶出具體警訊（alarming rates / statistics）的句子，做為從「年齡層現象」過渡到「整體生理健康與死亡風險」的銜接橋樑。
- 代入選項比對：
選項 (E) 的開頭直接使用 “Adolescents, in particular, ...”（尤其是青少年……），精準呼應了前句的 “different age groups”，並提供了具體比例數據（5% 至 15%），是唯一的邏輯銜接選項。
選項分析
-
(A) Additionally, loneliness is associated with mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts.
錯誤。此選項在探討孤獨帶來的「心理健康問題」（憂鬱、焦慮、自殺念頭），與前文的「不同年齡族群（different age groups）」完全缺乏邏輯連貫；此句適合放在探討多重健康衝擊的段落中（本題組第三個空格之後文提到 severe health implications 時）。 -
(B) The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified loneliness as a significant public health threat, initiating an international commission to address the issue.
錯誤。
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, revolutionized the field of surgery by introducing the concept of antisepsis, a method of using chemicals to destroy germs that cause infections. ____ The prevailing theory at the time attributed wound infections to gases entering the wound, with no understanding of the role that microorganisms played in disease transmissions. Lister was convinced that these invisible creatures were responsible for the high mortality rates in his patients, so he began to experiment with carbolic acid, a chemical known to kill parasites and treat sewage, and utilize it methodically to sterilize surgical instruments and disinfect wounds. ____ However, Lister’s meticulous documentation of his results, along with his engaging personality and demonstrative surgical performances, gradually won over the medical community. Lister’s work had a profound impact on the practice of surgery, dramatically reducing the risk of death from infection. ____ Lister's legacy continues to shape the field of surgery today, with his principles of antisepsis still forming the basis of infection control in hospitals worldwide.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為學士後醫學系英文常見的篇章結構題（Paragraph Structure / Sentence Insertion）。考查考生對短文內段落脈絡、敘事邏輯、時序發展（Chronological Order）與上下文銜接詞（Cohesive Devices）的精準辨識能力。解題核心在於掌握「時間軸的起承轉合」與「句意前後的對稱呼應」。
解題方法
- 定位空格位置與上下文脈絡：
- 本題空格位於第一段第二句（接在主題句之後）：
- 前句（原文）："Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, revolutionized the field of surgery by introducing the concept of antisepsis, a method of using chemicals to destroy germs that cause infections."
（英國外科醫師約瑟夫·李斯特透過引進消毒防腐的概念，徹底革新了外科手術領域；這是一種利用化學物質消滅引發感染病菌的方法。） - 後句（原文）："The prevailing theory at the time attributed wound infections to gases entering the wound, with no understanding of the role that microorganisms played in disease transmissions."
（當時盛行的理論將傷口感染歸咎於進入傷口的氣體，對於微生物在疾病傳播中所扮演的角色毫無認識。）
- 尋找邏輯樞紐與語意銜接：
- 第一句提出李斯特革新了手術（Antisepsis 防腐法）；第三句回溯「當時（at the time）醫學界對傷口感染的無知與錯誤觀念」。
- 空格處需要一句能自然銜接「革新之前舊時代的嚴峻背景」，對比出李斯特防腐消毒技術為何是一場重大革命。
- 選項 (C) 明確使用「Before his groundbreaking efforts（在他開創性的努力之前）」，精準銜接前句的革新成就，並帶出當時手術「perilous（危險無比）」與「infection rates alarmingly high（感染率高得令人擔憂）」的歷史背景，完美引出後文對當時錯誤醫學理論（氣體致病論）的說明。
選項分析
- (A) 錯誤：
- 原文："Anaesthetics had only just been introduced, making surgery pain-free for the patient and allowing the surgeon to try more complicated and time-consuming procedures."（麻醉劑才剛被引進，使病患免除手術痛苦，並讓外科醫師得以嘗試更複雜、更耗時的手術。）
- 原因：本句主題為「麻醉劑（Anaesthetics）的發明」，偏離整篇文章的核心主題——「消毒防腐（antisepsis）與傷口感染控制」。此外，將此句置於此處無法引出後句關於「傷口感染理論（wound infections）」的探討。
- (B) 錯誤：
- 原文："Lister's antiseptic techniques were met with resistance from his contemporaries, who found it difficult to believe that invisible germs could be the cause of death."（李斯特的消毒防腐技術遭到同時代同儕的抵制，他們難以相信看不見的病菌會是致死的原因。）
- 原因：這是本題組中第二個空格的最佳填入句。
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, revolutionized the field of surgery by introducing the concept of antisepsis, a method of using chemicals to destroy germs that cause infections. ____ The prevailing theory at the time attributed wound infections to gases entering the wound, with no understanding of the role that microorganisms played in disease transmissions. Lister was convinced that these invisible creatures were responsible for the high mortality rates in his patients, so he began to experiment with carbolic acid, a chemical known to kill parasites and treat sewage, and utilize it methodically to sterilize surgical instruments and disinfect wounds. ____ However, Lister’s meticulous documentation of his results, along with his engaging personality and demonstrative surgical performances, gradually won over the medical community. Lister’s work had a profound impact on the practice of surgery, dramatically reducing the risk of death from infection. ____ Lister's legacy continues to shape the field of surgery today, with his principles of antisepsis still forming the basis of infection control in hospitals worldwide.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為學士後醫學系英文常見的篇章結構題（Paragraph Structure / Sentence Insertion）。考查考生對短文內段落脈絡、敘事邏輯、時序發展（Chronological Order）與上下文銜接詞（Cohesive Devices）的精準辨識能力。解題核心在於掌握「時間軸的起承轉合」與「句意前後的對稱呼應」。
解題方法
- 定位空格位置與上下文脈絡：
- 本題空格位於第一段第二句（接在主題句之後）：
- 前句（原文）："Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, revolutionized the field of surgery by introducing the concept of antisepsis, a method of using chemicals to destroy germs that cause infections."
（英國外科醫師約瑟夫·李斯特透過引進消毒防腐的概念，徹底革新了外科手術領域；這是一種利用化學物質消滅引發感染病菌的方法。） - 後句（原文）："The prevailing theory at the time attributed wound infections to gases entering the wound, with no understanding of the role that microorganisms played in disease transmissions."
（當時盛行的理論將傷口感染歸咎於進入傷口的氣體，對於微生物在疾病傳播中所扮演的角色毫無認識。）
- 尋找邏輯樞紐與語意銜接：
- 第一句提出李斯特革新了手術（Antisepsis 防腐法）；第三句回溯「當時（at the time）醫學界對傷口感染的無知與錯誤觀念」。
- 空格處需要一句能自然銜接「革新之前舊時代的嚴峻背景」，對比出李斯特防腐消毒技術為何是一場重大革命。
- 選項 (C) 明確使用「Before his groundbreaking efforts（在他開創性的努力之前）」，精準銜接前句的革新成就，並帶出當時手術「perilous（危險無比）」與「infection rates alarmingly high（感染率高得令人擔憂）」的歷史背景，完美引出後文對當時錯誤醫學理論（氣體致病論）的說明。
選項分析
- (A) 錯誤：
- 原文："Anaesthetics had only just been introduced, making surgery pain-free for the patient and allowing the surgeon to try more complicated and time-consuming procedures."（麻醉劑才剛被引進，使病患免除手術痛苦，並讓外科醫師得以嘗試更複雜、更耗時的手術。）
- 原因：本句主題為「麻醉劑（Anaesthetics）的發明」，偏離整篇文章的核心主題——「消毒防腐（antisepsis）與傷口感染控制」。此外，將此句置於此處無法引出後句關於「傷口感染理論（wound infections）」的探討。
- (B) 錯誤：
- 原文："Lister's antiseptic techniques were met with resistance from his contemporaries, who found it difficult to believe that invisible germs could be the cause of death."（李斯特的消毒防腐技術遭到同時代同儕的抵制，他們難以相信看不見的病菌會是致死的原因。）
- 原因：這是本題組中第二個空格的最佳填入句。
第 26 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, revolutionized the field of surgery by introducing the concept of antisepsis, a method of using chemicals to destroy germs that cause infections. ____ The prevailing theory at the time attributed wound infections to gases entering the wound, with no understanding of the role that microorganisms played in disease transmissions. Lister was convinced that these invisible creatures were responsible for the high mortality rates in his patients, so he began to experiment with carbolic acid, a chemical known to kill parasites and treat sewage, and utilize it methodically to sterilize surgical instruments and disinfect wounds. ____ However, Lister’s meticulous documentation of his results, along with his engaging personality and demonstrative surgical performances, gradually won over the medical community. Lister’s work had a profound impact on the practice of surgery, dramatically reducing the risk of death from infection. ____ Lister's legacy continues to shape the field of surgery today, with his principles of antisepsis still forming the basis of infection control in hospitals worldwide.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為學士後醫學系英文常見的篇章結構題（Paragraph Structure / Sentence Insertion）。考查考生對短文內段落脈絡、敘事邏輯、時序發展（Chronological Order）與上下文銜接詞（Cohesive Devices）的精準辨識能力。解題核心在於掌握「時間軸的起承轉合」與「句意前後的對稱呼應」。
解題方法
- 定位空格位置與上下文脈絡：
- 本題空格位於第一段第二句（接在主題句之後）：
- 前句（原文）："Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, revolutionized the field of surgery by introducing the concept of antisepsis, a method of using chemicals to destroy germs that cause infections."
（英國外科醫師約瑟夫·李斯特透過引進消毒防腐的概念，徹底革新了外科手術領域；這是一種利用化學物質消滅引發感染病菌的方法。） - 後句（原文）："The prevailing theory at the time attributed wound infections to gases entering the wound, with no understanding of the role that microorganisms played in disease transmissions."
（當時盛行的理論將傷口感染歸咎於進入傷口的氣體，對於微生物在疾病傳播中所扮演的角色毫無認識。）
- 尋找邏輯樞紐與語意銜接：
- 第一句提出李斯特革新了手術（Antisepsis 防腐法）；第三句回溯「當時（at the time）醫學界對傷口感染的無知與錯誤觀念」。
- 空格處需要一句能自然銜接「革新之前舊時代的嚴峻背景」，對比出李斯特防腐消毒技術為何是一場重大革命。
- 選項 (C) 明確使用「Before his groundbreaking efforts（在他開創性的努力之前）」，精準銜接前句的革新成就，並帶出當時手術「perilous（危險無比）」與「infection rates alarmingly high（感染率高得令人擔憂）」的歷史背景，完美引出後文對當時錯誤醫學理論（氣體致病論）的說明。
選項分析
- (A) 錯誤：
- 原文："Anaesthetics had only just been introduced, making surgery pain-free for the patient and allowing the surgeon to try more complicated and time-consuming procedures."（麻醉劑才剛被引進，使病患免除手術痛苦，並讓外科醫師得以嘗試更複雜、更耗時的手術。）
- 原因：本句主題為「麻醉劑（Anaesthetics）的發明」，偏離整篇文章的核心主題——「消毒防腐（antisepsis）與傷口感染控制」。此外，將此句置於此處無法引出後句關於「傷口感染理論（wound infections）」的探討。
- (B) 錯誤：
- 原文："Lister's antiseptic techniques were met with resistance from his contemporaries, who found it difficult to believe that invisible germs could be the cause of death."（李斯特的消毒防腐技術遭到同時代同儕的抵制，他們難以相信看不見的病菌會是致死的原因。）
- 原因：這是本題組中第二個空格的最佳填入句。
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Today, artificial versions of nature are everywhere—indoor ski slopes, synthetic lawns, and faux flowers, with the artificial flower market projected to reach $1.78 billion this year. Some even claim faux plants are a green alternative. But is there a real difference between experiencing real and artificial nature? ____ Throughout history, scholars have explored humanity’s deep connection to the natural world, emphasizing our innate curiosity about living things. Observing real plants allows us to ask and answer meaningful questions, such as why leaves change color or why flowers bloom. ____ Unlike fake plants, real ones respond to care. ____ A real acorn can grow into an oak, but a plastic acorn will always stay the same. Even if a fake plant were designed to mimic growth, its condition would not be influenced by environmental factors—it neither flourishes nor deteriorates. The significance of real plants extends beyond personal experience, playing a crucial role in environmental sustainability and ecological balance. Unlike artificial plants, real plants actively support air purification, biodiversity, and soil health. ____ A notable example is China’s Pearl River Delta, a major hub for fake plant manufacturing that is already grappling with severe industrial pollution. Our bond with real nature is rooted in its vitality. While artificial plants may offer convenience, they lack the dynamic qualities that allow us to engage, learn, and care. By choosing real nature, we embrace the joy of nurturing life and understanding the world around us.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題屬於「篇章結構（文意選填／段落連貫性）」題型，考查段落的「論點銜接（Coherence）」與「問答相應機制」。解題核心在於辨識前一句提出的核心提問（Rhetorical Question 或 Inquiry），並尋找能直接承接並回答該問題、同時為後續歷史人文論述提供科學佐證的過渡句。
解題方法
- 前後文語意定位與邏輯鏈接：
- 前文脈絡：題幹開頭指出人造自然隨處可見，甚至有人宣稱假植物是環保替代品。緊接著作者提出核心問題：
“But is there a real difference between experiencing real and artificial nature?”
