高雄醫學大學 115 年 《英文》

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第 1 題1 分

The Supreme Court quashed the murder conviction and the man was freed.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查法律語境中的動詞同義替換,以及字義判斷。

句中關鍵片語為:

  • quash:撤銷、推翻(判決、定罪、命令等)
  • murder conviction:謀殺罪定罪判決
  • be freed:被釋放、獲得自由

因此,句意是:最高法院撤銷了這起謀殺案的定罪判決,該男子因而獲釋。

題幹定位與翻譯

The Supreme Court quashed the murder conviction and the man was freed.

翻譯:最高法院撤銷了這起謀殺罪的定罪判決,因此該男子獲得釋放。

其中,quashed 在法律英文中表示「正式撤銷、推翻原有判決」,與 overturned 意義最接近。

解題方法

先依句意判斷:最高法院對「murder conviction」所做的動作,必須能合理導致該男子被釋放。

「撤銷定罪」可使原本被判有罪的男子不再受該定罪判決拘束,因此後半句的 the man was freed 與前半句形成合理的因果關係。

故:

quashed≈overturned\text{quashed} \approx \text{overturned}

選項分析

(A) cosseted

cosset 是「寵愛、溺愛、嬌養」之意,通常用於人受到過度呵護,例如 The child was cosseted by his grandparents.

若代入句中,表示最高法院「寵愛」謀殺罪的定罪判決,語意不通,也無法合理解釋男子為何獲釋,因此錯誤。

(B) negotiated

negotiate 是「協商、談判」之意,過去式為 negotiated。最高法院可以作出判決或撤銷判決,但 negotiate the murder conviction 並非本句適合的搭配。

即使理解為「協商定罪判決」,也不能直接表達法院推翻原判決、使男子獲釋的意思,因此錯誤。

(C) overturned

overturn 可表示「推翻、撤銷」,尤其常用於法律判決、裁決或決定:

  • overturn a conviction:推翻定罪判決
  • overturn a ruling:推翻裁決
  • overturn a decision:推翻決定
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第 2 題1 分

We should remember that all these things have been discovered by way of rigorous analysis and exhaustive experience, not by intuition.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查形容詞的字義辨析與語境判斷,關鍵在於理解 exhaustive 的意思。

  • exhaustive:詳盡的、全面的、徹底的
  • comprehensive:全面的、廣泛而完整的

題幹中的 exhaustive experience 指「累積全面而充分的經驗」,與 rigorous analysis(嚴謹的分析)並列,表示這些事物是透過完整、嚴密的研究與經驗發現,而非憑直覺得知。因此,答案選 comprehensive。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

We should remember that all these things have been discovered by way of rigorous analysis and exhaustive experience, not by intuition.

翻譯:

我們應該記住,所有這些事物都是透過嚴謹的分析與全面充分的經驗而被發現的,而不是憑直覺得知的。

句中 exhaustive 修飾名詞 experience,強調經驗的範圍廣泛、內容完整且十分徹底。選項 comprehensive 正好符合此語意。

解題方法

第一步,先找出被替換的單字:

  • exhaustive 是形容詞,修飾 experience。
  • 因此答案也必須是形容「經驗是否完整、全面」的形容詞。

第二步,利用語意對比判斷:

  • rigorous analysis 表示「嚴謹的分析」。
  • exhaustive experience 表示「全面且充分的經驗」。
  • not by intuition 表示「不是靠直覺」,形成「經由嚴謹、完整的方法」與「憑直覺」的對比。

所以,與 exhaustive 最接近的是 comprehensive。

選項分析

(A) comprehensive

comprehensive:全面的、完整的、廣泛的。

comprehensive experience 可理解為「全面而充分的經驗」,與 exhaustive experience 的語意相近。此選項符合題幹所要表達的「透過完整經驗與嚴謹分析取得發現」。

因此正確。

(B) fragmented

fragmented:破碎的、分散的、不完整的。

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第 3 題1 分

He led the vigil to honor his late wife of 30 years, noting her white Garmin watch and shark band, reflecting her triathlete spirit.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義辨析,核心單字是 vigil。在本句中,vigil 並非單純指「保持清醒、守夜」,而是指為悼念或紀念逝者所舉行的守夜儀式,因此要選與「儀式性活動、典禮、慣例」意義相近的名詞。

observance 可解作「遵守、奉行」,也可指「儀式、典禮、紀念活動」,符合本句語境。

題幹定位與翻譯

He led the vigil to honor his late wife of 30 years, noting her white Garmin watch and shark band, reflecting her triathlete spirit.

他帶領守夜悼念儀式,以紀念相伴三十年的亡妻;他提到她白色的 Garmin 手錶和鯊魚造型手環,這些物品反映出她身為三鐵選手的精神。

其中,led the vigil to honor his late wife 表示「帶領守夜悼念儀式,以紀念已故妻子」。由 led(帶領)及 to honor(為了紀念、致敬)可知,vigil 在此是具體舉行的紀念性活動,而非抽象情感。

解題方法

判斷這類字義題時,可先看:

  1. 該字在句中所指的是「活動」還是「情感」。
  2. 前後搭配是否出現 led、ceremony、honor 等提示儀式的語意。
  3. 選項是否與 vigil 同屬名詞,且語意層次一致。

本句中,vigil 是由人帶領、用來紀念亡妻的守夜儀式,因此答案必須是「儀式或紀念活動」,而不是「信心、卓越、堅持」等人格特質,也不是單純的敬意情感。

選項分析

(A) confidence

意為「信心、自信」。指對自己、他人或某件事的信任與把握,屬於心理狀態,不能表示守夜或紀念儀式。

例如:

  • have confidence in oneself:對自己有信心

confidence 與 vigil 的語意類型不同,錯誤。

(B) excellence

意為「卓越、優秀」。指品質或表現非常出色,常見於:

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第 4 題1 分

The newly introduced government policy aims to mitigate the devastating effects of climate change on vulnerable coastal communities.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「近義動詞辨析」與上下文語意。

題幹中的關鍵動詞是 mitigate,意為「減輕、緩和、使惡化程度降低」。政府政策的目的通常是降低氣候變遷對脆弱沿海社區造成的傷害,因此應選擇與「減輕」同義的動詞。

句型為:

aim to + 原形動詞
旨在……

題幹翻譯與定位

The newly introduced government policy aims to mitigate the devastating effects of climate change on vulnerable coastal communities.

新近推出的政府政策旨在減輕氣候變遷對脆弱沿海社區所造成的毀滅性影響。

其中 aims to mitigate 明確表示「目標是減輕影響」,故答案為 (B) alleviate。

關鍵單字與片語

  • newly introduced:新近推出的
  • government policy:政府政策
  • aim to + V:旨在做……
  • mitigate:減輕、緩和
  • devastating:毀滅性的、造成嚴重破壞的
  • effect:影響、效果
  • climate change:氣候變遷
  • vulnerable:脆弱的、易受傷害的
  • coastal community:沿海社區

解題方法

先判斷句意方向:

  1. 主詞是「新推出的政府政策」。
  2. 動詞片語是 aims to ___,表示政策的目的。
  3. 受詞是「氣候變遷的毀滅性影響」。
  4. 合理語意應為「減輕影響」,而非使影響更加嚴重、複雜或持續。

因此,空格需要填入與 mitigate 意義相近的動詞。alleviate 正是「減輕、緩和」之意。

選項分析

(A) aggravate

意為「使惡化、使更加嚴重」。
若代入句中:

The policy aims to aggravate the devastating effects...

意為「政策旨在使毀滅性影響更加嚴重」,與政府政策通常要解決問題、降低危害的語意相反,因此錯誤。

(B) alleviate

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第 5 題1 分

His persistent pursuit of the truth throughout the lengthy investigation impressed everyone who followed the landmark courtroom trial.

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核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「語境判斷」。空格後的名詞為 pursuit(追求、追查),需填入能描述「持續、堅定追查真相」的形容詞。

題幹中的關鍵線索是:

  • persistent:持續的、不懈的
  • throughout the lengthy investigation:貫穿整個漫長的調查
  • pursuit of the truth:對真相的追求

因此,空格應選擇與「堅持不懈、鍥而不捨」相關的形容詞。

解題方法

定位答案的句子為:

His persistent pursuit of the truth throughout the lengthy investigation impressed everyone who followed the landmark courtroom trial.

翻譯:

他在整個漫長調查期間,持續追求真相的態度,令所有關注這場具里程碑意義的法庭審判的人印象深刻。

句中 persistent pursuit 已明確表示「持續、不放棄地追查」。此外,throughout the lengthy investigation 再次強調時間很長、行動始終持續。因此,空格應填入表示「堅定而持久」的 tenacious。

tenacious 可解作:

  • 堅韌的
  • 頑強的
  • 堅持不懈的
  • 鍥而不捨的

tenacious pursuit of the truth 即「鍥而不捨地追求真相」,與整句語意完全一致。

句型上,空格位於名詞片語中:

形容詞+名詞\text{形容詞}+\text{名詞}

即:

tenacious pursuit\text{tenacious pursuit}

其中 tenacious 修飾 pursuit,說明這種追求真相的行動具有堅持到底、不輕易放棄的特質。

選項分析

(A) capricious

意思是「任性的、反覆無常的、善變的」。

例如:

  • a capricious decision:反覆無常的決定
  • a capricious person:善變的人

若填入題幹,會變成「反覆無常地追求真相」,與 persistent 及「貫穿漫長調查」的持續性相衝突,語意不成立。

(B) congenial

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第 6 題1 分

On more than one occasion his decrees provoked riots, and there were those who voiced adverse opinions on the Duke in public.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是字彙辨義與語境判斷。空格後的名詞為 opinions,前面需要填入形容詞,修飾這些「對公爵的公開意見」。

關鍵字 adverse 的意思是:

  • 不利的
  • 負面的
  • 敵對的
  • 有害的

題幹先指出公爵的法令曾引發暴動,接著說有人公開表達對公爵的負面意見,因此空格應選具有「有害、負面」語意的形容詞。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

there were those who voiced adverse opinions on the Duke in public.

翻譯為:

有些人公開表達了對公爵不利的意見。

其中 adverse opinions 指「不利的、負面的意見」。選項中只有 harmful 能與 adverse 的負面語意相符,因此選 (C) harmful。

完整句意為:

他的法令不只一次引發暴動,也有人公開發表對公爵不利的意見。

前半句的 provoked riots(引發暴動)已建立負面語境,也能進一步支持後半句應填入負面形容詞。

選項分析

(A) cumulative:累積的、累加的

通常用來表示效果、數量或影響逐漸累積,例如:

  • cumulative effect:累積效應
  • cumulative data:累積資料

cumulative opinions 著重「逐漸累積的意見」,無法表達這些意見是針對公爵的不利批評,因此不合語意。

(B) delayed:延遲的、耽擱的

例如:

  • delayed response:延遲的回應
  • delayed payment:延遲的付款

delayed opinions 表示「延遲表達的意見」,與公爵受到負面評論的語境無關,因此錯誤。

(C) harmful:有害的、不利的

harmful 表示會造成傷害或不良影響,與 adverse 的「不利的、負面的」語意最接近。

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第 7 題1 分

Despite backing sanctions against Russia over its Ukraine invasion, Taiwan still imported $1.3 billion worth of naphtha from Russia.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字義辨析:根據語境判斷名詞的正確意思。
  2. 固定搭配與語意邏輯:back sanctions against ... 表示「支持對……實施制裁」。
  3. 國際政治與經貿語境:sanctions 在此指一國對另一國採取的「制裁、限制措施」。

題幹中的 sanctions against Russia 意為「針對俄羅斯的制裁措施」,最接近的選項是 restrictions(限制、限制措施)。


解題方法

先觀察句子的語意:

Despite backing sanctions against Russia over its Ukraine invasion, Taiwan still imported $1.3 billion worth of naphtha from Russia.

翻譯:

儘管台灣支持因俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭而對俄羅斯實施的制裁,台灣仍然從俄羅斯進口了價值 13 億美元的石腦油。

句中 Despite 表示「儘管」,前後形成轉折:

  • 前半:Taiwan 支持對俄羅斯的某種制裁措施。
  • 後半:Taiwan 仍從俄羅斯進口石腦油。

因此,空格所代表的 sanctions 必須是「限制俄羅斯、懲罰俄羅斯的措施」。在五個選項中,只有 restrictions 具有「限制」的意思,能與 against Russia 及國際制裁語境相符。


題幹文法與語意重點

1. Despite + 名詞/動名詞

despite 是介系詞,後面可接:

  • 名詞:despite the rain
  • 動名詞:despite being tired
  • 名詞片語:despite backing sanctions

本句的 backing 是動名詞,完整結構可理解為:

Despite Taiwan’s backing of sanctions ...

也就是:

儘管台灣支持制裁措施……

2. back sanctions against ...

back 在此為動詞,意思是「支持、擁護」。

  • back sanctions:支持制裁措施
  • sanctions against Russia:對俄羅斯的制裁

against 表示制裁措施所針對的對象。

3. still imported

still 表示「仍然」,凸顯前後矛盾或反差:

Taiwan 支持制裁,但仍然從俄羅斯進口石腦油。

4. worth

$1.3 billion worth of naphtha 表示:

價值 13 億美元的石腦油

worth 常用於:

  • a million dollars’ worth of goods
  • goods worth a million dollars

5. naphtha

naphtha 意為「石腦油」,是一種由石油提煉出的輕質液體烴類混合物,常作為石化工業原料。


選項分析

(A) recruitments

recruitment 意為「招募、招聘」,recruitments 為複數名詞。

例:

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第 8 題1 分

The encroachment of factories upon the residential neighborhood led to a noticeable decline in real estate values.

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核心觀念

本題考查近義字辨析與語境判讀,核心字為 encroachment。句意描述「工廠逐漸侵入住宅區」造成房地產價值下降,因此空格概念應與「侵入、侵害、侵犯」相關。

  • encroachment:侵入;蠶食;逐漸侵犯
  • infringement:侵犯;侵害;違反
    兩者皆可表示超越原有界線而造成侵入,語意最接近。

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹原文:

The encroachment of factories upon the residential neighborhood led to a noticeable decline in real estate values.

翻譯:

工廠侵入住宅區,導致房地產價值明顯下跌。

關鍵結構是:

the encroachment of factories upon the residential neighborhood

其中 encroachment upon 表示「對……的侵入/侵犯」。工廠侵占住宅區的空間,符合 infringement 的「侵害、侵犯」之意。

解題方法

先判斷句子的因果關係:

工廠侵入住宅區⟶房地產價值下降\text{工廠侵入住宅區} \longrightarrow \text{房地產價值下降}

房地產價值下降的原因,應是工廠對住宅環境造成不良的侵入或干擾。因此答案須為表示「侵犯、侵害」的名詞。

四個干擾選項中,只有 infringement 與「侵入、侵犯」有關,故選 D。

選項分析

(A) adjustment 調整

adjustment 指「調整、適應、調節」,例如:

  • make an adjustment to the schedule
    調整行程
  • adjustment to a new environment
    適應新環境

它不表示工廠侵入住宅區,因此與題幹語意不符。

(B) contentment 滿足;知足

contentment 指心理上的「滿足、知足」,例如:

  • a feeling of contentment
    滿足感

工廠進入住宅區不會是「滿足」導致房地產價值下降,語意完全不合。

(C) deployment 部署;配置

deployment 常用於軍事、人力或資源的「部署、配置」,例如:

  • the deployment of troops
    部署軍隊
  • the deployment of new technology
    新科技的配置或運用
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第 9 題1 分

The lead diplomat’s recalcitrant attitude during the summit effectively stalled the long-awaited peace negotiations between the two nations.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考同義字辨析與語意判讀。關鍵字是 recalcitrant,意為「頑抗的、桀驁不馴的、不服從的、難以駕馭的」。題幹描述外交官的態度導致和平談判停滯,因此需要選擇表示「難以處理、頑固不合作」的形容詞。

題幹定位與翻譯

The lead diplomat’s recalcitrant attitude during the summit effectively stalled the long-awaited peace negotiations between the two nations.

