國立中山大學 115 年 《英文》

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第 1 題2 分

The director of the Taiwan Movement Disorders Society (TMDS) said exercise is essential for Parkinson’s patients. He points out that ____ is more important than intensity or duration.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「語意判斷」與「名詞搭配」。句型為:

He points out that ____ is more important than intensity or duration.
他指出,____ 比運動強度或持續時間更重要。

空格需要填入一個抽象名詞,作為主詞,表示帕金森氏症患者運動時最重要的條件。依題幹語意,重點是「持續、規律地運動」,而非一次運動的強度多高、時間多長,因此答案為 consistency。

關鍵單字與片語

  • director:主任、主管
  • Taiwan Movement Disorders Society:台灣動作障礙學會
  • exercise:運動;鍛鍊
  • essential:必要的、不可或缺的
  • Parkinson’s patients:帕金森氏症患者
  • point out:指出
  • intensity:強度
  • duration:持續時間
  • consistency:持續性、一致性;在本題指規律性、持之以恆
  • concentration:專注力、集中
  • communication:溝通
  • confirmation:確認
  • confrontation:對峙、衝突

解題方法

先觀察句型:

A is more important than B or C\text{A is more important than B or C}

空格中的字必須是名詞,並且能與「運動對帕金森氏症患者的效益」形成合理語意。題幹已明確指出 exercise is essential,接著比較的是運動的三個面向:

  • intensity:運動強度
  • duration:運動持續時間
  • consistency:運動是否規律、持續執行

醫療與健康語境中,規律運動通常比偶爾進行高強度或長時間運動更重要。因此:

He points out that consistency is more important than intensity or duration.
他指出,運動的持續規律性比運動強度或持續時間更重要。

選項分析

(A) concentration

concentration 是「專注力、集中」,通常指精神集中或某物的濃度,例如 concentration on the task(專注於任務)、the concentration of a solution(溶液濃度)。此處比較運動的執行特性,專注力並非與 intensity、duration 並列的主要概念,語意不合。

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第 2 題2 分

“GPT-4 is ____. Like humans, it makes mistakes, despite often showing brilliance,” said the author of The AI Revolution in Medicine (p. 164).

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「語意判斷」與「形容詞辨析」。句型為:

GPT-4 is ____.
GPT-4 是……

空格位於 be 動詞 is 後面,需填入形容詞作主詞補語。後句:

Like humans, it makes mistakes, despite often showing brilliance.
和人類一樣,GPT-4 儘管經常展現卓越能力,仍會犯錯。

其中 makes mistakes 是判斷答案的直接線索,表示 GPT-4 並非完美無誤。

解題方法

先觀察句意:

  1. 主詞 GPT-4 被描述為具有某種特性。
  2. 後句明確指出它「會犯錯」。
  3. 能表示「會犯錯的、不完美的」形容詞是 fallible。

因此完整句意為:

GPT-4 is fallible.
GPT-4 並非不會犯錯。

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹關鍵句為:

“GPT-4 is ____. Like humans, it makes mistakes, despite often showing brilliance,” said the author of The AI Revolution in Medicine.

翻譯:

《醫學中的人工智慧革命》一書的作者說:「GPT-4 是會犯錯的。和人類一樣,儘管它經常展現卓越能力,仍然會犯錯。」

後句的 Like humans 將 GPT-4 與人類相比;it makes mistakes 直接說明 GPT-4 會犯錯,因此空格應填 fallible。

選項分析

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第 3 題2 分

As modern lifestyles increasingly compress sleep time, the findings of the research project ____ a simple but powerful message: protecting your sleep may help protect your heart.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 動詞與語境的搭配。
  2. 近義字辨析。
  3. 主詞與動詞的數一致問題。

句意為:現代生活型態逐漸壓縮睡眠時間,這項研究的發現____一項簡單卻有力的訊息:保護睡眠可能有助於保護心臟。

關鍵搭配是:

  • underscore:強調、凸顯
  • tone down:使緩和、降低強度
  • understate:低估、輕描淡寫
  • denounce:公開譴責、抨擊
  • kick off:開始、啟動

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

the findings of the research project ____ a simple but powerful message: protecting your sleep may help protect your heart.

翻譯:

這項研究的發現__一項簡單卻有力的訊息:保護睡眠可能有助於保護心臟。

冒號後面的內容是對 a simple but powerful message 的具體說明。這項訊息是在提醒人們睡眠與心臟健康有關,因此前面的動詞應具有「強調、凸顯」之意,選 underscores 最符合語意。

選項分析

(A) underscores:強調、凸顯

符合句意。研究發現「凸顯」睡眠對心臟健康的重要性,語意自然:

The findings underscore a simple but powerful message.

因此依官方答案選 A。

須注意文法上的數一致問題:主詞核心為複數名詞 findings,嚴格而言應寫成:

the findings of the research project underscore a simple but powerful message

題目使用單數動詞 underscores,與複數主詞不一致。若完全按照標準文法,這是題目的瑕疵;但官方答案指定為 A,且 A 是唯一符合上下文語意的選項,本題應以官方答案 A 作答。

(B) tones down:使緩和、降低強度

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第 4 題2 分

Penicillin saved the lives of Allied soldiers in the Second World War who would otherwise ____ from sepsis and made complex surgeries safe.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. would have + 過去分詞的假設語氣/與過去事實相反的推論。
  2. otherwise 的語意:「否則、若非如此」。
  3. 歷史事件中,應使用完成式表達「原本會已經發生的結果」。

題幹中的關鍵結構是:

Penicillin saved the lives of Allied soldiers in the Second World War who would otherwise have died from sepsis and made complex surgeries safe.

其中:

  • who 引導關係子句,修飾 Allied soldiers。
  • otherwise 表示「若不是青黴素挽救他們的生命」。
  • would otherwise have died 表示「原本會因敗血症而死亡」。

完整語意為:

青黴素挽救了二戰期間盟軍士兵的性命;若非如此,他們原本會因敗血症而死亡,且青黴素也使複雜手術變得安全。

因此空格應填入 have died,形成:

would otherwise have died from sepsis


解題方法

先判斷 otherwise 所指的隱含條件:

If it had not been for penicillin, the soldiers would otherwise have died from sepsis.

意思是:

如果沒有青黴素,這些士兵原本就會因敗血症死亡。

這是針對過去情況的假設,且結果「死亡」在過去本應已經發生,因此使用:

would have + 過去分詞\text{would have + 過去分詞}

die 的過去分詞是 died,所以:

would otherwise have died\text{would otherwise have died}

此處的 would 後面不能直接接完整時態的 died,而要使用:

would + have + p.p.

故正確答案為 (C) have died。


選項分析

(A) die

would die 在文法上可以成立,例如:

Without treatment, patients would die.

但 would die 通常表示一般性結果、現在或未來的假設結果;本題談的是二戰期間士兵原本會發生的死亡結果,屬於已完成的過去事件,因此應使用 would have died。

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第 5 題2 分

Due to the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses, WHO continues to stress the importance of year-round global ____ to detect and monitor emerging or circulating influenza viruses.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 關鍵字義
  2. 固定搭配與語意判斷
  3. 名詞與句意的配合

題幹描述流感病毒不斷演化,因此世界衛生組織(WHO)持續強調全年進行全球性的某項工作,以便「偵測並監測新出現或正在流行的流感病毒」。能直接達成此目的的名詞是 surveillance(監測、監視)。


題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

WHO continues to stress the importance of year-round global ____ to detect and monitor emerging or circulating influenza viruses.

翻譯:

世界衛生組織持續強調全年全球性__的重要性,以偵測並監測新出現或正在流行的流感病毒。

句中:

  • due to:由於
  • constantly evolving nature:持續演化的特性
  • influenza viruses:流感病毒
  • continue to stress the importance of:持續強調……的重要性
  • year-round:全年、整年
  • detect:偵測、發現
  • monitor:監測、追蹤
  • emerging:新出現的
  • circulating:正在流行、持續傳播的

其中 detect and monitor 已明確指出空格應填入「監測活動」,而非交易、市場、疫苗接種或戰爭。


解題方法

先觀察空格所在結構:

the importance of year-round global ____ to detect and monitor ...

介系詞 of 後方需要名詞或名詞片語。四個選項中,雖然多數都是名詞,但必須進一步判斷語意。

句尾的 to detect and monitor 表示目的:

為了偵測及監測流感病毒

因此空格應是「能夠偵測、監測病毒的制度或活動」。在公共衛生與流行病學語境中,global surveillance 是標準搭配,意思是「全球監測」。

完整句子為:

WHO continues to stress the importance of year-round global surveillance to detect and monitor emerging or circulating influenza viruses.

意思是:

世界衛生組織持續強調全年全球流感監測的重要性,以偵測並監測新出現或正在流行的流感病毒。


文法與語意重點

1. importance of + 名詞

句型:

the importance of + 名詞/動名詞

例如:

  • the importance of education
    教育的重要性
  • the importance of vaccination
    疫苗接種的重要性
  • the importance of global surveillance
    全球監測的重要性

本題空格需填入名詞,surveillance 符合詞性要求。

2. to detect and monitor 為目的片語

此處的 to + 原形動詞 是不定詞表目的:

surveillance to detect and monitor viruses
用來偵測及監測病毒的監測機制

detect 與 monitor 形成並列動詞:

  • detect emerging viruses:偵測新出現的病毒
  • monitor circulating viruses:監測正在傳播的病毒
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第 6 題2 分

The zoo said it would ask the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at National Pingtung University of Science and Technology to conduct ____ to determine the cause of Ali the elephant’s death.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 與醫學、獸醫學相關的關鍵單字。
  2. 依據語境判斷名詞意義。
  3. 動詞搭配與冠詞用法。

題幹描述動物死亡後,請獸醫教學醫院進行某項檢查,以找出死亡原因。針對死亡原因所做的死後檢查是 autopsy(驗屍、屍體解剖)。


題幹定位與翻譯

The zoo said it would ask the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at National Pingtung University of Science and Technology to conduct an autopsy to determine the cause of Ali the elephant’s death.

翻譯:

動物園表示,將請國立屏東科技大學獸醫教學醫院進行驗屍,以判定大象 Ali 的死因。

關鍵線索是:

  • death:死亡
  • determine the cause of ...’s death:判定某人/某動物的死因
  • conduct an autopsy:進行驗屍

因此空格必須填入表示「死後檢查、驗屍」的名詞。


文法與語意重點

句型為:

ask + 人/機構 + to V

本句中:

ask the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital ... to conduct an autopsy

意為「請獸醫教學醫院進行驗屍」。

其中:

  • conduct:進行、實施,常與 examination、research、investigation、autopsy 等名詞搭配。
  • an autopsy:一次驗屍。
    autopsy 是可數名詞,單數前需使用冠詞。因為 autopsy 的開頭為母音音素,使用 an。

選項分析

(A) an autopsy

autopsy 意為「驗屍、屍體解剖」,指人在死亡後,透過解剖與病理檢查來判定死因,也可用於動物。

本句的目的為:

to determine the cause of Ali the elephant’s death

因此進行 an autopsy 完全符合醫學與獸醫學語境。

(A) 正確。


(B) a biopsy

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第 7 題2 分

In 2023 alone, the WHO estimated that 1.25 million people died from TB, while another 10.8 million ____ the disease.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 疾病相關動詞的正確用法。
  2. 動詞與受詞的搭配關係(collocation)。
  3. 片語與字義在特定語境中的判斷。

句中空格後直接接受詞 the disease,因此需要一個能直接接受詞、表示「感染、罹患疾病」的及物動詞。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

In 2023 alone, the WHO estimated that 1.25 million people died from TB, while another 10.8 million contracted the disease.

翻譯:

僅在 2023 年,世界衛生組織估計就有 125 萬人死於結核病,而另有 1,080 萬人感染了這種疾病。

前半句的 died from TB 表示「死於結核病」;後半句與前半句形成對比,說明另一批人雖未必死亡,但感染了結核病。因此空格應填入表示「感染、罹患」的動詞。

解題方法

空格後為:

the disease

也就是「這種疾病」。可依兩個步驟判斷:

第一,確認空格需要及物動詞,必須能直接接 the disease。

第二,從語意上判斷,句子需要「感染疾病」之意。在正式新聞及醫學英文中,contract a disease 是常見且標準的搭配,表示「感染、罹患某種疾病」。

因此:

contracted the disease
感染了這種疾病

最符合文法、語意與搭配,故選 (E)。

關鍵單字與片語

  • in 2023 alone:僅在 2023 年
  • the WHO:世界衛生組織(World Health Organization)
  • estimate:估計
  • die from:死於
  • TB:結核病(tuberculosis)
  • while:而、同時;此處用來對比兩種結果
  • another:另外的、另有
  • disease:疾病
  • contract a disease:感染、罹患疾病
  • become infected with:感染……;注意後面通常接 with
  • contact:接觸;聯絡
  • convert:轉換、改變信仰或立場
  • catch up:趕上、追上

選項分析

(A) caught up

catch up 是片語動詞,表示「趕上、追上」,例如:

She ran faster to catch up with her classmates.
她跑快一點以追上同學。

它不能表示「感染疾病」,且通常需搭配 with 表示追上某人或某事。因此:

caught up the disease

在文法與語意上都不成立。

(B) became infected

become infected 本身可以表示「受到感染」,但通常必須搭配介系詞 with:

became infected with the disease

題目句型是:

became infected the disease

少了必要的 with,因此不符合標準文法。此外,become infected 是「變得受到感染」的表達,題目要的是直接表示「感染、罹患某疾病」的及物動詞。

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第 8 題2 分

According to a recent article in February 2026 Diabetologia, aerobic activities decreased glucose more during exercise sessions than anaerobic exercise and yielded a larger acute hypoglycemia risk. ____ , anaerobic activities provide better 24-hour glycemic control.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「上下文邏輯關係」與「轉折副詞」的用法。

前句指出:

  • 有氧活動(aerobic activities)在運動期間降低較多血糖。
  • 有氧活動造成較高的急性低血糖風險。

後句卻指出:

  • 無氧活動(anaerobic activities)提供較佳的 24 小時血糖控制。

前後兩句比較的是不同運動類型在不同時間尺度下的效果,語意形成明顯對比,因此空格應填入表示「相反地、反之」的轉折副詞。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

According to a recent article in February 2026 Diabetologia, aerobic activities decreased glucose more during exercise sessions than anaerobic exercise and yielded a larger acute hypoglycemia risk. ____ , anaerobic activities provide better 24-hour glycemic control.

翻譯:

根據 2026 年 2 月《Diabetologia》的一篇近期文章,有氧活動在運動期間比無氧運動降低更多血糖,且帶來較高的急性低血糖風險。相反地,無氧活動提供較佳的 24 小時血糖控制。

前句談有氧活動「運動當下」的優勢與風險,後句談無氧活動「24 小時整體」的優勢,兩者方向不同,故以 Conversely 銜接最恰當。

解題方法

先判斷前後句的邏輯關係,再依語意選擇連接副詞:

  1. 前句主詞是 aerobic activities。
  2. 後句主詞改為 anaerobic activities。
  3. 前句強調運動期間降血糖較多,但低血糖風險較高。
  4. 後句強調無氧活動的 24 小時血糖控制較好。
  5. 兩句不是單純因果,而是不同運動類型效果的對照。

因此需要「反之、相對地」的副詞 Conversely。

完整句意為:

有氧活動在運動期間降低血糖較多,卻有較高的急性低血糖風險;相反地,無氧活動能提供較佳的 24 小時血糖控制。

選項分析

(A) Conversely

意為「相反地;反之」。

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第 9 題2 分

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded in part to Dr. Shimon Sakaguchi, Professor emeritus of Kyoto University. Professor Kawamoto, the Director of the Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, remarks: “Dr. Sakaguchi’s strong commitment to achieving his research goals, in spite of at times facing daunting headwinds, no doubt has led to his great achievement.” What does “headwinds” mean here?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「語境中的轉喻(figurative meaning)」。headwinds 原意是「逆風」,引申為「阻力、阻礙、逆境」,常用來描述達成目標時所面臨的困難。

關鍵片語如下:

  • be awarded in part to ...:部分頒發給……
  • Professor emeritus:名譽教授、榮譽退休教授
  • strong commitment to ...:對……的高度投入/堅定承諾
  • in spite of ...:儘管……
  • at times:有時
  • daunting:令人畏懼的、艱鉅的
  • headwinds:逆風;引申為阻礙、阻力、逆境
  • achievement:成就

定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹關鍵句為:

“Dr. Sakaguchi’s strong commitment to achieving his research goals, in spite of at times facing daunting headwinds, no doubt has led to his great achievement.”