（但在體驗真實自然與人造自然之間，真的存在實質差異嗎？）
- 填空需求：此處為反問或核心探討問題，後方接續的句子必須對「真實自然與人造自然的實質差異」給予明確正面的回答或論據。
- 後文承接：
“Throughout history, scholars have explored humanity’s deep connection to the natural world, emphasizing our innate curiosity about living things.”
（綜觀歷史，學者們不斷探討人類與自然界的深厚連結，強調我們對生物與生俱來的好奇心。）
空格後的句子進一步從歷史學者對人類心理與內在連結的探討展開，說明人類對活體生命的心靈依附。
- 邏輯對接：選項 (C) 指出「研究顯示真實自然帶來心理健康效益，這是人造版本無法完全複製的」，正好直接肯定了前一句的「real difference」，並以「mental health benefits」完美銜接後文「humanity's deep connection（人類心靈深層連結）」的人文心理層面探討。
關鍵單字與片語
- synthetic [sɪnˈθɛtɪk] (adj.)：合成的、人造的
- faux [foʊ] (adj.)：仿造的、人造的（源自法文）
- innate [ɪˈneɪt] (adj.)：天生的、與生俱來的
- photosynthesis [ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs] (n.)：光合作用
- replicate [ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪt] (v.)：複製、重現
- inquiry [ɪnˈkwaɪəri] (n.)：探究、質詢、疑問
- deteriorate [dɪˈtɪriəˌreɪt] (v.)：惡化、退化
- biodiversity [ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti] (n.)：生物多樣性
- vitality [vaɪˈtæləti] (n.)：生命力、活力
選項逐一分析
- (A) Some scientists argue that artificial plants can be just as aesthetically pleasing as real ones, making them a suitable alternative for interior design.
中譯：一些科學家認為人造植物在美感上可以與真植物一樣令人愉悅，使其成為室內設計的合適替代品。
錯誤原因：本文主旨為論述「真實自然具備人造品無法取代的動態生命力與生態價值」，本選項強調假植物的美觀與室內設計實用性，與文章主旨及前後文欲凸顯「真假自然差異」的立場完全相左；若放在此處會削弱前文轉折詞 But 所引出的探討力道。此選項為題組的干擾選項。
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Today, artificial versions of nature are everywhere—indoor ski slopes, synthetic lawns, and faux flowers, with the artificial flower market projected to reach $1.78 billion this year. Some even claim faux plants are a green alternative. But is there a real difference between experiencing real and artificial nature? ____ Throughout history, scholars have explored humanity’s deep connection to the natural world, emphasizing our innate curiosity about living things. Observing real plants allows us to ask and answer meaningful questions, such as why leaves change color or why flowers bloom. ____ Unlike fake plants, real ones respond to care. ____ A real acorn can grow into an oak, but a plastic acorn will always stay the same. Even if a fake plant were designed to mimic growth, its condition would not be influenced by environmental factors—it neither flourishes nor deteriorates. The significance of real plants extends beyond personal experience, playing a crucial role in environmental sustainability and ecological balance. Unlike artificial plants, real plants actively support air purification, biodiversity, and soil health. ____ A notable example is China’s Pearl River Delta, a major hub for fake plant manufacturing that is already grappling with severe industrial pollution. Our bond with real nature is rooted in its vitality. While artificial plants may offer convenience, they lack the dynamic qualities that allow us to engage, learn, and care. By choosing real nature, we embrace the joy of nurturing life and understanding the world around us.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題屬於「篇章結構（文意選填／段落連貫性）」題型，考查段落的「論點銜接（Coherence）」與「問答相應機制」。解題核心在於辨識前一句提出的核心提問（Rhetorical Question 或 Inquiry），並尋找能直接承接並回答該問題、同時為後續歷史人文論述提供科學佐證的過渡句。
解題方法
- 前後文語意定位與邏輯鏈接：
- 前文脈絡：題幹開頭指出人造自然隨處可見，甚至有人宣稱假植物是環保替代品。緊接著作者提出核心問題：
“But is there a real difference between experiencing real and artificial nature?”
（但在體驗真實自然與人造自然之間，真的存在實質差異嗎？）
- 填空需求：此處為反問或核心探討問題，後方接續的句子必須對「真實自然與人造自然的實質差異」給予明確正面的回答或論據。
- 後文承接：
“Throughout history, scholars have explored humanity’s deep connection to the natural world, emphasizing our innate curiosity about living things.”
（綜觀歷史，學者們不斷探討人類與自然界的深厚連結，強調我們對生物與生俱來的好奇心。）
空格後的句子進一步從歷史學者對人類心理與內在連結的探討展開，說明人類對活體生命的心靈依附。
- 邏輯對接：選項 (C) 指出「研究顯示真實自然帶來心理健康效益，這是人造版本無法完全複製的」，正好直接肯定了前一句的「real difference」，並以「mental health benefits」完美銜接後文「humanity's deep connection（人類心靈深層連結）」的人文心理層面探討。
關鍵單字與片語
- synthetic [sɪnˈθɛtɪk] (adj.)：合成的、人造的
- faux [foʊ] (adj.)：仿造的、人造的（源自法文）
- innate [ɪˈneɪt] (adj.)：天生的、與生俱來的
- photosynthesis [ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs] (n.)：光合作用
- replicate [ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪt] (v.)：複製、重現
- inquiry [ɪnˈkwaɪəri] (n.)：探究、質詢、疑問
- deteriorate [dɪˈtɪriəˌreɪt] (v.)：惡化、退化
- biodiversity [ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti] (n.)：生物多樣性
- vitality [vaɪˈtæləti] (n.)：生命力、活力
選項逐一分析
- (A) Some scientists argue that artificial plants can be just as aesthetically pleasing as real ones, making them a suitable alternative for interior design.
中譯：一些科學家認為人造植物在美感上可以與真植物一樣令人愉悅，使其成為室內設計的合適替代品。
錯誤原因：本文主旨為論述「真實自然具備人造品無法取代的動態生命力與生態價值」，本選項強調假植物的美觀與室內設計實用性，與文章主旨及前後文欲凸顯「真假自然差異」的立場完全相左；若放在此處會削弱前文轉折詞 But 所引出的探討力道。此選項為題組的干擾選項。
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Today, artificial versions of nature are everywhere—indoor ski slopes, synthetic lawns, and faux flowers, with the artificial flower market projected to reach $1.78 billion this year. Some even claim faux plants are a green alternative. But is there a real difference between experiencing real and artificial nature? ____ Throughout history, scholars have explored humanity’s deep connection to the natural world, emphasizing our innate curiosity about living things. Observing real plants allows us to ask and answer meaningful questions, such as why leaves change color or why flowers bloom. ____ Unlike fake plants, real ones respond to care. ____ A real acorn can grow into an oak, but a plastic acorn will always stay the same. Even if a fake plant were designed to mimic growth, its condition would not be influenced by environmental factors—it neither flourishes nor deteriorates. The significance of real plants extends beyond personal experience, playing a crucial role in environmental sustainability and ecological balance. Unlike artificial plants, real plants actively support air purification, biodiversity, and soil health. ____ A notable example is China’s Pearl River Delta, a major hub for fake plant manufacturing that is already grappling with severe industrial pollution. Our bond with real nature is rooted in its vitality. While artificial plants may offer convenience, they lack the dynamic qualities that allow us to engage, learn, and care. By choosing real nature, we embrace the joy of nurturing life and understanding the world around us.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題屬於「篇章結構（文意選填／段落連貫性）」題型，考查段落的「論點銜接（Coherence）」與「問答相應機制」。解題核心在於辨識前一句提出的核心提問（Rhetorical Question 或 Inquiry），並尋找能直接承接並回答該問題、同時為後續歷史人文論述提供科學佐證的過渡句。
解題方法
- 前後文語意定位與邏輯鏈接：
- 前文脈絡：題幹開頭指出人造自然隨處可見，甚至有人宣稱假植物是環保替代品。緊接著作者提出核心問題：
“But is there a real difference between experiencing real and artificial nature?”
（但在體驗真實自然與人造自然之間，真的存在實質差異嗎？）
- 填空需求：此處為反問或核心探討問題，後方接續的句子必須對「真實自然與人造自然的實質差異」給予明確正面的回答或論據。
- 後文承接：
“Throughout history, scholars have explored humanity’s deep connection to the natural world, emphasizing our innate curiosity about living things.”
（綜觀歷史，學者們不斷探討人類與自然界的深厚連結，強調我們對生物與生俱來的好奇心。）
空格後的句子進一步從歷史學者對人類心理與內在連結的探討展開，說明人類對活體生命的心靈依附。
- 邏輯對接：選項 (C) 指出「研究顯示真實自然帶來心理健康效益，這是人造版本無法完全複製的」，正好直接肯定了前一句的「real difference」，並以「mental health benefits」完美銜接後文「humanity's deep connection（人類心靈深層連結）」的人文心理層面探討。
關鍵單字與片語
- synthetic [sɪnˈθɛtɪk] (adj.)：合成的、人造的
- faux [foʊ] (adj.)：仿造的、人造的（源自法文）
- innate [ɪˈneɪt] (adj.)：天生的、與生俱來的
- photosynthesis [ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs] (n.)：光合作用
- replicate [ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪt] (v.)：複製、重現
- inquiry [ɪnˈkwaɪəri] (n.)：探究、質詢、疑問
- deteriorate [dɪˈtɪriəˌreɪt] (v.)：惡化、退化
- biodiversity [ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti] (n.)：生物多樣性
- vitality [vaɪˈtæləti] (n.)：生命力、活力
選項逐一分析
- (A) Some scientists argue that artificial plants can be just as aesthetically pleasing as real ones, making them a suitable alternative for interior design.
中譯：一些科學家認為人造植物在美感上可以與真植物一樣令人愉悅，使其成為室內設計的合適替代品。
錯誤原因：本文主旨為論述「真實自然具備人造品無法取代的動態生命力與生態價值」，本選項強調假植物的美觀與室內設計實用性，與文章主旨及前後文欲凸顯「真假自然差異」的立場完全相左；若放在此處會削弱前文轉折詞 But 所引出的探討力道。此選項為題組的干擾選項。
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Today, artificial versions of nature are everywhere—indoor ski slopes, synthetic lawns, and faux flowers, with the artificial flower market projected to reach $1.78 billion this year. Some even claim faux plants are a green alternative. But is there a real difference between experiencing real and artificial nature? ____ Throughout history, scholars have explored humanity’s deep connection to the natural world, emphasizing our innate curiosity about living things. Observing real plants allows us to ask and answer meaningful questions, such as why leaves change color or why flowers bloom. ____ Unlike fake plants, real ones respond to care. ____ A real acorn can grow into an oak, but a plastic acorn will always stay the same. Even if a fake plant were designed to mimic growth, its condition would not be influenced by environmental factors—it neither flourishes nor deteriorates. The significance of real plants extends beyond personal experience, playing a crucial role in environmental sustainability and ecological balance. Unlike artificial plants, real plants actively support air purification, biodiversity, and soil health. ____ A notable example is China’s Pearl River Delta, a major hub for fake plant manufacturing that is already grappling with severe industrial pollution. Our bond with real nature is rooted in its vitality. While artificial plants may offer convenience, they lack the dynamic qualities that allow us to engage, learn, and care. By choosing real nature, we embrace the joy of nurturing life and understanding the world around us.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題屬於「篇章結構（文意選填／段落連貫性）」題型，考查段落的「論點銜接（Coherence）」與「問答相應機制」。解題核心在於辨識前一句提出的核心提問（Rhetorical Question 或 Inquiry），並尋找能直接承接並回答該問題、同時為後續歷史人文論述提供科學佐證的過渡句。
解題方法
- 前後文語意定位與邏輯鏈接：
- 前文脈絡：題幹開頭指出人造自然隨處可見，甚至有人宣稱假植物是環保替代品。緊接著作者提出核心問題：
“But is there a real difference between experiencing real and artificial nature?”