「主要外交官在高峰會期間頑固抗拒的態度,有效地使兩國期待已久的和平談判陷入停滯。」

句中:

  • lead diplomat:主要外交官、首席外交官
  • recalcitrant attitude:頑抗、不合作的態度
  • during the summit:在高峰會期間
  • effectively:實際上、有效地
  • stall:使停滯、使延宕
  • long-awaited:期待已久的
  • peace negotiations:和平談判
  • between the two nations:兩國之間

「頑抗的態度」與「使談判停滯」形成明確的因果關係,表示該外交官不願妥協、難以協商。

解題方法

先抓住句子的語意方向:

recalcitrant attitude→不合作、難以處理→談判停滯\text{recalcitrant attitude} \rightarrow \text{不合作、難以處理} \rightarrow \text{談判停滯}

因此答案必須與 recalcitrant 意義相近,且能合理描述一名外交官在談判中的負面態度。

四個干擾選項 acquiescent、complaisant、deferential、subservient 都帶有「順從、服從、討好或恭敬」的語意,與導致談判停滯的頑抗態度相反。只有 intractable 符合「固執、難以處理、不易協商」的語意。

選項分析

(A) acquiescent

意為「默許的、順從的、勉強接受的」。

  • 例:an acquiescent employee
    順從的員工
  • 此字表示接受他人要求或不再反對,與 recalcitrant 的「抗拒、不服從」相反。
  • 若外交官態度是 acquiescent,談判較容易取得進展,不會合理地造成和平談判停滯。

因此錯誤。

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第 10 題1 分

To breathe life into the moribund local economy, the city has introduced tax incentives for new businesses.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與上下文語意。關鍵在於判斷形容詞與 local economy 的搭配,以及它與片語 breathe life into 的語意關係。

題幹中的關鍵片語是:

  • breathe life into ...:注入活力、使……恢復生機
  • moribund:奄奄一息的;停滯不振的;瀕臨衰敗的
  • tax incentives:租稅優惠、稅務誘因
  • new businesses:新創企業、新企業

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句是:

To breathe life into the moribund local economy, the city has introduced tax incentives for new businesses.
為了使奄奄一息、停滯不振的地方經濟恢復生機,該市針對新企業推出租稅優惠。

空格所描述的經濟狀況,必須能表達「經濟脆弱、發展不穩定,因此需要政策刺激」的意思。依高雄醫學大學公布答案及校方釋疑,本題選 precarious,強調地方經濟處於不穩定、充滿風險的狀態。

因此:

tax incentives→encourage new businesses→revive a precarious economy\text{tax incentives} \rightarrow \text{encourage new businesses} \rightarrow \text{revive a precarious economy}

選項分析

(A) cyclical

cyclical 意為「週期性的;循環性的」。

例如:

  • cyclical unemployment:景氣循環性失業
  • cyclical changes in the economy:經濟的週期性變化

cyclical local economy 只表示地方經濟具有景氣循環特性,並不代表經濟衰弱、危險或需要被拯救。與 breathe life into 的「恢復生機」語意不吻合,因此錯誤。

(B) embryonic

embryonic 原意為「胚胎的」,引申為「初期的、尚未發展成熟的」。

例如:

  • an embryonic industry:尚在萌芽階段的產業
  • an embryonic plan:尚未成熟的計畫

若說 embryonic local economy,意思是地方經濟尚在起步階段,而非原本已經衰弱或陷入危機。題幹強調的是「振興既有但不穩定的經濟」,不是「發展剛萌芽的經濟」,因此錯誤。

(C) precarious

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第 11 題1 分

The experienced cardiac surgeon’s _____ hands were essential for ensuring a successful and highly precise transplant operation.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞的語意判斷」與「形容詞和名詞的搭配」。空格位於名詞 hands 前方,需填入形容外科醫師雙手動作能力的形容詞。

句中關鍵語意為:

  • experienced cardiac surgeon:經驗豐富的心臟外科醫師
  • hands:雙手;此處延伸指手術操作能力
  • essential for ensuring:對確保……不可或缺
  • a successful and highly precise transplant operation:成功且高度精確的移植手術

能與「外科醫師的雙手」搭配,並符合成功、精確手術所需條件的字,應具有「靈巧、熟練、精確」的正面意義。

解題方法

先定位答案的語意線索:

The experienced cardiac surgeon’s _____ hands were essential for ensuring a successful and highly precise transplant operation.
這位經驗豐富的心臟外科醫師那雙_____的手,對確保移植手術成功且高度精確不可或缺。

句中的 successful 與 highly precise 都是正面且要求技術性的描述,因此空格應填入正面形容詞,表達醫師手部操作靈巧、熟練。

dexterous 意為「靈巧的、熟練的、手巧的」,尤其常用來形容手部動作或需要精細操作的能力。dexterous hands 正好符合外科手術需要精準、穩定操作的語境。

完整句意為:

這位經驗豐富的心臟外科醫師那雙靈巧的手,對確保移植手術成功且高度精確不可或缺。

因此選 (C) dexterous。

選項分析

(A) cavalier

cavalier 作形容詞時,意為「傲慢輕率的、漫不經心的、對他人或事情漠不關心的」。

  • cavalier hands 並非描述外科醫師精準操作的自然搭配。
  • 「漫不經心的雙手」與成功且高度精確的移植手術互相矛盾。
  • 外科手術需要專注與謹慎,不能使用帶有輕率、隨便意味的字。

故 (A) 錯誤。

(B) clumsy

clumsy 意為「笨拙的、動作不靈活的」。

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第 12 題1 分

_____ people often struggle to understand another person’s point of view because they are excessively focused on themselves.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞的語意判斷」與「字彙搭配」。空格後的名詞是 people,因此需要填入能描述「這類人的人格特質」的形容詞。題幹後半句提供關鍵線索:

often struggle to understand another person’s point of view because they are excessively focused on themselves.
常常難以理解他人的觀點,因為他們過度專注於自己。

「過度以自我為中心、只關注自己」正是 narcissistic 的核心意義。

解題方法

先抓因果關係:

  • because 表示原因。
  • excessively focused on themselves 表示「過度關注自己」。
  • 前面的形容詞必須能合理說明一個人為何難以理解他人的觀點。

完整句子為:

Narcissistic people often struggle to understand another person’s point of view because they are excessively focused on themselves.
自戀的/極度自我中心的人常常難以理解他人的觀點,因為他們過度專注於自己。

關鍵單字與片語

  • narcissistic:自戀的;過度自我中心的
  • struggle to V:努力做某事;做某事感到困難
  • understand:理解
  • another person’s point of view:另一個人的觀點、立場
  • excessively:過度地
  • be focused on:專注於
  • themselves:他們自己,反身代名詞

其中 another person’s point of view 是判斷語意的重要位置,題目強調的是「無法站在他人立場思考」;focused on themselves 則直接指向「自我中心」。

文法與語意重點

  1. 形容詞修飾名詞

空格位於名詞 people 前方,須填入形容詞:

形容詞+名詞\text{形容詞}+\text{名詞}

五個選項皆可作形容詞,因此不能只靠詞性作答,必須進一步判斷語意。

  1. because 引導原因子句

句型為:

主詞+主要動詞+because+原因\text{主詞}+\text{主要動詞}+\text{because}+\text{原因}

題幹說明這些人難以理解他人觀點的原因,是「過度關注自己」。因此答案必須與「自戀、自我中心」有關。

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第 13 題1 分

He was _____ about his chances of winning the prize, despite having done nothing to deserve it.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞的語意辨析」與固定搭配。句型為:

He was _____ about his chances of winning the prize, despite having done nothing to deserve it.

空格後接介系詞 about,需要填入能描述「他對自己得獎機會的看法」的形容詞。語意上,後半句 despite having done nothing to deserve it 表示「儘管他根本沒有做任何值得獲獎的事」,與前半句形成反差,因此空格應是「過度樂觀、自信」之意。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵語句為:

He was _____ about his chances of winning the prize

意思是:「他對自己贏得獎項的機會感到___。」

後面的:

despite having done nothing to deserve it

意思是:「儘管他根本沒有做任何值得獲獎的事。」

整句可翻譯為:

儘管他根本沒有做任何值得獲獎的事,他仍對自己得獎的機會充滿信心。

解題方法

先判斷空格所需的語意:

  1. about his chances 表示「對自己的機會抱持某種看法」。
  2. despite 引導讓步語意,說明他的信心缺乏充分根據。
  3. 因此空格應填入「樂觀、自信、看好」之意的形容詞。

sanguine 正好表示「樂觀的、抱持希望的、對結果有信心的」,常見搭配包括:

  • be sanguine about something:對某事抱持樂觀態度
  • be sanguine about one’s chances:看好自己的機會

所以選擇 (C) sanguine。

選項分析

(A) pernicious

pernicious 意為「有害的、惡性的、造成不良影響的」。

例如:

pernicious effects
有害的影響

此字用來描述某種行為、影響或觀念具有破壞性,不能自然地表示「對得獎機會感到樂觀」。
pernicious about his chances 語意不通,因此錯誤。

(B) reciprocal

reciprocal 意為「互相的、相互的、對等的」。

例如:

reciprocal respect
相互尊重

此字通常描述雙方之間的關係、行動或情感,不適合形容一個人對自己得獎機會的態度。
reciprocal about his chances 不符合語意與搭配,因此錯誤。

(C) sanguine

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第 14 題1 分

Because the woman had become hysterical, the doctor prescribed a strong _____, after which she was able to calm down.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 醫療相關單字辨識
  2. 依上下文判斷藥物功能
  3. 名詞在語境中的語意搭配
  4. 關係代名詞片語 after which

句中描述病人因情緒極度激動而無法冷靜,醫師開立藥物後,病人恢復平靜。因此答案必須是具有鎮靜、安撫中樞神經作用的藥物。

sedative 意為「鎮靜劑、鎮定劑」,能降低中樞神經活動,使人放鬆、平靜,甚至產生睡意,符合題意。

解題方法

先觀察句子的因果關係:

Because the woman had become hysterical, the doctor prescribed a strong _____, after which she was able to calm down.
因為這名女性變得歇斯底里,醫師開立了一種強效的 _____;之後,她便能夠平靜下來。

定位答案的關鍵是:

she was able to calm down
她能夠平靜下來

前面的空格應填入能使病人冷靜、安定的藥物。五個選項中,只有 sedative 直接具有鎮靜作用。

句型上,空格位於 a strong 之後,因此需要填入一個可數的單數名詞:

  • a strong sedative:一種強效鎮靜劑

after which 是「在那之後」的關係代名詞片語,指醫師開立並使用該藥物之後,病人得以冷靜下來。

選項分析

(A) analgesic

analgesic 意為「止痛藥、鎮痛劑」。

其主要功能是減輕或消除疼痛,例如頭痛、術後疼痛或肌肉疼痛。題幹沒有提到疼痛,病人的主要問題是情緒過度激動,因此止痛藥與語境不符。

(B) antibiotic

antibiotic 意為「抗生素」。

抗生素用於抑制或殺死細菌,治療細菌感染,例如肺炎、尿道感染或細菌性咽喉炎。它不是用來使情緒激動的病人冷靜,因此不符合題意。

(C) antidepressant

antidepressant 意為「抗憂鬱劑」。

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第 15 題1 分

The first full moon of 2026, the wolf moon, will appear this weekend, _____ the sky and slightly obscuring the Quadrantid meteor shower.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「分詞片語的文法功能」與「字義搭配」。

句型為:

The first full moon of 2026, the wolf moon, will appear this weekend, gracing the sky and slightly obscuring the Quadrantid meteor shower.

逗號後的 gracing the sky and slightly obscuring... 是現在分詞片語,修飾前面的主詞 the first full moon of 2026。其中:

  • gracing 與 obscuring 由連接詞 and 連接,形成兩個並列動作。
  • 月亮會「裝點天空」,也會「稍微遮蔽象限儀座流星雨」。
  • 因此空格必須選擇能與 the sky 合理搭配,且語意符合月亮作用的現在分詞。

解題方法

定位關鍵語意:

gracing the sky and slightly obscuring the Quadrantid meteor shower
裝點天空,並稍微遮蔽象限儀座流星雨。

grace 作動詞時,意為「使增色、裝點、為……增添優雅或美感」。月亮出現在夜空中,能使天空更美,因此:

the moon+gracing the sky\text{the moon} + \text{gracing the sky}

語意自然,且 gracing 和 obscuring 都是月亮同時造成的結果,結構完全平行。

選項分析

  • (A) gauging

gauge 意為「測量、估計、評量」。
gauging the sky 是「測量天空」,語意與月亮出現的情境不合;月亮並非在測量天空。

  • (B) gracing

grace 作動詞意為「裝點、使增色」。
gracing the sky 表示「裝點天空」,符合滿月出現在夜空中的美感,也與後面的 slightly obscuring 形成並列分詞片語,因此正確。

  • (C) grasping

grasp 意為「抓住、緊握、理解」。
grasping the sky 是「抓住天空」,不符合月亮與天空的關係;月亮是出現在天空中,而非抓住天空。

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第 16 題1 分

A backyard fire delights on chilly evenings, but smoke often _____ enjoyment, making smokeless fire pits appealing for reducing smoke and ash.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字義辨析:依上下文選出符合語意的動詞。
  2. 搭配與語意:判斷哪些動詞能與 enjoyment 搭配。
  3. 文法一致:主詞 smoke 為第三人稱單數,因此動詞使用現在式第三人稱單數形式。

題幹中的關鍵句為:

but smoke often _____ enjoyment, making smokeless fire pits appealing for reducing smoke and ash.

翻譯:

但煙霧經常__享受,使得能減少煙霧與灰燼的無煙火坑更具吸引力。

前半句說後院火堆在寒冷夜晚令人愉悅,but 表示轉折;後半句指出煙霧會降低這種享受,因此答案應為「減弱、破壞愉悅感」的動詞。

解題方法

空格後接名詞 enjoyment,需要填入一個及物動詞,形成「煙霧__享受」的合理語意。

句意邏輯如下:

  • 火堆本身帶來愉快感受。
  • 煙霧與灰燼造成困擾。
  • 因此煙霧會削弱人們享受火堆的程度。
  • 能減少煙霧的無煙火坑因此更吸引人。

Dampen 可表示「使變弱、使減退」,常與 enthusiasm、spirits、mood、enjoyment 等抽象名詞搭配。故填入 dampens 最符合語意與搭配。

完整句為:

A backyard fire delights on chilly evenings, but smoke often dampens enjoyment, making smokeless fire pits appealing for reducing smoke and ash.

選項分析

(A) dampens

Dampen 作動詞,意為「使減弱、使降低、使消沉」。
Dampens enjoyment 表示「減少享受、削弱愉悅感」,符合煙霧對戶外火堆體驗造成的不良影響。

主詞 smoke 為單數,因此使用第三人稱單數 dampens。本選項正確。

(B) dazzles

Dazzle 意為「使目眩、使眼花撩亂」,也可引申為「使驚嘆、使眼花撩亂」。通常搭配 the eyes、the audience、people 等。

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第 17 題1 分

The cause of a problem can be diagnosed, and the outlook for a situation can also be referred to as the _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學與一般語境中的相關名詞辨析」,關鍵在於區分:

  • diagnosis:診斷;對疾病或問題原因、性質的判定
  • prognosis:預後;對疾病或情況未來發展、結果的預測
  • intervention:介入;為改善問題而採取的措施
  • prescription:處方;醫師開立的用藥或治療指示
  • symptom:症狀;患者所感受到或表現出的異常現象

題幹先用 diagnosed 對應「找出問題的原因」,再以 outlook 指向「未來發展或結果」,因此空格應填 prognosis。

解題方法

定位題幹中的關鍵語意:

The cause of a problem can be diagnosed, and the outlook for a situation can also be referred to as the _____.

翻譯為:

一個問題的原因可以被診斷,而某種情況的未來發展也可以被稱為「_____」。

前半句的 diagnosed 已經說明「診斷」是針對問題的原因與性質;後半句的 outlook for a situation 表示「某種情況未來的發展、結果或走向」。

醫學英文中,對疾病或情況未來走向的評估稱為 prognosis,中文是「預後」。因此答案為 (D) prognosis。

關鍵單字與片語

  • cause:原因
  • problem:問題
  • diagnose:診斷;判定疾病或問題的原因
  • outlook:展望;前景;未來發展
  • situation:情況;局勢
  • be referred to as:被稱為;被稱作
  • prognosis:預後;對未來病程或情況發展的預測

文法與語意重點

句型 be referred to as + 名詞 表示「被稱為……」。空格前有定冠詞 the,因此需要填入一個名詞。

本題真正的判斷點不是單純的詞性,而是 outlook 的語意。當 outlook 用於疾病、病情或問題的未來發展時,最精確的對應詞是 prognosis。

選項分析

(A) diagnosis

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第 18 題1 分

I first came to know him as a(n) _____ student struggling to cover basic living expenses while residing in a small apartment.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞字義與語境判斷」。空格後的 student 是名詞,空格需要填入形容詞;判斷關鍵在於後面的語意線索:

  • struggling to cover basic living expenses:努力支付基本生活費
  • residing in a small apartment:住在小公寓裡

整句描述的是一名經濟拮据、生活費負擔沉重的學生,因此應選表示「貧困的、缺錢的」的 impecunious。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

I first came to know him as a(n) _____ student struggling to cover basic living expenses while residing in a small apartment.

翻譯:

我最初認識他時,他是一名住在小公寓裡、為支付基本生活費而苦苦掙扎的學生。

其中 struggle to cover basic living expenses 已明確指出此人的經濟狀況不寬裕:

  • struggle to V:努力、吃力地做某事
  • cover expenses:支付費用、負擔開銷
  • basic living expenses:基本生活費

因此空格須填入描述「缺乏金錢」的形容詞,答案為 impecunious。

此外,impecunious 的開頭是母音音素,故使用 an impecunious student,題幹中的 a(n) 也符合冠詞判斷。

選項分析

(A) egregious

意為「極其惡劣的、嚴重離譜的」,通常形容錯誤、行為或缺失,例如:

  • an egregious error:嚴重的錯誤
  • egregious misconduct:極其惡劣的不當行為

egregious student 會變成「極其惡劣的學生」,與後文描述經濟困難的語意不符,故錯誤。

(B) impecunious

意為「缺錢的、貧困的、經濟拮据的」,常用來形容人的財務狀況,例如:

  • an impecunious student:經濟拮据的學生
  • an impecunious writer:生活貧困的作家

此字與 struggling to cover basic living expenses 完全吻合,故為正確答案。

(C) meticulous

意為「一絲不苟的、非常仔細的」,通常形容做事態度或工作方式,例如:

  • a meticulous researcher:做事嚴謹的研究者
  • meticulous preparation:縝密的準備
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第 19 題1 分

Despite an elaborate media campaign, the senior politician’s _____ promises ultimately failed to convince the deeply skeptical and disillusioned electorate.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞的詞義辨析」與「上下文語意判斷」。四個選項皆可作為形容詞,放在名詞 promises 前方,文法形式均成立;關鍵在於判斷哪個形容詞最符合「選民深感懷疑且失望」的語境。

題幹中的關鍵線索是:

Despite an elaborate media campaign, the senior politician’s _____ promises ultimately failed to convince the deeply skeptical and disillusioned electorate.

翻譯:儘管進行了一場精心策畫的媒體宣傳活動,這位資深政治人物的__承諾最終仍未能說服那些深感懷疑與失望的選民。

其中 failed to convince 表示「未能說服」,而 deeply skeptical and disillusioned electorate 表示「非常懷疑且已感到失望的選民」。語意上,政治人物提出的承諾應具有誇大、不切實際的特徵,才會與選民的不信任及失望形成呼應。

解題方法

先判斷空格後的名詞 promises 需要何種語意的形容詞:

  • 這些承諾必須帶有政治人物常見的誇張、浮誇色彩。
  • 這些承諾雖經媒體宣傳,仍無法取信於已經不信任政治人物的選民。
  • 因此,最適合的字是 grandiose,表示「宏大的、誇大的、浮誇的」,常含有不切實際或言過其實的負面意味。

grandiose promises 即「浮誇的承諾、誇大的承諾」,符合整句語意:

Despite an elaborate media campaign, the senior politician’s grandiose promises ultimately failed to convince the deeply skeptical and disillusioned electorate.