翻譯為:

「Sakaguchi 博士堅定地投入於實現研究目標,儘管有時必須面對艱鉅的阻礙;毫無疑問,這促成了他的偉大成就。」

句中 in spite of 表示讓步,說明他雖然面對困難,仍然持續追求研究目標。因此,headwinds 不應採字面上的「風」,而應理解為阻礙研究進展的各種困難。

解題方法

判斷這類字義題可採「上下文替換法」:

將各選項依序代入 facing daunting headwinds:

  • facing daunting obstacles:面對艱鉅的阻礙,語意自然。
  • facing daunting headaches:面對令人畏懼的頭痛,不符合研究成就的語境。
  • facing daunting environmental issues:面對艱鉅的環境問題,語意過度限縮,題幹沒有指出環境議題。
  • facing daunting financial difficulties:面對艱鉅的財務困難,僅是可能的一種困難,並非 headwinds 的一般字義。
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第 10 題2 分

National Doctors’ Day in Taiwan is celebrated annually on November 12 to honor the dedications and contributions of medical professionals to public health. It ____ the birthday of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who had been a qualified medical doctor before becoming a revolutionary leader.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞片語的語意與搭配」。句型為:

It ____ the birthday of Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

主詞 It 指前句的 National Doctors’ Day in Taiwan,空格後接「某人的生日」,因此需要表達「與……同時發生、日期相同」的動詞片語。

定位答案的關鍵句

It ____ the birthday of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who had been a qualified medical doctor before becoming a revolutionary leader.
它與孫中山先生的生日相同;孫中山先生在成為革命領袖以前,曾是一名合格的醫師。

National Doctors’ Day 在臺灣於 11 月 12 日慶祝,而孫中山的生日也是 11 月 12 日,因此應填入 coincides with。

解題方法

選項中:

  • coincide with + 名詞:與……同時發生;與……日期相同
  • see to + 名詞:處理、負責
  • come across:偶然遇到;給人某種印象
  • hold back from + V-ing/名詞:克制不做……;避免……
  • deviate from + 名詞:偏離;背離

題幹需要的是「節日日期與生日相同」的語意,故選:

It coincides with the birthday of Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

選項分析

(A) coincides with:正確。
coincide with 意為「與……同時發生、與……一致、與……日期相同」。主詞 It 為第三人稱單數,現在簡單式應使用 coincides。句意為「它與孫中山先生的生日相同」,符合上下文。

(B) sees to:錯誤。
see to 意為「處理、負責、確保某事完成」,例如 Please see to the arrangements.「請負責處理相關安排。」
若填入句中,會變成「國民醫師節處理孫中山的生日」,語意不通。

(C) comes across:錯誤。
come across 可表示「偶然遇到、無意間發現」,例如 I came across an old photograph.「我偶然發現一張老

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第 11 題2 分

The famous English novelist Jane Austen published four novels anonymously in her lifetime and two more after her death. Her ____ reputation has never stopped growing. People around the world celebrated the 250th anniversary of her birth in 2025.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字首辨識」與「語境判斷」,尤其是形容詞修飾名詞的語意。

空格位於 reputation 前方:

Her ____ reputation has never stopped growing.

因此需要填入一個能修飾「名聲、聲譽」的形容詞。關鍵線索是 Jane Austen 已經去世,但她的文學聲譽在死後持續擴大。

posthumous 的意思是「死後的、身後的」,可指某人死後才出現、出版或受到肯定的事物。


題幹關鍵句與翻譯

The famous English novelist Jane Austen published four novels anonymously in her lifetime and two more after her death.

翻譯:著名的英國小說家 Jane Austen 生前以匿名方式出版了四部小說,死後又出版了兩部。

這句明確指出「生前」與「死後」的對比,後文又說:

Her ____ reputation has never stopped growing.

翻譯:她的__聲譽從未停止成長。

由「after her death」以及聲譽在死後持續提升可判斷,空格應填「死後的」:posthumous。


解題方法

  1. 先判斷詞性:reputation 是名詞,空格需要形容詞。
  2. 再抓語境核心:題幹強調 Jane Austen 死後仍持續受到世界各地肯定。
  3. 將各選項代入:
  • 「死後的聲譽」語意自然。
  • 「停經的聲譽」、「產後的聲譽」、「婚後的聲譽」、「超越人類的聲譽」均不符合上下文。
  1. 因此選擇 posthumous。

選項分析

(A) menopause

menopause 是名詞,意思是「停經、更年期」,指女性月經永久停止的生理階段。

  • 詞性上,menopause 本身不是適合放在此處修飾 reputation 的形容詞。
  • menopausal 才是「更年期的」形容詞,但 menopausal reputation 仍不合乎語意。
  • Jane Austen 的生理狀態與其文學聲譽無關。

因此錯誤。

(B) postpartum

postpartum 是形容詞,意思是「產後的」,通常用於 postpartum care(產後照護)、postpartum depression(產後憂鬱)。

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第 12 題2 分

The Harvard anesthesiologist Henry Beecher in his article entitled “Ethics and Clinical Research” published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1966 ____ doctors and biomedical scientists who had patients as experimental subjects without their consent.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「片語動詞的語意」與「句型中的動詞選擇」。

片語 blow the whistle on someone/something 意為「揭發某人或某事的不法、不當行為;舉發弊端」。此片語常用於揭露違法、違反倫理或不道德的行為。

題幹描述 Henry Beecher 批評醫師與生物醫學科學家在未取得病患同意的情況下,將病患作為實驗對象,屬於揭發醫學研究倫理問題,因此應選 E。

解題方法

先找出句子的主要結構:

The Harvard anesthesiologist Henry Beecher ... ____ doctors and biomedical scientists ...

主詞是單數的 Henry Beecher;中間的 in his article entitled ... published in 1966 是補充說明,並非主要動詞。因此空格應填第三人稱單數現在式動詞。

語意上,關鍵在於:

without their consent

意為「未經他們的同意」。這表示這些醫師與科學家從事具倫理爭議的研究行為,Henry Beecher 的文章是在揭露、批判這些行為。

完整句意為:

The Harvard anesthesiologist Henry Beecher in his article entitled “Ethics and Clinical Research” published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1966 blows the whistle on doctors and biomedical scientists who had patients as experimental subjects without their consent.

翻譯:

哈佛大學麻醉科醫師 Henry Beecher 在 1966 年發表於《新英格蘭醫學期刊》、題為〈倫理與臨床研究〉的文章中,揭發了那些未經病患同意便將病患當作實驗對象的醫師與生物醫學科學家。

文法與語意重點

  1. Henry Beecher 是單數主詞,因此動詞使用第三人稱單數形式:
    blow → blows

  2. in his article ... 是介系詞片語,說明「在他的文章中」;它不會改變主詞。

  3. entitled “Ethics and Clinical Research” 是過去分詞片語,修飾 article,意為「題為〈倫理與臨床研究〉的」。

  4. published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1966 也是過去分詞片語,修飾 article,意為「於 1966 年發表在《新英格蘭醫學期刊》的」。

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第 13 題2 分

“The smell of the dissection room ____ deep into every single fibre of cotton or polyester and never, ever leaves. It hits you afresh,” states Adam Kay, the writer and former junior doctor in his bestselling memoir, Undoctored: The Story of a Medic Who Ran out of Patients (2022).

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 動詞的基本語意。
  2. 動詞與介系詞片語的搭配。
  3. 依上下文判斷「氣味深入並滲透纖維」的正確用字。

句中主詞為單數名詞片語 The smell of the dissection room,因此空格需填第三人稱單數現在式動詞。更重要的是,後面的 deep into every single fibre of cotton or polyester 表示氣味「深入棉或聚酯纖維的每一絲纖維」,語意上需要「滲透、瀰漫」之意。


題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

“The smell of the dissection room permeates deep into every single fibre of cotton or polyester and never, ever leaves.”

翻譯:

「解剖室的氣味會深深滲入棉質或聚酯纖維的每一絲纖維,而且永遠、永遠不會消失。」

後文:

“It hits you afresh.”

意為:

「那股氣味會再次迎面襲來。」

never, ever leaves 與 hits you afresh 都強調這種氣味會長久殘留,並且每次重新聞到時仍然十分明顯,因此最符合「滲透各處、無法消除」的動詞是 permeates。


解題方法

先觀察受詞與介系詞片語:

  • permeate into something:滲透進入某物
  • deep into every single fibre:深入每一絲纖維

permeate 的核心意思是「滲透、遍布、瀰漫於各處」,常用於氣味、液體、氣體、思想或影響力等逐漸遍及某個範圍。

本句描述氣味進入衣物纖維,且殘留不去,因此可組成自然語意:

The smell permeates deep into every single fibre.
氣味深深滲入每一絲纖維。

此外,主詞 The smell 為單數,所以使用 permeates,符合文法。

【答案】(E) permeates


選項分析

(A) performs

perform 意為「執行、表演、履行」,例如:

  • perform an experiment:進行實驗
  • perform an operation:進行手術
  • perform on stage:在舞台上表演

它通常表示人或機構執行某項動作,不能表示氣味「滲入纖維」。
performs deep into every single fibre 在語意與搭配上都不成立。


(B) sinks

sink 意為「下沉、沉入、下降」。例如:

  • The stone sinks into the water.
    石頭沉入水中。
  • The sun sinks below the horizon.
    太陽沉入地平線下。

sink into 有時可表示某物逐漸進入另一物體,因此單看 sinks deep into 並非完全不合文法。然而本句強調的是氣味滲透到「每一絲」纖維並持續殘留,重點是全面滲入與遍布,而不是向下沉降。

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第 14 題2 分

“Wear the white coat with dignity and pride—it is an honor and ____ to get to serve the public as a physician,” said Bill H. Warren, MD.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字義辨識
  2. 固定搭配
  3. 語意與上下文判斷

句型為:

It is an honor and privilege to + 原形動詞

表示「能夠……是一種榮譽,也是莫大的特權/殊榮」。

題幹談到穿上白袍、以醫師身分服務大眾,語意上需要與「榮譽」並列、且具有正面意義的名詞,因此選 privilege。


題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

“Wear the white coat with dignity and pride—it is an honor and privilege to get to serve the public as a physician,” said Bill H. Warren, MD.

翻譯:

「要帶著尊嚴與驕傲穿上白袍——能夠以醫師身分服務大眾,是一種榮譽,也是莫大的殊榮。」Warren 醫師說。

其中:

  • wear the white coat:穿上白袍
  • with dignity and pride:帶著尊嚴與驕傲
  • an honor and privilege:一種榮譽與殊榮
  • get to + 原形動詞:有機會/能夠做某事
  • serve the public:服務大眾、服務公眾
  • as a physician:以醫師身分

privilege 與 honor 同樣都是正面評價,且常用於表達「能服務他人是一種榮幸與殊榮」的語境。


解題方法

先判斷空格需要填入一個名詞,因為前方有冠詞與連接詞:

an honor and ____ to get to serve the public

句中的 honor 與空格後的名詞共同構成並列結構,兩者都受到 it is 的補語結構支配。再根據語意,醫師能服務大眾應被視為一種值得珍惜的榮譽與殊榮。

因此:

an honor and privilege to serve the public

意思完整、搭配自然,故選 (C) privilege。


選項分析

(A) performance

performance 意為「表現;演出;性能」。

an honor and performance

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第 15 題2 分

Had the attending physician been notified earlier, the patient’s condition ____ so rapidly.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:與過去事實相反的假設語氣

本題考「與過去事實相反」的假設語氣(third conditional),句型如下:

If + S + had + p.p., S + would have + p.p.\text{If + S + had + p.p., S + would have + p.p.}

此句型表示:過去某件事沒有發生,假設它當時發生,過去結果就會不同。

本題將 if 省略,並把 had 移到主詞前,形成倒裝:

Had + S + p.p. ... , S + would have + p.p.\text{Had + S + p.p. ... , S + would have + p.p.}

Had the attending physician been notified earlier 等於:

If the attending physician had been notified earlier
如果主治醫師早一點被通知

其中 had been notified 是過去完成式的被動語態,表示「當時早一點被通知」。

解題方法

先判斷前半句的結構:

Had the attending physician been notified earlier

這是省略 if 的過去完成式倒裝,代表與過去事實相反的假設。因此,後半句應使用:

would have + 過去分詞\text{would have + 過去分詞}

再根據語意判斷:

the patient’s condition ____ so rapidly

若主治醫師早一點接到通知,病人的病情「就不會惡化得如此迅速」。

因此填入:

wouldn’t have deteriorated

完整句子為:

Had the attending physician been notified earlier, the patient’s condition wouldn’t have deteriorated so rapidly.

翻譯:

如果主治醫師早一點被通知,病人的病情就不會惡化得如此迅速。

選項分析

(A) wouldn’t deteriorate

wouldn’t deteriorate 是 would + 原形動詞,通常用於與現在或未來情況相反的假設:

If the doctor were notified now, the condition wouldn’t deteriorate.

本題前半句使用 had been notified,明確表示過去的反事實假設,因此後半句必須使用 would have + 過去分詞,不能使用 would + 原形動詞。故錯誤。

(B) hadn’t deteriorated

hadn’t deteriorated 是過去完成式,不能直接作為此處的主要結果子句。

過去完成式應放在假設條件子句中,例如:

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第 16 題2 分

A medication is described as “contraindicated” when it ____.

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核心觀念

本題考查醫學英文單字 contraindicated 的語意,以及藥物使用上的基本概念。

  • contraindicated:禁忌的;不宜使用的
  • contraindication:禁忌症
  • medication:藥物
  • proven effective:已證實有效
  • randomized trials:隨機試驗
  • intravenous:靜脈注射的
  • gradual dose increase:逐步增加劑量

字首 contra- 表示「反對、相對」,而 indicate 有「指示、適合使用」之意。因此,某藥物若被描述為 contraindicated,表示其使用受到禁止或不建議,原因通常是可能對病人造成傷害,或會使病情惡化。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句是:

A medication is described as “contraindicated” when it ____.

翻譯為:

當某種藥物因可能造成傷害而不應使用時,便會被描述為「contraindicated」。

本題不需要進行藥理機轉或計算,只要掌握 contraindicated = should not be used 的核心定義,再判斷各選項是否符合即可。

句型上,when 引導時間或條件副詞子句;空格接在主詞 it 之後,需要填入描述藥物狀態或使用原則的動詞片語。

選項分析

(A) is proven effective in randomized trials

意思是「已在隨機試驗中證實有效」。

這描述的是藥物的療效證據與臨床研究結果,與 contraindicated 的「不宜使用」意思相反。藥物被證實有效,不代表該藥物對所有病人都適用;但本選項本身並未表達禁忌或危害,因此錯誤。

(B) should not be used because it may cause harm

意思是「因為可能造成傷害,所以不應使用」。

這正確表達 contraindicated 的定義。當藥物對特定病人、特定疾病狀態,或與某些藥物併用時,可能造成顯著危害,就屬於具有禁忌,不應使用。

因此本選項正確。

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第 17 題2 分

The patient was told to take the antibiotic exactly as prescribed; otherwise, the infection might ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查醫療語境中的動詞辨析,以及「病情、感染是否再次出現」的語意。

題幹關鍵句為:

The patient was told to take the antibiotic exactly as prescribed; otherwise, the infection might ____.

翻譯為:

醫師告知病人必須完全按照處方服用抗生素;否則,感染可能會____。

其中,分號後的 otherwise 表示「否則」,前後形成因果關係:

  • 按照處方完整服藥 → 控制感染
  • 未按照處方服藥 → 感染可能再次發作

因此空格應填入表示「復發」的動詞。

解題方法

先觀察文法:

  • might 是情態助動詞,後面接原形動詞。
  • 五個選項皆可接在 might 後面,故本題的主要判斷依據不是詞形,而是語意與搭配。

再鎖定主詞 the infection。感染在抗生素療程不完整時,可能「再次發作」,最自然的英文是:

the infection might relapse

relapse 可作動詞,表示「病情復發、疾病復燃」,特別常用於疾病、感染或症狀在一度改善後再次出現。

選項分析

(A) relapse:復發;病情再度惡化

正確。感染若未依照處方完整服用抗生素,病原體可能未被完全清除,感染因而復發。

the infection might relapse
感染可能會復發。

(B) regress:退化;倒退;回歸原來狀態

錯誤。regress 通常表示發展退步、功能退化,或在統計學中表示「回歸」。它不是醫療英文中表達「感染復發」的標準用字。

例如:

The child’s behavior began to regress.
那名兒童的行為開始退化。

若要表示疾病再次出現,應使用 relapse,而非 regress。

(C) remit:減輕;緩解;免除

錯誤。醫療語境中的 remit 常表示疾病症狀「緩解、進入緩解期」,語意與題幹相反。題幹說明未依處方服藥可能造成感染再次出現,而 remit 表示病情減輕。

例如:

The patient’s symptoms went into remission.
病人的症狀進入緩解期。

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第 18 題2 分

The hospital implemented a new protocol to minimize “nosocomial infections,” meaning infections acquired ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學英文專有名詞的定義」與語意判斷。

  • nosocomial infection:院內感染、醫療照護相關感染,指病人在醫院或其他醫療照護環境中接受照護時感染的疾病。
  • acquire an infection:感染、染上感染。
  • healthcare setting:醫療照護環境,例如醫院、診所、長照機構或其他提供醫療服務的場所。

現代醫學也常使用 healthcare-associated infection, HAI 一詞,範圍比傳統的 nosocomial infection 更廣;但在本題語境中,兩者皆指與醫療照護環境有關的感染。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

The hospital implemented a new protocol to minimize “nosocomial infections,” meaning infections acquired ____.