（但在體驗真實自然與人造自然之間，真的存在實質差異嗎？）
- 填空需求：此處為反問或核心探討問題，後方接續的句子必須對「真實自然與人造自然的實質差異」給予明確正面的回答或論據。
- 後文承接：
“Throughout history, scholars have explored humanity’s deep connection to the natural world, emphasizing our innate curiosity about living things.”
（綜觀歷史，學者們不斷探討人類與自然界的深厚連結，強調我們對生物與生俱來的好奇心。）
空格後的句子進一步從歷史學者對人類心理與內在連結的探討展開，說明人類對活體生命的心靈依附。
- 邏輯對接：選項 (C) 指出「研究顯示真實自然帶來心理健康效益，這是人造版本無法完全複製的」，正好直接肯定了前一句的「real difference」，並以「mental health benefits」完美銜接後文「humanity's deep connection（人類心靈深層連結）」的人文心理層面探討。
關鍵單字與片語
- synthetic [sɪnˈθɛtɪk] (adj.)：合成的、人造的
- faux [foʊ] (adj.)：仿造的、人造的（源自法文）
- innate [ɪˈneɪt] (adj.)：天生的、與生俱來的
- photosynthesis [ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs] (n.)：光合作用
- replicate [ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪt] (v.)：複製、重現
- inquiry [ɪnˈkwaɪəri] (n.)：探究、質詢、疑問
- deteriorate [dɪˈtɪriəˌreɪt] (v.)：惡化、退化
- biodiversity [ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti] (n.)：生物多樣性
- vitality [vaɪˈtæləti] (n.)：生命力、活力
選項逐一分析
- (A) Some scientists argue that artificial plants can be just as aesthetically pleasing as real ones, making them a suitable alternative for interior design.
中譯：一些科學家認為人造植物在美感上可以與真植物一樣令人愉悅，使其成為室內設計的合適替代品。
錯誤原因：本文主旨為論述「真實自然具備人造品無法取代的動態生命力與生態價值」，本選項強調假植物的美觀與室內設計實用性，與文章主旨及前後文欲凸顯「真假自然差異」的立場完全相左；若放在此處會削弱前文轉折詞 But 所引出的探討力道。此選項為題組的干擾選項。
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure.
Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure.
The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China’s national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion.
The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
- Which statement most accurately represents the relationship between wildfire smoke exposure and neurological conditions based on the research presented?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨歸納」與「因果關係判讀」，重點是辨認野火煙霧中的細懸浮微粒 ，相較於一般空氣污染，具有更特殊且更高的神經毒性風險。
文章指出，野火煙霧中的 含有高濃度多環芳香烴（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs）及重金屬等神經毒性物質，能透過多種途徑影響腦部，造成腦部發炎與氧化壓力，並增加失智症等神經認知疾病的風險。
關鍵概念包括：
- fine particulate matter：細懸浮微粒、細粒徑懸浮微粒
- wildfire smoke：野火煙霧
- neurotoxic elements：神經毒性元素
- blood-brain barrier：血腦障壁
- brain inflammation：腦部發炎
- oxidative stress：氧化壓力
- neurological impact：神經系統影響
- cognitive function：認知功能
- dementia diagnosis：失智症診斷
解題方法
題目問：
Which statement most accurately represents the relationship between wildfire smoke exposure and neurological conditions based on the research presented?
意思是：「根據文章所呈現的研究，哪一項最準確地描述野火煙霧暴露與神經疾病之間的關係？」
解題時應優先尋找文章中直接比較「野火煙霧」與「一般空氣污染」的句子。文章明確指出：
Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution.
翻譯為：
研究顯示，野火煙霧含有的細懸浮微粒（），其毒性明顯高於典型的一般空氣污染。
這句直接支持「野火煙霧中的 具有不同且更高的風險特徵」。
文章後續又補充：
They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress.
翻譯為：
這些微粒能直接經由嗅覺神經進入、穿透血腦障壁，或調節神經系統，最終導致腦部發炎與氧化壓力。
此外，研究比較指出，每增加 微克的野火微粒濃度，新發失智症的勝算約增加 ；一般非野火微粒所增加的風險則約為 。因此，正確答案必須表達「野火煙霧中的污染物具有特殊、較強的神經風險」，而非把影響限定在單一暴露時間或單一路徑。
選項分析
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure.
Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure.
The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China’s national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion.
The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
- Which of the following is NOT presented in the text as a pathway through which wildfire smoke particles can affect the brain?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「排除法」與文章資訊定位，關鍵字是題幹中的 NOT presented，意即「下列哪一項沒有在文章中被提出」。
文章說明野火煙霧中的細懸浮微粒如何影響大腦，明確列出三種途徑：
- 直接通過嗅覺神經；
- 穿透血腦屏障；
- 調節神經系統。
因此，只要找出未被文章列出的途徑即可。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為：
They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress.
翻譯：
這些微粒可以直接通過嗅覺神經、穿透血腦屏障，或調節神經系統，最終導致腦部發炎與氧化壓力。
句中的三個動詞片語正好對應三個選項：
- pass directly through the olfactory nerve
→ direct passage via the olfactory nerve - penetrate the blood-brain barrier
→ penetration of the blood-brain barrier - modulate the nervous system
→ modulation of the nervous system
文章雖然提到「brain inflammation」，但它是煙霧微粒進入或影響腦部後的結果，不是「透過呼吸系統發炎反應」這條明確的進入途徑。
選項分析
(A) Through inflammatory responses in the respiratory system
意思是：
透過呼吸系統中的發炎反應。
文章提到的是煙霧微粒最後會導致：
brain inflammation and oxidative stress
也就是「腦部發炎與氧化壓力」，並未說明微粒是透過「呼吸系統的發炎反應」影響大腦。此選項把文章提到的結果改寫成未出現的作用途徑。
因此，(A) 是正確答案。
(B) Through direct passage via the olfactory nerve
意思是：
透過嗅覺神經直接通過。
原文中的：
pass directly through the olfactory nerve
與本選項完全相符。這是文章明確列出的途徑。
因此，(B) 有在文章中出現，不是答案。
(C) Through penetration of the blood-brain barrier
意思是：
透過穿透血腦屏障。
原文中的：
penetrate the blood-brain barrier
直接對應本選項。血腦屏障原本具有阻擋有害物質進入腦部的功能，文章指出野火煙霧微粒可以穿透此屏障。
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure.
Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure.
The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China’s national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion.
The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
- Based on the research findings, what is the most accurate characterization of the cognitive effects of wildfire smoke exposure?
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核心觀念
本題為學士後醫英文閱讀測驗之「細節推論與主旨歸納題」，測驗考生快速定位文章證據並進行「同義改寫（Paraphrasing）」與「醫學/流行病學專業術語轉換」的能力。本題的核心概念為流行病學與毒理學常見的 「劑量效應關係（Dose-dependent relationship / Dose-response relationship）」，即暴露劑量愈高，對認知功能的負面影響或風險愈大。
解題方法
- 分析題幹關鍵字：題幹問「根據研究發現，野火煙霧暴露對認知功能影響的最精確描述為何？」（most accurate characterization of the cognitive effects of wildfire smoke exposure）。
- 定位文章關鍵實證段落（第二段與第三段）：
- 第二段實證數據指出：
"which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%..."
（研究顯示，野火懸浮微粒濃度每增加 1 微克，新診斷失智症的勝算比即上升約 21%……）
- 第三段實證數據指出：
"The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points."
（研究發現，考試期間上風處火災顯著增加，導致學生表現出現可衡量的下降，分數平均降低 0.6 分。）
- 對應選項與術語轉換：上述數據明確呈現「暴露濃度/量增加（dose increase），認知損害或失智風險相應提高（response increase）」，此現象在醫學與科學文章中即定義為 "dose-dependent relationship"（劑量依存/效應關係）。
選項分析
- (A) The effects manifest only during active exposure to smoke.（影響僅在處於煙霧暴露期間顯現）—— 【錯誤】
- 原文矛盾點：第二段末句指出海馬迴發炎反應在暴露後可持續超過一個月：
"Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus... which can persist for over a month after exposure."
（新墨西哥大學的補充研究顯示，空氣污染驟升會引發海馬迴發炎激增……且在暴露後可持續超過一個月。）
- 選項中的絕對限定詞 only during 與內文提到的「長效持久性（persist for over a month）」及第一段提到的「長期神經學影響（long-term neurological effects）」完全矛盾。
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure.
Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure.
The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China’s national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion.
The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
- Which of the following economic consequences does the passage suggest is linked to wildfire smoke exposure?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係與細節定位」。題目詢問野火煙霧暴露所造成的「經濟後果」，答案必須直接根據文章中的明確敘述判斷。
文中指出，野火煙霧會造成認知功能下降，進而使學生在考試中的表現變差；長期而言，學業表現下降會影響未來收入。這是一條完整的因果鏈：
關鍵單字與片語
economic consequences：經濟後果be linked to：與……有關、與……有所連結smoke exposure：煙霧暴露academic performance：學業表現future earnings：未來收入cognitive effects：認知方面的影響scores dropping：分數下降economic implications：經濟層面的影響property damage：財產損害lost productivity：生產力損失respiratory conditions：呼吸道疾病
本題的語意重點是辨認文章中「煙霧暴露」與「經濟損失」之間的直接連結，而非選擇文章開頭提到的一般性災害損失。
解題方法
先鎖定題幹中的關鍵詞：
economic consequences：經濟後果linked to wildfire smoke exposure：與野火煙霧暴露有關
再回文章尋找涉及金錢、收入、經濟影響的句子。定位到第三段：
“These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure.
Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure.
The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China’s national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion.
The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
- Which of the following best represents the concept of “solastalgia”?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「字義判斷」與「上下文定義」。解題關鍵在於找出文章對專有名詞 solastalgia 的直接解釋，而非依字根或其他心理疾病概念猜測。
文中將 solastalgia 定義為：
“Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions...”
意思是：
研究人員也在容易發生火災的地區居民中，記錄到一種稱為 solastalgia 的現象，也就是「因目睹自身環境快速改變而產生的痛苦與心理困擾」。
因此，solastalgia 指的是目睹環境惡化或劇烈變遷所造成的心理影響。
解題方法
直接利用破折號後的同位語解釋：
- solastalgia — the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly
其中：
- distress：痛苦、苦惱、心理困擾
- witness：目睹、見證
- environment：環境
- change rapidly：快速改變
句型上，破折號後的 the distress of... 是對前方名詞 solastalgia 的補充說明，功能相當於定義。因此答案必須同時包含：
- 心理或情緒層面的影響；
- 由目睹環境變化或惡化所引起。
符合者為 (D)。
選項分析
(A) A clinical measure of environmental anxiety
「一種衡量環境焦慮的臨床指標」
錯誤。文章說的是一種心理困擾或現象，並未表示 solastalgia 是醫療診斷工具、臨床量表或測量方法。clinical measure 與原文的 phenomenon 性質不同。
(B) The physical symptoms of smoke exposure
「暴露於煙霧下所產生的身體症狀」
錯誤。文章前文提到煙霧可能造成腦部發炎、氧化壓力與認知功能受損，這些屬於生理或神經影響；但 solastalgia 明確涉及因環境改變而產生的心理痛苦，不是煙霧暴露的身體症狀。
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The transformative potential of artificial intelligence in healthcare encompasses a broad spectrum of applications, from advanced diagnostics to the realm of personalized medicine. State-of-the-art AI language models, including ChatGPT and Med-PaLM, are demonstrating remarkable capabilities in supporting medical practitioners through image analysis, risk assessment, and the development of tailored treatment protocols. While these innovations promise to enhance care quality and mitigate administrative burden, thereby addressing the pressing issue of physician burnout, numerous experts advocate for a measured perspective regarding AI’s immediate potential, emphasizing its role as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for human expertise.
A significant concern within the medical community is that the current fascination with AI might deflect attention from fundamental healthcare challenges, such as critical staffing shortages and insufficient resource allocation for established therapeutic interventions. Moreover, there are legitimate apprehensions that AI implementation could potentially amplify existing healthcare disparities, particularly for individuals with limited digital literacy or healthcare comprehension. It is noteworthy that while AI demonstrates proficiency in specific medical tasks, its impact on mortality rates remains too definitively established. Furthermore, even if AI accelerates certain processes, like diagnostic procedures, its effectiveness may be constrained by systemic bottlenecks elsewhere in the healthcare pipeline. This underscores the importance of adopting a pragmatic approach to AI development, one that acknowledges and addresses real-world complexities.