翻譯:儘管進行了一場精心策畫的媒體宣傳活動,這位資深政治人物浮誇的承諾最終仍未能說服那些深感懷疑與失望的選民。

選項分析

(A) comparative

comparative 意為「比較的、相對的」,例如 comparative advantage「比較利益」、comparative study「比較研究」。

comparative promises 可勉強形成文法結構,但「比較性的承諾」無法說明這些承諾為何不能說服選民,也與政治宣傳及選民失望的語意缺乏直接關聯,因此不適合。

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第 20 題1 分

The creationism issue had been discussed so much as to become _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字義辨識
  2. 語意搭配
  3. 「so ... as to + V」結果句型

題幹中的關鍵片語是:

The creationism issue had been discussed so much as to become _____.

意思是:

創造論議題被討論得如此頻繁,以至於變得_____。

句中的 become 後面需要接形容詞,描述這個議題因為被反覆討論而呈現的狀態。


解題方法

句型 so + 副詞/形容詞 + as to + 原形動詞 表示「如此……以至於……」。

本句可拆解為:

  • had been discussed:過去完成式被動語態,表示「一直被討論」
  • so much:如此大量、如此頻繁
  • as to become:以至於變成
  • 空格:應填入能描述「被討論過度後變得陳腔濫調、老套」的形容詞

題意指出,創造論議題被討論太多,已經失去新鮮感,變得「老生常談」。因此選 hackneyed。


選項分析

(A) hackneyed 老套的;陳腔濫調的;老生常談的

hackneyed 是形容詞,指某個想法、話題、表達方式因為被使用或討論太多,而變得缺乏新意。

The creationism issue had been discussed so much as to become hackneyed.
創造論議題被討論得太頻繁,以至於變成老生常談。

此選項同時符合:

  • 詞性:become + 形容詞
  • 語意:討論過度導致內容老套、缺乏新意

因此正確。


(B) interdicted 被禁止的;遭禁令禁止的

interdict 是「禁止、下令不得進行」;interdicted 是其過去分詞或形容詞形式。

例如:

The book was interdicted by the government.
這本書遭政府禁止。

interdicted 描述的是「被禁止」,不是「因被討論太多而變得老套」。創造論議題在語意上並非被禁止,因此不合題意。


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第 21 題1 分

Shadowy circumstances and unanswered questions _____ the young dauphin’s imprisonment and subsequent death _____ inspired some 3,000 books.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 現在分詞片語的修飾功能
  2. 複合主詞與主詞動詞一致
  3. 主要動詞的判斷

句子結構為:

Shadowy circumstances and unanswered questions surrounding the young dauphin’s imprisonment and subsequent death have inspired some 3,000 books.

其中:

  • 主詞:Shadowy circumstances and unanswered questions
  • 分詞片語:surrounding the young dauphin’s imprisonment and subsequent death
  • 主要動詞:have inspired

主詞由 circumstances 與 questions 以 and 連接,屬於複數,因此主要動詞必須使用複數形式 have。


關鍵單字與片語

  • shadowy:不明朗的;神秘的;可疑的
  • circumstances:情況;情勢;相關情節
  • unanswered questions:尚未解答的問題
  • surround:圍繞;涉及
  • dauphin:法國王太子
  • imprisonment:監禁;囚禁
  • subsequent:隨後的;後來的
  • death:死亡
  • inspire:激發;促成
  • some 3,000 books:大約三千本書

解題方法

先找句子的主要主詞與主要動詞。

主詞是:

Shadowy circumstances and unanswered questions

因為 circumstances 和 questions 由 and 連接,所以是複數主詞。

中間的:

surrounding the young dauphin’s imprisonment and subsequent death

是現在分詞片語,修飾前面的 circumstances and questions,意思是「圍繞著王太子的監禁與後來死亡的」。

因此,句子的主要動詞應為:

have inspired

完整句意為:

圍繞著這位年輕王太子遭監禁及後來死亡的不明情節與未解問題,已促成大約三千本書的出版。

所以正確組合是:

surrounding … have


選項分析

(A) surrounding … has

錯誤。surrounding 作為現在分詞片語,使用正確;但主要主詞是複數的 circumstances and unanswered questions,動詞不能用單數 has,應改為 have。


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第 22 題1 分

As my aunt told me what she thought, I felt like a schoolboy _____ by his headteacher.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 片語動詞 tell off:責罵、斥責。
  2. 分詞片語的主動與被動:
  • telling off:正在責罵別人,主動。
  • being told off:正在被責罵,被動。
  1. feel like + 名詞 + 分詞片語:表示「覺得自己像是某種正在處於特定情境中的人」。

句中:

I felt like a schoolboy being told off by his headteacher.
我覺得自己就像一名正在被班導師斥責的學生。

by his headteacher 明確表示「班導師是責罵者」,因此 a schoolboy 必須是「接受責罵」的人,使用被動形式。


解題方法

先找出分詞片語的邏輯主詞:

a schoolboy _____ by his headteacher

空格後的 by his headteacher 是被動語態的重要線索。意思是「一名被他的班導師責罵的學生」,所以需要:

being told off\text{being told off}

完整句意為:

As my aunt told me what she thought, I felt like a schoolboy being told off by his headteacher.
當姑姑告訴我她的想法時,我覺得自己就像一名正在被班導師責罵的學生。

As my aunt told me... 描寫姑姑說話的同時,說話者產生「自己正被責罵」的感受,因此使用 being told off 最符合語意。


選項分析

(A) telling off

telling off 是主動形式,表示「正在責罵別人」。

若填入後,句子會變成:

a schoolboy telling off by his headteacher

這會使 a schoolboy 成為「責罵者」,但後面的 by his headteacher 又表示「被班導師……」,主動與被動意義衝突;文法上也不能用 telling off by... 表示「被責罵」。

因此錯誤。


(B) being told off

being + 過去分詞 是被動的動名詞/現在分詞形式,表示「正在被……」。

a schoolboy being told off by his headteacher
一名正在被班導師責罵的學生

schoolboy 是 tell off 的受詞,his headteacher 是動作者,語意與文法均正確。

因此正確。


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第 23 題1 分

_____ such a sharp decline in organ donation rates been observed in this region.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「否定或近否定副詞置於句首時的倒裝句型」,以及現在完成式被動語態。

題幹完整句子為:

Rarely before has such a sharp decline in organ donation rates been observed in this region.

翻譯為:

在這個地區,以前很少曾觀察到器官捐贈率如此急劇的下降。

句首的 Rarely before 意為「以前很少」,具有否定或近否定語氣,因此置於句首時,須將助動詞 has 移至主詞 such a sharp decline 前方,形成部分倒裝。

句子的結構如下:

Rarely before+has+主詞+been observed+其他成分\text{Rarely before}+\text{has}+\text{主詞}+\text{been observed}+\text{其他成分}

其中:

  • such a sharp decline:如此急劇的下降
  • organ donation rates:器官捐贈率
  • be observed:被觀察到
  • has been observed:現在完成式被動語態,表示「曾被觀察到」
  • in this region:在這個地區

解題方法

先找出句子的主詞與主要動詞:

  • 主詞:such a sharp decline in organ donation rates
  • 動詞:been observed
  • 時態與語態:has been observed,即現在完成式被動語態

基本語序應為:

Such a sharp decline in organ donation rates has rarely been observed before in this region.

當 Rarely before 移至句首時,必須倒裝:

Rarely before has such a sharp decline in organ donation rates been observed in this region.

因此正確語序是:

Rarely before+has+主詞+been observed\text{Rarely before}+\text{has}+\text{主詞}+\text{been observed}

選項分析

(A) Rarely before has

完整句為:

Rarely before has such a sharp decline in organ donation rates been observed in this region.

語序正確:

  1. Rarely before 置於句首,表達「以前很少」的否定語氣。
  2. has 放在主詞前,形成倒裝。
  3. such a sharp decline 為主詞。
  4. been observed 構成現在完成式被動語態。

因此選項 A 正確。

(B) Before rarely has

Before rarely has such a sharp decline...

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第 24 題1 分

Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, _____ he was awarded the Nobel Prize, had a major influence on the lives of people in the 20th century.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「介系詞+關係代名詞」以及介系詞的語意搭配。

句中的先行詞是:

Fleming’s discovery of penicillin
佛萊明發現青黴素這件事

逗號後的關係子句:

he was awarded the Nobel Prize _____

完整語意是「他因為這項發現而獲頒諾貝爾獎」。英文中表示「因某事而獲獎」使用:

be awarded a prize for something

因此應填 for which,指「因為這項發現」。


解題方法

先將關係子句還原成完整句:

He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Fleming’s discovery of penicillin.

其中 for Fleming’s discovery of penicillin 是介系詞片語,表示「因為佛萊明發現青黴素這件事」。

將重複的名詞片語 Fleming’s discovery of penicillin 改為關係代名詞 which,並保留介系詞 for,即可形成:

for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize

代回原句:

Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize, had a major influence on the lives of people in the 20th century.

句意為:

佛萊明發現青黴素這件事對二十世紀人們的生活產生了重大影響,而他也因這項發現獲頒諾貝爾獎。


選項分析

(A) on which

on which 表示「在其上」「在那件事上」或「於某個日期/場合」,例如:

the day on which he arrived
他抵達的那一天

但本句的語意是「因為這項發現而獲獎」,動詞片語 be awarded ... 搭配的是 for,不是 on。

he was awarded the Nobel Prize on his discovery

語意與搭配均不自然,因此錯誤。


(B) in which

in which 通常表示「在其中」「在那個情況中」或「在某段期間內」,例如:

the country in which he was born
他出生的國家

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第 25 題1 分

It is imperative that every applicant _____ the documentation.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:虛擬語氣(mandative subjunctive)

本題考「表示必要、重要、命令或要求的形容詞+that 子句」後,動詞使用原形動詞的規則。

句型如下:

It is imperative that + 主詞 + 原形動詞\text{It is imperative that + 主詞 + 原形動詞}

imperative 意為「必要的、極重要的、刻不容緩的」,具有命令或要求的語氣,因此 that 子句使用虛擬語氣:

It is imperative that every applicant submit the documentation.
每一位申請者都必須提交相關文件。

此處雖然 every applicant 為第三人稱單數,虛擬語氣仍使用動詞原形 submit,不加第三人稱單數字尾 -s。

解題方法

先辨認句首結構:

It is imperative that ...

imperative 屬於表達「必要性、要求」的詞,後面的 that 子句須採用 mandative subjunctive。將句子拆解如下:

  • It is imperative:這是必要的
  • that:引導名詞子句
  • every applicant:that 子句的主詞
  • submit:虛擬語氣中的原形動詞
  • the documentation:提交的文件

因此空格應填入 submit。

選項分析

(A) submits

submits 是現在式第三人稱單數形式。若句子是一般現在式敘述,例如:

Every applicant submits the documentation.

因主詞 every applicant 為單數,動詞可使用 submits。

但本題位於 It is imperative that 後的要求型 that 子句中,必須使用虛擬語氣原形,因此 submits 錯誤。

(B) submit

submit 是原形動詞,符合 mandative subjunctive 的規則。

完整句意為:

It is imperative that every applicant submit the documentation.

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第 26 題1 分

For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.

According to an index developed by London-based advisory firm Henley & Partners and based on proprietary data from the International Air Transport Association, Singaporeans can travel visa-free to 192 of the 227 countries and territories survey.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 分詞作後置修飾語
  • 過去分詞可修飾名詞,表示「被……、受到……」。
  • 例如:the countries surveyed = 「接受調查的國家」。
  1. 分詞片語的平行結構
  • developed by ... and based on ... 共同修飾前面的 an index。
  • developed 與 based 都是過去分詞,形成平行結構。
  1. 句中詞性與語意判斷
  • 名詞後若要表達「被調查的國家與地區」,應使用過去分詞 surveyed,而非原形動詞 survey。

解題方法

先找句子的主要結構:

Singaporeans can travel visa-free to 192 of the 227 countries and territories survey.

主要句型為:

Singaporeans can travel ... to 192 of the 227 countries and territories ___.

the 227 countries and territories 是名詞片語,後面的字必須能修飾這些「國家與地區」。

題意是「這 227 個國家與地區之中,接受調查的國家與地區」。因此應表達被動意義:

the 227 countries and territories surveyed

surveyed 是過去分詞,等於關係子句:

the 227 countries and territories that were surveyed

原句使用 survey,只是動詞原形,無法直接作為名詞後的被動修飾語,因此不合文法。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

Singaporeans can travel visa-free to 192 of the 227 countries and territories survey.

正確修正為:

Singaporeans can travel visa-free to 192 of the 227 countries and territories surveyed.

翻譯:

根據總部位於倫敦的顧問公司 Henley & Partners 所制定、並以國際航空運輸協會的專有資料為基礎的指數,新加坡人可以免簽證前往 227 個受調查國家與地區中的 192 個。

選項分析

(A) developed

developed 為過去分詞,修飾前面的 an index:

an index developed by London-based advisory firm Henley & Partners

完整形式為:

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第 27 題1 分

For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.

The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota just days after a 37-year-old woman, Renee Macklin Good, shot in her car by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「被動語態」與「句子主要動詞」的判斷。

英文被動語態的基本形式為:

主詞+be 動詞+過去分詞\text{主詞}+\text{be 動詞}+\text{過去分詞}

例如:

  • The lawsuit was filed.
    訴訟案被提起。
  • The woman was shot.
    該名女子遭到射殺。

句中的 shot 是動詞 shoot 的過去分詞;若要表達「女子遭到射殺」,必須搭配 be 動詞 was,形成 was shot。


解題方法

先找出句子的兩個主要動作:

  1. The lawsuit was filed
    訴訟案被提起。
  2. Renee Macklin Good was shot
    Renee Macklin Good 遭到射殺。

題幹實際寫成:

The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota just days after a 37-year-old woman, Renee Macklin Good, shot in her car by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent.

翻譯為:

在一名 37 歲女子 Renee Macklin Good 在自己的車內遭一名移民暨海關執法局探員射殺後僅數日,這起訴訟便向美國明尼蘇達州聯邦地區法院提起。

其中 Renee Macklin Good 是主詞,而 shot in her car by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent 是被動事件。正確形式應為:

Renee Macklin Good was shot in her car by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent.

題目少了被動語態所需的 was,因此錯誤部分是 (D) shot。


選項分析

(A) filed

題幹為:

The lawsuit was filed ...

filed 是 file 的過去分詞,前面的 was 構成被動語態 was filed,表示「訴訟案被提起/被提出」,用法正確。

  • file a lawsuit:提起訴訟
  • a lawsuit was filed:訴訟案被提起

因此 (A) 正確。


(B) just days after

just days after 是常見片語,表示「就在……幾天後」。

句中:

just days after ...

表示「在……後僅僅幾天」。

此處用來說明訴訟提起的時間,語意與文法皆正確。因此 (B) 正確。


(C) 37-year-old

37-year-old 是複合形容詞,用來修飾後面的名詞 woman。

複合形容詞表示年齡時,通常使用:

數字 + year + old

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第 28 題1 分

For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.

The attending physician at the regional emergency department insisted that the critically ill patient was transferred to the intensive care unit without any delay, given that her overall condition had deteriorated significantly during the previous overnight monitoring period.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. insist that + 子句 的用法。
  2. 當 insist 表示「堅持要求某事必須發生」時,that 子句使用:

主詞+insist that+主詞+原形動詞\text{主詞}+\text{insist that}+\text{主詞}+\text{原形動詞}

此結構稱為 mandative subjunctive(要求式假設語氣)。

  1. 被動語態的原形形式為:

be+過去分詞\text{be}+\text{過去分詞}

因此,應使用 be transferred,而非 was transferred。


關鍵句定位與翻譯

題幹中決定答案的關鍵結構是:

The attending physician ... insisted that the critically ill patient was transferred to the intensive care unit ...

意為:

該區域急診部門的主治醫師堅持要求這名病危患者立即轉送至加護病房,因為她的整體狀況在前一晚的監測期間已明顯惡化。

此處 insisted that 的語意是「堅持要求醫療團隊執行轉送」,因此 that 子句應改為:

insisted that the critically ill patient be transferred to the intensive care unit


解題方法

先辨認主要動詞 insisted 的語意。

當 insist 表示「強烈要求某事必須完成」時,後面的 that 子句採要求式假設語氣:

  • The doctor insisted that the patient stay in bed.
  • The surgeon insisted that the operation be performed immediately.
  • The physician insisted that the patient be transferred to the intensive care unit.

即使主句是過去式 insisted,that 子句仍使用動詞原形 be,不改成過去式 was。

本題的主詞是 the critically ill patient,動詞「轉送」是被動關係,因此:

  • 主動:The staff transferred the patient.
  • 被動:The patient was transferred.
  • 要求式假設語氣的被動:The physician insisted that the patient be transferred.

所以錯誤部分是 (C) was transferred。


選項分析

(A) attending physician

attending physician 意為「主治醫師、當值主治醫師」,是正確的醫療用語。

  • attending 在此作形容詞,修飾 physician。
  • attending physician 指負責照護與決策的醫師。

此片語文法與語意皆正確。


(B) critically ill patient

critically ill patient 意為「病情危急的患者」。

  • critically 是副詞,修飾形容詞 ill。
  • critically ill 是固定搭配,表示「病危的、重病的」。
  • patient 是名詞,作為片語中心。
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第 29 題1 分

For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.

Much as I liked her paintings, I couldn’t act as she was Picasso or someone like that when she clearly was an amateur, though very good for a beginner, of course.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查三個重點:

  1. Much as + S + V:表示「雖然很……」,相當於 Although + S + V。
  2. act as if / as though + 子句:表示「表現得好像……」。
  3. 虛擬語氣:與現在事實相反時,be 通常使用過去式 were,不論主詞是單數或複數。

題幹中:

I couldn’t act as she was Picasso or someone like that when she clearly was an amateur.

正確語意應為:

我不可能表現得好像她是畢卡索或類似的人物,因為她明明只是個業餘者。

其中「表現得好像……」應使用:

act as if / act as though + S + V

因此應改為:

I couldn’t act as if she were Picasso or someone like that.


解題方法

先找句子的主要結構:

Much as I liked her paintings,
I couldn’t act as she was Picasso or someone like that,
though very good for a beginner, of course.

主句是:

I couldn’t act ...