翻譯:

這家醫院制定了一項新流程,以降低「院內感染」;院內感染是指在__中獲得的感染。

題幹直接以 meaning 解釋 nosocomial infections,空格後須填入「感染發生的場所」。因此答案應是描述醫療照護環境的片語。

解題方法

先抓專有名詞 nosocomial infections。其核心定義是:

infections acquired in a hospital or healthcare environment

也就是「在醫院或醫療照護環境中感染」。

再觀察文法結構:

  • infections acquired in a healthcare setting
  • 可還原為 infections that are acquired in a healthcare setting

其中 acquired 是過去分詞,修飾前面的 infections,相當於關係子句;空格則應填入表示地點的介系詞片語 in a healthcare setting。

因此選 (C)。

選項分析

(A) through contaminated food

意為「透過受污染的食物」。

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第 19 題2 分

Choose the sentence with the most appropriate formal tone for a medical report.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「醫學報告中的正式語氣(formal tone)」與「醫療英文的精確表達」。正式醫療紀錄通常具備以下特徵:

  1. 使用客觀、中性的詞彙。
  2. 避免口語、俚語、縮寫與模糊語氣。
  3. 清楚描述症狀的頻率、程度與性質。
  4. 使用符合醫療語境的專業搭配詞。

本題的關鍵在於判斷哪個句子最符合醫療報告所需的「客觀、精確、正式」。


解題方法

先觀察各選項是否符合以下三項標準:

  • 是否使用正式字彙?
  • 是否具體描述病人的症狀?
  • 是否避免主觀、誇張或模糊的口語表達?

選項 B 使用:

  • reports:正式且客觀地記錄病人自述。
  • intermittent dizziness:間歇性頭暈,清楚表達症狀頻率。
  • poor sleep quality:睡眠品質不佳,屬於正式且精確的醫療表達。

因此 B 最符合醫學報告的語體要求。


定位答案的關鍵句

The patient reports intermittent dizziness and poor sleep quality.

翻譯:病人表示有間歇性頭暈及睡眠品質不佳的情形。

句中 reports 為現在式第三人稱單數,表示病人目前所陳述的症狀;intermittent 修飾 dizziness,表示症狀不是持續發生,而是間歇出現;poor sleep quality 則以正式、客觀的方式表達睡眠狀況不佳。


選項分析

(A) The patient felt kinda dizzy and didn’t sleep well.

翻譯:病人覺得有點頭暈,而且睡得不好。

本句不適合正式醫療報告,原因如下:

  • kinda 是口語化的 kind of,表示「有點、稍微」,正式書面語中不宜使用。
  • didn’t 是 did not 的縮寫,雖然文法正確,但正式報告通常避免縮寫。
  • felt dizzy 與 didn’t sleep well 偏向日常對話,缺乏醫療紀錄所需的精確度。
  • didn’t sleep well 只說「睡得不好」,沒有說明是睡眠品質、入睡困難或睡眠中斷。

因此本句雖大致能表達病情,卻不具備最適當的正式語氣。


(B) The patient reports intermittent dizziness and poor sleep quality.

翻譯:病人表示有間歇性頭暈及睡眠品質不佳的情形。

本句正確,原因如下:

  • reports 是正式且客觀的醫療紀錄用語,表示「病人陳述或主訴」。
  • intermittent dizziness 是精確的名詞片語,表示「間歇性頭暈」。
  • poor sleep quality 是自然且正式的醫療英文搭配,表示「睡眠品質不佳」。
  • 句子結構簡潔,沒有使用俚語、誇張副詞或模糊表達。
  • dizziness 與 sleep quality 都是適合醫療報告的名詞用法,使句子比口語動詞片語更正式。

因此 B 是最適當的答案。


(C) The patient was super tired and sort of light-headed.

翻譯:病人非常疲累,而且有點頭昏。

本句不適合正式醫療報告,原因如下:

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第 20 題2 分

The most significant risk factor for the development of pressure ulcers in a bedridden patient is ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查臥床病人形成壓瘡(pressure ulcers)的主要危險因子與預防原則。

壓瘡又稱壓力性損傷(pressure injury),是因身體某部位長時間承受壓力,造成局部血流受阻、組織缺氧,進而導致皮膚及深層組織損傷。常見於薦骨、尾骨、髖部、腳跟等骨突處。

臥床病人無法自行改變姿勢,若未定期翻身,身體局部會持續受到壓迫。長時間壓力會壓迫微血管,使組織灌流下降,因此「不頻繁變換姿勢」是壓瘡的重要危險因子。

題幹翻譯與語意重點

題幹:

The most significant risk factor for the development of pressure ulcers in a bedridden patient is ____.

翻譯:

臥床病人發生壓瘡時,最重要的危險因子是____。

關鍵單字與片語:

  • significant:重要的、顯著的
  • risk factor:危險因子、風險因子
  • development of:……的發生、形成
  • pressure ulcer:壓瘡、壓力性損傷
  • bedridden patient:臥床病人
  • repositioning:重新調整姿勢、翻身
  • infrequent:不頻繁的、間隔很久的

文法上,主詞為 The most significant risk factor,動詞為 is,空格處應填入一個名詞片語。五個選項皆可作為名詞片語,但必須依據壓瘡的病理機轉判斷。

解題方法

本題採「病理機轉與預防措施相對判斷法」。

判斷步驟如下:

  1. 壓瘡的直接成因是局部長時間受壓,導致血流受阻。
  2. 臥床病人若未經常翻身,壓力會長時間集中在同一部位。
  3. 因此,最符合壓瘡形成機轉的選項是 infrequent repositioning。
  4. 其餘選項多屬於營養支持、減壓或維持活動功能的措施,通常有助於降低壓瘡風險。

選項分析

(A) infrequent repositioning

正確。

意思是「不頻繁地重新調整姿勢」或「很少翻身」。

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第 21 題2 分

A first-year medical student is learning how to take a patient’s history. Which of the following questions is an example of a “leading question” that should generally be avoided?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查病史詢問中的 leading question(誘導性問題、暗示性問句)。

Leading question 的特色是:問句本身已暗示某個答案,容易使病人受到提問者影響而回答「是」或「不是」,無法完整、客觀地表達症狀。因此,初步詢問病史時,通常應優先使用開放式問句,例如:

  • “Can you describe the pain?”
    你可以描述一下疼痛嗎?
  • “When did it start?”
    它是什麼時候開始的?
  • “What were you doing when it started?”
    它開始時你正在做什麼?

相較之下,帶有預設立場、暗示特定答案的問法,便屬於 leading question。

解題方法

判斷各選項時,觀察問句是否:

  1. 直接要求病人描述症狀或提供時間、情境、程度;
  2. 已在問句中預設某項症狀不存在或存在;
  3. 使病人容易順著醫師暗示回答。

題幹要求找出「應一般避免的誘導性問題」。其中關鍵句為:

“The pain doesn’t radiate to your left arm, does it?”
這個疼痛沒有放射到你的左臂,對吧?

此句先預設「疼痛沒有放射到左臂」,再以反意附加問句 “does it?” 要求病人確認。這會暗示病人回答「沒有」,因此符合 leading question 的定義。

選項分析

(A) “Can you describe the pain in your chest?”

意思是:「你可以描述胸部的疼痛嗎?」

此句屬於開放式詢問,請病人自行描述疼痛的性質、位置、強度、持續時間等,沒有暗示特定答案。因此不是 leading question。

(B) “When did you first notice this rash?”

意思是:「你第一次注意到這個皮疹是什麼時候?」

此句詢問症狀的發生時間,讓病人自行提供日期或時間順序。雖然問句已確認病人有皮疹,但並未誘導病人對症狀內容作出特定回答,因此不是本題所指的 leading question。

(C) “The pain doesn’t radiate to your left arm, does it?”

意思是:「這個疼痛沒有放射到你的左臂,對吧?」

此句是典型的誘導性問題。句首 “The pain doesn’t radiate...” 已預設答案為「不會放射」,句尾的反意附加問句 “does it?” 又要求病人確認這項預設。

正確、較中性的問法應為:

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第 22 題2 分

A new mother is concerned because her baby has a yellowish tint to the skin. The pediatrician explains that this is physiological ____, a common condition in newborns caused by the immaturity of the infant’s liver enzymes.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「新生兒常見疾病名稱」與醫學語意判斷。

新生兒出生後因肝臟代謝膽紅素的能力尚未成熟,血液中的膽紅素容易累積,造成皮膚與眼白呈現黃色,這種情況稱為 physiological jaundice(生理性黃疸)。

膽紅素主要來自血紅素分解。新生兒肝臟中的相關代謝酵素尚未充分成熟,使膽紅素的處理與排除速度較慢,因此出現暫時性的黃疸。

解題方法

定位題幹中的關鍵描述:

“a yellowish tint to the skin”
皮膚呈現淡黃色

以及:

“a common condition in newborns caused by the immaturity of the infant’s liver enzymes”
由嬰兒肝臟酵素尚未成熟所造成的新生兒常見狀況

「皮膚泛黃」直接對應 jaundice(黃疸)。題幹中的 physiological 是形容詞,後面需要接一個表示疾病或身體狀況的名詞,因此填入 physiological jaundice,意思是「生理性黃疸」。

選項分析

(A) bile duct(膽管)

錯誤。bile duct 是輸送膽汁的管道,屬於解剖構造,不是由肝臟酵素不成熟所造成的疾病名稱。題幹描述的是皮膚變黃的症狀與狀況,不是膽管本身。

(B) jaundice(黃疸)

正確。jaundice 指因膽紅素在體內累積,導致皮膚、眼白或黏膜呈黃色的狀況。新生兒因肝臟代謝功能尚未成熟而出現的黃疸,即為 physiological jaundice。

(C) anemia(貧血)

錯誤。anemia 是紅血球數量不足或血紅素濃度過低,常見表現包括臉色蒼白、疲倦與呼吸急促,並非皮膚呈黃色。雖然紅血球分解會產生膽紅素,但題幹所描述的直接疾病名稱是 jaundice。

(D) arthritis(關節炎)

錯誤。arthritis 是關節發炎,常見症狀為關節疼痛、腫脹、僵硬,與新生兒皮膚泛黃及肝臟酵素不成熟無關。

(E) pneumonia(肺炎)

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第 23 題2 分

A patient’s blood work shows a high concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and a low concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This profile is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis. The role of LDL in this process is primarily to ____ cholesterol in the walls of arteries.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題結合「脂蛋白功能」與「語意判斷」:

  • LDL(low-density lipoprotein,低密度脂蛋白):主要負責將膽固醇由肝臟運送至周邊組織;當 LDL 濃度過高時,膽固醇容易進入並累積於動脈血管壁。
  • HDL(high-density lipoprotein,高密度脂蛋白):協助將周邊組織及血管壁的膽固醇帶回肝臟處理,具有「膽固醇逆向運輸」的功能。
  • Atherosclerosis(動脈粥樣硬化):與脂質,尤其是 LDL 所攜帶的膽固醇,在動脈壁內沉積及引發發炎反應有關。

因此,本題問的是 LDL 在「形成動脈粥樣硬化」這項病理過程中的作用,答案為 deposit(沉積、堆積)。


解題方法

題幹指出:

This profile is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis.
這種脂蛋白濃度的組合,是動脈粥樣硬化已獲充分確立的危險因子。

接著定位關鍵句:

The role of LDL in this process is primarily to ____ cholesterol in the walls of arteries.
LDL 在這個過程中的主要作用,是將膽固醇____在動脈壁中。

空格位於不定詞片語 to + 原形動詞 中,五個選項在文法上皆可接在 to 後面,因此必須依照語境及生理機轉判斷。

句中的關鍵語意是:

  • in this process 指前文的 atherosclerosis
  • in the walls of arteries 指膽固醇進入、累積的位置
  • 動脈粥樣硬化與膽固醇在血管壁內的沉積直接相關

所以應填入 deposit:

The role of LDL in this process is primarily to deposit cholesterol in the walls of arteries.
LDL 在這個過程中的主要作用,是使膽固醇沉積在動脈壁中。


選項分析

(A) remove:移除

remove cholesterol in the walls of arteries 意為「移除動脈壁中的膽固醇」。

這與 HDL 的典型功能較為接近,而非高濃度 LDL 促成動脈粥樣硬化的病理作用。題幹描述的是高 LDL、低 HDL 所形成的高風險狀態,故 remove 與語境相反。

(B) transport:運送

transport cholesterol 在生理學上確實合理,因為 LDL 的主要生理功能是將膽固醇運送至周邊組織。

然而,本題不是問 LDL 一般性的生理功能,而是問 LDL 在 atherosclerosis 形成過程中的主要作用。就病理結果而言,LDL 所攜帶的膽固醇會滯留並累積在動脈壁,因此本題應選 deposit。

這是本題最具迷惑性的選項:若只背「LDL 負責運送膽固醇」,容易誤選 B;必須依照 in this process 判斷其在動脈粥樣硬化中的具體作用。

(C) deposit:沉積、堆積

deposit cholesterol in the walls of arteries 意為「使膽固醇沉積在動脈壁中」。

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第 24 題2 分

In the management of a patient with status asthmaticus, a doctor administers supplemental oxygen, nebulized albuterol (a beta-2 agonist), and intravenous corticosteroids. The primary mechanism of action of the corticosteroids in this acute setting is to reduce airway ____ and prevent late-phase reaction.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查氣喘急性重症(status asthmaticus)的藥物作用機轉,以及英文語意搭配。

  • Status asthmaticus:持續且嚴重、對一般治療反應不佳的氣喘急性發作。
  • Nebulized albuterol:短效 β₂ 交感神經致效劑,主要作用是放鬆支氣管平滑肌,迅速產生支氣管擴張。
  • Intravenous corticosteroids:抑制氣道發炎反應,減少黏膜水腫、發炎細胞浸潤與氣道過度反應,並抑制氣喘的晚期反應(late-phase reaction)。

題幹所問的是 corticosteroids 的主要作用,因此空格應填入 inflammation。


解題方法

先抓住句子的結構:

The primary mechanism of action of the corticosteroids in this acute setting is to reduce airway ____ and prevent late-phase reaction.

翻譯為:

在這種急性情況下,類固醇的主要作用機轉是減少氣道的__,並防止晚期反應。

「reduce airway ____」後面需要填入一個能被類固醇抑制、且與氣喘病理機轉直接相關的名詞。後半句又明確出現 prevent late-phase reaction,提示答案應是造成晚期氣喘反應的核心病理因素,也就是氣道發炎。

因此:

corticosteroids→reduce airway inflammation\text{corticosteroids} \rightarrow \text{reduce airway inflammation}

類固醇並非主要用來立即放鬆支氣管平滑肌;立即支氣管擴張是 albuterol 的功能。類固醇的重點在於抑制發炎介質、減少氣道水腫與氣道過度反應,因而降低晚期反應。


題幹定位句與翻譯

The primary mechanism of action of the corticosteroids in this acute setting is to reduce airway inflammation and prevent late-phase reaction.

翻譯:

在這種急性情況下,類固醇的主要作用機轉是減少氣道發炎,並防止晚期反應。

其中 reduce airway inflammation 是直接定位答案的關鍵片語。


文法與語意重點

  1. the primary mechanism of action of A

表示「A 的主要作用機轉」。

  1. is to + 原形動詞

此處為不定詞作主詞補語:

is to reduce ... and prevent ...

reduce 與 prevent 由 and 連接,形成平行結構。

  1. airway inflammation
  • airway:氣道
  • inflammation:發炎、炎症

airway inflammation 是醫學英文中的自然搭配,意為「氣道發炎」。

  1. late-phase reaction
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第 25 題2 分

The antibiotic vancomycin is often referred to as a “drug of last resort” for serious Gram-positive infections. Its bactericidal effect is primarily achieved by ____ cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala precursors.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題結合兩個重點:

  1. 醫學英文語意:考 vancomycin(萬古黴素)的抗菌機轉。
  2. 文法與詞性:介系詞 byby 後面接動名詞(V−ingV-ing),形成「藉由做某事」的意思。

Vancomycin 主要作用於革蘭氏陽性菌,會與細菌細胞壁前驅物末端的 D-Ala-D-Ala 結合,阻礙肽聚醣(peptidoglycan)的合成,因此達到抑制細胞壁形成、殺死細菌的效果。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

Its bactericidal effect is primarily achieved by ____ cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala precursors.