Successful AI integration in healthcare demands careful attention to multiple critical factors, including safety protocols, data privacy measures, system reliability, and ethical considerations supported by rigorous validation processes and continuous monitoring systems. Training on comprehensive, unbiased datasets remains crucial for ensuring AI system dependability, as does clarifying the attribution of responsibility in cases of AI-related diagnostic errors. The future of AI lies in developing synergistic relationships between human expertise and machine capabilities. The optimal approach positions AI as an empowerment tool for medical professionals, enabling them to focus on sophisticated decision-making processes, meaningful patient interactions, and enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration. This partnership leverages AI’s strengths in data processing and automation while preserving essential human aspects, such as emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills, to deliver balanced and effective healthcare services.
- Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章組織結構」（organization of the passage），重點不是逐句翻譯，而是判斷各段落的主旨與排列順序。
本文共三段，論述脈絡如下：
- 第一段：說明人工智慧在醫療領域的應用潛力。
- 第二段：指出人工智慧應用可能面臨的問題與限制。
- 第三段：提出成功整合人工智慧所需的策略與理想方向。
因此，文章結構為：
解題方法
閱讀測驗詢問文章組織時，應先掌握每一段的「功能」，再觀察段落之間的邏輯關係。
第一段開頭即指出：
“The transformative potential of artificial intelligence in healthcare encompasses a broad spectrum of applications, from advanced diagnostics to the realm of personalized medicine.”
翻譯：人工智慧在醫療領域具有變革性的潛力，其應用範圍十分廣泛，從先進診斷延伸至個人化醫療。
本句以 potential 為核心，接著列舉 AI 可協助影像分析、風險評估與量身訂製治療方案，說明 AI 能為醫療帶來的正面效益。
第二段轉而提出疑慮：
“A significant concern within the medical community is that the current fascination with AI might deflect attention from fundamental healthcare challenges...”
翻譯：醫療界的一項重大疑慮是，目前對人工智慧的迷戀可能使人們忽略醫療體系的根本挑戰。
本段接續說明人力短缺、資源分配不足、醫療落差擴大，以及 AI 對死亡率的實際影響尚未明確等問題。
第三段則提出成功導入 AI 的必要條件：
“Successful AI integration in healthcare demands careful attention to multiple critical factors, including safety protocols, data privacy measures, system reliability, and ethical considerations...”
翻譯：要成功將人工智慧整合進醫療體系，就必須審慎處理多項關鍵因素，包括安全規範、資料隱私措施、系統可靠性及倫理考量。
這一段進一步提出資料訓練、責任歸屬、持續監控，以及人機合作等解決方向，因此屬於 solutions。
文章段落架構
第一段：Potential
第一段集中介紹 AI 在醫療上的發展潛力，包括：
- advanced diagnostics：先進診斷
- personalized medicine：個人化醫療
- image analysis：影像分析
- risk assessment：風險評估
- tailored treatment protocols：量身訂製的治療方案
- mitigate administrative burden：減輕行政負擔
- physician burnout：醫師職業倦怠
關鍵語意是 AI 能協助醫療人員提升照護品質、降低行政負荷，但文章也強調 AI 是輔助工具，不是人類專業的替代品。
第二段：Problems
第二段列出 AI 發展與導入醫療體系時的問題：
- AI 熱潮可能掩蓋醫療體系原有的人力短缺。
- 資源可能未被投入既有且有效的治療方式。
- 數位素養或醫療理解能力不足者，可能受到更大不利影響。
- AI 在特定任務上表現良好，但對降低死亡率的效果尚未確立。
- AI 即使加速診斷，也可能受其他醫療流程瓶頸限制。
重要片語包括：
- deflect attention from：使注意力偏離、轉移對……的注意
- staffing shortages：人力短缺
- resource allocation：資源分配
- healthcare disparities：醫療不平等、醫療落差
- digital literacy：數位素養
- systemic bottlenecks：系統性的瓶頸
- pragmatic approach：務實的方法
第三段：Solutions
第三段說明 AI 若要有效融入醫療，必須建立完整的配套：
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The transformative potential of artificial intelligence in healthcare encompasses a broad spectrum of applications, from advanced diagnostics to the realm of personalized medicine. State-of-the-art AI language models, including ChatGPT and Med-PaLM, are demonstrating remarkable capabilities in supporting medical practitioners through image analysis, risk assessment, and the development of tailored treatment protocols. While these innovations promise to enhance care quality and mitigate administrative burden, thereby addressing the pressing issue of physician burnout, numerous experts advocate for a measured perspective regarding AI’s immediate potential, emphasizing its role as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for human expertise.
A significant concern within the medical community is that the current fascination with AI might deflect attention from fundamental healthcare challenges, such as critical staffing shortages and insufficient resource allocation for established therapeutic interventions. Moreover, there are legitimate apprehensions that AI implementation could potentially amplify existing healthcare disparities, particularly for individuals with limited digital literacy or healthcare comprehension. It is noteworthy that while AI demonstrates proficiency in specific medical tasks, its impact on mortality rates remains too definitively established. Furthermore, even if AI accelerates certain processes, like diagnostic procedures, its effectiveness may be constrained by systemic bottlenecks elsewhere in the healthcare pipeline. This underscores the importance of adopting a pragmatic approach to AI development, one that acknowledges and addresses real-world complexities.
Successful AI integration in healthcare demands careful attention to multiple critical factors, including safety protocols, data privacy measures, system reliability, and ethical considerations supported by rigorous validation processes and continuous monitoring systems. Training on comprehensive, unbiased datasets remains crucial for ensuring AI system dependability, as does clarifying the attribution of responsibility in cases of AI-related diagnostic errors. The future of AI lies in developing synergistic relationships between human expertise and machine capabilities. The optimal approach positions AI as an empowerment tool for medical professionals, enabling them to focus on sophisticated decision-making processes, meaningful patient interactions, and enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration. This partnership leverages AI’s strengths in data processing and automation while preserving essential human aspects, such as emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills, to deliver balanced and effective healthcare services.
- Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a concern regarding AI implementation in healthcare?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「資訊定位與否定問法」：
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text...?
題目要求找出「文章沒有提到」的 AI 醫療實施疑慮。解題時須逐一將選項與原文比對，不能只依照常識判斷。
文章提及的 AI 醫療疑慮包括：
- 可能分散社會對醫療基本問題的注意力。
- 可能擴大既有的醫療不平等。
- AI 導致診斷錯誤時，責任歸屬難以釐清。
- 需要安全、隱私、可靠性、倫理、驗證與持續監測等配套。
文章並未提及「需要持續即時更新 AI 系統」這項具體要求。
解題方法
先抓題幹關鍵字 NOT mentioned，再將四個選項分別回文章定位：
- 找到與「責任歸屬」相關的句子。
- 找到與「醫療差距」相關的句子。
- 找到與「分散對基本醫療問題的注意力」相關的句子。
- 檢查文章是否明確提到「continuous real-time AI system updates」。
文章雖然提到：
continuous monitoring systems
意思是「持續監測系統」，但這不等於：
continuous real-time AI system updates
意思是「持續即時更新 AI 系統」。前者是監控系統表現與安全性，後者是即時更新系統內容或模型，概念不同。因此選項 C 是文章未提及的內容。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
選項 A：責任歸屬
原文：
as does clarifying the attribution of responsibility in cases of AI-related diagnostic errors.
翻譯：
同樣重要的是，在發生與 AI 有關的診斷錯誤時，必須釐清責任歸屬。
原文明確提到 AI 診斷錯誤的責任問題，因此 A 有被提及。
選項 B：醫療差距
原文：
AI implementation could potentially amplify existing healthcare disparities
翻譯：
AI 的實施可能會擴大現有的醫療不平等。
原文明確提到 AI 可能使醫療差距更加嚴重，因此 B 有被提及。
選項 C：持續即時更新 AI 系統
原文相關內容為：
continuous monitoring systems
翻譯：
持續監測系統。
文章提到的是監測系統是否安全、可靠及有效，沒有提到「持續即時更新 AI 系統」。因此 C 未被提及。
選項 D：分散對基本醫療問題的注意力
原文：
the current fascination with AI might deflect attention from fundamental healthcare challenges
翻譯：
目前對 AI 的熱潮可能會使人們分散對醫療基本問題的注意力。
原文明確指出 AI 熱潮可能掩蓋人力短缺與資源分配不足等問題，因此 D 有被提及。
選項分析
(A) The challenge of attributing responsibility for AI-related diagnostic errors
意思是：「釐清 AI 相關診斷錯誤責任歸屬的挑戰。」
文章第三段明確提到：
clarifying the attribution of responsibility in cases of AI-related diagnostic errors
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The transformative potential of artificial intelligence in healthcare encompasses a broad spectrum of applications, from advanced diagnostics to the realm of personalized medicine. State-of-the-art AI language models, including ChatGPT and Med-PaLM, are demonstrating remarkable capabilities in supporting medical practitioners through image analysis, risk assessment, and the development of tailored treatment protocols. While these innovations promise to enhance care quality and mitigate administrative burden, thereby addressing the pressing issue of physician burnout, numerous experts advocate for a measured perspective regarding AI’s immediate potential, emphasizing its role as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for human expertise.
A significant concern within the medical community is that the current fascination with AI might deflect attention from fundamental healthcare challenges, such as critical staffing shortages and insufficient resource allocation for established therapeutic interventions. Moreover, there are legitimate apprehensions that AI implementation could potentially amplify existing healthcare disparities, particularly for individuals with limited digital literacy or healthcare comprehension. It is noteworthy that while AI demonstrates proficiency in specific medical tasks, its impact on mortality rates remains too definitively established. Furthermore, even if AI accelerates certain processes, like diagnostic procedures, its effectiveness may be constrained by systemic bottlenecks elsewhere in the healthcare pipeline. This underscores the importance of adopting a pragmatic approach to AI development, one that acknowledges and addresses real-world complexities.
Successful AI integration in healthcare demands careful attention to multiple critical factors, including safety protocols, data privacy measures, system reliability, and ethical considerations supported by rigorous validation processes and continuous monitoring systems. Training on comprehensive, unbiased datasets remains crucial for ensuring AI system dependability, as does clarifying the attribution of responsibility in cases of AI-related diagnostic errors. The future of AI lies in developing synergistic relationships between human expertise and machine capabilities. The optimal approach positions AI as an empowerment tool for medical professionals, enabling them to focus on sophisticated decision-making processes, meaningful patient interactions, and enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration. This partnership leverages AI’s strengths in data processing and automation while preserving essential human aspects, such as emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills, to deliver balanced and effective healthcare services.
- What does the text indicate about AI’s impact on mortality rates?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「定位關鍵句」與同義轉換。題目詢問 AI 對「死亡率」的影響，必須回到文章中尋找直接提及 mortality rates 的句子，再將原文意思與選項比對。
關鍵字：
- mortality rates：死亡率
- impact on：對……的影響
- remain unproven：仍未被證實
- significant reduction：顯著降低
- vary by medical specialty：依醫學專科而異
- long-term studies：長期研究
- definitively established：被確切證實、獲得明確確立
- constrained by：受到……限制
- systemic bottlenecks：系統性的瓶頸
- rigorous validation：嚴格的驗證
解題方法
先鎖定題目中的核心字 mortality rates。文章第二段明確提到：
“It is noteworthy that while AI demonstrates proficiency in specific medical tasks, its impact on mortality rates remains too definitively established.”
依上下文，此句的 intended meaning 應是「AI 對死亡率的影響尚未被充分、確切地證實」，也就是 its impact on mortality rates remains not definitively established。原句中的 too definitively established 語意不順，應視為題幹文字上的疏漏；若照字面理解，會與文章整體的保守立場及選項設計矛盾。
文章第一段也指出專家主張對 AI 的立即效益採取：
“a measured perspective regarding AI’s immediate potential”
意為「對 AI 近期潛力抱持審慎、衡量的看法」。因此，文章並未宣稱 AI 已顯著降低死亡率，而是表示這方面的影響尚缺乏確切證據。
定位句與翻譯
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The transformative potential of artificial intelligence in healthcare encompasses a broad spectrum of applications, from advanced diagnostics to the realm of personalized medicine. State-of-the-art AI language models, including ChatGPT and Med-PaLM, are demonstrating remarkable capabilities in supporting medical practitioners through image analysis, risk assessment, and the development of tailored treatment protocols. While these innovations promise to enhance care quality and mitigate administrative burden, thereby addressing the pressing issue of physician burnout, numerous experts advocate for a measured perspective regarding AI’s immediate potential, emphasizing its role as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for human expertise.