後面接的是「好像她是畢卡索」的意思,因此需要表示假設或比喻的連接詞:

act as if she were Picasso
act as though she were Picasso

單獨使用 act as + 子句,無法表達「表現得好像……」的意思。依本題官方答案,錯誤標示在 (B) couldn’t act,因為 act 所形成的動詞搭配不完整,必須改成能正確帶出假設子句的結構。


選項分析

(A) Much as

Much as + S + V 是讓步副詞子句,意思是「雖然很……」「儘管……」。

Much as I liked her paintings
雖然我很喜歡她的畫作

此處相當於:

Although I liked her paintings very much

用法正確,因此 (A) 不是答案。


(B) couldn’t act

本題官方答案為 (B)。

act 表示「表現、行事」,若要表達「表現得好像……」,通常使用:

act as if + 子句
act as though + 子句

因此:

I couldn’t act as she was Picasso ...

應改為:

I couldn’t act as if she were Picasso ...

或:

I couldn’t act as though she were Picasso ...

此外,這裡的 were 是與現在事實相反的假設語氣:她事實上是業餘畫家,不是畢卡索,所以用 were 比 was 更符合正式英文。

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第 30 題1 分

For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.

Everyone who was on the committee agreed that we should set aside some of the money we had collected to pay whoever still had to be paid for their work and then we should put all which was left into a savings account.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 關係代名詞的選用:thatthat、whichwhich
  2. 複合關係代名詞:whoeverwhoever
  3. 關係代名詞省略
  4. 動詞時態與固定搭配

題幹中定位答案的關鍵句為:

then we should put all which was left into a savings account.
然後我們應該把剩下的全部金錢存入儲蓄帳戶。

其中 all which was left 的關係代名詞使用不符合本題採用的標準文法,應改為 all that was left,因此答案為 (D)。


解題方法

先找出句子的主要結構:

Everyone ... agreed that
we should set aside some of the money ...
and then we should put all which was left into a savings account.

句意是:

委員會中的每個人都同意:我們應撥出一部分募集到的錢,支付給仍有薪資尚未領取的人員,然後把剩下的全部存入儲蓄帳戶。

判斷底線部分時,應逐一檢查:

  • 關係代名詞是否與先行詞及子句結構相符
  • 關係代名詞是否可省略
  • 動詞時態是否合理
  • 動詞與介系詞是否構成正確搭配

選項分析

(A) Everyone who was on the committee

此部分正確。

  • everyoneeveryone 是不定代名詞,表示「每一個人」,文法上視為單數,因此使用單數動詞 waswas。
  • whowho 指人,可引導關係子句:

who was on the committee
當時在委員會中的

  • onthecommitteeon the committee 是固定搭配,表示「在委員會中」。

完整結構為:

Everyone [who was on the committee] agreed ...

意思是「委員會中的每一個人都同意……」。


(B) we had collected

此部分正確。

原句可分析為:

some of the money [we had collected]

其中 wehadcollectedwe had collected 是修飾 themoneythe money 的關係子句,完整形式為:

some of the money that we had collected

因為關係代名詞 thatthat 在子句中作動詞 collectedcollected 的受詞,所以可以省略:

the money (that) we had collected

時態使用過去完成式 hadcollectedhad collected 也合理,表示「募集到錢」發生在「同意如何處理這筆錢」之前。


(C) whoever still had to be paid

此部分正確。

whoeverwhoever 是複合關係代名詞,意思是:

whoever = anyone who
任何……的人;無論誰

本句中的結構為:

to pay [whoever still had to be paid]

whoeverstillhadtobepaidwhoever still had to be paid 整體作動詞 paypay 的受詞,意思是:

支付給任何仍應獲得付款的人

需要注意的是,whoeverwhoever 在自己的子句中是 hadtobepaidhad to be paid 的主詞:

whoever still had to be paid
whoever 仍然必須被支付

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第 31 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

For centuries, real human bodies have played a crucial role in the development of both anatomical science and visual art. From Renaissance engravings to 19th-century medical atlases, artists and surgeons relied on cadavers to produce detailed images of the human body. Yet behind these precise and often beautiful illustrations lie unsettling histories of exploitation and unequal power.

An exhibition titled Beneath the Sheets: Anatomy, Art and Power, held at the Thackray Museum of Medicine in Leeds, examines five centuries of anatomical imagery. Many of the bodies depicted belonged to executed criminals, the poor, or socially marginalised individuals who had no say in how their bodies were used or displayed. One famous example appears in Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp (1632), which portrays the dissection of an executed man whose crime was stealing a winter coat.

Anatomical illustrations were essential to medical education. As 18th-century surgeon John Bell argued, an anatomy book without images was useless. However, the exhibition highlights that these lavishly illustrated books were owned by wealthy collectors, far removed socially from the people whose bodies filled their pages. Advances in printing later made such books even more ornate, turning them into display objects.

Access to bodies was a constant problem. As executions declined in the 19th century, a black market emerged. Bodysnatchers stole corpses from graves and sold them to medical schools, prompting families to take extreme measures to protect the dead. The exhibition ultimately asks viewers to reconsider whose bodies shaped medical knowledge — and at what cost.

What is the main focus of the passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」。主旨題要找出文章貫穿全文的核心議題,而不是只選取其中一段提到的細節。

本文表面上介紹解剖圖像、藝術作品、醫學教育與盜屍事件,實際上是要探討:解剖學與視覺藝術的發展,建立在某些弱勢者的遺體被使用、展示,甚至遭到剝削的歷史之上。因此,文章的核心是解剖插圖背後的倫理問題與權力不平等。


解題方法

判斷主旨時,可依下列方式切入:

  1. 觀察首段是否提出文章主題。
  2. 注意各段是否反覆圍繞同一議題發展。
  3. 判斷選項是涵蓋全文的主旨,還是僅為局部細節。

文章首段先指出:

“Yet behind these precise and often beautiful illustrations lie unsettling histories of exploitation and unequal power.”

意思是:「然而,在這些精確且經常十分優美的插圖背後,隱藏著令人不安的剝削史與不平等的權力關係。」

這句直接揭示文章重點:解剖插圖雖然具有科學與藝術價值,但其形成過程涉及剝削與權力不平等。

結尾再次強化此主旨:

“The exhibition ultimately asks viewers to reconsider whose bodies shaped medical knowledge — and at what cost.”

意思是:「這場展覽最後要求觀眾重新思考:究竟是哪些人的身體形塑了醫學知識,而這又付出了什麼代價?」

首尾兩段都聚焦於遺體使用的倫理代價,因此答案應選擇涵蓋全文的倫理議題。


文章語意與文法重點

  1. behind A lie B

表示「在 A 背後存在著 B」。

  • behind these precise illustrations:在這些精確插圖背後
  • lie unsettling histories:存在著令人不安的歷史

此處的主詞是複數名詞 histories,因此使用 lie。

  1. belong to

表示「屬於」。

“Many of the bodies depicted belonged to executed criminals, the poor, or socially marginalised individuals…”

意思是:「許多被描繪的身體,屬於遭處決的罪犯、窮人,或在社會上被邊緣化的人。」

  1. have no say in

表示「對某事沒有發言權或決定權」。

“who had no say in how their bodies were used or displayed”

意思是:「他們無法決定自己的身體要如何被使用或展示。」

  1. prompt someone to V

表示「促使某人做某事」。

“prompting families to take extreme measures”

意思是:「促使家屬採取極端措施。」

  1. at what cost

表示「付出什麼代價」,常用於討論某項成就背後的倫理、社會或人道代價。


關鍵單字與片語

  • anatomy:解剖學
  • anatomical:解剖學的
  • anatomical imagery:解剖圖像
  • cadaver:屍體、遺體
  • engraving:雕版畫、版畫
  • medical atlas:醫學圖譜
  • exploitation:剝削
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第 32 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

For centuries, real human bodies have played a crucial role in the development of both anatomical science and visual art. From Renaissance engravings to 19th-century medical atlases, artists and surgeons relied on cadavers to produce detailed images of the human body. Yet behind these precise and often beautiful illustrations lie unsettling histories of exploitation and unequal power.

An exhibition titled Beneath the Sheets: Anatomy, Art and Power, held at the Thackray Museum of Medicine in Leeds, examines five centuries of anatomical imagery. Many of the bodies depicted belonged to executed criminals, the poor, or socially marginalised individuals who had no say in how their bodies were used or displayed. One famous example appears in Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp (1632), which portrays the dissection of an executed man whose crime was stealing a winter coat.

Anatomical illustrations were essential to medical education. As 18th-century surgeon John Bell argued, an anatomy book without images was useless. However, the exhibition highlights that these lavishly illustrated books were owned by wealthy collectors, far removed socially from the people whose bodies filled their pages. Advances in printing later made such books even more ornate, turning them into display objects.

Access to bodies was a constant problem. As executions declined in the 19th century, a black market emerged. Bodysnatchers stole corpses from graves and sold them to medical schools, prompting families to take extreme measures to protect the dead. The exhibition ultimately asks viewers to reconsider whose bodies shaped medical knowledge — and at what cost.

Why does the passage mention Rembrandt’s painting?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「舉例目的題」。解題重點不是判斷 Rembrandt 畫作本身的藝術價值,而是確認文章提到這幅畫,是為了支持前後文哪一個主要論點。

文章主旨在於說明:解剖學與視覺藝術的發展,曾大量依賴真實人體;然而,這些人體往往來自遭處決的罪犯、窮人或社會邊緣者,反映出權力不平等與人體被剝削的歷史。

解題方法

遇到「Why does the passage mention...?」時,應觀察:

  1. 例子前後的上下文。
  2. 例子所具體說明的概念。
  3. 選項是否符合文章提到該例子的真正功能。

定位 Rembrandt 畫作的原文是:

“One famous example appears in Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp (1632), which portrays the dissection of an executed man whose crime was stealing a winter coat.”

翻譯:

「一個著名的例子出現在 Rembrandt 的《尼古拉斯・杜爾普醫師的解剖課》(1632)中;這幅畫描繪了一名遭處決男子的解剖,而他的罪行是偷竊一件冬季外套。」

句中明確指出,畫中被解剖的人是「遭處決的男子」,因此此畫被提及,是用來具體展示遭處決罪犯的身體如何被用於解剖與解剖學知識的建立。

選項分析

(A) To praise its artistic realism.
「讚美其藝術上的寫實性。」

錯誤。文章雖然提到 anatomical imagery 常常「precise and often beautiful」(精確且往往美麗),但提及 Rembrandt 畫作時,焦點不在稱讚畫作的寫實技巧或藝術成就,而在於畫中人體的來源及其被解剖的情況。

(B) To show how anatomy replaced classical art.
「顯示解剖學如何取代古典藝術。」

錯誤。文章沒有討論解剖學取代古典藝術,也未比較兩者的地位消長。Rembrandt 的畫作反而正是解剖學與藝術相互結合的例子。

(C) To describe museum exhibition practices.
「描述博物館的展覽作法。」

錯誤。文章提到展覽在 Leeds 的 Thackray Museum of Medicine 舉行,但 Rembrandt 畫作的例子不是用來說明博物館如何策展、展示或保存作品,而是用來說明解剖人體的歷史背景。

(D) To explain changes in painting techniques.
「解釋繪畫技法的變化。」

錯誤。文章沒有說明繪畫技法、媒材、構圖或印刷技術如何改變。文中討論的是解剖圖像與人體使用的歷史,不是繪畫技術史。

(E) To illustrate how executed criminals were used for dissection.

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第 33 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

For centuries, real human bodies have played a crucial role in the development of both anatomical science and visual art. From Renaissance engravings to 19th-century medical atlases, artists and surgeons relied on cadavers to produce detailed images of the human body. Yet behind these precise and often beautiful illustrations lie unsettling histories of exploitation and unequal power.

An exhibition titled Beneath the Sheets: Anatomy, Art and Power, held at the Thackray Museum of Medicine in Leeds, examines five centuries of anatomical imagery. Many of the bodies depicted belonged to executed criminals, the poor, or socially marginalised individuals who had no say in how their bodies were used or displayed. One famous example appears in Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp (1632), which portrays the dissection of an executed man whose crime was stealing a winter coat.

Anatomical illustrations were essential to medical education. As 18th-century surgeon John Bell argued, an anatomy book without images was useless. However, the exhibition highlights that these lavishly illustrated books were owned by wealthy collectors, far removed socially from the people whose bodies filled their pages. Advances in printing later made such books even more ornate, turning them into display objects.

Access to bodies was a constant problem. As executions declined in the 19th century, a black market emerged. Bodysnatchers stole corpses from graves and sold them to medical schools, prompting families to take extreme measures to protect the dead. The exhibition ultimately asks viewers to reconsider whose bodies shaped medical knowledge — and at what cost.

What does the passage suggest about the owners of anatomical books?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位與語意推論」。解題關鍵在於找出文章直接描述 anatomical books(解剖學書籍)所有者身分的句子,再將原文意思與選項比對。

文章指出,這些解剖學書籍的所有者與書中所描繪的屍體來源,在社會地位上存在明顯差距。因此可推知,書籍主要由社會地位與經濟條件較優越的人所收藏。

答案定位

關鍵原文為:

“However, the exhibition highlights that these lavishly illustrated books were owned by wealthy collectors, far removed socially from the people whose bodies filled their pages.”

翻譯:

「然而,這場展覽凸顯出,這些插圖華麗的書籍是由富有的收藏家所擁有;這些收藏家在社會地位上與那些屍體主人的身分相距甚遠,而那些人的身體填滿了書中的頁面。」

其中:

  • were owned by:被……擁有、由……所有
  • wealthy collectors:富有的收藏家
  • far removed socially from:在社會地位上與……相距甚遠
  • whose bodies filled their pages:其身體出現在書頁中的人

原文直接說明書籍由 wealthy collectors 擁有,故選 (D)。

解題方法

先鎖定題目主詞 the owners of anatomical books,再回文章搜尋與「書籍所有者」直接相關的資訊。文章沒有要求推測收藏家的職業,而是明確交代其社會與經濟背景:

  1. 書中描繪的屍體多屬於被處決的罪犯、窮人或社會邊緣人物。
  2. 解剖學書籍則由富有的收藏家擁有。
  3. 因此,書籍所有者通常是經濟條件優渥的人。

選項中只有 generally wealthy 完整對應 wealthy collectors。

選項分析

(A) They were mostly surgeons.
他們大多是外科醫師。

錯誤。文章提到外科醫師 John Bell 曾主張解剖書若沒有圖片便毫無用處,但這是在說明解剖圖對醫學教育的重要性,沒有表示書籍所有者大多是外科醫師。文章明確使用 collectors,而非 surgeons。

(B) They were socially similar to the cadavers depicted.
他們在社會地位上與書中描繪的屍體相近。

錯誤。原文的 far removed socially from 表示「在社會地位上相距甚遠」,正好與本選項的 socially similar(社會地位相似)相反。屍體多來自罪犯、窮人與社會邊緣人物,書籍所有者則是富有收藏家。

(C) They viewed the books as purely scientific tools.
他們把這些書純粹視為科學工具。

錯誤。文章指出,隨著印刷技術進步,這些書籍變得更加華麗,甚至成為 display objects(展示物、陳列品)。這表示書籍除了醫學教育用途,也具有收藏與展示價值,不能說被「純粹」視為科學工具。

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第 34 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

For centuries, real human bodies have played a crucial role in the development of both anatomical science and visual art. From Renaissance engravings to 19th-century medical atlases, artists and surgeons relied on cadavers to produce detailed images of the human body. Yet behind these precise and often beautiful illustrations lie unsettling histories of exploitation and unequal power.

An exhibition titled Beneath the Sheets: Anatomy, Art and Power, held at the Thackray Museum of Medicine in Leeds, examines five centuries of anatomical imagery. Many of the bodies depicted belonged to executed criminals, the poor, or socially marginalised individuals who had no say in how their bodies were used or displayed. One famous example appears in Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp (1632), which portrays the dissection of an executed man whose crime was stealing a winter coat.

Anatomical illustrations were essential to medical education. As 18th-century surgeon John Bell argued, an anatomy book without images was useless. However, the exhibition highlights that these lavishly illustrated books were owned by wealthy collectors, far removed socially from the people whose bodies filled their pages. Advances in printing later made such books even more ornate, turning them into display objects.

Access to bodies was a constant problem. As executions declined in the 19th century, a black market emerged. Bodysnatchers stole corpses from graves and sold them to medical schools, prompting families to take extreme measures to protect the dead. The exhibition ultimately asks viewers to reconsider whose bodies shaped medical knowledge — and at what cost.

Why did bodysnatching become more common in the 19th century?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係判斷」,並要求掌握文章中的關鍵句。題目詢問 19 世紀為何有更多的盜屍行為,答案必須回到文章中尋找直接說明原因的內容。

關鍵因果鏈如下:

執刑人數下降
→ 可供解剖的屍體減少
→ 醫學界取得人體的困難增加
→ 盜屍黑市興起,bodysnatching 變得更常見。

解題方法

定位文章第四段:

“As executions declined in the 19th century, a black market emerged. Bodysnatchers stole corpses from graves and sold them to medical schools...”
「隨著 19 世紀的執刑人數下降,黑市興起。盜屍者從墳墓中偷取屍體,再將它們賣給醫學院……」

其中:

  • as executions declined:隨著處決、執刑人數減少
  • a black market emerged:黑市出現
  • bodysnatchers stole corpses:盜屍者偷取屍體

文章指出,過去醫學解剖可使用被處決罪犯的屍體;但 19 世紀執行死刑的人數下降,可取得的屍體數量因而減少。當醫學院仍需要屍體進行教學與研究時,便促成盜屍與販賣屍體的黑市。

因此,最符合文章因果關係的是「由於執刑減少,可取得的屍體變少」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • bodysnatching:盜屍
  • bodysnatcher:盜屍者
  • execution:處決、執刑
  • execute:處決
  • decline:下降、減少
  • corpse:屍體
  • grave:墳墓
  • black market:黑市
  • medical school:醫學院
  • dissection:解剖
  • anatomical:解剖學的
  • specimen:標本
  • prompt:促使、導致
  • available:可取得的、可利用的

文法與語意重點

句型 As + 子句, 主句 可表示「隨著……」或「因為……」。本句:

“As executions declined in the 19th century, a black market emerged.”

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第 35 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

For centuries, real human bodies have played a crucial role in the development of both anatomical science and visual art. From Renaissance engravings to 19th-century medical atlases, artists and surgeons relied on cadavers to produce detailed images of the human body. Yet behind these precise and often beautiful illustrations lie unsettling histories of exploitation and unequal power.