翻譯為:

它的殺菌作用主要是藉由與 D-Ala-D-Ala 前驅物結合,來____細胞壁合成而達成。

此處需要填入能表達「抑制細胞壁合成」的動名詞,因此應選 inhibiting。

完整句意:

Its bactericidal effect is primarily achieved by inhibiting cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala precursors.

它主要藉由與 D-Ala-D-Ala 前驅物結合,抑制細胞壁合成,進而產生殺菌作用。

解題方法

先觀察空格前方的介系詞 by:

by+V-ing\text{by}+\text{V-ing}

表示「藉由……」。因此四個字尾為 −ing-ing 的選項在形式上都可放入,但仍須依照語意判斷。

題幹提到 vancomycin 與 D-Ala-D-Ala 前驅物結合,這會干擾細菌肽聚醣細胞壁的建造。因此空格應填入表示「抑制」的 inhibiting。

其機轉可概括為:

vancomycin 結合 D-Ala-D-Ala⟶阻礙肽聚醣細胞壁合成⟶細菌細胞壁受損並死亡\text{vancomycin 結合 D-Ala-D-Ala} \longrightarrow \text{阻礙肽聚醣細胞壁合成} \longrightarrow \text{細菌細胞壁受損並死亡}

選項分析

(A) herborizing

herborizeherborize 指「採集、製作植物標本」,herborizingherborizing 即「採集植物標本」。

代入後:

inhibiting cell wall synthesis

才符合抗生素機轉;「藉由採集植物標本來細胞壁合成」在語意上完全不成立,因此錯誤。

(B) resorting

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第 26 題2 分

A medical study finds a strong statistical association between daily coffee consumption and a reduced risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. However, the study cannot prove that coffee drinking causes the reduction in risk. By which epidemiological maxim is this limitation of the study best summarized?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查流行病學與科學推論中的基本原則:

Correlation does not imply causation.
相關性不代表因果關係。

研究發現「每日喝咖啡」與「罹患帕金森氏症的風險降低」之間具有強烈的統計關聯,但這項關聯不能直接證明喝咖啡就是造成風險降低的原因。

「相關性」表示兩個變項的變化具有統計上的關聯;「因果關係」則表示一個因素確實會造成另一個結果。兩者之間可能受到第三變項、選樣偏差、混淆因子或反向因果關係影響,因此不能僅憑觀察到的關聯便斷定因果。

解題方法

先定位題幹的關鍵語意:

“However, the study cannot prove that coffee drinking causes the reduction in risk.”
「然而,這項研究無法證明喝咖啡會造成風險降低。」

句中的 cannot prove that A causes B,正好對應「觀察到相關,但不能證明因果」的經典原則。

題幹的邏輯可整理為:

  1. 研究發現咖啡攝取量與帕金森氏症風險降低有統計關聯。
  2. 統計關聯不等於咖啡必然造成風險降低。
  3. 因此應選擇描述「相關性不代表因果關係」的格言。

故正確答案為 (A)。

選項分析

(A) Correlation does not imply causation.

意為「相關性不代表因果關係」,完全符合題幹。

研究僅發現:

Coffee consumption⟷Lower Parkinson’s disease risk\text{Coffee consumption} \longleftrightarrow \text{Lower Parkinson’s disease risk}

這種統計上的關聯,並不足以證明:

Coffee consumption→Lower Parkinson’s disease risk\text{Coffee consumption} \rightarrow \text{Lower Parkinson’s disease risk}

例如,喝咖啡的人可能同時具有不同的年齡分布、生活型態、職業、飲食習慣或醫療利用情形;這些因素可能影響帕金森氏症風險,形成混淆因子。因此答案為 (A)。

(B) The dose makes the poison.

意為「劑量決定毒性」,是毒理學的重要原則,完整概念是某種物質是否造成毒害,取決於暴露劑量。

此選項適用於討論藥物、毒物或化學物質的劑量與毒性,不是在說明「統計關聯不能證明因果關係」。題幹重點不是咖啡喝多少會產生毒性,因此錯誤。

(C) The population is the patient.

意為「群體就是病人」,強調公共衛生與流行病學從人口或群體層次分析健康問題,而非只關注單一個體。

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第 27 題2 分

Hospitals increasingly rely on interdisciplinary teams to improve patient outcomes. Effective teamwork depends not only on individual expertise but also on shared mental models and clear role definitions. When roles are poorly specified, tasks may be duplicated or neglected, and responsibility becomes diffuse. Communication failures are especially likely during handoffs, when critical details can be lost between shifts. Structured tools, such as SBAR, can reduce omissions by standardizing what information is conveyed.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字的「語篇銜接」與「舉例功能」,重點包括:

  • 代名詞與語意指涉:前文的 roles、individual expertise。
  • 連接副詞與邏輯關係:如 For instance 表示「舉例而言」。
  • 文章主旨一致性:選項必須延續「跨專業團隊、角色分工、病人照護」的主題。
  • 句子功能判斷:前文提出概念後,下一句常以具體例子加以說明。

題目排版未標示空格位置,以下依官方答案及語篇銜接,視空格位於介紹「清楚的角色定義」之後。

解題方法

先抓文章主軸:

Hospitals increasingly rely on interdisciplinary teams to improve patient outcomes.
醫院越來越依賴跨專業團隊,以改善病人的治療結果。

接著文章說明有效團隊合作不只需要個人專業,也需要:

shared mental models and clear role definitions
共享的心智模型與清楚的角色定義

因此,空格最適合放入一個具體例子,說明不同醫療專業人員如何分工合作。選項 B 提到藥師與護理師各自負責不同面向,正好具體呈現「角色定義清楚」的概念。

定位答案的關鍵句為:

Effective teamwork depends not only on individual expertise but also on shared mental models and clear role definitions.
有效的團隊合作不僅取決於個人專業,也取決於共享的心智模型與清楚的角色定義。

選項 B:

For instance, a pharmacist may focus on medication safety while a nurse monitors bedside changes.
例如,藥師可能專注於用藥安全,而護理師則監測病床旁的病情變化。

句首 For instance 明確表示「以下是前述觀念的例子」,而句中 while 表示兩個不同角色同時各司其職,與前文的 role definitions 完全吻合。

選項分析

(A) Consequently, a hospital cafeteria should offer diverse meal options.

Consequently 意為「因此、所以」,表示因果結果。然而前文討論的是跨專業團隊、角色分工與交班溝通,並未提及醫院餐廳或飲食選擇,內容突然轉向後勤服務,與文章主旨無關。

此外,前文沒有足以推導「醫院餐廳應提供多樣餐點」的原因,因此不論是連接詞或語意內容都不合適。

(B) For instance, a pharmacist may focus on medication safety while a nurse monitors bedside changes.

For instance 意為「例如」,用來引出具體事例。藥師負責用藥安全,護理師監測病床旁的變化,清楚呈現不同醫療人員的專業分工。

此句同時呼應:

  • individual expertise:個別專業能力
  • clear role definitions:清楚的角色界定
  • interdisciplinary teams:跨專業團隊

文法上,while 在此表示「而、同時」,連接兩個平行結構:

  • a pharmacist may focus on medication safety
  • a nurse monitors bedside changes

句意、文法與篇章功能皆正確。

(C) However, laboratory machines are more accurate than clinicians.

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第 28 題2 分

Public health messaging aims to change behavior at a population level, but it must avoid oversimplifying risk. If messages are alarmist, audiences may become desensitized or distrustful; if messages are too reassuring, people may underestimate danger. ____ During outbreaks, uncertainty is inevitable, yet communicators can build trust by explaining what is known, what is unknown, and what actions are recommended.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查公共衛生文章中的「語意銜接」與「克漏字判讀」。文章主旨是:公共衛生訊息必須在「避免製造恐慌」與「避免過度安撫」之間取得平衡,因此正確句子應同時符合以下條件:

  1. 呼應前文對兩種錯誤訊息的說明。
  2. 提出理想公共衛生訊息的特徵。
  3. 能自然銜接後文對「不確定性」與「建立信任」的討論。

關鍵單字與片語

  • public health messaging:公共衛生訊息傳播
  • aim to:旨在、目的是
  • change behavior:改變行為
  • at a population level:在群體/人口層級
  • oversimplify risk:過度簡化風險
  • alarmist:危言聳聽的、製造恐慌的
  • desensitized:變得麻木、失去警覺
  • distrustful:不信任的
  • reassuring:令人安心的、過度安撫的
  • underestimate danger:低估危險
  • balanced message:平衡的訊息
  • accurate:準確的
  • actionable:具體可採取行動的
  • transparent about limitations:透明說明限制
  • outbreak:疫情爆發
  • uncertainty:不確定性
  • inevitable:不可避免的
  • build trust:建立信任
  • explain:說明、解釋
  • what is known:已知事項
  • what is unknown:未知事項
  • recommended actions:建議採取的行動

解題方法

先觀察空格前後的邏輯:

If messages are alarmist, audiences may become desensitized or distrustful; if messages are too reassuring, people may underestimate danger.
如果訊息危言聳聽,大眾可能變得麻木或不信任;如果訊息過度安撫,人們可能低估危險。

前文列出兩種極端情況,下一句最合理的功能是提出「平衡訊息」應具備的條件。再看空格後:

During outbreaks, uncertainty is inevitable, yet communicators can build trust by explaining what is known, what is unknown, and what actions are recommended.
在疫情爆發期間,不確定性不可避免;然而,傳播者可以藉由說明已知事項、未知事項以及建議採取的行動來建立信任。

後文強調「準確說明資訊狀態、提供行動建議、誠實面對未知」,正好對應選項 A 的 accurate、actionable、transparent about limitations。因此答案為 A。

定位答案的關鍵句

題幹中最能直接定位答案的是:

During outbreaks, uncertainty is inevitable, yet communicators can build trust by explaining what is known, what is unknown, and what actions are recommended.

這句指出有效訊息必須:

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第 29 題2 分

In research ethics, informed consent is not merely a signed document; it is a process of communication. Participants should understand the purpose of the study, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw without penalty. ____ This is particularly important when participants are vulnerable due to illness, stress, or limited health literacy.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是克漏字,考「上下文邏輯關係」與研究倫理相關語意。

題幹指出,知情同意(informed consent)不是單純簽署文件,而是持續的溝通過程。受試者必須理解:

  • 研究目的(the purpose of the study)
  • 潛在風險與利益(potential risks and benefits)
  • 可在不受懲罰的情況下退出的權利(their right to withdraw without penalty)

因此,知情同意是否有效,關鍵在於受試者確實理解內容,且能自由提出問題。這正是選項 (A) 所表達的意思。

解題方法

先觀察空格前後的語意:

空格前說明受試者「應該理解」研究相關資訊;空格後接著說:

This is particularly important when participants are vulnerable due to illness, stress, or limited health literacy.
當受試者因疾病、壓力或健康識能有限而處於脆弱狀態時,這一點尤其重要。

其中 This 指向前文即將提出的原則。由於後句強調脆弱受試者,更需要確認其是否真正理解,而非只完成簽名。因此空格應填入「只有在確認理解、並歡迎提問時,知情同意才有效」的句子。

(A) 具有三項合理銜接:

  1. Therefore 表示因果推論,承接前文對知情同意本質的說明。
  2. comprehension is assessed 表示確認受試者是否理解。
  3. questions are welcomed 表示受試者能自由提問,符合有效溝通與自主決定原則。

定位答案的關鍵句

Participants should understand the purpose of the study, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw without penalty.

翻譯:受試者應理解研究目的、潛在風險與利益,以及自己可以在不受懲罰的情況下退出研究的權利。

這句直接說明「理解」是知情同意的必要條件,因此下一句最自然的結論是:

Therefore, consent is valid only when comprehension is assessed and questions are welcomed.

翻譯:因此,只有在確認受試者理解內容並歡迎其提出問題時,知情同意才有效。

選項分析

(A) Therefore, consent is valid only when comprehension is assessed and questions are welcomed.

正確。
Therefore 表示「因此」,用來引出前文的合理結論。知情同意必須建立在受試者理解研究資訊的基礎上,因此研究者應評估其理解程度,並鼓勵提問。此句與後文的 This is particularly important 也能自然銜接,因為脆弱受試者更需要確認理解,而不能只看是否簽名。

(B) Therefore, consent is unnecessary if the study is interesting.

錯誤。
意思是:「因此,如果研究很有趣,就不需要知情同意。」研究是否有趣與是否需要知情同意沒有邏輯關係。研究倫理的核心是保障受試者的自主權與安全,不能因研究具有吸引力就省略同意程序。

(C) Therefore, consent should be replaced by verbal persuasion.

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第 30 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Precision medicine is an ____ approach to patient care that allows doctors to select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a genetic or molecular understanding of their disease. While this field has made ____ strides in oncology, its implementation remains uneven across global healthcare systems. Ethical concerns often arise regarding data privacy and the potential for genetic discrimination, suggesting that the scientific benefits cannot be viewed in ____ from the legal and social frameworks that govern them. Furthermore, researchers must ensure that the datasets used to train diagnostic algorithms are diverse, as a lack of representation can lead to ____ outcomes for marginalized populations. As we move forward, the medical community must ____ equity to ensure that the fruits of biotechnological innovation are accessible to all.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷、詞性與上下文語意」。第一空位於:

Precision medicine is an ____ approach to patient care...

句型為「冠詞 an + 形容詞 + 名詞 approach」,因此空格應填入能修飾 approach 的形容詞,並且語意須符合「精準醫療是一種正在發展中的醫療方法」。

關鍵字義如下:

  • precision medicine:精準醫療
  • approach:方法、途徑
  • emerging:新興的、逐漸發展中的
  • archaic:古老的、過時的
  • stagnant:停滯的、沒有進展的
  • uniform:一致的、統一的
  • redundant:多餘的、重複的

解題方法

先判斷空格的詞性,再利用文章主旨判斷正負面語意。

題幹指出精準醫療:

allows doctors to select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a genetic or molecular understanding of their disease.

意思是:「精準醫療讓醫師能根據對疾病的基因或分子層面理解,選擇最有可能幫助病人的治療方式。」

這段內容強調精準醫療結合基因資訊與分子醫學,屬於現代且正在發展的醫療模式。因此第一空應填入 emerging:

Precision medicine is an emerging approach to patient care...

翻譯為:「精準醫療是一種新興的病人照護方法。」

emerging approach 是自然且符合語意的搭配,表示「正在出現、發展並逐漸受到重視的方法」。

選項分析

(A) archaic

archaic 意為「古老的、過時的」,通常用來描述已不符合現代需求的制度、觀念或技術。

若填入:

Precision medicine is an archaic approach...

意思變成「精準醫療是一種過時的醫療方法」,與文章強調基因理解、診斷演算法及生物科技創新的現代醫學脈絡相互矛盾,因此錯誤。

(B) emerging

emerging 意為「新興的、逐漸發展中的」,可修飾 approach,形成自然搭配 an emerging approach。

精準醫療正是結合基因資訊、分子醫學與個人化治療的新興醫療模式,符合全文內容,故為正確答案。

(C) stagnant

stagnant 意為「停滯的、沒有進展的」,常描述經濟、發展、研究或制度缺乏活力。

若填入:

Precision medicine is a stagnant approach...

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第 31 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Precision medicine is an emerging approach to patient care that allows doctors to select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a genetic or molecular understanding of their disease. While this field has made ____ strides in oncology, its implementation remains uneven across global healthcare systems. Ethical concerns often arise regarding data privacy and the potential for genetic discrimination, suggesting that the scientific benefits cannot be viewed in isolation from the legal and social frameworks that govern them. Furthermore, researchers must ensure that the datasets used to train diagnostic algorithms are diverse, as a lack of representation can lead to ____ outcomes for marginalized populations. As we move forward, the medical community must ____ equity to ensure that the fruits of biotechnological innovation are accessible to all.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字義辨析:形容進展程度的形容詞。
  2. 固定搭配:make significant strides 表示「取得重大進展」。
  3. 語境判讀:由後文說明精準醫療在腫瘤學上的發展,以及其在全球醫療體系中的應用問題,判斷空格應填正面且程度強的形容詞。

stride 原意為「大步」,在學術、科技或發展語境中常用複數 strides,表示「進展、進步」。


解題方法

空格所在句為:

While this field has made ____ strides in oncology, its implementation remains uneven across global healthcare systems.

翻譯為:

雖然這個領域在腫瘤學方面已取得__的進展,但它在全球醫療體系中的實際推行仍不均衡。

判斷重點有二:

  • made ____ strides 是描述某領域「取得進展」的常見搭配。
  • in oncology 指「在腫瘤學領域」;精準醫療已能根據遺傳或分子資訊選擇治療,因此在此領域有顯著發展。

最自然的搭配是:

make significant strides
取得重大進展

因此空格應填 significant。

後半句的 while 表示讓步:「雖然已有重大進展,但是實際執行仍不均衡」。這並非否定前半句的成就,而是指出科學進步與醫療落實之間仍有差距。


定位答案的關鍵句

While this field has made significant strides in oncology, its implementation remains uneven across global healthcare systems.