A significant concern within the medical community is that the current fascination with AI might deflect attention from fundamental healthcare challenges, such as critical staffing shortages and insufficient resource allocation for established therapeutic interventions. Moreover, there are legitimate apprehensions that AI implementation could potentially amplify existing healthcare disparities, particularly for individuals with limited digital literacy or healthcare comprehension. It is noteworthy that while AI demonstrates proficiency in specific medical tasks, its impact on mortality rates remains too definitively established. Furthermore, even if AI accelerates certain processes, like diagnostic procedures, its effectiveness may be constrained by systemic bottlenecks elsewhere in the healthcare pipeline. This underscores the importance of adopting a pragmatic approach to AI development, one that acknowledges and addresses real-world complexities.
Successful AI integration in healthcare demands careful attention to multiple critical factors, including safety protocols, data privacy measures, system reliability, and ethical considerations supported by rigorous validation processes and continuous monitoring systems. Training on comprehensive, unbiased datasets remains crucial for ensuring AI system dependability, as does clarifying the attribution of responsibility in cases of AI-related diagnostic errors. The future of AI lies in developing synergistic relationships between human expertise and machine capabilities. The optimal approach positions AI as an empowerment tool for medical professionals, enabling them to focus on sophisticated decision-making processes, meaningful patient interactions, and enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration. This partnership leverages AI’s strengths in data processing and automation while preserving essential human aspects, such as emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills, to deliver balanced and effective healthcare services.
- What does the word “synergistic” in the final paragraph most closely mean?
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核心觀念
本題考查字義判讀與文章語境。關鍵字是 synergistic，其字根來自 synergy，意為「協同作用、協力產生的效果」。因此，synergistic relationship 指「互相合作、彼此配合的關係」。
文章最後一段主張，人工智慧不應取代醫師，而應與人類專業建立互補合作的關係，結合機器的資料處理能力與人類的情感理解、人際溝通能力，共同提升醫療品質。
定位答案的原文
The future of AI lies in developing synergistic relationships between human expertise and machine capabilities.
意為：
人工智慧的未來，在於發展人類專業與機器能力之間的協同關係。
後文進一步解釋：
This partnership leverages AI’s strengths in data processing and automation while preserving essential human aspects, such as emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills.
意為：
這種合作關係運用人工智慧在資料處理與自動化方面的優勢，同時保留情緒智慧與人際技巧等重要的人性面向。
其中 This partnership 直接說明前句的 synergistic relationships 是一種「合作關係」，因此最接近 collaborative。
解題方法
先判斷 synergistic 修飾的是 relationships，再利用後文的語意補充：
- 人類專業與機器能力建立關係。
- AI 負責資料處理與自動化。
- 人類保留複雜決策、情感理解與人際互動。
- 雙方各自發揮優勢，彼此配合。
所以此處不是指「依序進行」、「各自獨立」或單純「高深複雜」，而是指雙方合作以產生更佳效果，即 collaborative。
關鍵單字與片語
- transformative potential：帶來重大變革的潛力
- personalized medicine：個人化醫療
- state-of-the-art：最先進的
- tailored treatment protocols：量身訂製的治療方案
- complementary tool：互補性工具
- human expertise：人類專業
- staffing shortages：人力短缺
- resource allocation：資源分配
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The transformative potential of artificial intelligence in healthcare encompasses a broad spectrum of applications, from advanced diagnostics to the realm of personalized medicine. State-of-the-art AI language models, including ChatGPT and Med-PaLM, are demonstrating remarkable capabilities in supporting medical practitioners through image analysis, risk assessment, and the development of tailored treatment protocols. While these innovations promise to enhance care quality and mitigate administrative burden, thereby addressing the pressing issue of physician burnout, numerous experts advocate for a measured perspective regarding AI’s immediate potential, emphasizing its role as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for human expertise.
A significant concern within the medical community is that the current fascination with AI might deflect attention from fundamental healthcare challenges, such as critical staffing shortages and insufficient resource allocation for established therapeutic interventions. Moreover, there are legitimate apprehensions that AI implementation could potentially amplify existing healthcare disparities, particularly for individuals with limited digital literacy or healthcare comprehension. It is noteworthy that while AI demonstrates proficiency in specific medical tasks, its impact on mortality rates remains too definitively established. Furthermore, even if AI accelerates certain processes, like diagnostic procedures, its effectiveness may be constrained by systemic bottlenecks elsewhere in the healthcare pipeline. This underscores the importance of adopting a pragmatic approach to AI development, one that acknowledges and addresses real-world complexities.
Successful AI integration in healthcare demands careful attention to multiple critical factors, including safety protocols, data privacy measures, system reliability, and ethical considerations supported by rigorous validation processes and continuous monitoring systems. Training on comprehensive, unbiased datasets remains crucial for ensuring AI system dependability, as does clarifying the attribution of responsibility in cases of AI-related diagnostic errors. The future of AI lies in developing synergistic relationships between human expertise and machine capabilities. The optimal approach positions AI as an empowerment tool for medical professionals, enabling them to focus on sophisticated decision-making processes, meaningful patient interactions, and enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration. This partnership leverages AI’s strengths in data processing and automation while preserving essential human aspects, such as emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills, to deliver balanced and effective healthcare services.
- How does the text characterize the ideal implementation of AI in healthcare?
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核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解中的「細節主旨題／作者觀點題（Author's Viewpoint / Detail Comprehension）」，測驗考生對文章中特定概念——「AI 在醫療照護中的理想實施模式（ideal implementation）」——的定位與同義改寫（paraphrasing）能力。
關鍵單字與片語解析
- characterize (v.)：描述……的特徵、將……刻劃為
- ideal implementation (n.)：理想的實施／落實
- synergistic (adj.)：協同的、產生綜效的
- empowerment (n.)：賦權、賦能、強化能力
- preserve (v.)：保留、維持
- emotional intelligence (n.)：情緒智商（EQ）
- interpersonal skills (n.)：人際溝通技巧
文章定位與語意分析
題幹問「文章如何描述 AI 在醫療中的理想實施方式？」，核心關鍵字為 ideal implementation（理想實施方式）。
在文章第三段中，作者具體闡述了未來的理想定位與整合方式：
- 原文句：「The future of AI lies in developing synergistic relationships between human expertise and machine capabilities... The optimal approach positions AI as an empowerment tool for medical professionals... This partnership leverages AI’s strengths in data processing and automation while preserving essential human aspects, such as emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills...」
- 中文翻譯：「AI 的未來在於發展人類專業與機器能力之間的協同綜效關係……最佳途徑（The optimal approach）是將 AI 定位為醫事人員的賦能工具……這種合作夥伴關係既發揮了 AI 在數據處理與自動化方面的優勢，同時也保留了關鍵的人性層面，例如情緒智商與人際互動技能……」
文章明確指出最理想的模式是：AI 作為輔助／賦能工具，與人類的專業協同合作，並保留不可或缺的人文與人際要素。
選項分析
- (A) As a cost-reduction mechanism for healthcare facilities（作為醫療機構的成本降低機制）
錯誤。雖然第一段提到 AI 有望減輕行政負擔（mitigate administrative burden），但文章從未將「降低成本」列為 AI 在醫療中的「理想實施特徵（ideal implementation）」。此選項屬於過度延伸且非文章論述核心。
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The emergence of medical humanities was a response to growing concerns that medical specialization was overshadowing the humanistic aspects of patient care. At the end of the 19th century, physicians such as William Osler and Shaw Billings warned that an overly reductionist approach to medicine risked dehumanizing healthcare, reducing patients to biological cases rather than individuals with emotional, social, and ethical needs. While the term medical humanities was coined by historian George Sarton in 1948 to emphasize the humanization of science, it was not until the 1960s and 1970s that humanities disciplines were reintegrated into medical curricula, marking their revival after their prominence in the classical period (around the 5th century BCE).
Medical humanities acknowledge the significance of humanistic perspectives and integrate disciplines such as literature, art, philosophy, ethics, and history into medical education. This interdisciplinary approach equips future doctors with a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and emotional dimensions of illness. For example, literature provides insight into the origins and complexities of human emotions and behaviors while also fostering medical students’ imagination and empathy. Art, on the other hand, enhances medical students’ observation skills by engaging them in analyzing paintings, sculptures, and photographs. These practices train students to notice subtle details they might otherwise overlook in clinical settings.
It is important to emphasize that the benefits of medical humanities extend not only to patients but also to doctors themselves. In particular, it helps medical students cope better with stress by fostering emotional resilience and a sense of balance amid their rigorous training. Exposure to the humanities provides students with an opportunity to process complex emotions, reflect on their experiences, and develop a deeper sense of empathy for both patients and themselves. Indeed, the integration of humanities may help future doctors cultivate not only clinical expertise but also emotional well-being. However, such integration is not without challenges.
While medical humanities are often justified for their ability to produce more compassionate doctors and improve patient care, scholars have debated whether their value should be purely instrumental or also intellectual. Anne Jones, one of the early proponents of medical humanities at the University of Texas Medical Branch, cautioned against assuming that exposure to literature and the arts automatically makes students more humane. She argued that while this outcome is desirable, there is no guarantee that studying the humanities will inherently instill empathy or ethical sensitivity. Some scholars further challenge the idea that the humanities should serve a functional purpose in medical training, emphasizing instead their intrinsic intellectual value. This ongoing tension between the practical application of medical humanities and their role in generating knowledge ensures that the field remains dynamic, continuously evolving in response to both ethical and intellectual challenges in healthcare.
- What is the primary argument in favor of incorporating humanities into medical education?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨與主要論點」。題目問將人文學科納入醫學教育的主要理由，需掌握文章對 medical humanities 功能的整體說明。
文章指出，醫學人文整合文學、藝術、哲學、倫理學與歷史，幫助未來醫師理解疾病背後的情感、社會、文化與倫理面向。因此，核心價值在於使醫師不只把病人視為生物學個案，也能以完整的人來理解與照護。
答案定位
關鍵句為：
“This interdisciplinary approach equips future doctors with a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and emotional dimensions of illness.”
此跨學科的方法，使未來醫師更深入理解疾病的社會、文化與情感面向。
此外，文章第一段也指出，過度專業化可能使醫療「去人性化」，將病人簡化為生物學個案，而忽略其情緒、社會及倫理需求。由此可知，納入人文學科的主要目的，是補足純科學訓練所忽略的人性與社會面向。
解題方法
先抓題幹中的 primary argument（主要論點），再回文章尋找描述 humanities 對醫學教育整體效益的句子。
文章明確提到：
- 文學能幫助學生理解人類情感與行為，並培養想像力及同理心。
- 藝術能訓練觀察能力，使學生注意臨床中容易忽略的細節。
- 人文學科能幫助學生處理複雜情緒、培養情緒韌性與倫理敏感度。
- 其目的不是取代科學醫學，而是讓醫師兼具臨床專業與人文素養。
因此，最符合全文主旨的是理解人類情緒、倫理及社會因素。
選項分析
(A) It helps doctors develop a deeper understanding of human emotions, ethics, and social factors in healthcare.
納入人文學科能幫助醫師深入理解人類情感、倫理問題及醫療中的社會因素，完全符合文章內容。
文中提及：
- literature fosters imagination and empathy；
- medical humanities 幫助學生理解 social, cultural, and emotional dimensions；
- 文章開頭強調病人的 emotional, social, and ethical needs。
此選項涵蓋文章反覆強調的核心價值，正確。
(B) It allows medical students to replace traditional scientific training with artistic and literary studies.
文章主張的是 integrate disciplines（整合不同學科），並非以藝術與文學取代科學訓練。醫學人文是補充臨床與科學教育，使醫師同時具備專業能力及人文理解，因此此選項錯誤。
(C) It provides entertainment and relaxation for students during their rigorous training.
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The emergence of medical humanities was a response to growing concerns that medical specialization was overshadowing the humanistic aspects of patient care. At the end of the 19th century, physicians such as William Osler and Shaw Billings warned that an overly reductionist approach to medicine risked dehumanizing healthcare, reducing patients to biological cases rather than individuals with emotional, social, and ethical needs. While the term medical humanities was coined by historian George Sarton in 1948 to emphasize the humanization of science, it was not until the 1960s and 1970s that humanities disciplines were reintegrated into medical curricula, marking their revival after their prominence in the classical period (around the 5th century BCE).