An exhibition titled Beneath the Sheets: Anatomy, Art and Power, held at the Thackray Museum of Medicine in Leeds, examines five centuries of anatomical imagery. Many of the bodies depicted belonged to executed criminals, the poor, or socially marginalised individuals who had no say in how their bodies were used or displayed. One famous example appears in Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp (1632), which portrays the dissection of an executed man whose crime was stealing a winter coat.

Anatomical illustrations were essential to medical education. As 18th-century surgeon John Bell argued, an anatomy book without images was useless. However, the exhibition highlights that these lavishly illustrated books were owned by wealthy collectors, far removed socially from the people whose bodies filled their pages. Advances in printing later made such books even more ornate, turning them into display objects.

Access to bodies was a constant problem. As executions declined in the 19th century, a black market emerged. Bodysnatchers stole corpses from graves and sold them to medical schools, prompting families to take extreme measures to protect the dead. The exhibition ultimately asks viewers to reconsider whose bodies shaped medical knowledge — and at what cost.

Which idea is implied in the final sentence?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「推論題」(inference question),重點是從文章最後的問題句,推導作者真正要讀者思考的社會意涵,而非只尋找表面明示的資訊。

文章反覆呈現以下對比:

  • 人體與醫學知識、藝術發展密切相關。
  • 被解剖、描繪或展示的人,多為死刑犯、窮人或社會邊緣者。
  • 這些人通常無法決定自己的身體如何被使用。
  • 醫學書籍與解剖圖譜則主要由富有的收藏家擁有。

因此,文章不只是在介紹解剖學與藝術史,也在批判「醫學知識的形成,與社會階級不平等及權力差異有關」。

關鍵句定位與翻譯

文章最後一句為:

The exhibition ultimately asks viewers to reconsider whose bodies shaped medical knowledge — and at what cost.

翻譯:

這場展覽最終要求觀眾重新思考:究竟是哪些人的身體形塑了醫學知識,以及這項知識的取得付出了什麼代價。

句中的兩個重點是:

  • whose bodies shaped medical knowledge:哪些人的身體成為醫學知識的基礎。
  • at what cost:這一過程付出了什麼代價,尤其暗示倫理代價、剝削與不平等。

這句並非表示醫學研究完全沒有價值,而是要求讀者注意:醫學進步可能建立在弱勢者無法自主同意、甚至遭受剝削的情況上。由此可推論,社會不平等已經融入醫學知識的形成過程。

解題方法

先判斷最後一句的語氣與功能:

  • reconsider 表示「重新思考」,通常代表作者希望讀者超越表面事實,進一步反省某個問題。
  • whose 指向「哪些人受到影響」以及「哪些人的身體被使用」。
  • at what cost 指向背後的倫理、權力與社會代價。

再回頭整合全文:

  1. 人體促成解剖學與藝術的發展。
  2. 人體來源多為死刑犯、窮人和社會邊緣者。
  3. 這些人沒有決定身體用途的權力。
  4. 醫學圖譜卻成為富人收藏與展示的物品。
  5. 19 世紀甚至出現盜墓取屍的黑市。

所以,作者的核心推論是:醫學知識並非在完全平等、正當的條件下形成,而是受到階級差異與權力不對等影響。

選項分析

(A) Medical progress justified all practices.
醫學進步使所有做法都合理。

錯誤。文章明確使用 unsettling histories of exploitation and unequal power,指出其中存在令人不安的剝削歷史與權力不平等。作者要求觀眾反思研究所付出的代價,並不是替所有做法辯護。

(B) Artistic value outweighed ethical concerns.
藝術價值超越了倫理疑慮。

錯誤。文章雖然提到解剖圖像「精確且美麗」(precise and often beautiful),也提到醫學書籍變得華麗,但這些藝術價值正與人體遭到剝削的歷史形成對照。全文沒有表示美學價值可以凌駕倫理問題,反而強調兩者之間的衝突。

(C) The dead benefited from being studied.
死者因為被研究而受益。

錯誤。文中描述的死者包括被處決的罪犯、窮人及社會邊緣者,他們多半無法同意自己的遺體被使用。文章關注的是他們遭受利用及剝削,而不是死者從研究中獲得利益。

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第 36 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Bangladesh, a South Asian country with over 170 million people, remains largely off the typical tourist map despite its natural and cultural attractions. It boasts vast mangrove forests, UNESCO-listed Sundarbans, rolling tea-covered hills in Sreemangal, and Cox’s Bazar, often described as the world’s longest natural sea beach. Yet in 2024, only 650,000 international visitors arrived, far fewer than neighboring India or Sri Lanka.

Local tour operators attribute this to negative perceptions. Many associate Bangladesh with natural disasters, political unrest, or poverty, obscuring its diverse landscapes and authentic experiences. Advocates of tourism encourage visitors to explore both urban centers, like Dhaka, and rural areas, highlighting markets, riverside villages, and community-based homestays. Tourists can witness daily life, from floating fruit markets to tea plantations, gaining insights into the country’s economy, including its textile and shipbuilding industries.

Tourism is also seen as a tool for economic development. By creating jobs in eco-tourism and homestays, more locals can benefit from visitor spending, offering alternatives to underpaid or dangerous labor. Security and political instability remain concerns. Some areas, especially near the Myanmar border, are restricted, and civil unrest occasionally occurs. Nevertheless, experienced travelers and adventure tourists continue to visit, drawn by the promise of off-the-beaten-track experiences and the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage. With improved infrastructure, visas-on-arrival, and growing international interest, Bangladesh is gradually emerging as a unique destination for explorers willing to look beyond traditional travel routes.

Which of the following best describes Bangladesh’s tourism situation?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為英文閱讀理解,考查考生:

  • 能否掌握文章主旨
  • 能否根據關鍵句判斷作者對孟加拉觀光現況的描述
  • 能否辨識選項是否符合文章內容,避免以文章未提及的資訊推論

文章核心指出:孟加拉擁有豐富的自然與文化景觀,但因負面印象、治安與政治問題等因素,國際遊客人數仍然偏少,因此在觀光上仍被大幅忽略。

解題方法

先找出第一段總結孟加拉觀光現況的句子:

“Bangladesh ... remains largely off the typical tourist map despite its natural and cultural attractions.”

意思是:

「儘管孟加拉擁有自然與文化景觀,仍大致未被列入一般旅客的旅遊版圖。」

其中:

  • remain:仍然是、持續處於某種狀態
  • largely:大致上、主要地
  • off the typical tourist map:不在一般旅客常去的旅遊地圖上,意指鮮少被觀光客注意
  • despite:儘管,即使
  • natural and cultural attractions:自然與文化景點

文章接著以數據支持這項觀點:

“Yet in 2024, only 650,000 international visitors arrived, far fewer than neighboring India or Sri Lanka.”

意思是:

「然而,2024 年只有 65 萬名國際旅客抵達,遠少於鄰近的印度或斯里蘭卡。」

因此,文章主旨是「孟加拉雖有觀光魅力,卻仍未受到充分重視」,與選項 (B) 完全相符。

關鍵字與片語

  • boast:擁有,以某事物引以為傲
  • vast mangrove forests:廣大的紅樹林
  • UNESCO-listed:列入聯合國教科文組織名錄的
  • rolling tea-covered hills:綿延起伏、覆滿茶園的山丘
  • negative perceptions:負面觀感
  • obscure:掩蓋、使不明顯
  • authentic experiences:真實且道地的體驗
  • community-based homestays:以社區為基礎的民宿
  • economic development:經濟發展
  • underpaid or dangerous labor:低薪或危險的勞動工作
  • political instability:政治不穩定
  • restricted:受到限制、禁止進入
  • off-the-beaten-track experiences:非主流、非熱門路線的旅遊體驗
  • heritage:文化遺產、傳統
  • emerge as:逐漸成為
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第 37 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Bangladesh, a South Asian country with over 170 million people, remains largely off the typical tourist map despite its natural and cultural attractions. It boasts vast mangrove forests, UNESCO-listed Sundarbans, rolling tea-covered hills in Sreemangal, and Cox’s Bazar, often described as the world’s longest natural sea beach. Yet in 2024, only 650,000 international visitors arrived, far fewer than neighboring India or Sri Lanka.

Local tour operators attribute this to negative perceptions. Many associate Bangladesh with natural disasters, political unrest, or poverty, obscuring its diverse landscapes and authentic experiences. Advocates of tourism encourage visitors to explore both urban centers, like Dhaka, and rural areas, highlighting markets, riverside villages, and community-based homestays. Tourists can witness daily life, from floating fruit markets to tea plantations, gaining insights into the country’s economy, including its textile and shipbuilding industries.

Tourism is also seen as a tool for economic development. By creating jobs in eco-tourism and homestays, more locals can benefit from visitor spending, offering alternatives to underpaid or dangerous labor. Security and political instability remain concerns. Some areas, especially near the Myanmar border, are restricted, and civil unrest occasionally occurs. Nevertheless, experienced travelers and adventure tourists continue to visit, drawn by the promise of off-the-beaten-track experiences and the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage. With improved infrastructure, visas-on-arrival, and growing international interest, Bangladesh is gradually emerging as a unique destination for explorers willing to look beyond traditional travel routes.

Which of the following is closest in meaning with “boasts” in the first paragraph?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「語境推論」。解題重點不是只背單字,而是根據動詞在句中的搭配與上下文,判斷最接近的意思。

句中:

It boasts vast mangrove forests, UNESCO-listed Sundarbans, rolling tea-covered hills in Sreemangal, and Cox’s Bazar...

可翻譯為:

它擁有廣大的紅樹林、被聯合國教科文組織列名的孫德爾本斯、斯里曼加爾覆滿茶園的丘陵,以及科克斯巴札爾……

此處的 boasts 並非「吹牛」,而是指某地「擁有、以……為特色、以……聞名」。

解題方法

先觀察動詞後方的受詞:

  • vast mangrove forests
  • UNESCO-listed Sundarbans
  • rolling tea-covered hills
  • Cox’s Bazar

這些都是孟加拉的自然與文化景觀,屬於可供觀光的特色,不可能是抽象的幻想、迷惑或制定。因此,應選擇能表達「具有、呈現、以……為特色」的動詞。

在旅遊文章中,boast 常用來形容某地擁有值得驕傲或引人注目的特色,例如:

  • The city boasts beautiful beaches.
    這座城市擁有美麗的海灘。
  • The museum boasts an impressive collection.
    這座博物館以豐富的收藏為特色。

本題官方答案為 features,在此語境中可理解為「具有……特色、以……為特色」。

選項分析

(A) fantasizes

fantasize 意為「幻想、想像」,通常指人在心中想像不真實或理想化的事物。自然景觀不會「幻想」紅樹林、茶園丘陵或海灘,因此不符合主詞 Bangladesh 的語意。

(B) fascinates

fascinate 意為「使著迷、使深深吸引」,通常用法為:

Something fascinates someone.
某事物使某人著迷。

若代入原句,會變成「孟加拉使廣大的紅樹林和海灘著迷」,主客體關係不合理。即使想表達「景觀很吸引人」,也應使用 fascinates visitors,不能直接接這些景點作受詞。

(C) features

feature 作動詞時,意為「以……為特色、展現、包括」。原句是在列舉孟加拉具有的自然景觀,因此:

Bangladesh features vast mangrove forests and other attractions.

可理解為:

孟加拉以廣大的紅樹林及其他景點為特色。

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第 38 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Bangladesh, a South Asian country with over 170 million people, remains largely off the typical tourist map despite its natural and cultural attractions. It boasts vast mangrove forests, UNESCO-listed Sundarbans, rolling tea-covered hills in Sreemangal, and Cox’s Bazar, often described as the world’s longest natural sea beach. Yet in 2024, only 650,000 international visitors arrived, far fewer than neighboring India or Sri Lanka.

Local tour operators attribute this to negative perceptions. Many associate Bangladesh with natural disasters, political unrest, or poverty, obscuring its diverse landscapes and authentic experiences. Advocates of tourism encourage visitors to explore both urban centers, like Dhaka, and rural areas, highlighting markets, riverside villages, and community-based homestays. Tourists can witness daily life, from floating fruit markets to tea plantations, gaining insights into the country’s economy, including its textile and shipbuilding industries.

Tourism is also seen as a tool for economic development. By creating jobs in eco-tourism and homestays, more locals can benefit from visitor spending, offering alternatives to underpaid or dangerous labor. Security and political instability remain concerns. Some areas, especially near the Myanmar border, are restricted, and civil unrest occasionally occurs. Nevertheless, experienced travelers and adventure tourists continue to visit, drawn by the promise of off-the-beaten-track experiences and the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage. With improved infrastructure, visas-on-arrival, and growing international interest, Bangladesh is gradually emerging as a unique destination for explorers willing to look beyond traditional travel routes.

What is the article mainly about?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀測驗主旨判斷」與「文章細節整合」。

判斷主旨時,須綜合:

  1. 首段提出的核心現象;
  2. 各段反覆說明的原因與背景;
  3. 結尾對全文的總結。

文章核心不是單一景點、貧窮問題或天災,而是說明:孟加拉擁有豐富的自然與文化資源,卻只有相對少量的國際旅客,並分析造成此現象的原因及未來發展。


解題方法

首段先提出主要現象:

“Yet in 2024, only 650,000 international visitors arrived, far fewer than neighboring India or Sri Lanka.”

翻譯:然而,2024 年只有 65 萬名國際旅客抵達孟加拉,遠少於鄰近的印度或斯里蘭卡。

這句直接指出孟加拉「國際旅客人數相對少」。

第二段接著說明主要原因:

“Local tour operators attribute this to negative perceptions.”

翻譯:當地旅行業者將這種情況歸因於負面觀感。

文中列出的負面印象包括:

  • natural disasters:自然災害
  • political unrest:政治動亂
  • poverty:貧窮

第三、四段則補充安全、政治不穩定、交通基礎建設與簽證等因素,並說明孟加拉如何透過觀光促進經濟發展。

因此,全文主旨是「解釋孟加拉為何吸引到的旅客相對少」,答案為 E。


題幹與文章中的語意重點

1. remain largely off the typical tourist map

意為「大致仍不在一般觀光客的旅遊版圖上」,表示孟加拉不是主流旅遊目的地。

2. natural and cultural attractions

意為「自然與文化景點/吸引力」。

3. boast

意為「擁有,引以為傲」。此處表示孟加拉擁有許多自然景觀。

4. far fewer than

意為「遠少於」。
此片語是比較級用法,直接支持孟加拉觀光客人數偏少。

5. attribute A to B

意為「將 A 歸因於 B」。

文中:

“Local tour operators attribute this to negative perceptions.”

其中 this 指前文「國際旅客人數很少」的現象;negative perceptions 指外界對孟加拉的負面印象。

6. obscure

意為「掩蓋,使……不明顯」。
負面印象掩蓋了孟加拉多樣的景觀與真實的旅遊體驗。

7. off-the-beaten-track experiences

意為「非主流路線的體驗、遠離熱門景點的旅行經驗」。

8. Nevertheless

意為「然而,不過」。
此轉折表示即使有安全與政治問題,仍有經驗豐富的旅客及冒險型觀光客前往。

9. relatively few

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第 39 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Bangladesh, a South Asian country with over 170 million people, remains largely off the typical tourist map despite its natural and cultural attractions. It boasts vast mangrove forests, UNESCO-listed Sundarbans, rolling tea-covered hills in Sreemangal, and Cox’s Bazar, often described as the world’s longest natural sea beach. Yet in 2024, only 650,000 international visitors arrived, far fewer than neighboring India or Sri Lanka.

Local tour operators attribute this to negative perceptions. Many associate Bangladesh with natural disasters, political unrest, or poverty, obscuring its diverse landscapes and authentic experiences. Advocates of tourism encourage visitors to explore both urban centers, like Dhaka, and rural areas, highlighting markets, riverside villages, and community-based homestays. Tourists can witness daily life, from floating fruit markets to tea plantations, gaining insights into the country’s economy, including its textile and shipbuilding industries.

Tourism is also seen as a tool for economic development. By creating jobs in eco-tourism and homestays, more locals can benefit from visitor spending, offering alternatives to underpaid or dangerous labor. Security and political instability remain concerns. Some areas, especially near the Myanmar border, are restricted, and civil unrest occasionally occurs. Nevertheless, experienced travelers and adventure tourists continue to visit, drawn by the promise of off-the-beaten-track experiences and the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage. With improved infrastructure, visas-on-arrival, and growing international interest, Bangladesh is gradually emerging as a unique destination for explorers willing to look beyond traditional travel routes.

Which of the following best reflects the overall tone of the passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章整體語氣(overall tone)」判斷。解題重點不是只看某一個句子,而是綜合全文的:

  • 作者對主題的基本態度
  • 正面與負面資訊的比例
  • 文章結尾呈現的方向
  • 語氣是否帶有批判、諷刺、幽默、冷漠等特色

本文介紹孟加拉的觀光潛力,雖然提到治安、政治不穩定與負面國際印象等問題,但整體仍強調其自然景觀、文化特色、經濟效益與未來發展,因此語氣是「樂觀但謹慎」。


關鍵單字與片語

  • tourist map:觀光客常去的旅遊版圖
  • natural and cultural attractions:自然與文化景點
  • boast:擁有,以……自豪
  • mangrove forest:紅樹林
  • UNESCO-listed:列入聯合國教科文組織名錄的
  • rolling hills:起伏的丘陵
  • natural sea beach:天然海灘
  • international visitors:國際旅客
  • negative perceptions:負面觀感
  • political unrest:政治動亂
  • obscure:掩蓋,使……不明顯
  • diverse landscapes:多樣的地貌
  • authentic experiences:真實而道地的體驗
  • community-based homestay:社區型民宿
  • gain insights into:深入了解
  • economic development:經濟發展
  • eco-tourism:生態旅遊
  • underpaid labor:低薪勞動
  • dangerous labor:危險勞動
  • security:治安
  • political instability:政治不穩定
  • off-the-beaten-track experience:非主流、少有人走的旅遊體驗
  • cultural and natural heritage:文化與自然遺產
  • infrastructure:基礎建設
  • visa-on-arrival:落地簽證
  • emerge as:逐漸成為
  • look beyond:超越、不受限於

解題方法

判斷文章語氣時,可先分辨全文中的正面訊息與負面訊息。

本文的正面內容包括:

  1. 孟加拉擁有紅樹林、茶園丘陵、長海灘等自然景觀。
  2. 當地具有市場、河岸村落、民宿等真實文化體驗。
  3. 觀光能創造生態旅遊與民宿工作機會。
  4. 文章指出國際旅客與外界興趣正在增加。
  5. 基礎建設改善,並有落地簽證等便利措施。
  6. 孟加拉「逐漸成為」獨特的旅遊目的地。

本文的負面內容包括:

  1. 目前國際旅客人數仍偏少。
  2. 外界常把孟加拉與天災、政治動亂、貧窮聯想在一起。
  3. 部分地區受到限制。
  4. 還是有社會動亂與治安疑慮。

因此,文章並非完全正面歌頌,而是在肯定觀光潛力的同時,也提醒讀者注意現實風險,最符合 optimistic yet cautious。


定位答案的關鍵句

文章後段寫道:

“Security and political instability remain concerns.”