翻譯:

雖然這個領域在腫瘤學方面已取得重大進展,但它在全球醫療體系中的實際推行仍不均衡。

其中 significant strides 為本題直接定位答案的關鍵片語。


選項分析

(A) marginal

marginal 意為「邊緣的、微小的、有限的」。

marginal strides 字面上可理解為「有限的進展」,但不符合本文語氣。文章一開始即說明精準醫療能依據疾病的遺傳或分子特徵選擇治療,接著討論資料隱私、基因歧視與演算法公平性,顯示此領域具有重要發展與廣泛影響,不是只有微不足道的進步。

因此不選。

(B) superficial

superficial 意為「表面的、膚淺的」。

superficial strides 不是自然的英文搭配。stride 本身表示實質性的進展,通常搭配 significant、remarkable、major 等形容詞;superficial 多用來修飾 understanding、analysis、knowledge 等,較少修飾 strides。

因此不選。

(C) significant

significant 意為「重要的、重大的、顯著的」。

make significant strides 是自然且常見的固定搭配,表示「取得重大進展」。此選項既符合字義,也符合本文對精準醫療在腫瘤學發展成果的描述。

因此為正確答案。

(D) trivial

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第 32 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Precision medicine is an emerging approach to patient care that allows doctors to select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a genetic or molecular understanding of their disease. While this field has made significant strides in oncology, its implementation remains uneven across global healthcare systems. Ethical concerns often arise regarding data privacy and the potential for genetic discrimination, suggesting that the scientific benefits cannot be viewed in ____ from the legal and social frameworks that govern them. Furthermore, researchers must ensure that the datasets used to train diagnostic algorithms are diverse, as a lack of representation can lead to ____ outcomes for marginalized populations. As we move forward, the medical community must ____ equity to ensure that the fruits of biotechnological innovation are accessible to all.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 固定搭配:in isolation from
  2. 介系詞與語意判斷
  3. 克漏字中前後文的邏輯關係

題幹指出,精準醫療的科學利益不能脫離法律與社會框架而單獨看待,因此需要表達「孤立地、脫離……地看待」。最適合的搭配是:

view A in isolation from B
=「脫離 B、孤立地看待 A」


解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

suggesting that the scientific benefits cannot be viewed in ____ from the legal and social frameworks that govern them.

句意是:

這顯示,精準醫療的科學利益不能脫離規範它們的法律與社會框架而被孤立看待。

空格後方是 from,因此應優先尋找能與 in ... from 形成固定搭配的名詞。in isolation from 正好符合文法與語意。

完整句子為:

the scientific benefits cannot be viewed in isolation from the legal and social frameworks that govern them.

其中:

  • cannot be viewed:不能被看待
  • in isolation from:脫離……而孤立地
  • the legal and social frameworks:法律與社會框架
  • that govern them:規範這些利益/相關制度的

選項分析

(A) isolation

isolation 是「隔離;孤立」。in isolation from 是標準固定搭配,表示「脫離……而單獨考量」。

本句強調精準醫療的科學成果不能只從科學角度單獨評估,還必須放在法律與社會脈絡中理解,因此完全符合語意與文法。

cannot be viewed in isolation from...
不能脫離……而孤立看待

(B) tandem

tandem 是「串聯;協同」。常見搭配為:

  • in tandem with:與……同步、協同進行

例如:

Scientific progress must advance in tandem with ethical oversight.
科學進展必須與倫理監督同步推進。

本句使用的是 in ____ from,而不是 in tandem with。in tandem from 並非正確搭配,因此錯誤。

(C) accordance

accordance 是「一致;符合」。固定搭配為:

  • in accordance with:依照……;與……一致

例如:

The policy was implemented in accordance with the law.
這項政策依照法律實施。

它不能與 from 搭配成 in accordance from。此外,本句不是要表達「利益符合法律與社會框架」,而是要表達「不能脫離框架而被孤立看待」,語意也不合。

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第 33 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Precision medicine is an emerging approach to patient care that allows doctors to select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a genetic or molecular understanding of their disease. While this field has made significant strides in oncology, its implementation remains uneven across global healthcare systems. Ethical concerns often arise regarding data privacy and the potential for genetic discrimination, suggesting that the scientific benefits cannot be viewed in isolation from the legal and social frameworks that govern them. Furthermore, researchers must ensure that the datasets used to train diagnostic algorithms are diverse, as a lack of representation can lead to ____ outcomes for marginalized populations. As we move forward, the medical community must ____ equity to ensure that the fruits of biotechnological innovation are accessible to all.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字彙辨義:判斷形容詞與 outcomes 的語意搭配。
  2. 語境推論:由前面的 a lack of representation 推知資料偏差所造成的結果。
  3. 學術英文常見搭配:skewed outcomes 指「偏斜、不公平或失真的結果」。

關鍵句為:

As we move forward, the medical community must ensure that the datasets used to train diagnostic algorithms are diverse, as a lack of representation can lead to ____ outcomes for marginalized populations.

翻譯:

隨著醫學持續發展,醫學界必須確保用來訓練診斷演算法的資料集具有多樣性,因為缺乏代表性會導致邊緣化族群遭遇偏斜的結果。

a lack of representation 表示資料中缺少某些族群的充分代表;資料若不夠多元,演算法便可能產生偏差,導致邊緣化族群得到不公平、不準確或失真的診斷結果。因此空格應填 skewed。


解題方法

先抓因果關係:

  • datasets ... are diverse:資料集必須多元。
  • a lack of representation:缺乏族群代表性。
  • can lead to ____ outcomes:可能導致某種結果。
  • for marginalized populations:受影響者是邊緣化族群。

文意清楚指出:資料代表性不足會使結果偏離公平與客觀標準。因此應選擇具有「偏斜、偏頗、失真」意義的形容詞。

skewed 可形容統計資料、研究結果、觀點或分布受到偏差影響:

  • skewed data:偏斜的資料
  • skewed results:偏頗或失真的結果
  • skewed outcomes:不公平或偏差的結果

故答案為 (E) skewed。


選項分析

(A) optimal

optimal 意為「最佳的、最理想的」。

optimal outcomes 是合理搭配,表示「最佳結果」,但題幹強調資料缺乏代表性會傷害邊緣化族群,語意應為負面結果,而非最佳結果,因此錯誤。

(B) desirable

desirable 意為「令人滿意的、理想的、值得追求的」。

desirable outcomes 表示「理想的結果」。然而資料代表性不足通常會造成不公平或不準確的結果,與 desirable 的正面語意相反,因此錯誤。

(C) impartial

impartial 意為「公正的、不偏袒的」。

雖然公平的醫療結果確實應該是 impartial,但題幹描述的是資料不足所造成的問題,不是理想狀態。缺乏代表性會使結果產生偏差,不能直接導致「公正的結果」,因此錯誤。

此外,impartial 通常用來形容人、判斷、決策或處理方式,例如:

  • an impartial judge:公正的法官
  • an impartial decision:公正的決定

用於此處的 outcomes 不如 skewed 符合語境。

(D) transparent

transparent 意為「透明的、公開的、易於理解的」。

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第 34 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Precision medicine is an emerging approach to patient care that allows doctors to select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a genetic or molecular understanding of their disease. While this field has made significant strides in oncology, its implementation remains uneven across global healthcare systems. Ethical concerns often arise regarding data privacy and the potential for genetic discrimination, suggesting that the scientific benefits cannot be viewed in isolation from the legal and social frameworks that govern them. Furthermore, researchers must ensure that the datasets used to train diagnostic algorithms are diverse, as a lack of representation can lead to skewed outcomes for marginalized populations. As we move forward, the medical community must ____ equity to ensure that the fruits of biotechnological innovation are accessible to all.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考克漏字的「語意判斷」與「搭配用法」,核心是根據上下文選出能與 equity(公平、公平性)自然搭配,且符合文章邏輯的動詞。

文章主旨是:精準醫療雖有助於提升治療效果,但仍須重視資料隱私、基因歧視、族群代表性不足與醫療資源分配不均。因此,醫學界必須優先重視公平性,使生技創新的成果能讓所有人享有。

定位答案的關鍵句

題幹最後指出:

As we move forward, the medical community must ____ equity to ensure that the fruits of biotechnological innovation are accessible to all.

翻譯:

展望未來,醫學界必須____公平性,以確保生物科技創新的成果能讓所有人享有。

其中 ensure that the fruits of biotechnological innovation are accessible to all 表示「確保生物科技創新的成果人人都能取得」,直接呼應前文的資料代表性、弱勢族群與醫療公平問題。因此空格應填入「優先重視」之意的 prioritize。

解題方法

句型為:

must + 原形動詞

因此空格須填入動詞原形。五個選項皆為動詞,但只有 prioritize equity 在語意與搭配上都成立。

完整句為:

As we move forward, the medical community must prioritize equity to ensure that the fruits of biotechnological innovation are accessible to all.

翻譯:

展望未來,醫學界必須優先重視公平性,以確保生物科技創新的成果能讓所有人享有。

選項分析

(A) debunk:揭穿、駁斥(錯誤說法或迷思)

通常用於:

  • debunk a myth:駁斥迷思
  • debunk a theory:推翻理論
  • debunk a false claim:揭穿錯誤主張

debunk equity 意為「揭穿公平性」,語意不合。公平性不是需要被揭露為錯誤的主張,因此錯誤。

(B) alleviate:減輕、緩解

通常搭配負面狀況或痛苦,例如:

  • alleviate pain:減輕疼痛
  • alleviate poverty:緩解貧窮
  • alleviate suffering:減輕苦難

alleviate equity 會變成「減輕公平性」,不符合文章要提升醫療公平的方向。若要表達「減少不平等」,可說 alleviate inequality,但不能搭配 equity,因此錯誤。

(C) pacify:使平靜、安撫;平息

通常用於人、群體或衝突,例如:

  • pacify an angry crowd:安撫憤怒的人群
  • pacify the protesters:平息抗議者的情緒
  • pacify a conflict:平息衝突

pacify equity 缺乏自然語意。公平性不是需要被安撫或平息的對象,因此錯誤。

(D) prioritize:優先處理、優先考慮、優先重視

prioritize equity 表示「把公平性列為優先考量」,與全文完全一致。題幹強調:

  • data privacy:資料隱私
  • genetic discrimination:基因歧視
  • diverse datasets:多元資料集
  • marginalized populations:邊緣化族群
  • accessible to all:所有人都能取得
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第 35 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has reached epidemic proportions globally, with over 800 million people living with the condition as of the mid-2020s. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition, Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance. ____ As a result, the pancreas works harder to produce more insulin until it can no longer keep up, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

The modern lifestyle—marked by sedentary behavior and the consumption of ultra-processed foods—is a primary driver of this trend. ____ AI-driven “digital twins” now allow doctors to simulate how a specific patient’s body might react to different diets or medications like Metformin or GLP-1 agonists before they are even prescribed.

____ High glucose levels act like “shards of glass” in the blood, damaging delicate capillaries in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy). ____ Through weight loss and 150 minutes of weekly aerobic exercise, many individuals can achieve remission, effectively halting the progression of the disease without lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的:

  1. 上下文語意銜接
  2. 代名詞指涉
  3. 糖尿病的基本病理機轉
  4. 因果關係與篇章結構

題幹先指出:

“Unlike Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition, Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance.”

意思是:「不同於第一型糖尿病的自體免疫病因,第二型糖尿病的特徵是胰島素阻抗。」

下一句接著說:

“As a result, the pancreas works harder to produce more insulin until it can no longer keep up…”

意思是:「因此,胰臟必須更加努力地製造更多胰島素,直到它無法繼續維持為止……」

其中 As a result 表示前句是後句的原因。因此,第一個空格必須具體解釋 insulin resistance(胰島素阻抗) 是什麼,以及它為何會導致胰臟分泌更多胰島素。


解題方法

先觀察空格前後的邏輯:

  • 前文:第二型糖尿病以 insulin resistance 為特徵。
  • 空格後:因此,胰臟必須分泌更多胰島素。
  • 合理銜接:說明身體細胞無法有效回應胰島素,導致血糖不易進入細胞,胰臟只好增加胰島素分泌。

選項 (A) 正好完成這個定義與因果說明:

“This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for moving glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into the cells for energy.”

翻譯:

「這表示身體的細胞無法有效回應胰島素;胰島素是一種負責將葡萄糖(糖)從血液移入細胞以供能量使用的荷爾蒙。」

接著:

“As a result, the pancreas works harder to produce more insulin…”

前句說明細胞對胰島素反應不佳,後句說明胰臟因此增加胰島素產量,語意形成完整的因果鏈:

insulin resistance→細胞無法有效利用葡萄糖→胰臟增加胰島素分泌→胰臟代償失敗→hyperglycemia\text{insulin resistance} \rightarrow \text{細胞無法有效利用葡萄糖} \rightarrow \text{胰臟增加胰島素分泌} \rightarrow \text{胰臟代償失敗} \rightarrow \text{hyperglycemia}

文法與語意重點

1. This means...

This 是指前一句的 insulin resistance,而非單指 Type 2 diabetes。

This means + 子句 表示「這表示……」,常用來進一步解釋前文提到的概念。

2. do not respond effectively to insulin

  • respond to:對……產生反應
  • effectively:有效地
  • do not respond effectively to insulin:無法有效回應胰島素

這是胰島素阻抗的核心概念。身體並非完全沒有胰島素,而是細胞對胰島素的作用反應降低。

3. the hormone responsible for...

此處的 the hormone responsible for moving glucose... 是同位語結構,補充說明 insulin。

  • be responsible for + 名詞/動名詞
  • responsible for moving glucose:負責移動葡萄糖

句中 moving 使用動名詞,因為介系詞 for 後面要接名詞或動名詞。


選項分析

(A) This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for moving glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into the cells for energy.

正確。

此選項直接定義前文的 insulin resistance,並說明胰島素的正常功能。它與後面的 As a result 完整銜接:

  • 細胞對胰島素反應不佳;
  • 葡萄糖不易進入細胞;
  • 胰臟必須增加胰島素分泌;
  • 最終導致高血糖。

因此,官方答案為 A。

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第 36 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has reached epidemic proportions globally, with over 800 million people living with the condition as of the mid-2020s. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition, Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance. This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for moving glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into the cells for energy. As a result, the pancreas works harder to produce more insulin until it can no longer keep up, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

The modern lifestyle—marked by sedentary behavior and the consumption of ultra-processed foods—is a primary driver of this trend. ____ AI-driven “digital twins” now allow doctors to simulate how a specific patient’s body might react to different diets or medications like Metformin or GLP-1 agonists before they are even prescribed.

____ High glucose levels act like “shards of glass” in the blood, damaging delicate capillaries in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy). ____ Through weight loss and 150 minutes of weekly aerobic exercise, many individuals can achieve remission, effectively halting the progression of the disease without lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「克漏字篇章結構」題,主要考:

  1. 句子與前後文的語意銜接。
  2. 轉折、主題延伸與因果關係。
  3. 文章段落的邏輯順序。
  4. 選項是否重複題幹既有資訊。

文章主題依序為:

T2DM 的成因→醫療管理的新趨勢→高血糖造成的傷害→改善與緩解\text{T2DM 的成因} \rightarrow \text{醫療管理的新趨勢} \rightarrow \text{高血糖造成的傷害} \rightarrow \text{改善與緩解}

三個空格的正確配置為:

(C)→(B)→(D)\boxed{(C)\rightarrow(B)\rightarrow(D)}

解題方法

第一個空格:接在生活型態是主因之後

前文指出:

The modern lifestyle—marked by sedentary behavior and the consumption of ultra-processed foods—is a primary driver of this trend.

意思是:「以久坐行為及攝取超加工食品為特徵的現代生活型態,是這項趨勢的主要推手。」

下一句提到:

AI-driven “digital twins” now allow doctors to simulate how a specific patient’s body might react...

意思是:「人工智慧驅動的『數位孿生』現在能讓醫師模擬特定病人的身體可能如何反應。」

此處需要一個句子,將「疾病增加的原因」轉向「2026 年醫療管理的新發展」。選項 (C) 開頭的 However 正好形成語意轉折:

However, 2026 has seen a shift toward P4 Medicine: Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory.

因此第一空填入 (C)。


第二個空格:接在數位醫療發展之後

前一句介紹 AI 數位孿生可協助醫師預測病人對飲食或藥物的反應。接下來談到疾病管理的重點,最適合用:

Management in 2026 emphasizes early detection during the “prediabetes” stage, where blood sugar is elevated but not yet at diabetic levels.