Medical humanities acknowledge the significance of humanistic perspectives and integrate disciplines such as literature, art, philosophy, ethics, and history into medical education. This interdisciplinary approach equips future doctors with a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and emotional dimensions of illness. For example, literature provides insight into the origins and complexities of human emotions and behaviors while also fostering medical students’ imagination and empathy. Art, on the other hand, enhances medical students’ observation skills by engaging them in analyzing paintings, sculptures, and photographs. These practices train students to notice subtle details they might otherwise overlook in clinical settings.
It is important to emphasize that the benefits of medical humanities extend not only to patients but also to doctors themselves. In particular, it helps medical students cope better with stress by fostering emotional resilience and a sense of balance amid their rigorous training. Exposure to the humanities provides students with an opportunity to process complex emotions, reflect on their experiences, and develop a deeper sense of empathy for both patients and themselves. Indeed, the integration of humanities may help future doctors cultivate not only clinical expertise but also emotional well-being. However, such integration is not without challenges.
While medical humanities are often justified for their ability to produce more compassionate doctors and improve patient care, scholars have debated whether their value should be purely instrumental or also intellectual. Anne Jones, one of the early proponents of medical humanities at the University of Texas Medical Branch, cautioned against assuming that exposure to literature and the arts automatically makes students more humane. She argued that while this outcome is desirable, there is no guarantee that studying the humanities will inherently instill empathy or ethical sensitivity. Some scholars further challenge the idea that the humanities should serve a functional purpose in medical training, emphasizing instead their intrinsic intellectual value. This ongoing tension between the practical application of medical humanities and their role in generating knowledge ensures that the field remains dynamic, continuously evolving in response to both ethical and intellectual challenges in healthcare.
- Which of the following topics is NOT discussed in the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章主旨與資訊辨識」，尤其是判斷哪一個主題沒有在文章中被提及或討論。解題時必須逐一核對選項與文章內容，而不能只依據文章主題進行推測。
文章主要討論：
- medical humanities 的歷史發展與重新納入醫學教育。
- 文學、藝術等人文學科對醫學生觀察力、同理心與情緒韌性的幫助。
- 醫學人文應著重實用功能，或也具有獨立的知識與思想價值之爭議。
文章沒有討論醫療科技如何改善照護或診斷。
解題方法
本題採用「選項逐一回文定位法」：
- 先確認文章的核心範圍：medical humanities 在醫學教育與醫療照護中的角色。
- 逐項尋找文章是否有對應內容。
- 找到明確對應者，判定為文章已討論。
- 完全找不到相關概念者，即為 NOT discussed 的答案。
題目問的是 NOT discussed，因此答案不是「文章提到最少的選項」，而是「文章完全沒有涉及的選項」。
文章定位與內容對照
(A) The historical development and reintegration of medical humanities into medical education
文章第一段明確說明醫學人文的歷史發展，以及它在 1960、1970 年代重新納入醫學課程：
“it was not until the 1960s and 1970s that humanities disciplines were reintegrated into medical curricula”
翻譯：直到 1960 年代與 1970 年代，人文學科才重新整合進醫學課程之中。
這正是選項 (A) 所描述的「醫學人文的歷史發展，以及重新納入醫學教育」，因此 (A) 有被討論。
(B) The debate over whether humanities should serve a practical or intellectual purpose in medicine
第四段明確提到，學者爭論醫學人文的價值是否應限於實用功能，或也具有知識與思想上的內在價值：
“scholars have debated whether their value should be purely instrumental or also intellectual.”
翻譯：學者一直爭論，醫學人文的價值是否應該純粹是工具性的，還是也具有知識性的價值。
其中：
- instrumental：工具性的、實用的
- intellectual：知識性的、思想上的
這與選項 (B) 的「實際用途或思想用途之爭」完全相符，因此 (B) 有被討論。
(C) The role of medical technology in enhancing patient care and diagnosis
文章雖然談到醫療專業化、病人照護與醫學訓練，但未討論：
- medical technology（醫療科技）
- technology 如何改善病人照護
- technology 如何提升疾病診斷
全文重點是 literature、art、philosophy、ethics、history 等人文學科，而不是醫療器材、人工智慧、影像技術或診斷科技。因此 (C) 是文章未提及的主題。
(D) The ways in which humanities help medical students develop observation and empathy skills
第二段直接說明藝術能提升醫學生的觀察能力：
“Art, on the other hand, enhances medical students’ observation skills”
翻譯：另一方面，藝術能增進醫學生的觀察能力。
文章也說明文學能培養想像力與同理心：
“literature provides insight into the origins and complexities of human emotions and behaviors while
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The emergence of medical humanities was a response to growing concerns that medical specialization was overshadowing the humanistic aspects of patient care. At the end of the 19th century, physicians such as William Osler and Shaw Billings warned that an overly reductionist approach to medicine risked dehumanizing healthcare, reducing patients to biological cases rather than individuals with emotional, social, and ethical needs. While the term medical humanities was coined by historian George Sarton in 1948 to emphasize the humanization of science, it was not until the 1960s and 1970s that humanities disciplines were reintegrated into medical curricula, marking their revival after their prominence in the classical period (around the 5th century BCE).
Medical humanities acknowledge the significance of humanistic perspectives and integrate disciplines such as literature, art, philosophy, ethics, and history into medical education. This interdisciplinary approach equips future doctors with a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and emotional dimensions of illness. For example, literature provides insight into the origins and complexities of human emotions and behaviors while also fostering medical students’ imagination and empathy. Art, on the other hand, enhances medical students’ observation skills by engaging them in analyzing paintings, sculptures, and photographs. These practices train students to notice subtle details they might otherwise overlook in clinical settings.
It is important to emphasize that the benefits of medical humanities extend not only to patients but also to doctors themselves. In particular, it helps medical students cope better with stress by fostering emotional resilience and a sense of balance amid their rigorous training. Exposure to the humanities provides students with an opportunity to process complex emotions, reflect on their experiences, and develop a deeper sense of empathy for both patients and themselves. Indeed, the integration of humanities may help future doctors cultivate not only clinical expertise but also emotional well-being. However, such integration is not without challenges.
While medical humanities are often justified for their ability to produce more compassionate doctors and improve patient care, scholars have debated whether their value should be purely instrumental or also intellectual. Anne Jones, one of the early proponents of medical humanities at the University of Texas Medical Branch, cautioned against assuming that exposure to literature and the arts automatically makes students more humane. She argued that while this outcome is desirable, there is no guarantee that studying the humanities will inherently instill empathy or ethical sensitivity. Some scholars further challenge the idea that the humanities should serve a functional purpose in medical training, emphasizing instead their intrinsic intellectual value. This ongoing tension between the practical application of medical humanities and their role in generating knowledge ensures that the field remains dynamic, continuously evolving in response to both ethical and intellectual challenges in healthcare.
- What does the passage suggest about the effectiveness of medical humanities in fostering empathy?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者對醫學人文培養同理心之效果」的態度與細節判讀。
文章並未主張研讀人文學科必然能培養同理心；相反地，作者指出醫學人文雖有助於提升同理心，但效果並非自動發生，也沒有絕對保證。因此正確答案是 (C)。
定位答案的關鍵句
“She argued that while this outcome is desirable, there is no guarantee that studying the humanities will inherently instill empathy or ethical sensitivity.”
翻譯：
她認為，雖然培養同理心是理想結果，但研讀人文學科並不能保證必然使人產生同理心或倫理敏感度。
句中：
- while：雖然；引導讓步子句。
- desirable：值得期待的、理想的。
- there is no guarantee that...：沒有保證……。
- inherently：本質上、必然地。
- instill：逐漸灌輸、培養。
- empathy：同理心。
- ethical sensitivity：倫理敏感度。
此外，前文也提到：
“Exposure to the humanities provides students with an opportunity to process complex emotions, reflect on their experiences, and develop a deeper sense of empathy...”
翻譯：
接觸人文學科提供學生處理複雜情緒、反思自身經驗，以及培養更深層同理心的機會。
這句表達的是「提供機會、促進發展」，不是「必然造成結果」。
解題方法
先抓題目關鍵字 effectiveness 與 fostering empathy，再回文章搜尋同理心相關敘述。文章同時呈現兩層意思：
- 醫學人文能透過文學、藝術與反思活動，幫助學生理解他人情緒與處境，因此具有培養同理心的潛力。
- 研讀人文學科不會自動使所有學生變得更有人性，實際效果沒有保證。
因此答案必須同時包含「有助於培養」與「不保證一定成功」兩個概念。
選項分析
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The emergence of medical humanities was a response to growing concerns that medical specialization was overshadowing the humanistic aspects of patient care. At the end of the 19th century, physicians such as William Osler and Shaw Billings warned that an overly reductionist approach to medicine risked dehumanizing healthcare, reducing patients to biological cases rather than individuals with emotional, social, and ethical needs. While the term medical humanities was coined by historian George Sarton in 1948 to emphasize the humanization of science, it was not until the 1960s and 1970s that humanities disciplines were reintegrated into medical curricula, marking their revival after their prominence in the classical period (around the 5th century BCE).
Medical humanities acknowledge the significance of humanistic perspectives and integrate disciplines such as literature, art, philosophy, ethics, and history into medical education. This interdisciplinary approach equips future doctors with a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and emotional dimensions of illness. For example, literature provides insight into the origins and complexities of human emotions and behaviors while also fostering medical students’ imagination and empathy. Art, on the other hand, enhances medical students’ observation skills by engaging them in analyzing paintings, sculptures, and photographs. These practices train students to notice subtle details they might otherwise overlook in clinical settings.
It is important to emphasize that the benefits of medical humanities extend not only to patients but also to doctors themselves. In particular, it helps medical students cope better with stress by fostering emotional resilience and a sense of balance amid their rigorous training. Exposure to the humanities provides students with an opportunity to process complex emotions, reflect on their experiences, and develop a deeper sense of empathy for both patients and themselves. Indeed, the integration of humanities may help future doctors cultivate not only clinical expertise but also emotional well-being. However, such integration is not without challenges.
While medical humanities are often justified for their ability to produce more compassionate doctors and improve patient care, scholars have debated whether their value should be purely instrumental or also intellectual. Anne Jones, one of the early proponents of medical humanities at the University of Texas Medical Branch, cautioned against assuming that exposure to literature and the arts automatically makes students more humane. She argued that while this outcome is desirable, there is no guarantee that studying the humanities will inherently instill empathy or ethical sensitivity. Some scholars further challenge the idea that the humanities should serve a functional purpose in medical training, emphasizing instead their intrinsic intellectual value. This ongoing tension between the practical application of medical humanities and their role in generating knowledge ensures that the field remains dynamic, continuously evolving in response to both ethical and intellectual challenges in healthcare.
- In the passage, the word “instrumental” in the final paragraph most closely means?
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核心觀念
本題考查字義判斷，重點是依據上下文判定 instrumental 的語意。
文中將 medical humanities 的價值分成兩種：
- instrumental value：把人文學科視為達成某種實際目的的工具，例如培養更具同理心的醫師、改善病人照護。
- intrinsic intellectual value：重視人文學科本身的知識、思考與學術價值，不必然以實際效用為唯一目的。
因此，instrumental 在本文中不是「樂器的」，而是「工具性的、用來達成目的的」。
定位答案的關鍵句
“scholars have debated whether their value should be purely instrumental or also intellectual.”
意為：
學者爭論人文學科的價值是否應該完全是工具性的，還是也具有智識上的價值。
後文進一步說明：
“Some scholars further challenge the idea that the humanities should serve a functional purpose in medical training, emphasizing instead their intrinsic intellectual value.”
意為：
有些學者進一步質疑人文學科應在醫學訓練中發揮功能性目的，反而強調其本身的智識價值。
其中 functional purpose 與 instrumental 意義相近，都指「服務於實際目的」；intrinsic intellectual value 則與其形成對比。
解題方法
先觀察語境中的對比關係：
文章前文提到醫學人文能夠：
- 培養醫學生的同理心；
- 改善病人照護；
- 增進觀察能力；
- 協助學生調適壓力；
- 促進情緒韌性。
這些都是將人文學科當作達成醫療教育目標的「手段」。因此，instrumental 在此應解作：
作為達成某種目標或目的所需的工具。
關鍵單字與片語
- instrumental：工具性的；有助於達成目的的
- instrument：工具；手段；器具
- serve as a tool for：作為……的工具
- achieve a goal or purpose：達成目標或目的
- intellectual：智識上的；知性的；學術思考的
- intrinsic value：內在價值；
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The emergence of medical humanities was a response to growing concerns that medical specialization was overshadowing the humanistic aspects of patient care. At the end of the 19th century, physicians such as William Osler and Shaw Billings warned that an overly reductionist approach to medicine risked dehumanizing healthcare, reducing patients to biological cases rather than individuals with emotional, social, and ethical needs. While the term medical humanities was coined by historian George Sarton in 1948 to emphasize the humanization of science, it was not until the 1960s and 1970s that humanities disciplines were reintegrated into medical curricula, marking their revival after their prominence in the classical period (around the 5th century BCE).