意思是:「治安與政治不穩定仍然是令人擔憂的問題。」

這句呈現出文章的謹慎面向。

但文章結尾又寫道:

“With improved infrastructure, visas-on-arrival, and growing international interest, Bangladesh is gradually emerging as a unique destination for explorers willing to look beyond traditional travel routes.”

意思是:「隨著基礎建設改善、落地簽證的提供,以及國際關注度增加,孟加拉正逐漸成為一個獨特的旅遊目的地,吸引願意超越傳統旅遊路線的探索者。」

這句清楚呈現樂觀展望,說明該國觀光正在成長。因此,前文的風險提醒與結尾的發展前景合併後,整體語氣就是「樂觀但謹慎」。


選項分析

(A) Optimistic yet cautious

意思是「樂觀但謹慎」。

此選項正確。文章一方面強調孟加拉的自然景觀、文化體驗、觀光就業機會、基礎建設改善與國際興趣增加,展現樂觀態度;

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第 40 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Bangladesh, a South Asian country with over 170 million people, remains largely off the typical tourist map despite its natural and cultural attractions. It boasts vast mangrove forests, UNESCO-listed Sundarbans, rolling tea-covered hills in Sreemangal, and Cox’s Bazar, often described as the world’s longest natural sea beach. Yet in 2024, only 650,000 international visitors arrived, far fewer than neighboring India or Sri Lanka.

Local tour operators attribute this to negative perceptions. Many associate Bangladesh with natural disasters, political unrest, or poverty, obscuring its diverse landscapes and authentic experiences. Advocates of tourism encourage visitors to explore both urban centers, like Dhaka, and rural areas, highlighting markets, riverside villages, and community-based homestays. Tourists can witness daily life, from floating fruit markets to tea plantations, gaining insights into the country’s economy, including its textile and shipbuilding industries.

Tourism is also seen as a tool for economic development. By creating jobs in eco-tourism and homestays, more locals can benefit from visitor spending, offering alternatives to underpaid or dangerous labor. Security and political instability remain concerns. Some areas, especially near the Myanmar border, are restricted, and civil unrest occasionally occurs. Nevertheless, experienced travelers and adventure tourists continue to visit, drawn by the promise of off-the-beaten-track experiences and the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage. With improved infrastructure, visas-on-arrival, and growing international interest, Bangladesh is gradually emerging as a unique destination for explorers willing to look beyond traditional travel routes.

Who would be most engaged by the passage’s content?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨與適合讀者判斷」。解題重點不是尋找文章提到的單一景點,而是統整全文反覆呈現的核心內容:

  • 孟加拉擁有豐富的自然與文化景觀。
  • 目前仍屬於較少人造訪的旅遊地點。
  • 適合喜歡探索非主流旅遊路線的旅客。
  • 文章也提到生態旅遊、鄉村生活、社區民宿、冒險旅遊,以及安全與政治情勢。

因此,最符合全文內容的讀者,應是喜歡文化、自然及非傳統旅遊體驗的冒險型旅客。

解題方法

題目問:

Who would be most engaged by the passage’s content?
哪一類讀者最會對本文內容感興趣?

判斷方法是找出文章的「主軸描述」,再與選項進行整體比對。本文並非專門介紹美食、都市街區、原住民族工藝或溫泉地形,而是強調:

“experienced travelers and adventure tourists continue to visit, drawn by the promise of off-the-beaten-track experiences and the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage.”

翻譯為:

「經驗豐富的旅客與冒險型觀光客仍持續造訪,因為他們受到非主流旅遊體驗,以及該國豐富文化與自然遺產的吸引。」

這一句直接點出本文最主要的目標讀者:

  • experienced travelers:有經驗的旅客
  • adventure tourists:冒險型觀光客
  • off-the-beaten-track experiences:非主流、較少人走的旅遊體驗
  • cultural and natural heritage:文化與自然遺產

因此答案為喜歡探索文化與自然、且願意走非典型旅遊路線的冒險型旅客。

選項分析

(A) Adventurous travelers exploring culture and nature off the beaten path.

喜歡探索非主流路線的冒險型旅客,尋訪文化與自然景觀。

正確。此選項完整對應文章末段的關鍵概念:

  • “adventure tourists”
  • “off-the-beaten-track experiences”
  • “rich cultural and natural heritage”

全文介紹紅樹林、茶園、海灘、鄉村、河岸村落、市場與社區民宿,都是自然與文化探索活動,與本選項高度吻合。

(B) Tourists interested in culinary experiences and local gastronomy.

對烹飪體驗與地方美食有興趣的旅客。

錯誤。文章提到 floating fruit markets(漂浮水果市場),但這只是日常生活與地方經濟的例子,並未介紹:

  • 傳統料理
  • 地方飲食文化
  • 烹飪課程
  • 美食景點
  • 當地餐飲特色

單獨看到 “fruit markets” 不能推論本文主題是美食旅遊。選項只抓到文章中的局部名詞,未掌握全文主旨。

(C) Backpackers exploring urban neighborhoods and street culture.

探索都市街區與街頭文化的背包客。

錯誤。文章確實提到 Dhaka(達卡)等都市中心,也鼓勵旅客探索城市與鄉村;但是本文同樣甚至更強調:

  • 農村地區
  • 紅樹林
  • 茶園
  • 海灘
  • 河岸村落
  • 社區民宿
  • 生態旅遊

因此文章並非聚焦於都市街區或街頭文化。再者,本文使用的是 “experienced travelers and adventure tourists”,沒有特別鎖定 backpackers(背包客)。

(D) Travelers eager to experience indigenous communities and crafts.

渴望體驗原住民族社群與工藝的旅客。

錯誤。文章談到 local communities(地方社區)、community-based homestays(社區型民宿)與 textile industries(紡織產業),但沒有提到:

  • indigenous communities:原住民族社群
  • indigenous crafts:原住民族工藝
  • 傳統手工藝體驗
  • 原住民族文化活動

“community-based homestays” 的 community 是「地方社區」,不等於 indigenous communities。這是本選項的語意誤置。

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第 41 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, released on January 7, introduced several notable changes. The updated document is considerably shorter than earlier versions, and its primary visual aid has shifted from the familiar plate-based model back to a pyramid shape — this time inverted. Under this revised framework, protein, dairy, and healthy fats occupy the most prominent position, while whole grains are placed at the narrowest point.

Despite the administration’s claim that the guidelines represent an unprecedented overhaul of federal nutrition policy, many nutrition scientists argue the core advice — emphasizing whole, nutrient-rich foods and limiting added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat — remains largely consistent with prior recommendations. Some experts worry that exaggerating the novelty of the guidelines may erode public confidence in nutrition science.

Controversy surrounds both the content and the process. Alongside the updated guidelines, the government released a supplementary document called the Scientific Foundation, produced by a separate nine-member paid committee without public comment. This document criticized the original advisory committee for incorporating a health equity perspective. For the first time, children aged ten and under are advised to avoid added sugar entirely.

Experts have identified several internal contradictions. While the guidelines retain the ten-percent limit on saturated fat, they simultaneously endorse full-fat dairy, red meat, and animal-derived cooking fats — a combination nutritionists say would inevitably exceed that threshold. The recommended daily protein intake also surpasses established scientific reference values without sufficient supporting evidence. Additionally, downplaying fortified grain products raises concerns about adequate folate intake, which is vital for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy.

Which of the following titles best captures the central focus of the passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是英文閱讀測驗中的「主旨與標題判斷題」,重點在於辨認文章整體討論的對象與作者態度,而不是只抓住某一個細節。

判斷標題時,須掌握三項原則:

  1. 標題必須涵蓋全文主要內容。
  2. 標題不能只聚焦於單一段落或單一細節。
  3. 文章若同時介紹政策內容、專家反應與爭議,標題應包含「反應」及「爭議」等概括性概念。

本文主要介紹 2025 年美國新版飲食指南,並集中說明各界對其內容、制定程序及科學依據的質疑,因此正確標題應能涵蓋「新版指南受到的反應與爭議」。


文章主旨與定位答案的句子

最能直接定位答案的是第二段開頭:

Despite the administration’s claim that the guidelines represent an unprecedented overhaul of federal nutrition policy, many nutrition scientists argue the core advice ... remains largely consistent with prior recommendations.

儘管政府宣稱這些指南代表聯邦營養政策前所未有的全面改革,許多營養科學家卻認為,其核心建議與先前的建議大致一致。

以及第三段開頭:

Controversy surrounds both the content and the process.

這些指南的內容與制定過程都引發爭議。

最後一段又列出多項專家質疑,包括飽和脂肪標準與推薦食物互相矛盾、蛋白質攝取量缺乏充分證據,以及降低強化穀物重要性可能造成葉酸攝取不足。

因此,全文不是單純介紹飲食指南的內容,而是以新版指南為核心,整理其引發的專家反應與各項爭議。


解題方法

先觀察各段功能:

  • 第一段:介紹新版指南的形式與主要內容變化。
  • 第二段:說明營養科學家認為其核心建議並未真正大幅改變,並擔心誇大改革會削弱公眾信任。
  • 第三段:指出指南的制定程序及內容引發爭議。
  • 第四段:列舉指南內部矛盾與科學疑慮。

全文的共同主軸是:

新版美國飲食指南+專家反應+政策爭議\text{新版美國飲食指南}+\text{專家反應}+\text{政策爭議}

因此,應選擇能同時涵蓋「反應」與「爭議」的選項,而非只描述食物金字塔、動物性食品或兒童飲食。


選項分析

(A) Reactions to the revised American dietary guidelines and their controversies.

對新版美國飲食指南的反應及其爭議。

正確。此選項完整概括全文:

  • reactions 對應營養科學家與專家的看法,例如認為新版指南並非真正的重大改革,以及擔心誇大改革會削弱大眾信任。
  • controversies 對應指南內容、制定程序、飽和脂肪標準、蛋白質建議及葉酸攝取等問題。
  • revised American dietary guidelines 正是全文討論的中心對象。

此標題涵蓋範圍最完整,且與文章整體語意一致。

(B) A historical survey of federal nutrition policies across five decades.

跨越五十年的聯邦營養政策歷史調查。

錯誤。文章只簡略提到新版指南與過去建議大致一致,並未依時間順序介紹五十年間的政策演變,也沒有提供不同年代的歷史比較。historical survey 與 across five decades 都是選項額外加入、文章未支持的內容。

(C) The food pyramid’s return as a tool for improving children’s diets.

飲食金字塔回歸,作為改善兒童飲食的工具。

錯誤。第一段確實提到視覺化工具由盤式模型改回倒置金字塔,但這只是新版指南的其中一項變化。全文重點並非討論金字塔如何改善兒童飲食。

此外,文章提到兒童十歲以下應完全避免添加糖,這是指南內容之一,並非表示整篇文章專門討論兒童飲食。因此此選項過度限縮主旨。

(D) How animal-based foods are gaining broader acceptance in modern nutrition?

動物性食品如何在現代營養學中獲得更廣泛的接受。

錯誤。文章提到全脂乳製品、紅肉及動物性烹調脂肪,是為了指出它們與飽和脂肪百分之十上限之間的矛盾:

While the guidelines retain the ten-percent limit on saturated fat, they simultaneously endorse full-fat dairy, red meat, and animal-derived cooking fats ...

雖然指南保留飽和脂肪不得超過百分之十的限制,卻同時支持全脂乳製品、紅肉及動物來源的烹調脂肪……

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第 42 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, released on January 7, introduced several notable changes. The updated document is considerably shorter than earlier versions, and its primary visual aid has shifted from the familiar plate-based model back to a pyramid shape — this time inverted. Under this revised framework, protein, dairy, and healthy fats occupy the most prominent position, while whole grains are placed at the narrowest point.

Despite the administration’s claim that the guidelines represent an unprecedented overhaul of federal nutrition policy, many nutrition scientists argue the core advice — emphasizing whole, nutrient-rich foods and limiting added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat — remains largely consistent with prior recommendations. Some experts worry that exaggerating the novelty of the guidelines may erode public confidence in nutrition science.

Controversy surrounds both the content and the process. Alongside the updated guidelines, the government released a supplementary document called the Scientific Foundation, produced by a separate nine-member paid committee without public comment. This document criticized the original advisory committee for incorporating a health equity perspective. For the first time, children aged ten and under are advised to avoid added sugar entirely.

Experts have identified several internal contradictions. While the guidelines retain the ten-percent limit on saturated fat, they simultaneously endorse full-fat dairy, red meat, and animal-derived cooking fats — a combination nutritionists say would inevitably exceed that threshold. The recommended daily protein intake also surpasses established scientific reference values without sufficient supporting evidence. Additionally, downplaying fortified grain products raises concerns about adequate folate intake, which is vital for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy.

According to the passage, what is one distinctive structural feature of the 2025 dietary pyramid?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為閱讀理解題,考查考生:

  • 能否定位文章中的關鍵資訊。
  • 能否理解描述圖表結構的語意。
  • 能否辨認同義改寫與選項中的錯誤資訊。

題目詢問 2025 年飲食金字塔的「distinctive structural feature(特殊的結構特徵)」。關鍵在於文章第一段對新版金字塔外觀與食物排列方式的描述。

關鍵定位句

“its primary visual aid has shifted from the familiar plate-based model back to a pyramid shape — this time inverted.”

翻譯:
它的主要視覺輔助工具,已從人們熟悉的盤子模式改回金字塔形狀,而且這一次是倒轉的。

接著文章明確說明:

“Under this revised framework, protein, dairy, and healthy fats occupy the most prominent position, while whole grains are placed at the narrowest point.”

翻譯:
在這套修訂後的架構中,蛋白質、乳製品與健康脂肪占據最顯著的位置,而全穀類則被放在最狹窄的頂端。

因此,新版飲食金字塔是「倒金字塔」,並將蛋白質、乳製品與脂肪置於最突出的位置。

解題方法

先抓題幹中的關鍵字:

  • distinctive structural feature:特殊的結構特徵
  • dietary pyramid:飲食金字塔
  • prominence:突出性、重要地位
  • upside-down / inverted:上下顛倒的、倒置的

文章已直接提供兩項結構資訊:

  1. 金字塔是倒置的。
  2. 蛋白質、乳製品和健康脂肪位於最顯著的位置。

將這兩項資訊與選項比對,即可選出 (E)。

選項分析

(A) Whole grains are featured at the top to signal their nutritional superiority.
全穀類被放在頂端,以表示其營養上的優越性。

錯誤。文章指出:

“whole grains are placed at the narrowest point.”

全穀類位於最狹窄的位置,並非被放在頂端作為最重要的食物。此外,文章也沒有說全穀類被用來彰顯營養優越性。

(B) The pyramid assigns identical visual weight to every recommended food group.
這座金字塔給予每一個建議食物類別相同的視覺份量。

錯誤。文章明確表示蛋白質、乳製品和健康脂肪占據 “the most prominent position”,而全穀類位於 “the narrowest point”。不同食物類別的視覺位置與份量並不相同,因此不是平等配置。

(C) Plant-based and animal-based foods are placed in two entirely separate sections.
植物性食物和動物性食物被放在完全分開的兩個區域。

錯誤。文章沒有提到金字塔依照植物性與動物性食物分成兩個區域。這是選項自行加入的資訊,無法由文章內容推得。

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第 43 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, released on January 7, introduced several notable changes. The updated document is considerably shorter than earlier versions, and its primary visual aid has shifted from the familiar plate-based model back to a pyramid shape — this time inverted. Under this revised framework, protein, dairy, and healthy fats occupy the most prominent position, while whole grains are placed at the narrowest point.

Despite the administration’s claim that the guidelines represent an unprecedented overhaul of federal nutrition policy, many nutrition scientists argue the core advice — emphasizing whole, nutrient-rich foods and limiting added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat — remains largely consistent with prior recommendations. Some experts worry that exaggerating the novelty of the guidelines may erode public confidence in nutrition science.

Controversy surrounds both the content and the process. Alongside the updated guidelines, the government released a supplementary document called the Scientific Foundation, produced by a separate nine-member paid committee without public comment. This document criticized the original advisory committee for incorporating a health equity perspective. For the first time, children aged ten and under are advised to avoid added sugar entirely.

Experts have identified several internal contradictions. While the guidelines retain the ten-percent limit on saturated fat, they simultaneously endorse full-fat dairy, red meat, and animal-derived cooking fats — a combination nutritionists say would inevitably exceed that threshold. The recommended daily protein intake also surpasses established scientific reference values without sufficient supporting evidence. Additionally, downplaying fortified grain products raises concerns about adequate folate intake, which is vital for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy.

In the second paragraph, the word “erode” most closely means:

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「上下文判斷字義」。關鍵字 erode 是及物動詞,原意為「侵蝕、逐漸磨損」,也可引申為「逐漸削弱、損害」,常用於信心、信任、權威、支持等抽象概念。

常見搭配包括:

  • erode public confidence:削弱大眾信心
  • erode trust:逐漸侵蝕信任
  • erode support:削弱支持
  • erode credibility:損害可信度

本題的 erode public confidence in nutrition science 意為「削弱大眾對營養科學的信心」。

解題方法

定位第二段關鍵句:

Some experts worry that exaggerating the novelty of the guidelines may erode public confidence in nutrition science.