意思是:「2026 年的疾病管理強調在『糖尿病前期』及早發現;此時血糖已升高,但尚未達到糖尿病的程度。」

這句延續了「現代醫療如何管理 T2DM」的主題,並且和前文的 Predictive、Preventive、Personalized、Participatory Medicine 相呼應,因此第二空填入 (B)。


第三個空格:接在高血糖造成器官傷害之前

下一句為:

High glucose levels act like “shards of glass” in the blood, damaging delicate capillaries in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy).

意思是:「高血糖就像血液中的『玻璃碎片』,會傷害眼睛、腎臟及神經中的微細毛細血管。」

此句具體說明高血糖造成的全身性傷害,因此前面應先有概括性的主題句:

Untreated hyperglycemia causes systemic damage.

意思是:「未治療的高血糖會造成全身性損傷。」

先以概括句提出主旨,再由下一句列舉眼睛、腎臟及神經的具體傷害,符合英文文章常見的「總說 → 分說」結構。因此第三空填入 (D)。


正確文章排列與翻譯

完整排列如下:

The modern lifestyle—marked by sedentary behavior and the consumption of ultra-processed foods—is a primary driver of this trend. However, 2026 has seen a shift toward P4 Medicine: Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory. AI-driven “digital twins” now allow doctors to simulate how a specific patient’s body might react to different diets or medications like Metformin or GLP-1 agonists before they are even prescribed.

Management in 2026 emphasizes early detection during the “prediabetes” stage, where blood sugar is elevated but not yet at diabetic levels. High glucose levels act like “shards of glass” in the blood, damaging delicate capillaries in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy). Untreated hyperglycemia causes systemic damage. Through weight loss and 150 minutes of weekly aerobic exercise, many individuals can achieve remission, effectively halting the progression of the disease without lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin.

全文邏輯為:

  • 現代生活型態促成糖尿病流行。
  • 然而,醫療逐漸轉向 P4 Medicine。
  • 管理重點包括糖尿病前期的早期偵測。
  • 未治療的高血糖會造成全身性傷害。
  • 減重與運動有助於達到緩解。

選項分析

(A) This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for moving

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第 37 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has reached epidemic proportions globally, with over 800 million people living with the condition as of the mid-2020s. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition, Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance. This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for moving glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into the cells for energy. As a result, the pancreas works harder to produce more insulin until it can no longer keep up, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

The modern lifestyle—marked by sedentary behavior and the consumption of ultra-processed foods—is a primary driver of this trend. However, 2026 has seen a shift toward P4 Medicine: Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory. AI-driven “digital twins” now allow doctors to simulate how a specific patient’s body might react to different diets or medications like Metformin or GLP-1 agonists before they are even prescribed.

____ High glucose levels act like “shards of glass” in the blood, damaging delicate capillaries in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy). ____ Through weight loss and 150 minutes of weekly aerobic exercise, many individuals can achieve remission, effectively halting the progression of the disease without lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是克漏字的「上下文語意銜接」、文章結構與醫學機轉。

前文說明:第二型糖尿病因胰島素阻抗造成高血糖(hyperglycemia)。接下來文章提到高血糖會傷害眼睛、腎臟與神經的微血管,因此空格應填入一個能承接「高血糖」並引出「全身性傷害」的總結句。

關鍵機轉如下:

  1. 細胞對胰島素反應不佳,形成 insulin resistance。
  2. 胰臟初期會分泌更多胰島素以代償。
  3. 長期代償失敗後,血糖升高,形成 hyperglycemia。
  4. 長期高血糖會造成全身性血管與神經損傷,導致:
  • retinopathy:視網膜病變
  • nephropathy:腎病變
  • neuropathy:神經病變

解題方法

先觀察空格後的內容:

High glucose levels act like “shards of glass” in the blood, damaging delicate capillaries in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy).

翻譯為:

高血糖就像血液中的「玻璃碎片」,會傷害眼睛、腎臟與神經中脆弱的微血管。

這一句具體列出高血糖造成的三種器官傷害,因此前一句最適合先作概括:

Untreated hyperglycemia causes systemic damage.

翻譯為:

未經治療的高血糖會造成全身性損傷。

句子之間形成「總說 → 分述」的結構:

未治療的高血糖會造成全身性損傷。高血糖會像玻璃碎片一樣,損害眼睛、腎臟與神經的微血管。

因此第一個空格應選 D。

選項分析

(A) This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for moving glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into the cells for energy.

翻譯:

這表示身體細胞無法有效地對胰島素產生反應;胰島素是一種負責將葡萄糖從血液移入細胞以供能量使用的荷爾蒙。

錯誤原因:

  • 這是前文已經出現的內容,功能是在解釋 insulin resistance 的定義。
  • 空格後文開始談高血糖造成的微血管損傷,並非再次解釋胰島素阻抗。
  • This means 通常承接前一句的概念,放在此處會使文章由「器官損傷」突然跳回「胰島素定義」,語意倒退。

(B) Management in 2026 emphasizes early detection during the “prediabetes” stage, where blood sugar is elevated but not yet at diabetic levels.

翻譯:

2026 年的疾病管理強調在「糖尿病前期」及早發現;此時血糖已升高,但尚未達到糖尿病的程度。

錯誤原因:

  • 本句重點是 prediabetes 與早期偵測,屬於預防及管理策略。
  • 空格後文正在說明「高血糖造成器官損傷」,需要的是損傷的總結句,而非診斷時機。
  • B 若放在本段,會打斷「高血糖危害」的因果脈絡。
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第 38 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has reached epidemic proportions globally, with over 800 million people living with the condition as of the mid-2020s. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition, Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance. This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for moving glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into the cells for energy. As a result, the pancreas works harder to produce more insulin until it can no longer keep up, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

The modern lifestyle—marked by sedentary behavior and the consumption of ultra-processed foods—is a primary driver of this trend. However, 2026 has seen a shift toward P4 Medicine: Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory. AI-driven “digital twins” now allow doctors to simulate how a specific patient’s body might react to different diets or medications like Metformin or GLP-1 agonists before they are even prescribed.

Untreated hyperglycemia causes systemic damage. High glucose levels act like “shards of glass” in the blood, damaging delicate capillaries in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy). ____ Through weight loss and 150 minutes of weekly aerobic exercise, many individuals can achieve remission, effectively halting the progression of the disease without lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「篇章結構與語意銜接」克漏字,重點在於判斷空格前後句子的邏輯關係,而非單句文法。

文章結構如下:

  1. 先說明第二型糖尿病的成因與胰島素阻抗。
  2. 接著說明現代生活型態及 2026 年的 P4 Medicine。
  3. 再說明高血糖造成的全身性傷害。
  4. 空格後轉入「如何控制或改善疾病」,因此空格應放入一個能銜接「疾病傷害」與「治療、改善」的句子。

空格前一句為:

High glucose levels act like “shards of glass” in the blood, damaging delicate capillaries in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy).

意為:

高血糖就像血液中的「玻璃碎片」,會損傷眼睛、腎臟與神經中的微細血管,分別造成視網膜病變、腎病變與神經病變。

空格後一句為:

Through weight loss and 150 minutes of weekly aerobic exercise, many individuals can achieve remission, effectively halting the progression of the disease without lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin.

意為:

透過減重與每週 150 分鐘的有氧運動,許多人可以達到緩解,使疾病進程有效停止,而不必終身依賴外源性胰島素。

因此,空格需要先提出「早期發現與管理」的概念,再自然接到後文的生活型態介入與疾病緩解。

解題方法

判斷克漏字可依序觀察三個線索:

1. 文章主題的推進

空格前談的是 untreated hyperglycemia(未治療的高血糖)所造成的傷害;空格後談的是 weight loss、aerobic exercise 與 remission。語意方向由「疾病危害」轉向「早期管理與改善」。

選項 B:

Management in 2026 emphasizes early detection during the “prediabetes” stage, where blood sugar is elevated but not yet at diabetic levels.

意為:

2026 年的管理方式強調在「糖尿病前期」進行早期發現,此時血糖已升高,但尚未達到糖尿病的程度。

這句先引出疾病管理與早期偵測,再銜接後文的減重和運動,篇章發展完整。

2. 連接詞與代名詞的銜接

選項 B 使用 Management in 2026,可承接前文提到的 2026 年 P4 Medicine 與 AI 輔助醫療,也能帶出後文的治療與生活調整。

此外,B 沒有使用不合適的轉折詞,語氣是平順地由「傷害」轉入「管理」。

3. 句子內容是否提供新資訊

好的克漏字答案通常不會重複前文已經明確說過的內容。B 提供新的資訊:疾病管理應在 prediabetes 階段及早進行,並與後面的 remission 形成因果與策略上的連續性。

選項分析

(A) 錯誤

This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for moving glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into the cells for energy.

意為:

這表示身體細胞無法有效回應胰島素;胰島素是一種負責將葡萄糖從血液移入細胞以供能量使用的荷爾蒙。

這句是前文對 insulin resistance 的解釋,原文已經在第一段出現:

Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance. This means the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin...

選項 A 幾乎是原文第一段的重複內容,與空格前「高血糖造成微血管損傷」以及空格後「透過減重與運動達到緩解」均無法形成合理銜接,因此不適合放在此處。

(B) 正確

Management in 2026 emphasizes early detection during the “prediabetes” stage, where blood sugar is elevated but not yet at diabetic levels.

本句承接前文的現代醫療趨勢,將焦點轉向疾病管理,並引導後文的治療方式:

Through weight loss and 150 minutes of weekly aerobic exercise...

語意鏈為:

高血糖會造成傷害 → 應在糖尿病前期早期發現 → 透過減重與運動改善 → 部分患者達到 remission。

文法上,where 引導關係副詞子句,修飾 the “prediabetes” stage:

  • where blood sugar is elevated:該階段血糖升高
  • but not yet at diabetic levels:但尚未達到糖尿病程度

其中 not yet 表示「尚未」,清楚表達糖尿病前期介於正常與糖尿病之間的狀態。

(C) 錯誤

However, 2026 has seen a shift toward P4 Medicine: Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory.

意為:

然而,2026 年已見證醫療轉向 P4 Medicine:預測性、預防性、個人化與參與式醫療。

這句在原文第二段已經出現,且前文已有相關內容:

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第 39 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A research team evaluated a new checklist intended to reduce medication errors during hospital discharge. Before the checklist was introduced, clinicians often relied on memory to reconcile prescriptions, which increased the likelihood of omissions and duplications. The checklist required verification of drug names, dosages, indications, and potential interactions, as well as confirmation that patients understood how and when to take each medication. After six months, the team reported fewer documented discrepancies in discharge summaries. Nevertheless, the researchers cautioned that documentation may not perfectly reflect real-world adherence: some patients left the hospital with correct instructions but later altered schedules due to side effects, cost, or misunderstanding. The team recommended combining the checklist with follow-up calls and simplified written instructions to strengthen continuity of care.

The checklist was primarily designed to ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文閱讀理解中的「主旨與目的判斷」。解題重點是找出文章反覆提及的核心對象與主要功能。

文章主題圍繞:

  • medication errors:用藥錯誤
  • hospital discharge:醫院出院
  • checklist:檢核表
  • verification of drug names, dosages, indications, and potential interactions:核對藥名、劑量、適應症與潛在交互作用
  • patients understood how and when to take each medication:確認病人了解藥物的服用方式與時間

因此,這份 checklist 的主要目的,是在病人出院時減少處方遺漏、重複及其他用藥錯誤。

解題方法

本題可採用「首段目的+細節驗證」的方法:

  1. 先找出 checklist 被設計的直接目的。
  2. 再觀察後文列出的核對項目是否支持該目的。
  3. 將選項與文章主題逐一比對。

定位答案的關鍵句是:

“A research team evaluated a new checklist intended to reduce medication errors during hospital discharge.”

翻譯為:

研究團隊評估了一份新的檢核表,該檢核表旨在減少病人在出院時發生的用藥錯誤。

句中的 intended to reduce 表示「旨在減少、目的是降低」,後面的 medication errors during hospital discharge 直接指出檢核表所要處理的問題。

文章後續也進一步說明檢核表要求核對藥名、劑量、適應症與藥物交互作用,這些內容均與用藥安全有關,強化了選項 E 的正確性。

選項分析

(A) reduce viral transmission in hospitals

意為「減少醫院內的病毒傳播」。

此選項與文章無關。文章未提及病毒、感染控制、隔離措施或醫院內傳染,而是討論出院時的處方核對與用藥指導,因此錯誤。

(B) alleviate hospital cafeteria complaints

意為「減少醫院餐廳的抱怨」。

此選項完全偏離文章主題。文章沒有談到餐飲、食物品質或病人對餐廳的投訴,因此錯誤。

(C) reduce surgical complications during operations

意為「減少手術進行期間的手術併發症」。

文章的情境是 hospital discharge,也就是「醫院出院」,不是手術室或手術過程。雖然醫療檢核表確實可能用於手術安全,但本題文章明確限定為出院用藥核對,因此錯誤。

(D) reduce diagnostic delays in emergency rooms

意為「減少急診室中的診斷延誤」。

文章未涉及急診、診斷流程或等待時間,所談的是出院後藥物使用是否正確,因此錯誤。

(E) minimize medication errors at discharge

意為「將出院時的用藥錯誤降至最低」。

此選項與關鍵句完全相符:

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第 40 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A research team evaluated a new checklist intended to reduce medication errors during hospital discharge. Before the checklist was introduced, clinicians often relied on memory to reconcile prescriptions, which increased the likelihood of omissions and duplications. The checklist required verification of drug names, dosages, indications, and potential interactions, as well as confirmation that patients understood how and when to take each medication. After six months, the team reported fewer documented discrepancies in discharge summaries. Nevertheless, the researchers cautioned that documentation may not perfectly reflect real-world adherence: some patients left the hospital with correct instructions but later altered schedules due to side effects, cost, or misunderstanding. The team recommended combining the checklist with follow-up calls and simplified written instructions to strengthen continuity of care.

Why did the researchers caution against overinterpreting the documentation results? It is because ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係」與「資訊範圍判讀」。

文章區分兩個概念:

  • documentation:出院摘要中的紀錄或文件是否正確、完整。
  • real-world adherence:病人出院後是否實際依照指示服藥。

研究結果顯示,使用 checklist 後,出院摘要中的用藥差異減少;但這只能證明文件紀錄改善,不能直接證明病人出院後一定會正確服藥。病人的服藥行為仍會受到副作用、費用與誤解等因素影響。

解題方法

先找出題幹中表示轉折的語句:

“Nevertheless, the researchers cautioned that documentation may not perfectly reflect real-world adherence: some patients left the hospital with correct instructions but later altered schedules due to side effects, cost, or misunderstanding.”

翻譯:

「然而,研究人員提醒,文件紀錄未必能完全反映現實中的服藥遵從性:有些病人雖然帶著正確的指示離開醫院,卻在之後因副作用、費用或誤解而改變服藥時間表。」

這句直接說明研究人員不宜過度解讀紀錄結果的原因:病人出院後的服藥遵從性,會因多種因素而改變。因此選擇 (A)。

題幹中的句型 It is because + 子句,用來說明前面現象的原因:

It is because adherence can change after discharge for multiple reasons.
這是因為病人在出院後可能因多種原因改變服藥遵從性。

關鍵單字與片語

  • research team:研究團隊
  • evaluate:評估
  • checklist:檢核表、檢查清單
  • reduce medication errors:減少用藥錯誤
  • hospital discharge:出院
  • reconcile prescriptions:核對處方與用藥
  • rely on memory:依賴記憶
  • omission:遺漏
  • duplication:重複
  • verification:確認、核實
  • dosage:劑量
  • indication:適應症、用藥指徵
  • potential interaction:潛在交互作用
  • discrepancy:差異、不一致
  • discharge summary:出院摘要
  • caution against overinterpreting:警告不要過度解讀
  • documentation:文件紀錄
  • reflect:反映
  • real-world adherence:現實情境中的遵從性
  • alter a schedule:改變時間安排
  • side effect:副作用
  • continuity of care:照護連續性

文法與語意重點

  1. Nevertheless 表示轉折
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第 41 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A research team evaluated a new checklist intended to reduce medication errors during hospital discharge. Before the checklist was introduced, clinicians often relied on memory to reconcile prescriptions, which increased the likelihood of omissions and duplications. The checklist required verification of drug names, dosages, indications, and potential interactions, as well as confirmation that patients understood how and when to take each medication. After six months, the team reported fewer documented discrepancies in discharge summaries. Nevertheless, the researchers cautioned that documentation may not perfectly reflect real-world adherence: some patients left the hospital with correct instructions but later altered schedules due to side effects, cost, or misunderstanding. The team recommended combining the checklist with follow-up calls and simplified written instructions to strengthen continuity of care.