Medical humanities acknowledge the significance of humanistic perspectives and integrate disciplines such as literature, art, philosophy, ethics, and history into medical education. This interdisciplinary approach equips future doctors with a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and emotional dimensions of illness. For example, literature provides insight into the origins and complexities of human emotions and behaviors while also fostering medical students’ imagination and empathy. Art, on the other hand, enhances medical students’ observation skills by engaging them in analyzing paintings, sculptures, and photographs. These practices train students to notice subtle details they might otherwise overlook in clinical settings.
It is important to emphasize that the benefits of medical humanities extend not only to patients but also to doctors themselves. In particular, it helps medical students cope better with stress by fostering emotional resilience and a sense of balance amid their rigorous training. Exposure to the humanities provides students with an opportunity to process complex emotions, reflect on their experiences, and develop a deeper sense of empathy for both patients and themselves. Indeed, the integration of humanities may help future doctors cultivate not only clinical expertise but also emotional well-being. However, such integration is not without challenges.
While medical humanities are often justified for their ability to produce more compassionate doctors and improve patient care, scholars have debated whether their value should be purely instrumental or also intellectual. Anne Jones, one of the early proponents of medical humanities at the University of Texas Medical Branch, cautioned against assuming that exposure to literature and the arts automatically makes students more humane. She argued that while this outcome is desirable, there is no guarantee that studying the humanities will inherently instill empathy or ethical sensitivity. Some scholars further challenge the idea that the humanities should serve a functional purpose in medical training, emphasizing instead their intrinsic intellectual value. This ongoing tension between the practical application of medical humanities and their role in generating knowledge ensures that the field remains dynamic, continuously evolving in response to both ethical and intellectual challenges in healthcare.
- Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of incorporating humanities into medical education?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節辨識」與「NOT mentioned」判讀。題目要求找出文章中沒有被提及為醫學教育融入人文學科之益處的選項。
文章提到的主要益處包括：
- 培養醫學生對疾病之社會、文化與情感層面的理解。
- 提升觀察能力，注意臨床情境中的細微資訊。
- 幫助醫學生面對壓力，培養情緒韌性。
- 增進同理心與對病人需求的理解。
- 協助未來醫師兼具臨床專業與情緒健康。
文章並未表示醫學人文可以全面取代傳統醫學訓練。
解題方法
先鎖定題幹中的關鍵字：
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit...?
解題重點是逐一將選項與文章內容比對：
- 選項若能在文章中找到直接或同義表達，便是文章提及的益處。
- 選項若與文章意思不符，或文章完全沒有此概念，即為答案。
- 特別注意「enhancing」「helping」「encouraging」等表示正面效果的動詞，以及「replacement」所代表的「取代」概念。
定位答案的原文
文章提到觀察能力提升：
“Art, on the other hand, enhances medical students’ observation skills...”
「另一方面，藝術能提升醫學生的觀察能力。」
並進一步說明：
“These practices train students to notice subtle details they might otherwise overlook in clinical settings.”
「這些練習訓練學生注意他們在臨床情境中原本可能忽略的細微細節。」
文章提到壓力調適與情緒韌性：
“It helps medical students cope better with stress by fostering emotional resilience and a sense of balance...”
「它藉由培養情緒韌性與平衡感，幫助醫學生更妥善地因應壓力。」
文章也提到理解病人的社會與情感需求：
“This interdisciplinary approach equips future doctors with a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and emotional dimensions of illness.”
「這種跨學科方法使未來的醫師更深入理解疾病的社會、文化與情感面向。」
相較之下，文章沒有說醫學人文能夠：
“provide a comprehensive replacement for traditional medical training”
「全面取代傳統醫學訓練。」
選項分析
(A) Enhancing doctors’ ability to observe subtle details in clinical settings
「增進醫師在臨床情境中觀察細微細節的能力。」
正確。文章明確指出藝術訓練能提升醫學生的觀察能力，並使其注意臨床中容易被忽略的細節。因此此項是文章提及的益處，不是答案。
(B) Helping medical students develop emotional resilience and manage stress
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Vaccines have saved millions of lives. WHO research estimates COVID-19 vaccines prevented 475,000 deaths in the UK alone. Initially hailed as a “scientific miracle,” vaccines helped the world return to normal, but public trust has since declined.
A study by the Vaccine Confidence Project found that UK adults’ belief in vaccine safety dropped from 90% in 2018 to 70% in 2023. This decline is global, with surveys in 52 out of 55 countries showing reduced trust since 2019. A YouGov poll found that in 2024, 30% of UK adults believed vaccine risks were hidden, up from 19% in 2019. Childhood vaccination rates have also fallen below recommended levels.
Growing skepticism toward governments and health institutions has contributed to this trend. During the early vaccine rollout, people showed great enthusiasm for getting vaccinated, but by mid-2021, doubts arose, fueled by misinformation online. Research from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) revealed that in 2023, 20% of parents encountered online information that made them doubt vaccines, a significant increase from 6% the previous year.
Vaccine hesitancy is not new. Since Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine in 1796, concerns have persisted. Protests against mandatory vaccinations occurred in the 1890s, and the 1970s saw false claims linking the diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccine to brain damage.
Social media has amplified misinformation about vaccines, making it easier for false claims to spread quickly. Younger adults, who frequently rely on social media for health information, are particularly affected. Many of them feel that they sacrificed their education, job opportunities, and social lives during the pandemic to protect older generations, which may contribute to their declining trust in vaccines.
Another factor influencing public confidence is the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed. Although they proved highly effective at reducing severe illness and death, early expectations suggested they would also prevent infection completely. Over time, as waning immunity and virus mutations occurred, some people felt misled. Concerns also arose regarding rare but serious side effects, such as blood clotting and temporary heart inflammation.
Vaccine hesitancy is also linked to broader political and social issues. Discussions about personal liberty, government control, and scientific authority have contributed to public doubts. The rise of anti-establishment movements and skepticism toward experts in fields like climate change, public health, and economics further complicates the issue.
- What is the primary focus of the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀測驗主旨題（main idea / primary focus）」。
主旨題要判斷全文主要在討論的核心議題，而非只挑選其中一段提到的細節。判斷時應綜合：
- 首段提出的主題
- 各段反覆發展的重點
- 文章列舉的原因、影響與背景
- 選項涵蓋全文的程度
本文的中心議題是：民眾對疫苗的信任下降，以及造成疫苗遲疑（vaccine hesitancy）的各種因素。
文章先指出疫苗拯救大量生命，但公共信任逐漸下降；接著分別說明：
- 對政府與衛生機構的不信任
- 網路錯誤資訊與社群媒體的影響
- 歷史上長期存在的疫苗疑慮
- COVID-19 疫苗研發速度與民眾期待落差
- 罕見副作用引發的疑慮
- 個人自由、政府控制及反建制思潮等政治社會因素
因此，全文不是只談疫苗的歷史、功效或社群媒體，而是全面分析「疫苗信任下降」及其成因。
解題方法
主旨題可採取「首段定調、全文驗證」的方法。
首段最後一句直接指出：
“...but public trust has since declined.”
「但是，民眾對疫苗的信任自此逐漸下降。」
這句話提出全文的核心問題。後續各段都在解釋信任下降的原因與相關現象，例如：
“Growing skepticism toward governments and health institutions has contributed to this trend.”
「對政府與衛生機構日益增加的懷疑，促成了這項趨勢。」
“Social media has amplified misinformation about vaccines...”
「社群媒體放大了有關疫苗的錯誤資訊……」
“Another factor influencing public confidence is the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed.”
「影響大眾信心的另一項因素，是 COVID-19 疫苗研發的速度。」
“Vaccine hesitancy is also linked to broader political and social issues.”
「疫苗遲疑也與更廣泛的政治和社會議題有關。」
這些句子共同顯示，文章採取的是「提出現象，再分析多重成因」的寫法。能涵蓋「信任下降」及「造成疫苗遲疑的因素」的選項，才是正確主旨。
關鍵單字與片語
- vaccine：疫苗
- public trust：公眾信任
- decline：下降、衰退
- vaccine safety：疫苗安全性
- vaccine hesitancy：疫苗遲疑；對接種疫苗猶豫不決或拒絕
- skepticism：懷疑、質疑
- health institutions：衛生機構
- vaccine rollout：疫苗推行、疫苗接種計畫開始實施
- misinformation：錯誤資訊、誤導性資訊
- encounter：遇到、接觸到
- doubt：懷疑
- mandatory vaccination：強制接種疫苗
- amplify：放大、擴大
- false claims：不實說法
- rely on：依賴
- sacrifice：犧牲
- waning immunity：逐漸減弱的免疫力
- virus mutations：病毒突變
- feel misled：感到被誤導
- side effects：副作用
- blood clotting：血液凝固、血栓形成
- heart inflammation：心臟發炎
- personal liberty：個人自由
- government control：政府控制
- scientific authority：科學權威
- anti-establishment movements：反建制運動
- contribute to：促成、導致
- be linked to：與……有關
- complicate：使複雜化
文法與語意重點
- 現在完成式：have saved
“Vaccines have saved millions of lives.”
是現在完成式，表示疫苗從過去到現在已經拯救了數百萬人的生命，且此成果與現在仍有關聯。
- 被動語態：were developed
“the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed”
是過去式被動語態，表示 COVID-19 疫苗「被研發」的速度。此處重點在疫苗的研發過程，而非誰研發疫苗。
- 關係副詞片語：at which
“the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed”
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Vaccines have saved millions of lives. WHO research estimates COVID-19 vaccines prevented 475,000 deaths in the UK alone. Initially hailed as a “scientific miracle,” vaccines helped the world return to normal, but public trust has since declined.
A study by the Vaccine Confidence Project found that UK adults’ belief in vaccine safety dropped from 90% in 2018 to 70% in 2023. This decline is global, with surveys in 52 out of 55 countries showing reduced trust since 2019. A YouGov poll found that in 2024, 30% of UK adults believed vaccine risks were hidden, up from 19% in 2019. Childhood vaccination rates have also fallen below recommended levels.
Growing skepticism toward governments and health institutions has contributed to this trend. During the early vaccine rollout, people showed great enthusiasm for getting vaccinated, but by mid-2021, doubts arose, fueled by misinformation online. Research from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) revealed that in 2023, 20% of parents encountered online information that made them doubt vaccines, a significant increase from 6% the previous year.
Vaccine hesitancy is not new. Since Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine in 1796, concerns have persisted. Protests against mandatory vaccinations occurred in the 1890s, and the 1970s saw false claims linking the diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccine to brain damage.
Social media has amplified misinformation about vaccines, making it easier for false claims to spread quickly. Younger adults, who frequently rely on social media for health information, are particularly affected. Many of them feel that they sacrificed their education, job opportunities, and social lives during the pandemic to protect older generations, which may contribute to their declining trust in vaccines.
Another factor influencing public confidence is the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed. Although they proved highly effective at reducing severe illness and death, early expectations suggested they would also prevent infection completely. Over time, as waning immunity and virus mutations occurred, some people felt misled. Concerns also arose regarding rare but serious side effects, such as blood clotting and temporary heart inflammation.
Vaccine hesitancy is also linked to broader political and social issues. Discussions about personal liberty, government control, and scientific authority have contributed to public doubts. The rise of anti-establishment movements and skepticism toward experts in fields like climate change, public health, and economics further complicates the issue.
- According to the passage, which of the following factors has contributed to declining trust in vaccines?
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核心觀念
本題屬於英文閱讀理解的「原因辨識題」，考查考生能否從文章中找出造成「疫苗信任度下降」的直接原因，並區分：
- 文章明確提及的原因
- 文章未提及的資訊
- 與原文意思不完全相同的干擾選項
關鍵在於題目問的是：
which of the following factors has contributed to declining trust in vaccines?
下列何者促成了對疫苗信任度的下降？
因此，必須尋找文章中明確說明「某因素導致疑慮或不信任」的內容。
解題方法
文章第三段直接指出：
doubts arose, fueled by misinformation online.
疑慮開始出現，而網路上的錯誤資訊助長了這些疑慮。
第五段又進一步說明：
Social media has amplified misinformation about vaccines, making it easier for false claims to spread quickly.