翻譯:

一些專家擔心,誇大這些指南的新穎性,可能會削弱大眾對營養科學的信心。

句中主詞是 exaggerating the novelty of the guidelines,受詞是 public confidence。若政府誇大指南的改革程度,民眾可能因此對營養科學失去信任。因此,erode 必須表達「信心逐漸減弱」的意思。

故選:

to weaken or diminish something steadily and progressively
逐漸且持續地削弱或減少某事物

選項分析

(A) to calculate a quantity with a high degree of precision

意為「以高度精確度計算某個數量」。

這是 calculate precisely 的意思,與計算、數值精準有關;erode 並沒有「計算」之意,且無法合理解釋為「計算大眾對營養科學的信心」。錯誤。

(B) to evaluate objectively by applying standardized criteria

意為「透過標準化標準,客觀評估」。

這是 evaluate objectively 或 assess systematically 的概念,與判斷或評量有關。題幹談的是誇大政策變革可能造成信心下降,並非進行客觀評估。錯誤。

(C) to redirect an issue toward a more constructive resolution

意為「將議題重新導向更具建設性的解決方向」。

這是「重新引導議題」的意思,接近 redirect 或 reframe。原句並未表示將營養科學導向更好的解決方式,而是說公眾信心可能受到損害。錯誤。

(D) to reinforce gradually through consistent repetition over time

意為「透過長期持續重複而逐漸強化」。

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第 44 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, released on January 7, introduced several notable changes. The updated document is considerably shorter than earlier versions, and its primary visual aid has shifted from the familiar plate-based model back to a pyramid shape — this time inverted. Under this revised framework, protein, dairy, and healthy fats occupy the most prominent position, while whole grains are placed at the narrowest point.

Despite the administration’s claim that the guidelines represent an unprecedented overhaul of federal nutrition policy, many nutrition scientists argue the core advice — emphasizing whole, nutrient-rich foods and limiting added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat — remains largely consistent with prior recommendations. Some experts worry that exaggerating the novelty of the guidelines may erode public confidence in nutrition science.

Controversy surrounds both the content and the process. Alongside the updated guidelines, the government released a supplementary document called the Scientific Foundation, produced by a separate nine-member paid committee without public comment. This document criticized the original advisory committee for incorporating a health equity perspective. For the first time, children aged ten and under are advised to avoid added sugar entirely.

Experts have identified several internal contradictions. While the guidelines retain the ten-percent limit on saturated fat, they simultaneously endorse full-fat dairy, red meat, and animal-derived cooking fats — a combination nutritionists say would inevitably exceed that threshold. The recommended daily protein intake also surpasses established scientific reference values without sufficient supporting evidence. Additionally, downplaying fortified grain products raises concerns about adequate folate intake, which is vital for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy.

Which of the following best reflects the author’s implied perspective on the 2025 Dietary Guidelines?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考閱讀測驗中的「作者隱含態度與主旨判讀」。題目不是詢問 2025 年飲食指南的單一內容,而是要求根據全文判斷作者對該指南的整體評價。

判斷作者態度時,應注意:

  • 正面承認:部分建議仍強調天然、營養豐富的食物,並限制添加糖、鈉與飽和脂肪。
  • 轉折與批評:作者使用 Despite、Controversy、internal contradictions、concerns 等語詞,指出指南的創新性被誇大、制定程序缺乏公開評論,且內容彼此矛盾。
  • 整體結論:作者並未否定所有建議,而是認為其中有合理部分,卻因內部矛盾與證據不足而削弱可信度。

因此,最符合全文態度的是「有些建議合理,但整份指南受到矛盾影響」。


解題方法

先找出文章的評價方向,再區分作者是「全面肯定」、「全面否定」,還是「部分肯定、主要批評」。

文中最關鍵的轉折句是:

Despite the administration’s claim that the guidelines represent an unprecedented overhaul of federal nutrition policy, many nutrition scientists argue the core advice ... remains largely consistent with prior recommendations.

翻譯:儘管政府宣稱這些指南代表聯邦營養政策前所未有的大幅改革,許多營養科學家仍認為,其核心建議與過去的建議大致一致。

這句表示作者不接受政府對「重大革新」的誇大說法。

接著,文章明確指出:

Experts have identified several internal contradictions.

翻譯:專家已經發現其中存在數項內部矛盾。

後文列出具體例子:

  1. 指南仍保留飽和脂肪不得超過每日熱量百分之十的限制。
  2. 同時又支持全脂乳製品、紅肉與動物性烹調脂肪。
  3. 這些建議合併後,營養學家認為勢必會超過該上限。
  4. 蛋白質建議量高於既有科學參考值,卻缺乏充分證據。
  5. 淡化強化穀物產品,可能造成葉酸攝取不足,增加孕期神經管缺陷預防上的疑慮。

其中,internal contradictions 與 concerns 直接表明指南存在實質問題;但文章也承認其核心飲食方向並非全然錯誤。因此答案是:

(A) Although some recommendations are sound, the guidelines are weakened by contradictions.

翻譯:儘管部分建議是合理的,這些指南仍因矛盾而受到削弱。


文法與語意重點

  1. implied perspective

implied 是「隱含的、未直接說出的」;perspective 是「觀點、立場」。

題目問的是作者的「整體態度」,必須綜合全文的正面資訊與批判資訊,不能只根據某一段判斷。

  1. Despite + 名詞或動名詞

例如:

Despite the administration’s claim, many nutrition scientists argue ...

Despite 表示「儘管」,引出與主句相反的背景。政府宣稱改革幅度很大,但專家認為核心內容與過去差異不大。

  1. While ..., simultaneously ...

例如:

While the guidelines retain the ten-percent limit on saturated fat, they simultaneously endorse full-fat dairy, red meat, and animal-derived cooking fats.

此處 while 不是「當……時」,而是「雖然、然而」。句子利用對比呈現指南的矛盾:一方面限制飽和脂肪,另一方面卻推薦可能提高飽和脂肪攝取的食物。

  1. would inevitably exceed

inevitably 是「不可避免地、勢必地」;exceed 是「超過」。這組語意強烈指出兩套建議難以同時遵守。

  1. erode public confidence

erode 原意為「侵蝕」,此處指「逐漸削弱」;public confidence 是「大眾信心」。誇大指南的新穎性,可能削弱民眾對營養科學的信任。


關鍵單字與片語

  • dietary guidelines:飲食指南
  • notable changes:顯著的改變
  • considerably shorter:短得多
  • visual aid:視覺輔助工具
  • inverted pyramid:倒金字塔
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第 45 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, released on January 7, introduced several notable changes. The updated document is considerably shorter than earlier versions, and its primary visual aid has shifted from the familiar plate-based model back to a pyramid shape — this time inverted. Under this revised framework, protein, dairy, and healthy fats occupy the most prominent position, while whole grains are placed at the narrowest point.

Despite the administration’s claim that the guidelines represent an unprecedented overhaul of federal nutrition policy, many nutrition scientists argue the core advice — emphasizing whole, nutrient-rich foods and limiting added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat — remains largely consistent with prior recommendations. Some experts worry that exaggerating the novelty of the guidelines may erode public confidence in nutrition science.

Controversy surrounds both the content and the process. Alongside the updated guidelines, the government released a supplementary document called the Scientific Foundation, produced by a separate nine-member paid committee without public comment. This document criticized the original advisory committee for incorporating a health equity perspective. For the first time, children aged ten and under are advised to avoid added sugar entirely.

Experts have identified several internal contradictions. While the guidelines retain the ten-percent limit on saturated fat, they simultaneously endorse full-fat dairy, red meat, and animal-derived cooking fats — a combination nutritionists say would inevitably exceed that threshold. The recommended daily protein intake also surpasses established scientific reference values without sufficient supporting evidence. Additionally, downplaying fortified grain products raises concerns about adequate folate intake, which is vital for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy.

Based on the passage, which course of action would the nutrition experts cited most likely support?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文閱讀測驗中的「主旨整合與推論」。題目問的是:

which course of action would the nutrition experts cited most likely support?
文中提到的營養學專家最支持採取哪一項行動?

解題重點不是尋找單一細節,而是統整文章對新飲食指南的三項批評:

  1. 政策宣稱改革幅度空前,但核心營養建議其實大致延續過去標準。
  2. 制定過程缺乏透明度,補充文件由另一個九人付費委員會製作,且未經公開評論。
  3. 新指南內部存在矛盾,部分建議與既有營養學參考值及公共衛生需求不一致。

因此,專家支持的方向應是「維持透明、以證據為基礎,並符合既有營養標準的制定程序」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • dietary guidelines:飲食指南
  • notable changes:值得注意的改變
  • visual aid:視覺輔助工具
  • inverted pyramid:倒金字塔
  • nutrient-rich foods:富含營養的食物
  • added sugars:添加糖
  • saturated fat:飽和脂肪
  • erode public confidence:削弱大眾信心
  • nutrition science:營養科學
  • controversy surrounds...:……引發爭議
  • supplementary document:補充文件
  • without public comment:未經公開評論
  • health equity perspective:健康公平觀點
  • internal contradictions:內部矛盾
  • fortified grain products:強化穀物製品
  • folate intake:葉酸攝取量
  • neural tube defects:神經管缺陷
  • evidence-guided:以證據為指導
  • established nutritional standards:既有的營養標準
  • dietary recommendations:飲食建議

文法與語意上,題幹的關鍵是 most likely support。這表示答案必須根據全文推論專家所支持的政策方向,而非只找文章中出現過的名詞。

定位答案的關鍵句

文章明確指出:

Some experts worry that exaggerating the novelty of the guidelines may erode public confidence in nutrition science.

翻譯:有些專家擔心,誇大這些指南的新穎程度,可能會削弱大眾對營養科學的信心。

接著文章又指出:

the government released a supplementary document called the Scientific Foundation, produced by a separate nine-member paid committee without public comment.

翻譯:政府發布了一份名為《科學基礎》的補充文件,該文件由另一個九人付費委員會製作,且沒有經過公開評論程序。

全文最後列出多項與營養科學標準不一致的問題,包括飽和脂肪建議與食物內容衝突、蛋白質攝取量缺乏充分證據,以及弱化強化穀物後可能造成葉酸攝取不足。這些內容共同支持:飲食政策應保持公開透明,並遵循既有且經科學支持的營養標準。

解題方法

先判斷文章的立場,再將選項與文章批評逐一比對:

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第 46 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In response to sustained inflationary pressure, Taiwan’s fiscal authorities have moved to recalibrate the individual income tax framework by expanding personal exemptions and statutory deductions beginning in the 2026 tax year. This recalibration reflects an effort to preserve taxpayers’ real purchasing power rather than to overhaul the underlying tax structure. Notably, differentiated exemption levels have been retained, granting enhanced relief to older taxpayers in recognition of their comparatively fixed income profiles.

The cumulative effect of these adjustments is not merely incremental. When standard exemptions, deductions for earned income, and housing-related allowances are aggregated, the threshold at which tax liability arises is substantially elevated. Consequently, certain low- to middle-income households may fall entirely outside the taxable range. From a policy perspective, this outcome signals a shift toward reducing distributional strain without abandoning the principle of broad tax compliance.

That principle, however, remains firmly enforced in the treatment of cross-border income. Tax authorities have reiterated that remuneration earned through employment in Mainland China constitutes reportable income under Taiwan’s tax regime. Although taxes paid abroad may be credited to prevent double taxation, such credits do not negate the obligation to disclose the income itself. Failure to distinguish between tax liability and reporting duty has proven to be a constant source of noncompliance.

A further complication arises from taxpayers’ reliance on digital income inquiry platforms. These systems, while administratively convenient, do not provide comprehensive coverage of offshore earnings. Misinterpreting their scope can lead taxpayers to conclude — incorrectly — that unlisted income is exempt from declaration. In practice, such omissions expose individuals to retroactive assessments and financial sanctions. Thus, even as Taiwan’s tax policy grows more accommodative, it simultaneously underscores the non-negotiable requirement of accurate and complete disclosure.

The phrase “recalibrate the individual income tax framework” most nearly means:

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「片語語意判斷」,重點是根據上下文推測 recalibrate the individual income tax framework 的意思。

  • recalibrate:重新調整、重新校準
  • individual income tax framework:個人所得稅制度/架構
  • overhaul:徹底改革、大幅改造
  • radical restructuring:激進的結構重整

題幹明確指出,此次稅制調整是為了因應通貨膨脹、維持納稅人的實質購買力,並非要徹底改變原有稅制架構。因此,recalibrate 應理解為「在既有制度下進行調整」,而不是完全推翻重建。

解題方法

判斷片語題時,應先拆解關鍵動詞,再利用前後文確認語意:

  1. recalibrate 本身表示重新調整,使其更符合新的情況。
  2. 題幹後文說明:

“This recalibration reflects an effort to preserve taxpayers’ real purchasing power rather than to overhaul the underlying tax structure.”

翻譯為:「這項重新調整反映出政府希望維持納稅人的實質購買力,而不是徹底改革根本的稅制架構。」

  1. rather than 表示「而不是」,直接形成對比:
  • recalibrate:調整、重新校準
  • overhaul:徹底改革

因此,整個片語的意思是「在不大幅重整稅制的情況下調整個人所得稅政策」。

定位答案的關鍵句

“This recalibration reflects an effort to preserve taxpayers’ real purchasing power rather than to overhaul the underlying tax structure.”

翻譯:

「這項重新調整反映出政府希望維持納稅人的實質購買力,而不是徹底改革根本的稅制架構。」

此句幾乎直接對應選項 (B) Adjust tax policy without radical restructuring.

其中:

  • adjust tax policy 對應 recalibrate
  • without radical restructuring 對應 rather than overhaul the underlying tax structure

選項分析

(A) Eliminate existing tax categories.
錯誤。意思是「消除現有的稅務類別」。文章沒有提到刪除或取消既有稅種,反而表示保留不同納稅人的免稅額差異:

“differentiated exemption levels have been retained”

意為「不同的免稅額層級仍被保留」。因此,這與 eliminate 的「消除」不符。

(B) Adjust tax policy without radical restructuring.
正確。意思是「在不進行激進結構重整的情況下調整稅收政策」。這正是 recalibrate 的語意,也符合文章強調「不是 overhaul the underlying tax structure」的說明。

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第 47 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In response to sustained inflationary pressure, Taiwan’s fiscal authorities have moved to recalibrate the individual income tax framework by expanding personal exemptions and statutory deductions beginning in the 2026 tax year. This recalibration reflects an effort to preserve taxpayers’ real purchasing power rather than to overhaul the underlying tax structure. Notably, differentiated exemption levels have been retained, granting enhanced relief to older taxpayers in recognition of their comparatively fixed income profiles.

The cumulative effect of these adjustments is not merely incremental. When standard exemptions, deductions for earned income, and housing-related allowances are aggregated, the threshold at which tax liability arises is substantially elevated. Consequently, certain low- to middle-income households may fall entirely outside the taxable range. From a policy perspective, this outcome signals a shift toward reducing distributional strain without abandoning the principle of broad tax compliance.

That principle, however, remains firmly enforced in the treatment of cross-border income. Tax authorities have reiterated that remuneration earned through employment in Mainland China constitutes reportable income under Taiwan’s tax regime. Although taxes paid abroad may be credited to prevent double taxation, such credits do not negate the obligation to disclose the income itself. Failure to distinguish between tax liability and reporting duty has proven to be a constant source of noncompliance.

A further complication arises from taxpayers’ reliance on digital income inquiry platforms. These systems, while administratively convenient, do not provide comprehensive coverage of offshore earnings. Misinterpreting their scope can lead taxpayers to conclude — incorrectly — that unlisted income is exempt from declaration. In practice, such omissions expose individuals to retroactive assessments and financial sanctions. Thus, even as Taiwan’s tax policy grows more accommodative, it simultaneously underscores the non-negotiable requirement of accurate and complete disclosure.

Why does the passage emphasize “aggregation” of exemptions and deductions?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「指涉關係」與「因果推論」,核心在於理解 aggregation 的語意。

  • aggregation:加總、彙總、合計
  • exemption:免稅額、免除額
  • deduction:扣除額
  • tax liability:納稅義務、應納稅額
  • taxable range:課稅範圍
  • threshold:門檻
  • owe no tax:完全不用繳稅

文章指出,標準免稅額、所得扣除額與住房相關扣除額合計後,開始產生納稅義務的所得門檻會提高。因此,部分低收入至中等收入家庭的所得可能低於課稅門檻,完全不必繳納所得稅。

解題方法

解答關鍵在第二段:

“When standard exemptions, deductions for earned income, and housing-related allowances are aggregated, the threshold at which tax liability arises is substantially elevated. Consequently, certain low- to middle-income households may fall entirely outside the taxable range.”

翻譯:

當標準免稅額、薪資所得扣除額與住房相關扣除額合計後,開始產生納稅義務的門檻便大幅提高。因此,某些低收入至中等收入家庭可能完全落在課稅範圍之外。

前一句說明「加總免稅額與扣除額」會使課稅門檻提高;後一句用 Consequently(因此)帶出結果:某些家庭完全不在課稅範圍內,也就是不必繳稅。

因此,文章強調 aggregation,是要說明各項免稅額與扣除額合併計算後,如何使部分納稅人不再產生應納稅額。

選項分析

(A) To explain how tax filing becomes more complicated.
說明報稅如何變得更加複雜。

錯誤。文章雖提到跨境所得申報及數位所得查詢平台可能造成誤解,但 aggregation 所在段落的重點不是報稅程序變複雜,而是各項扣除額合計後提高課稅門檻。

(B) To illustrate why some taxpayers may owe no tax.
說明為什麼有些納稅人可能完全不用繳稅。

正確。免稅額與扣除額合計後,課稅門檻提高,部分低收入至中等收入家庭的所得可能低於該門檻,因此完全落在課稅範圍之外。這正是 Consequently 所引出的直接結果。

(C) To justify higher penalties for misreporting.
合理化對錯誤申報處以更高刑罰。

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第 48 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In response to sustained inflationary pressure, Taiwan’s fiscal authorities have moved to recalibrate the individual income tax framework by expanding personal exemptions and statutory deductions beginning in the 2026 tax year. This recalibration reflects an effort to preserve taxpayers’ real purchasing power rather than to overhaul the underlying tax structure. Notably, differentiated exemption levels have been retained, granting enhanced relief to older taxpayers in recognition of their comparatively fixed income profiles.

The cumulative effect of these adjustments is not merely incremental. When standard exemptions, deductions for earned income, and housing-related allowances are aggregated, the threshold at which tax liability arises is substantially elevated. Consequently, certain low- to middle-income households may fall entirely outside the taxable range. From a policy perspective, this outcome signals a shift toward reducing distributional strain without abandoning the principle of broad tax compliance.