The team recommended adding follow-up calls mainly to ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為閱讀理解與語意判斷,重點是掌握題幹中「研究團隊提出後續措施的目的」。文章指出,雖然 checklist 減少了出院摘要中的用藥差異,但病人出院後仍可能因副作用、費用或誤解而自行改變服藥時間。因此,單靠正確記錄仍不足以確保病人正確用藥,必須搭配追蹤與更簡明的書面指示,以維持照護的連續性。

解題方法

先定位題目詢問的句子:

The team recommended combining the checklist with follow-up calls and simplified written instructions to strengthen continuity of care.

意思是:「研究團隊建議將 checklist 與追蹤電話及簡化的書面指示結合,以強化照護的連續性。」

題目問 follow-up calls 的主要目的,答案必須符合兩項資訊:

  1. strengthen continuity of care:改善照護連續性。
  2. 確保病人正確服藥:透過後續聯繫,處理副作用、費用、誤解等問題。

因此選擇 (C)。

關鍵單字與片語

  • checklist:檢核表、檢查清單
  • medication error:用藥錯誤
  • hospital discharge:出院
  • reconcile prescriptions:核對處方、整合用藥
  • omission:遺漏
  • duplication:重複用藥
  • dosage:劑量
  • indication:適應症、用藥目的
  • potential interaction:潛在交互作用
  • discrepancy:差異、不一致
  • adherence:服藥遵從性
  • side effect:副作用
  • continuity of care:照護連續性
  • follow-up call:追蹤電話
  • simplified written instructions:簡化的書面指示
  • strengthen:強化
  • alter schedules:改變時間安排

語意與文法重點

題幹中的 to strengthen continuity of care 是不定詞片語,表示「目的」,可翻譯為「為了強化照護連續性」。

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第 42 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most pressing existential threats to modern medicine. AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve over time and no longer respond to medicines, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. The primary driver of this phenomenon is the persistent misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in both human healthcare and agricultural sectors.

In 2026, the clinical focus has shifted toward “Stewardship Programs,” which aim to optimize the use of existing drugs while incentivizing the development of novel antibiotics. Without effective antimicrobials, the success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised. Furthermore, the global nature of trade and travel means that a resistant strain emerging in one region can rapidly become a pandemic concern. Healthcare providers are now increasingly relying on rapid diagnostic tests to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections before prescribing medication, thereby mitigating the acceleration of resistance.

What is the goal of “Stewardship Programs”?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解與關鍵資訊定位。題幹直接說明,Stewardship Programs 的目的在於:

“which aim to optimize the use of existing drugs while incentivizing the development of novel antibiotics.”

意思是:「這些計畫旨在最佳化現有藥物的使用,同時鼓勵新型抗生素的開發。」

其中,optimize 表示「使……最佳化、有效運用」;the use of existing drugs 表示「現有藥物的使用」。因此,題目詢問這類計畫的目標時,應以「最佳化目前藥物的使用」為核心。

解題方法

先定位題幹中直接解釋 Stewardship Programs 目的的句子:

“Stewardship Programs,” which aim to optimize the use of existing drugs...

此處關係代名詞 which 指代前面的 Stewardship Programs,而 aim to + 原形動詞 表示「旨在……」。
因此:

  • aim to optimize = 旨在最佳化
  • the use of existing drugs = 現有藥物的使用

題幹明確對應選項 To optimize current drug use,故選 (C)。

關鍵單字與片語

  • antimicrobial resistance (AMR):抗微生物藥物抗藥性
  • existential threat:攸關生存的威脅
  • evolve over time:隨時間演化
  • respond to medicines:對藥物產生反應
  • misuse and overuse:誤用與過度使用
  • clinical focus:臨床重點
  • stewardship program:藥物妥善使用計畫、抗微生物藥物管理計畫
  • optimize:最佳化、使運用達到最佳效果
  • existing drugs:現有藥物
  • incentivize:提供誘因以促進
  • novel antibiotics:新型抗生素
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第 43 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most pressing existential threats to modern medicine. AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve over time and no longer respond to medicines, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. The primary driver of this phenomenon is the persistent misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in both human healthcare and agricultural sectors.

In 2026, the clinical focus has shifted toward “Stewardship Programs,” which aim to optimize the use of existing drugs while incentivizing the development of novel antibiotics. Without effective antimicrobials, the success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised. Furthermore, the global nature of trade and travel means that a resistant strain emerging in one region can rapidly become a pandemic concern. Healthcare providers are now increasingly relying on rapid diagnostic tests to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections before prescribing medication, thereby mitigating the acceleration of resistance.

Why is the success of cancer chemotherapy threatened by AMR?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係判斷」。文章指出,抗微生物藥物抗藥性(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)會使感染更難治療,進而威脅重大手術與癌症化學治療的成功率。

癌症化學治療常會抑制免疫系統,使病人較容易發生細菌、病毒或真菌感染。若細菌對抗生素產生抗藥性,這些繼發性感染便難以控制,可能造成嚴重併發症,甚至影響化療能否安全進行。因此,AMR 會間接威脅癌症化學治療。

關鍵單字與片語

  • antimicrobial resistance (AMR):抗微生物藥物抗藥性
  • existential threat:攸關生存的威脅
  • evolve over time:隨時間演化
  • no longer respond to medicines:不再對藥物產生反應
  • infection:感染
  • disease spread:疾病傳播
  • severe illness:嚴重疾病
  • persistent misuse and overuse:持續的誤用與過度使用
  • agricultural sectors:農業部門
  • stewardship programs:藥物妥善使用/抗微生物藥物管理計畫
  • incentivize:提供誘因、鼓勵
  • novel antibiotics:新型抗生素
  • secondary infections:繼發性感染
  • rapid diagnostic tests:快速診斷檢測
  • prescribe medication:開立藥物
  • mitigate:減輕、緩和

定位答案的原文

題幹指出:

“Without effective antimicrobials, the success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised.”

翻譯為:

「如果沒有有效的抗微生物藥物,重大手術與癌症化學治療的成功將受到損害。」

這句直接說明:有效的抗微生物藥物對癌症化學治療的成功具有重要作用。其背後原因是化療期間病人容易因免疫力下降而感染;若抗生素等藥物無法有效控制感染,便會危及治療過程。

文法與語意重點

句型:

Without effective antimicrobials, the success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised.

  • Without + 名詞:如果沒有……
  • would be compromised:將受到損害、將被危及
    此處為被動語態,compromisecompromise 在此不是「妥協」,而是「危及、損害」。
  • the success of A and B:A 與 B 的成功
    AA 為 major surgery,BB 為 cancer chemotherapy。

題目問:

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第 44 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most pressing existential threats to modern medicine. AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve over time and no longer respond to medicines, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. The primary driver of this phenomenon is the persistent misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in both human healthcare and agricultural sectors.

In 2026, the clinical focus has shifted toward “Stewardship Programs,” which aim to optimize the use of existing drugs while incentivizing the development of novel antibiotics. Without effective antimicrobials, the success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised. Furthermore, the global nature of trade and travel means that a resistant strain emerging in one region can rapidly become a pandemic concern. Healthcare providers are now increasingly relying on rapid diagnostic tests to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections before prescribing medication, thereby mitigating the acceleration of resistance.

The word “mitigating” in the text most nearly means ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文字彙 mitigate 的語意,以及根據上下文判斷字義的能力。

  • mitigate:減輕、緩和、降低
  • mitigating:現在分詞,意為「減輕、緩和、降低」
  • resistance:抗藥性
  • acceleration:加速、加劇
  • prescribe medication:開立藥物
  • differentiate A from B:區分 A 與 B
  • viral and bacterial infections:病毒感染與細菌感染

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

Healthcare providers are now increasingly relying on rapid diagnostic tests to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections before prescribing medication, thereby mitigating the acceleration of resistance.

句意為:

醫療提供者目前越來越依賴快速診斷檢測,在開立藥物前區分病毒感染與細菌感染,藉此減緩抗藥性的加速形成。

文中指出,醫療人員先透過快速檢測判斷感染類型,再決定是否使用藥物。這種做法可以避免不必要或錯誤使用抗生素,因而「減緩抗藥性加速惡化」的情況。

因此,mitigating 在此相當於 lessening,即「減輕、降低」。

文法上,thereby mitigating... 是分詞片語,表示前面行為所造成的結果;

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第 45 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most pressing existential threats to modern medicine. AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve over time and no longer respond to medicines, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. The primary driver of this phenomenon is the persistent misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in both human healthcare and agricultural sectors.

In 2026, the clinical focus has shifted toward “Stewardship Programs,” which aim to optimize the use of existing drugs while incentivizing the development of novel antibiotics. Without effective antimicrobials, the success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised. Furthermore, the global nature of trade and travel means that a resistant strain emerging in one region can rapidly become a pandemic concern. Healthcare providers are now increasingly relying on rapid diagnostic tests to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections before prescribing medication, thereby mitigating the acceleration of resistance.

How does global trade affect AMR?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係定位」。文章指出,全球貿易與旅行使抗藥性菌株能跨越地區快速傳播,進而擴大為全球性的公共衛生危機。

關鍵概念如下:

  • antimicrobial resistance, AMR:抗微生物藥物抗藥性
  • resistant strain:具抗藥性的菌株
  • global trade:全球貿易
  • rapidly spread:迅速傳播
  • pandemic concern:大流行的疑慮/全球性流行病風險
  • misuse and overuse:誤用與過度使用
  • stewardship programs:抗微生物藥物管理計畫
  • rapid diagnostic tests:快速診斷檢測
  • differentiate between A and B:區分 A 與 B
  • mitigate:減輕、抑制

文法上,題目問句 How does global trade affect AMR? 中的 How does A affect B? 是詢問「A 如何影響 B」。回答必須找出文章中全球貿易對抗藥性問題造成的具體影響。

解題方法

直接回文章尋找 global trade 所在的句子:

“Furthermore, the global nature of trade and travel means that a resistant strain emerging in one region can rapidly become a pandemic concern.”

翻譯為:

「此外,貿易與旅行的全球性意味著,在某一地區出現的抗藥性菌株,可能會迅速成為全球大流行的疑慮。」

句中因果關係為:

全球貿易與旅行→抗藥性菌株快速跨區域傳播→擴大為大流行風險\text{全球貿易與旅行} \rightarrow \text{抗藥性菌株快速跨區域傳播} \rightarrow \text{擴大為大流行風險}

因此,全球貿易會促進抗藥性菌株迅速擴散,選擇 (A)。

選項分析

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第 46 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Big data are large data sets, which include information both publicly available and also from the private sector, used by companies to gain further insights into performance, such as innovation, promotion and customer satisfaction. According to The Royal Society, big data is believed to influence the business world to such an extent that it is known as ‘the new oil’, whose impacts on society are as huge as those of carbon emissions.

As the amount of data gathered from around the world has become unprecedented, coupled with the increase in the number of electronic devices per person, it is crucial to protect personal information. Data protection and privacy not only involve how data are retrieved, but also how it is stored, shared and later put to use. As stated by Privacy International, though a consumer may initially consent to access of their data, once big data analytics generate this isolated information through algorithms and then combine it in larger data sets, the eventual use of this data is not always explicitly stated. Data misuse, in addition to excessive data collection and data breaches, raise ethical issues such as discrimination and misinformation, and substantial security risks such as fraud and identity theft.

Since the millennium, several steps have been taken to ensure data is handled appropriately. The introduction of laws such as the Data Protection Act and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), in addition to initiatives put forward by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) can assist organizations with data protection compliance and also help individuals understand how they are affected by the decisions a company makes. Furthermore, guides such as the Data Ethics Framework and the National Statistician’s Data Ethics Advisory Committee promote responsible data use and enable companies, governing bodies and researchers to consider the ethics behind their use of the data collected. Finally, tools such as Cloud Edge Secure Access and Attribute Exchange provide secure environments to access and share data, together with data anonymisation, which requires that identities are removed or distorted in such a way that they cannot be revealed.

Despite these measures, more needs to be done to protect privacy in digitalized world. A recent Digital and Consumer Trends survey revealed that only a quarter of UK residents are worried about their data. This lack of concern could be due to scarce understanding of how it is uploaded, processed and shared. In addition, although websites display a privacy policy, users rarely intently study the often lengthy and complex terms and conditions. Thus, it is vital that the scope of an individual’s data, from how it is collected and utilized to how it affects the individual, is transparent, and that companies commit to ensuring data is sufficiently safeguarded by allowing individuals to engage with the system, which is where governments play a key role, according to Deloitte, by shaping policies that are as sophisticated as the technology, at the same pace as the rate of change. Overall, big data should lead to enhanced efficiency, productivity, and ultimately happier customers, and not bigger problems for society.

Which statement is true according to this passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為閱讀理解,考查:

  1. 能否掌握文章對 big data 的定義。
  2. 能否辨識因果關係與細節敘述。
  3. 能否排除以偏概全、曲解原文或加入文章未提及內容的選項。

文章主旨是:大數據包含大量且來源多元的資料,企業可藉此分析營運表現、改善效率與提升顧客滿意度;但資料蒐集、儲存、分享與使用也涉及隱私、倫理及安全問題,因此需要法律、政策與技術加以規範。


解題方法

本題問:

Which statement is true according to this passage?
根據本文,下列哪一敘述正確?

作答時應逐一比對選項與原文,特別注意:

  • 選項是否完整符合原文定義。
  • 是否將原文的「影響」誤解為「產生」。
  • 是否把部分內容擴大成全部內容。
  • 是否加入原文沒有明確支持的推論。

定位答案的關鍵句為第一段:

“Big data are large data sets, which include information both publicly available and also from the private sector, used by companies to gain further insights into performance, such as innovation, promotion and customer satisfaction.”

翻譯:

大數據是大型資料集合,其中包含公開可取得的資訊,也包含來自私人部門的資訊;公司利用這些資料,以更深入了解自身的表現,例如創新、促銷及顧客滿意度。

由此可知,大數據能提供企業評估營運表現、了解優缺點並進一步改善的有價值資訊,故選 (D)。


選項分析

(A) Big data is simply large amounts of data collected and open to the public.

錯誤。

原文指出大數據包含:

“information both publicly available and also from the private sector”

意思是資料一部分公開可取得,另一部分來自私人部門,並非全部對外公開。

此選項將「公開資料與私人部門資料」縮減成「對公眾開放的資料」,忽略了 private sector 的資料來源,因此錯誤。

關鍵字:

  • publicly available:公開可取得的
  • private sector:私人部門、民營部門
  • simply:僅僅、只是

(B) “Big data” is termed as “the new oil” because it emits carbon as huge as oil does.

錯誤。

原文為:

“big data is believed to influence the business world to such an extent that it is known as ‘the new oil’, whose impacts on society are as huge as those of carbon emissions.”

翻譯:

大數據被認為對商業世界具有如此巨大的影響,因此被稱為「新石油」;它對社會的影響,如同碳排放的影響一樣巨大。

“the new oil” 是用來比喻大數據具有高度價值與重大影響力,並不是說大數據會排放碳,更不是因為它的碳排放量與石油相當。

此選項混淆:

  • impacts on society:對社會的影響
  • emits carbon:排放碳

原文談的是影響程度,不是碳排放行為。


(C) Data protection only concerns the retrieval of the data sources.

錯誤。

第二段明確指出:

“Data protection and privacy not only involve how data are retrieved, but also how it is stored, shared and later put to use.”

翻譯:

資料保護與隱私不僅涉及資料如何被取得,也涉及資料如何被儲存、分享,以及日後如何被使用。

not only A, but also B 表示「不僅 A,也包括 B」。因此,資料保護涵蓋:

  • retrieved:被取得、被擷取
  • stored:被儲存
  • shared:被分享
  • put to use:被使用、投入應用

選項使用 only 將資料保護錯誤限縮為「資料取得」,與原文相反。


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第 47 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Big data are large data sets, which include information both publicly available and also from the private sector, used by companies to gain further insights into performance, such as innovation, promotion and customer satisfaction. According to The Royal Society, big data is believed to influence the business world to such an extent that it is known as ‘the new oil’, whose impacts on society are as huge as those of carbon emissions.

As the amount of data gathered from around the world has become unprecedented, coupled with the increase in the number of electronic devices per person, it is crucial to protect personal information. Data protection and privacy not only involve how data are retrieved, but also how it is stored, shared and later put to use. As stated by Privacy International, though a consumer may initially consent to access of their data, once big data analytics generate this isolated information through algorithms and then combine it in larger data sets, the eventual use of this data is not always explicitly stated. Data misuse, in addition to excessive data collection and data breaches, raise ethical issues such as discrimination and misinformation, and substantial security risks such as fraud and identity theft.