社群媒體放大了有關疫苗的錯誤資訊，使錯誤主張更容易迅速傳播。
這兩句都明確建立「社群媒體上的錯誤資訊」與「對疫苗產生懷疑、信任下降」之間的因果關係，因此答案為 (A)。
關鍵單字與片語
- vaccine：疫苗
- declining trust：下降的信任度
- misinformation：錯誤資訊、虛假資訊
- spread quickly：迅速傳播
- fuel doubts：助長疑慮
- vaccine hesitancy：疫苗遲疑、疫苗接種猶豫
- effectiveness：有效性
- waning immunity：逐漸減弱的免疫力
- virus mutations：病毒突變
- prevent infection：預防感染
- severe illness：重症
- side effects：副作用
- vaccine shortage：疫苗短缺
- public access：民眾取得機會、公共使用管道
文法與語意重點
- 分詞片語表原因或伴隨結果
原文：
doubts arose, fueled by misinformation online.
其中 fueled by misinformation online 是過去分詞片語，修飾前面的 doubts，表示「這些疑慮受到網路錯誤資訊的助長」。
- make it + 形容詞／介系詞片語 + to V
原文：
making it easier for false claims to spread quickly
結構為：
意思是「使 A 做某事變得更容易」。此處表示社群媒體使錯誤主張更容易迅速傳播。
- contribute to + 名詞／動名詞
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Vaccines have saved millions of lives. WHO research estimates COVID-19 vaccines prevented 475,000 deaths in the UK alone. Initially hailed as a “scientific miracle,” vaccines helped the world return to normal, but public trust has since declined.
A study by the Vaccine Confidence Project found that UK adults’ belief in vaccine safety dropped from 90% in 2018 to 70% in 2023. This decline is global, with surveys in 52 out of 55 countries showing reduced trust since 2019. A YouGov poll found that in 2024, 30% of UK adults believed vaccine risks were hidden, up from 19% in 2019. Childhood vaccination rates have also fallen below recommended levels.
Growing skepticism toward governments and health institutions has contributed to this trend. During the early vaccine rollout, people showed great enthusiasm for getting vaccinated, but by mid-2021, doubts arose, fueled by misinformation online. Research from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) revealed that in 2023, 20% of parents encountered online information that made them doubt vaccines, a significant increase from 6% the previous year.
Vaccine hesitancy is not new. Since Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine in 1796, concerns have persisted. Protests against mandatory vaccinations occurred in the 1890s, and the 1970s saw false claims linking the diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccine to brain damage.
Social media has amplified misinformation about vaccines, making it easier for false claims to spread quickly. Younger adults, who frequently rely on social media for health information, are particularly affected. Many of them feel that they sacrificed their education, job opportunities, and social lives during the pandemic to protect older generations, which may contribute to their declining trust in vaccines.
Another factor influencing public confidence is the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed. Although they proved highly effective at reducing severe illness and death, early expectations suggested they would also prevent infection completely. Over time, as waning immunity and virus mutations occurred, some people felt misled. Concerns also arose regarding rare but serious side effects, such as blood clotting and temporary heart inflammation.
Vaccine hesitancy is also linked to broader political and social issues. Discussions about personal liberty, government control, and scientific authority have contributed to public doubts. The rise of anti-establishment movements and skepticism toward experts in fields like climate change, public health, and economics further complicates the issue.
- Based on the passage, why might younger adults be more susceptible to vaccine hesitancy?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「原因定位」與代名詞指涉。題目問：為什麼年輕成年人較容易出現 vaccine hesitancy（疫苗猶豫／對接種疫苗的遲疑）？
解題重點是回到文章中直接描述 younger adults 的句子，尋找「年輕人受到影響的原因」。文章指出，年輕成年人經常透過社群媒體取得健康資訊，而社群媒體容易快速散播錯誤資訊，因此他們較容易受到 misinformation（錯誤資訊）的影響。
關鍵單字與片語
- vaccine：疫苗
- vaccine hesitancy：疫苗猶豫，對接種疫苗抱持遲疑或不確定
- susceptible to：容易受到……影響
- rely on：依賴
- health information：健康資訊
- social media：社群媒體
- misinformation：錯誤資訊、誤導性資訊
- amplify：放大、加劇
- false claims：不實說法
- declining trust：逐漸下降的信任
- contribute to：促成、導致
- health institutions：衛生機構
定位答案的原文
“Younger adults, who frequently rely on social media for health information, are particularly affected.”
翻譯：
「年輕成年人經常依賴社群媒體取得健康資訊，因此特別容易受到影響。」
其中，關係代名詞 who 引導非限定關係子句，補充說明 younger adults 的特徵；frequently rely on social media for health information 表示「經常依賴社群媒體取得健康資訊」。這正是年輕成年人較容易受到疫苗錯誤資訊影響的原因。
文章前一句也提供背景：
“Social media has amplified misinformation about vaccines, making it easier for false claims to spread quickly.”
翻譯：
「社群媒體放大了有關疫苗的錯誤資訊，使不實說法更容易迅速傳播。」
將這兩句結合即可得出：年輕人較常使用社群媒體取得健康資訊，而社群媒體又加速錯誤資訊流通，所以他們較容易產生疫苗猶豫。
解題方法
先抓題目關鍵字 younger adults，回文章搜尋相同或同義表達。文章第五段直接出現：
- 社群媒體加速疫苗錯誤資訊傳播。
- 年輕成年人經常依賴社群媒體獲取健康資訊。
- 因此年輕成年人特別容易受到影響。
題目問的是「why」，答案必須說明原因。四個選項中，只有選項（D）直接重述文章明確提供的原因。
選項分析
(A) They have lower levels of education than older generations.
「他們的教育程度低於較年長世代。」
錯誤。文章沒有表示年輕成年人的教育程度較低，反而只提到他們在疫情期間犧牲了 education、job opportunities 和 social lives。這些內容是在說明他們對疫情及政府措施的感受，不等於教育程度低，也不是本題所問的直接原因。
(B) They have been discouraged from receiving vaccines by government policies.
「政府政策使他們不願接種疫苗。」
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Vaccines have saved millions of lives. WHO research estimates COVID-19 vaccines prevented 475,000 deaths in the UK alone. Initially hailed as a “scientific miracle,” vaccines helped the world return to normal, but public trust has since declined.
A study by the Vaccine Confidence Project found that UK adults’ belief in vaccine safety dropped from 90% in 2018 to 70% in 2023. This decline is global, with surveys in 52 out of 55 countries showing reduced trust since 2019. A YouGov poll found that in 2024, 30% of UK adults believed vaccine risks were hidden, up from 19% in 2019. Childhood vaccination rates have also fallen below recommended levels.
Growing skepticism toward governments and health institutions has contributed to this trend. During the early vaccine rollout, people showed great enthusiasm for getting vaccinated, but by mid-2021, doubts arose, fueled by misinformation online. Research from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) revealed that in 2023, 20% of parents encountered online information that made them doubt vaccines, a significant increase from 6% the previous year.
Vaccine hesitancy is not new. Since Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine in 1796, concerns have persisted. Protests against mandatory vaccinations occurred in the 1890s, and the 1970s saw false claims linking the diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccine to brain damage.
Social media has amplified misinformation about vaccines, making it easier for false claims to spread quickly. Younger adults, who frequently rely on social media for health information, are particularly affected. Many of them feel that they sacrificed their education, job opportunities, and social lives during the pandemic to protect older generations, which may contribute to their declining trust in vaccines.
Another factor influencing public confidence is the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed. Although they proved highly effective at reducing severe illness and death, early expectations suggested they would also prevent infection completely. Over time, as waning immunity and virus mutations occurred, some people felt misled. Concerns also arose regarding rare but serious side effects, such as blood clotting and temporary heart inflammation.
Vaccine hesitancy is also linked to broader political and social issues. Discussions about personal liberty, government control, and scientific authority have contributed to public doubts. The rise of anti-establishment movements and skepticism toward experts in fields like climate change, public health, and economics further complicates the issue.
- In the passage, the phrase “waning immunity” most likely means:
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的片語語意判斷，關鍵在於理解 waning immunity 的字義與上下文。
- wane：逐漸減弱、衰退
- waning：逐漸減弱的、衰退中的
- immunity：免疫力；免疫保護
- waning immunity：免疫力逐漸下降、免疫保護力隨時間減弱
在疫苗語境中，這個片語指接種疫苗後，人體所獲得的保護力經過一段時間逐漸降低，因此感染風險可能上升。
解題方法
定位文章中的關鍵句：
“Over time, as waning immunity and virus mutations occurred, some people felt misled.”
翻譯：
「隨著免疫力逐漸減弱以及病毒發生突變，有些人感到自己受到誤導。」
句中 waning immunity 與 virus mutations 並列，都是隨時間發生、使疫苗效果與民眾原先期待產生落差的因素。文章前文又指出，疫苗雖然能有效降低重症與死亡，早期卻有人期待疫苗能完全阻止感染。因此，這裡的 waning immunity 應是指疫苗提供的保護力逐漸下降，而非免疫系統突然完全失效。
選項分析
(A) An increase in immune system strength over time
「免疫系統強度隨時間增加」
錯誤。wane 表示「逐漸減弱」，與 increase「增加」意思相反。此選項將片語解讀成免疫力增強，和文章語境不符。
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Vaccines have saved millions of lives. WHO research estimates COVID-19 vaccines prevented 475,000 deaths in the UK alone. Initially hailed as a “scientific miracle,” vaccines helped the world return to normal, but public trust has since declined.
A study by the Vaccine Confidence Project found that UK adults’ belief in vaccine safety dropped from 90% in 2018 to 70% in 2023. This decline is global, with surveys in 52 out of 55 countries showing reduced trust since 2019. A YouGov poll found that in 2024, 30% of UK adults believed vaccine risks were hidden, up from 19% in 2019. Childhood vaccination rates have also fallen below recommended levels.
Growing skepticism toward governments and health institutions has contributed to this trend. During the early vaccine rollout, people showed great enthusiasm for getting vaccinated, but by mid-2021, doubts arose, fueled by misinformation online. Research from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) revealed that in 2023, 20% of parents encountered online information that made them doubt vaccines, a significant increase from 6% the previous year.
Vaccine hesitancy is not new. Since Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine in 1796, concerns have persisted. Protests against mandatory vaccinations occurred in the 1890s, and the 1970s saw false claims linking the diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough vaccine to brain damage.
Social media has amplified misinformation about vaccines, making it easier for false claims to spread quickly. Younger adults, who frequently rely on social media for health information, are particularly affected. Many of them feel that they sacrificed their education, job opportunities, and social lives during the pandemic to protect older generations, which may contribute to their declining trust in vaccines.
Another factor influencing public confidence is the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed. Although they proved highly effective at reducing severe illness and death, early expectations suggested they would also prevent infection completely. Over time, as waning immunity and virus mutations occurred, some people felt misled. Concerns also arose regarding rare but serious side effects, such as blood clotting and temporary heart inflammation.
Vaccine hesitancy is also linked to broader political and social issues. Discussions about personal liberty, government control, and scientific authority have contributed to public doubts. The rise of anti-establishment movements and skepticism toward experts in fields like climate change, public health, and economics further complicates the issue.
- Based on the passage, how much did the percentage of UK adults who believed vaccine risks were hidden increase from 2019 to 2024?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「百分點增減」計算。
題目比較的是兩個百分比：
- 2019 年：
- 2024 年：
「增加幾個百分點」是直接用後期百分比減去前期百分比：
注意「百分點」與「百分比增加率」不同。本題要求的是 percentage points，不是相對增加百分比。
解題方法
定位文章中的關鍵句：
A YouGov poll found that in 2024, 30% of UK adults believed vaccine risks were hidden, up from 19% in 2019.
翻譯：
YouGov 的民調發現，2024 年有 30% 的英國成年人認為疫苗風險遭到隱瞞，高於 2019 年的 19%。
句中的 up from 19% in 2019 表示「從 2019 年的 19% 增加到目前的數值」，而前半句已明確指出 2024 年為 。
因此：
選項分析
- (A) 5 percentage points
錯誤。 是其他數據的差距，並非本題兩個年份之間的差值。
- (B) 11 percentage points
正確。2024 年的 減去 2019 年的 ：
- (C) 19 percentage points
錯誤。 是 2019 年的原始比例，不是增加的幅度。
- (D) 30 percentage points
錯誤。 是 2024 年的原始比例，不是增加的幅度。
關鍵單字與片語