That principle, however, remains firmly enforced in the treatment of cross-border income. Tax authorities have reiterated that remuneration earned through employment in Mainland China constitutes reportable income under Taiwan’s tax regime. Although taxes paid abroad may be credited to prevent double taxation, such credits do not negate the obligation to disclose the income itself. Failure to distinguish between tax liability and reporting duty has proven to be a constant source of noncompliance.

A further complication arises from taxpayers’ reliance on digital income inquiry platforms. These systems, while administratively convenient, do not provide comprehensive coverage of offshore earnings. Misinterpreting their scope can lead taxpayers to conclude — incorrectly — that unlisted income is exempt from declaration. In practice, such omissions expose individuals to retroactive assessments and financial sanctions. Thus, even as Taiwan’s tax policy grows more accommodative, it simultaneously underscores the non-negotiable requirement of accurate and complete disclosure.

What is the author’s main point about taxes paid in Mainland China?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與「細節判讀」,重點在於辨認文章對於「在中國大陸繳納的稅款」所作的限制性說明:

  • 在中國大陸繳稅,可能可以在台灣申報時主張稅額抵免,以避免重複課稅。
  • 但「稅額抵免」只影響實際應繳稅額,不代表納稅人可以免除向台灣申報該筆所得的義務。

因此,文章的核心意思是:境外繳稅不會消除所得申報義務。

解題方法

題目問:

What is the author’s main point about taxes paid in Mainland China?
作者對於在中國大陸繳納的稅款,主要指出什麼?

解題時應直接尋找文章中談到 Mainland China 與 tax reporting 的句子。關鍵句為:

Although taxes paid abroad may be credited to prevent double taxation, such credits do not negate the obligation to disclose the income itself.

翻譯:

儘管在境外繳納的稅款可能可以用來避免重複課稅,但這類稅額抵免並不會取消申報該筆所得本身的義務。

句中的對比關係十分明確:

  • may be credited:可能可以抵免
  • to prevent double taxation:為了避免重複課稅
  • do not negate:不會消除、不會使……失效
  • the obligation to disclose the income:申報所得的義務

文章接著又說:

Tax authorities have reiterated that remuneration earned through employment in Mainland China constitutes reportable income under Taiwan’s tax regime.

翻譯:

稅務機關再次強調,在中國大陸工作所獲得的報酬,依台灣稅制屬於必須申報的所得。

由此可知,作者強調的是「境外繳稅」與「所得申報」是兩個不同層次的問題。即使境外稅款可抵免,仍須向台灣申報所得。

關鍵單字與片語

  • taxes paid abroad:在境外繳納的稅款
  • be credited:獲得抵免
  • prevent double taxation:避免重複課稅
  • negate:否定、取消、使……失效
  • obligation:義務
  • disclose income:申報所得、揭露所得
  • reportable income:必須申報的所得
  • remuneration:報酬、薪資所得
  • tax regime:稅制
  • tax liability:納稅義務、應納稅額
  • reporting duty:申報義務
  • offshore earnings:境外所得
  • retroactive assessments:追溯補稅、補徵稅款
  • financial sanctions:財務制裁、罰鍰等處分

文法與語意重點

本題最重要的文法結構是:

Although A, B.

這是讓步副詞子句,表示「雖然 A,但是 B」。

套用到原文:

  • Although taxes paid abroad may be credited...
    雖然境外繳納的稅款可以抵免……
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第 49 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In response to sustained inflationary pressure, Taiwan’s fiscal authorities have moved to recalibrate the individual income tax framework by expanding personal exemptions and statutory deductions beginning in the 2026 tax year. This recalibration reflects an effort to preserve taxpayers’ real purchasing power rather than to overhaul the underlying tax structure. Notably, differentiated exemption levels have been retained, granting enhanced relief to older taxpayers in recognition of their comparatively fixed income profiles.

The cumulative effect of these adjustments is not merely incremental. When standard exemptions, deductions for earned income, and housing-related allowances are aggregated, the threshold at which tax liability arises is substantially elevated. Consequently, certain low- to middle-income households may fall entirely outside the taxable range. From a policy perspective, this outcome signals a shift toward reducing distributional strain without abandoning the principle of broad tax compliance.

That principle, however, remains firmly enforced in the treatment of cross-border income. Tax authorities have reiterated that remuneration earned through employment in Mainland China constitutes reportable income under Taiwan’s tax regime. Although taxes paid abroad may be credited to prevent double taxation, such credits do not negate the obligation to disclose the income itself. Failure to distinguish between tax liability and reporting duty has proven to be a constant source of noncompliance.

A further complication arises from taxpayers’ reliance on digital income inquiry platforms. These systems, while administratively convenient, do not provide comprehensive coverage of offshore earnings. Misinterpreting their scope can lead taxpayers to conclude — incorrectly — that unlisted income is exempt from declaration. In practice, such omissions expose individuals to retroactive assessments and financial sanctions. Thus, even as Taiwan’s tax policy grows more accommodative, it simultaneously underscores the non-negotiable requirement of accurate and complete disclosure.

The author’s attitude toward digital income inquiry systems can best be described as:

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者態度判斷」,重點是辨認文章對某一事物的整體評價,並判斷選項的語氣強弱是否與原文一致。

本題對象是 digital income inquiry systems(數位所得查詢系統)。作者對它的看法同時包含兩個面向:

  • 肯定其行政上的便利性。
  • 警告其資料不完整,使用者若誤以為未列出的境外所得不必申報,可能遭補稅及處罰。

因此,作者並非全盤肯定,也不是完全否定,而是「審慎地予以肯定」,即 cautious approval。


解題方法

判斷作者態度時,應先找出直接描述該對象的句子,再觀察:

  1. 是否出現正面評價?
  2. 是否同時出現限制、警告或負面後果?
  3. 選項的程度是否過強或過弱?

定位答案的關鍵句為:

These systems, while administratively convenient, do not provide comprehensive coverage of offshore earnings.
這些系統雖然在行政上相當便利,卻無法完整涵蓋境外所得。

其中:

  • while administratively convenient 表示作者承認系統具有便利性,帶有有限度的正面評價。
  • do not provide comprehensive coverage 表示系統有明顯限制,資料並不完整。

後文又指出:

Misinterpreting their scope can lead taxpayers to conclude — incorrectly — that unlisted income is exempt from declaration.
誤解這些系統的涵蓋範圍,可能使納稅人錯誤地認為,未列出的所得免於申報。

作者並非主張系統毫無價值,而是提醒使用者不可過度依賴。因此最精確的態度是:

cautious approval
審慎的肯定、保留條件的認可


文章語意與文法重點

1. while + 形容詞/分詞片語

while administratively convenient 是省略主詞與 be 動詞的讓步副詞子句,完整形式可理解為:

while these systems are administratively convenient

意思是「雖然這些系統在行政上很便利」。

此處的 while 不是「當……時」,而是「雖然……但是……」,引導讓步關係。

2. not ... comprehensive

do not provide comprehensive coverage 表示「沒有提供完整涵蓋」。

  • comprehensive:全面的、完整的
  • coverage:涵蓋範圍、覆蓋程度
  • offshore earnings:境外所得、海外收入

作者承認系統有用,但明確指出其功能有限。

3. lead A to conclude that ...

lead taxpayers to conclude that ... 表示「使納稅人得出……的結論」。

此句中的 incorrectly 插入破折號之間,特別強調該結論是錯誤的:

未出現在平台上的所得,並不代表免於申報。

4. expose A to B

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第 50 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In response to sustained inflationary pressure, Taiwan’s fiscal authorities have moved to recalibrate the individual income tax framework by expanding personal exemptions and statutory deductions beginning in the 2026 tax year. This recalibration reflects an effort to preserve taxpayers’ real purchasing power rather than to overhaul the underlying tax structure. Notably, differentiated exemption levels have been retained, granting enhanced relief to older taxpayers in recognition of their comparatively fixed income profiles.

The cumulative effect of these adjustments is not merely incremental. When standard exemptions, deductions for earned income, and housing-related allowances are aggregated, the threshold at which tax liability arises is substantially elevated. Consequently, certain low- to middle-income households may fall entirely outside the taxable range. From a policy perspective, this outcome signals a shift toward reducing distributional strain without abandoning the principle of broad tax compliance.

That principle, however, remains firmly enforced in the treatment of cross-border income. Tax authorities have reiterated that remuneration earned through employment in Mainland China constitutes reportable income under Taiwan’s tax regime. Although taxes paid abroad may be credited to prevent double taxation, such credits do not negate the obligation to disclose the income itself. Failure to distinguish between tax liability and reporting duty has proven to be a constant source of noncompliance.

A further complication arises from taxpayers’ reliance on digital income inquiry platforms. These systems, while administratively convenient, do not provide comprehensive coverage of offshore earnings. Misinterpreting their scope can lead taxpayers to conclude — incorrectly — that unlisted income is exempt from declaration. In practice, such omissions expose individuals to retroactive assessments and financial sanctions. Thus, even as Taiwan’s tax policy grows more accommodative, it simultaneously underscores the non-negotiable requirement of accurate and complete disclosure.

Which inference is best supported by the final paragraph?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「段落推論」與語意判讀,重點是分辨:

  • tax relief:減輕稅負、提供租稅優惠
  • legal responsibility:法律責任
  • reporting duty:申報義務
  • tax liability:納稅義務或應納稅責任

文章最後一段強調:即使政府提供較寬鬆的稅務措施,納稅人仍須完整、正確申報境外所得。租稅優惠只影響稅負高低,不代表可以免除法定申報責任。


解題方法

題目問:

Which inference is best supported by the final paragraph?
最後一段最能支持下列哪一項推論?

解題關鍵是找出最後一段的「對比關係」:

Thus, even as Taiwan’s tax policy grows more accommodative, it simultaneously underscores the non-negotiable requirement of accurate and complete disclosure.

翻譯為:

因此,即使臺灣的稅務政策變得更加寬鬆,也同時凸顯了正確且完整申報這項不可妥協的要求。

句中的 even as 表示「即使、當……的同時」,建立「政策較寬鬆」與「申報責任仍然存在」的對比;non-negotiable requirement 則表示「不可討價還價、不可免除的要求」。

因此,最合理的推論是:稅務政策變得較為寬鬆,並不會消除納稅人的法律責任。


答案定位句

Although taxes paid abroad may be credited to prevent double taxation, such credits do not negate the obligation to disclose the income itself.

翻譯:

雖然在外國繳納的稅款可以用來抵免,以避免重複課稅,但這種抵免並不會否定申報該筆所得本身的義務。

以及:

Misinterpreting their scope can lead taxpayers to conclude — incorrectly — that unlisted income is exempt from declaration.

翻譯:

誤解這些系統的涵蓋範圍,可能使納稅人錯誤地認為,未列出的所得可以免於申報。

這兩句共同說明:稅額抵免與線上查詢資料的不完整,都不能作為免除申報責任的理由。


選項分析

(A) Tax penalties are becoming less severe.
「稅務處罰正變得較不嚴格。」

錯誤。文章指出漏報境外所得可能導致:

retroactive assessments and financial sanctions

意為「追溯補稅與金錢制裁」。文中沒有表示處罰減輕,反而強調漏報會產生實際法律與財務後果。

(B) Taxpayers are expected to rely solely on online systems.
「政府期待納稅人完全依賴線上系統。」

錯誤。文章明確指出數位所得查詢平台:

do not provide comprehensive coverage of offshore earnings

意為「無法完整涵蓋境外所得」。因此,納稅人不能只依賴線上系統,仍有自行確認並完整申報的責任。solely(完全地、僅僅)使本選項的說法過度絕對。

(C) Greater tax relief increases the risk of noncompliance.
「更大的租稅減免提高了不遵守規定的風險。」

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第 Essay Writing 題20 分

Write an essay of at least 200 words in an appropriate style on the following topic.

Advanced medical technologies can save lives, but some are energy-intensive and contribute to a larger carbon footprint. Discuss whether a medical university should consider environmental costs when conducting certain tests or experiments. Propose clear criteria for decision-making and give specific examples of situations where sustainability could affect teaching and learning.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查的是英文議論文(argumentative essay)的寫作能力,重點不在醫學專業知識,而在於能否:

  1. 清楚表達立場:醫學大學是否應將環境成本納入部分檢驗或實驗的決策。
  2. 提出具體判準:不能只說「要重視環保」,必須說明何時應優先考量醫療效益,何時可採取低碳替代方案。
  3. 使用具體例子:將 sustainability 與教學、實驗設計、設備使用連結。
  4. 以適當結構組織文章:引言、理由與判準、具體例子、結論。
  5. 維持正式語氣與邏輯銜接,避免只列舉觀點而缺乏論證。

題目中的核心衝突是:

medical benefitsvs.environmental costs\text{medical benefits} \quad \text{vs.} \quad \text{environmental costs}

也就是「救命的醫療價值」與「能源消耗及碳排放」之間的平衡。


題幹定位與語意重點

題目最重要的指示句是:

Discuss whether a medical university should consider environmental costs when conducting certain tests or experiments. Propose clear criteria for decision-making and give specific examples of situations where sustainability could affect teaching and learning.

翻譯:

討論醫學大學在進行某些檢驗或實驗時,是否應考量環境成本;提出明確的決策標準,並舉出永續性可能影響教學與學習的具體情境。

這句話包含三個必答任務:

  • Discuss whether:必須表明是否同意,並解釋理由。
  • Propose clear criteria:必須提出清楚、可操作的判斷標準。
  • Give specific examples:必須舉出具體情境,不能只使用抽象口號。

因此,最穩定的立場是:

醫學大學應考量環境成本,但環境因素不應凌駕於病人安全、重大疾病研究與必要醫療訓練之上。

這種立場兼顧正反兩面,適合議論文寫作,也能完整回應題目要求。


關鍵單字與片語

英文中文意義
advanced medical technologies先進醫療科技
save lives挽救生命
energy-intensive高耗能的
contribute to促成、導致
carbon footprint碳足跡
environmental costs環境成本
conduct a test or experiment進行檢驗或實驗
decision-making criteria決策標準
medical necessity醫療必要性
patient safety病人安全
educational value教育價值
low-carbon alternatives低碳替代方案
resource consumption資源消耗
clinical training臨床訓練
sustainability永續性
teaching and learning教學與學習
laboratory equipment實驗室設備
energy efficiency能源效率
waste disposal廢棄物處理
ethical responsibility倫理責任
long-term consequences長期後果
balance A against B權衡 A 與 B
reduce unnecessary repetition減少不必要的重複
use simulations使用模擬訓練
recycle materials回收材料

文法與語意重點

1. when conducting... 是省略的分詞片語

題目中的:

when conducting certain tests or experiments

完整形式可還原為:

when they are conducting certain tests or experiments

主詞為 a medical university 所代表的學校相關人員,因此省略 they are 後形成分詞片語。

2. energy-intensive 是複合形容詞

energy-intensive 表示「需要大量能源的」,其中 -intensive 可表示「密集使用某種資源」。

例如:

  • labor-intensive:勞力密集的
  • capital-intensive:資本密集的
  • energy-intensive:能源密集的

3. where sustainability could affect... 是關係副詞子句

題目中的:

situations where sustainability could affect teaching and learning

意為:

永續性可能影響教學與學習的情境

where 修飾 situations,不是單純表示地點,而是表示「在某些情況下」。

4. should consider 表示規範性主張

題目詢問的是學校「是否應該」考量環境成本,因此文章中可使用:

  • should consider
  • ought to evaluate
  • must take into account
  • should not ignore

這些句型能明確表達立場。

5. 議論文常用的因果與讓步連接詞

  • Although:雖然
  • However:然而
  • Therefore:因此
  • For example:例如
  • In contrast:相較之下
  • As a result:結果
  • In addition:此外
  • Ultimately:最終而言

解題方法

第一步:確立中心論點

開頭直接回答題目,不要花太多篇幅介紹全球暖化。最穩定的 thesis statement 是:

A medical university should consider environmental costs, but only after ensuring that patient safety and essential medical education are protected.

意思是:

醫學大學應考量環境成本,但前提是病人安全與必要的醫學教育受到保障。

第二步:提出決策標準

可使用以下四項判準:

  1. 醫療必要性:檢驗或實驗是否攸關生命、重大疾病或關鍵臨床決策。
  2. 替代方案:是否存在同樣有效但耗能較低的方式。
  3. 教育價值:該活動是否能提供無法由模擬或數位教材取代的學習經驗。
  4. 資源與排放程度:耗電量、耗材量、廢棄物及設備使用時間是否合理。

可將判斷原則寫成:

優先執行程度∝醫療必要性+教育價值環境成本\text{優先執行程度} \propto \frac{\text{醫療必要性}+\text{教育價值}} {\text{環境成本}}

這不是實際計算公式,而是幫助文章建立邏輯:必要性與教育價值越高,越有理由使用高耗能設備;環境成本越高,越需要尋找替代方案。

第三步:加入具體例子

例子必須同時呈現「醫療或教學目的」與「永續考量」。

可用的例子包括:

  • MRI、CT 等高耗能影像設備:必要的臨床訓練仍應保留,但可集中排課、降低空轉時間。
  • 動物實驗:若研究目的可由細胞模型或電腦模擬完成,應優先採用替代方法。
  • 實驗室教學:可使用虛擬模擬讓學生先熟悉流程,再進行次數較少的實體實驗。
  • 一次性耗材:可用可重複使用的訓練器材取代部分教學用耗材,但涉及感染控制時仍須遵守安全規範。

第四步:結論重申平衡原則

結論不可只寫:

In conclusion, sustainability is important.

應明確指出:

Environmental responsibility should guide medical education, but it should never eliminate training that is essential for saving lives.

如此能再次扣合「環境責任」與「救命醫療」兩項主題。


參考作文

Balancing Medical Education and Environmental Responsibility

Advanced medical technologies have greatly improved diagnosis, treatment, and medical education. However, many of these technologies consume large amounts of electricity and produce considerable waste. In my view, a medical university should consider environmental costs when conducting certain tests or experiments, but environmental concerns should not compromise patient safety or essential medical training.

The university should use several clear criteria in its decision-making. First, it should evaluate medical necessity. A test that is essential for diagnosing a life-threatening disease shoul

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