Since the millennium, several steps have been taken to ensure data is handled appropriately. The introduction of laws such as the Data Protection Act and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), in addition to initiatives put forward by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) can assist organizations with data protection compliance and also help individuals understand how they are affected by the decisions a company makes. Furthermore, guides such as the Data Ethics Framework and the National Statistician’s Data Ethics Advisory Committee promote responsible data use and enable companies, governing bodies and researchers to consider the ethics behind their use of the data collected. Finally, tools such as Cloud Edge Secure Access and Attribute Exchange provide secure environments to access and share data, together with data anonymisation, which requires that identities are removed or distorted in such a way that they cannot be revealed.

Despite these measures, more needs to be done to protect privacy in digitalized world. A recent Digital and Consumer Trends survey revealed that only a quarter of UK residents are worried about their data. This lack of concern could be due to scarce understanding of how it is uploaded, processed and shared. In addition, although websites display a privacy policy, users rarely intently study the often lengthy and complex terms and conditions. Thus, it is vital that the scope of an individual’s data, from how it is collected and utilized to how it affects the individual, is transparent, and that companies commit to ensuring data is sufficiently safeguarded by allowing individuals to engage with the system, which is where governments play a key role, according to Deloitte, by shaping policies that are as sophisticated as the technology, at the same pace as the rate of change. Overall, big data should lead to enhanced efficiency, productivity, and ultimately happier customers, and not bigger problems for society.

What is the meaning of “unprecedented” in the second paragraph?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考單字 unprecedented 的語意判讀,以及利用上下文判斷字義。

  • unprecedented:前所未有的、史無前例的、空前的
  • 字根概念:
  • precedent:先例、前例
  • un-:否定
    因此 unprecedented 指「沒有先例可循」,也就是過去從未出現過的情況。

句中描述全球蒐集的資料量已達到過去未曾有過的程度,重點在「空前、無可比擬」,故選 unparalleled。


解題方法

定位第二段的關鍵句:

As the amount of data gathered from around the world has become unprecedented, coupled with the increase in the number of electronic devices per person, it is crucial to protect personal information.

翻譯:

隨著全球各地蒐集到的資料量已達前所未有的程度,再加上每人所擁有的電子裝置數量增加,保護個人資訊至關重要。

句型分析:

  • the amount of data:資料的數量
  • gathered from around the world:從世界各地蒐集而來的
  • has become unprecedented:已變得前所未有
  • coupled with...:加上……、連同……

文章接著討論資料保護與隱私問題,顯示資料量之大、成長之快,已經超越以往經驗。因此,unprecedented 應理解為「過去沒有同等先例」,最符合的選項是 unparalleled。


選項分析

(A) increasing 增加中的、日益增加的

此字描述數量或程度持續上升,例如:

  • increasing demand:日益增加的需求
  • increasing use of technology:科技使用量增加

但 unprecedented 的重點不是「正在增加」,而是「前所未有、沒有先例」。文章雖然提到資料量增加,但本題所問單字本身強調的是其空前程度,因此不選。

(B) enormous 巨大的、龐大的

enormous 表示尺寸、數量或程度非常大,例如:

  • an enormous amount of data:龐大的資料量

「前所未有」通常也暗示規模很大,因此此選項具有部分語意關聯;但 enormous 只表示「很大」,沒有「過去從未出現」的比較概念,語意不如 unparalleled 精確。

(C) unparalleled 無與倫比的、空前的

unparalleled 表示「沒有可相比的對象」,可引申為「前所未有、史無前例」。

將原句替換為:

As the amount of data gathered from around the world has become unparalleled...

意思是:

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第 48 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Big data are large data sets, which include information both publicly available and also from the private sector, used by companies to gain further insights into performance, such as innovation, promotion and customer satisfaction. According to The Royal Society, big data is believed to influence the business world to such an extent that it is known as ‘the new oil’, whose impacts on society are as huge as those of carbon emissions.

As the amount of data gathered from around the world has become unprecedented, coupled with the increase in the number of electronic devices per person, it is crucial to protect personal information. Data protection and privacy not only involve how data are retrieved, but also how it is stored, shared and later put to use. As stated by Privacy International, though a consumer may initially consent to access of their data, once big data analytics generate this isolated information through algorithms and then combine it in larger data sets, the eventual use of this data is not always explicitly stated. Data misuse, in addition to excessive data collection and data breaches, raise ethical issues such as discrimination and misinformation, and substantial security risks such as fraud and identity theft.

Since the millennium, several steps have been taken to ensure data is handled appropriately. The introduction of laws such as the Data Protection Act and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), in addition to initiatives put forward by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) can assist organizations with data protection compliance and also help individuals understand how they are affected by the decisions a company makes. Furthermore, guides such as the Data Ethics Framework and the National Statistician’s Data Ethics Advisory Committee promote responsible data use and enable companies, governing bodies and researchers to consider the ethics behind their use of the data collected. Finally, tools such as Cloud Edge Secure Access and Attribute Exchange provide secure environments to access and share data, together with data anonymisation, which requires that identities are removed or distorted in such a way that they cannot be revealed.

Despite these measures, more needs to be done to protect privacy in digitalized world. A recent Digital and Consumer Trends survey revealed that only a quarter of UK residents are worried about their data. This lack of concern could be due to scarce understanding of how it is uploaded, processed and shared. In addition, although websites display a privacy policy, users rarely intently study the often lengthy and complex terms and conditions. Thus, it is vital that the scope of an individual’s data, from how it is collected and utilized to how it affects the individual, is transparent, and that companies commit to ensuring data is sufficiently safeguarded by allowing individuals to engage with the system, which is where governments play a key role, according to Deloitte, by shaping policies that are as sophisticated as the technology, at the same pace as the rate of change. Overall, big data should lead to enhanced efficiency, productivity, and ultimately happier customers, and not bigger problems for society.

What is data anonymisation?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「定義辨識」與關鍵句定位。解題重點是找出文章對 data anonymisation 的直接說明,再將英文定義與選項意思比對。

文章指出,資料匿名化的目的在於保護個人隱私,使資料中的身分資訊無法被辨識。關鍵定義為:

“data anonymisation, which requires that identities are removed or distorted in such a way that they cannot be revealed.”

意思是:「資料匿名化要求移除身分資訊,或以某種方式扭曲身分資訊,使其無法被揭露。」

因此,最符合題意的選項是 removing identities。

解題方法

  1. 先定位題幹中的專有名詞 data anonymisation。
  2. 觀察其後的關係子句 which requires that...,此處直接解釋 data anonymisation 的內容。
  3. 抓取核心動詞:
  • removed:被移除
  • distorted:被扭曲、變造
  • cannot be revealed:無法被揭露
  1. 選項中只有 removing identities 直接對應 identities are removed,故選 B。

文法上,which 引導非限定關係子句,補充說明前面的 data anonymisation。句中 that identities are removed or distorted 是動詞 requires 的受詞子句;其中 identities 是主詞,are removed 與 are distorted 都是被動語態。

關鍵單字與片語

  • data anonymisation:資料匿名化
  • identity:身分、身分資訊
  • remove:移除
  • distort:扭曲、變造
  • reveal:揭露、公開
  • in such a way that...:以某種方式,使得……
  • secure environments:安全的環境
  • data protection:資料保護
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第 49 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Big data are large data sets, which include information both publicly available and also from the private sector, used by companies to gain further insights into performance, such as innovation, promotion and customer satisfaction. According to The Royal Society, big data is believed to influence the business world to such an extent that it is known as ‘the new oil’, whose impacts on society are as huge as those of carbon emissions.

As the amount of data gathered from around the world has become unprecedented, coupled with the increase in the number of electronic devices per person, it is crucial to protect personal information. Data protection and privacy not only involve how data are retrieved, but also how it is stored, shared and later put to use. As stated by Privacy International, though a consumer may initially consent to access of their data, once big data analytics generate this isolated information through algorithms and then combine it in larger data sets, the eventual use of this data is not always explicitly stated. Data misuse, in addition to excessive data collection and data breaches, raise ethical issues such as discrimination and misinformation, and substantial security risks such as fraud and identity theft.

Since the millennium, several steps have been taken to ensure data is handled appropriately. The introduction of laws such as the Data Protection Act and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), in addition to initiatives put forward by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) can assist organizations with data protection compliance and also help individuals understand how they are affected by the decisions a company makes. Furthermore, guides such as the Data Ethics Framework and the National Statistician’s Data Ethics Advisory Committee promote responsible data use and enable companies, governing bodies and researchers to consider the ethics behind their use of the data collected. Finally, tools such as Cloud Edge Secure Access and Attribute Exchange provide secure environments to access and share data, together with data anonymisation, which requires that identities are removed or distorted in such a way that they cannot be revealed.

Despite these measures, more needs to be done to protect privacy in digitalized world. A recent Digital and Consumer Trends survey revealed that only a quarter of UK residents are worried about their data. This lack of concern could be due to scarce understanding of how it is uploaded, processed and shared. In addition, although websites display a privacy policy, users rarely intently study the often lengthy and complex terms and conditions. Thus, it is vital that the scope of an individual’s data, from how it is collected and utilized to how it affects the individual, is transparent, and that companies commit to ensuring data is sufficiently safeguarded by allowing individuals to engage with the system, which is where governments play a key role, according to Deloitte, by shaping policies that are as sophisticated as the technology, at the same pace as the rate of change. Overall, big data should lead to enhanced efficiency, productivity, and ultimately happier customers, and not bigger problems for society.

Why are so few UK residents concerned about how their data is used?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文閱讀理解中的「因果關係判讀」。解題重點是找出文章直接說明「英國居民不關心個人資料使用方式」的原因,而不是選擇文章提到的其他背景資訊。

文章指出,雖然已有法律、政策與技術措施保護資料,但民眾的疑慮仍然偏低,主要原因在於:

  1. 不清楚個人資料如何被上傳、處理與分享。
  2. 很少仔細閱讀冗長且複雜的隱私政策與使用條款。

因此,正確答案是「對資料相關事項缺乏理解」。


解題方法

題目問:

Why are so few UK residents concerned about how their data is used?
為什麼只有少數英國居民在意自己的資料如何被使用?

首先定位文章第四段。題目中的關鍵字是:

  • so few UK residents concerned:只有少數英國居民感到關切
  • how their data is used:資料如何被使用

文章對應的原文為:

A recent Digital and Consumer Trends survey revealed that only a quarter of UK residents are worried about their data. This lack of concern could be due to scarce understanding of how it is uploaded, processed and shared.

翻譯:

最近一項《數位與消費者趨勢調查》顯示,只有四分之一的英國居民擔心自己的資料。這種缺乏關切的情況,可能是因為他們對資料如何被上傳、處理及分享缺乏了解。

其中 This lack of concern 指的就是前一句的「只有四分之一居民擔心資料」,而 could be due to 表示「可能是由於」。後面的 scarce understanding of how it is uploaded, processed and shared 明確指出原因:民眾對資料處理流程缺乏了解。

所以,選項 A 的意思與原文完全相符。


關鍵單字與片語

  • concerned about:對……感到關切、擔心
  • lack of concern:缺乏關切
  • due to:由於、起因於
  • scarce:稀少的、不足的
  • understanding:了解、理解
  • upload:上傳
  • process:處理
  • share:分享
  • privacy policy:隱私政策
  • terms and conditions:條款與條件、使用條款
  • lengthy and complex:冗長且複雜
  • intently study:仔細研讀
  • data misuse:資料濫用
  • data breach:資料外洩、資料漏洞
  • data protection:資料保護
  • data anonymisation:資料匿名化
  • identity theft:身分盜竊

文法上,could be due to + 名詞/名詞片語 表示「可能是因為……」。本句的核心結構為:

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第 50 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Big data are large data sets, which include information both publicly available and also from the private sector, used by companies to gain further insights into performance, such as innovation, promotion and customer satisfaction. According to The Royal Society, big data is believed to influence the business world to such an extent that it is known as ‘the new oil’, whose impacts on society are as huge as those of carbon emissions.

As the amount of data gathered from around the world has become unprecedented, coupled with the increase in the number of electronic devices per person, it is crucial to protect personal information. Data protection and privacy not only involve how data are retrieved, but also how it is stored, shared and later put to use. As stated by Privacy International, though a consumer may initially consent to access of their data, once big data analytics generate this isolated information through algorithms and then combine it in larger data sets, the eventual use of this data is not always explicitly stated. Data misuse, in addition to excessive data collection and data breaches, raise ethical issues such as discrimination and misinformation, and substantial security risks such as fraud and identity theft.

Since the millennium, several steps have been taken to ensure data is handled appropriately. The introduction of laws such as the Data Protection Act and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), in addition to initiatives put forward by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) can assist organizations with data protection compliance and also help individuals understand how they are affected by the decisions a company makes. Furthermore, guides such as the Data Ethics Framework and the National Statistician’s Data Ethics Advisory Committee promote responsible data use and enable companies, governing bodies and researchers to consider the ethics behind their use of the data collected. Finally, tools such as Cloud Edge Secure Access and Attribute Exchange provide secure environments to access and share data, together with data anonymisation, which requires that identities are removed or distorted in such a way that they cannot be revealed.

Despite these measures, more needs to be done to protect privacy in digitalized world. A recent Digital and Consumer Trends survey revealed that only a quarter of UK residents are worried about their data. This lack of concern could be due to scarce understanding of how it is uploaded, processed and shared. In addition, although websites display a privacy policy, users rarely intently study the often lengthy and complex terms and conditions. Thus, it is vital that the scope of an individual’s data, from how it is collected and utilized to how it affects the individual, is transparent, and that companies commit to ensuring data is sufficiently safeguarded by allowing individuals to engage with the system, which is where governments play a key role, according to Deloitte, by shaping policies that are as sophisticated as the technology, at the same pace as the rate of change. Overall, big data should lead to enhanced efficiency, productivity, and ultimately happier customers, and not bigger problems for society.

Which is NOT mentioned in the passage regarding what companies must commit to moving forward?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節辨識」與「指涉對象判斷」。題目問的是:

Which is NOT mentioned in the passage regarding what companies must commit to moving forward?

也就是找出文章中「沒有提到公司未來必須承諾做到」的敘述。解題關鍵在於:

  1. 找出文章明確談到公司應負責的事項。
  2. 判斷每個選項是否能在原文找到對應內容。
  3. 特別注意句子的主詞,避免把「政府應做的事」誤判為「公司應做的事」。

定位答案的關鍵原文

文章最後一段指出:

Thus, it is vital that the scope of an individual’s data, from how it is collected and utilized to how it affects the individual, is transparent, and that companies commit to ensuring data is sufficiently safeguarded by allowing individuals to engage with the system, which is where governments play a key role, according to Deloitte, by shaping policies that are as sophisticated as the technology, at the same pace as the rate of change.

翻譯:

因此,個人資料的範圍,從資料如何被蒐集、利用,到資料如何影響個人,都必須透明;公司也必須承諾,透過讓個人能夠參與這套系統,確保資料受到充分保障。根據 Deloitte 的說法,政府在此扮演重要角色,應制定與科技同等複雜、並且能以相同速度因應變化的政策。

本句明確區分兩類責任:

  • 公司:確保資料受到充分保障,並讓個人能參與系統。
  • 政府:制定與科技一樣先進、能跟上科技變化的政策。

因此,選項 E 把政府的責任錯置為公司的責任,符合官方答案。


選項分析

(A) Transparency of the scope of using personal data.

意思是:「個人資料使用範圍的透明度。」

原文提到:

it is vital that the scope of an individual’s data, from how it is collected and utilized to how it affects the individual, is transparent

翻譯為:「個人資料的範圍,從資料如何被蒐集和利用,到資料如何影響個人,都必須透明。」

因此,文章確實提到公司未來應使個人資料的蒐集與利用範圍透明。A 正確,不是答案。


(B) They should comply with the policies.

意思是:「公司應遵守相關政策。」

第三段提到:

The introduction of laws such as the Data Protection Act and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), in addition to initiatives put forward by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) can assist organizations with data protection compliance

翻譯為:「《資料保護法》與《一般資料保護規則》(GDPR)等法律,以及資訊專員辦公室(ICO)提出的措施,可以協助組織遵守資料保護規範。」

其中 data protection compliance 指「遵守資料保護規定」。公司屬於 organizations 的範圍,因此文章有提到公司必須遵循資料保護政策與規範。B 正確,不是答案。


(C) They should specify how data may affect the individuals.

意思是:「公司應說明資料可能如何影響個人。」

原文說:

from how it is collected and utilized to how it affects the individual, is transparent

意思是資料從「如何被蒐集、如何被利用」到「如何影響個人」都應該透明。

這表示公司必須讓個人清楚了解資料處理可能造成的影響。C 的內容可由原文直接對應。C 正確,不是答案。


(D) Ethical issues should be taken into consideration.

意思是:「應將倫理問題納入考量。」

第三段提到:

guides such as the Data Ethics Framework and the National Statistician’s Data Ethics Advisory Committee promote responsible data use and enable companies, governing bodies and researchers to consider the ethics beh

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其他考古題

115 年國立中山大學的其他科目

國立中山大學《英文》其他年度

其他學校的《英文》