國立中興大學 115 年 《英文》

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第 1 題2 分

After the rain stopped, the sun began to ____ from behind the dark clouds.

(A) emerge
(B) conceal
(C) vanish
(D) sweep

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查動詞的字義辨析,以及動詞與語境的搭配。

句意為:雨停後,太陽開始從烏雲後方____出來。

空格前為 began to + 原形動詞,因此四個選項在文法形式上皆可接入,真正的判斷關鍵在於語意:

  • emerge:出現、浮現、露出
  • conceal:隱藏、遮掩
  • vanish:消失
  • sweep:掃過、席捲

太陽位於烏雲後方,雨停後逐漸露出,最符合語意的是 emerge。

解題方法

定位題幹關鍵片語:

After the rain stopped, the sun began to ____ from behind the dark clouds.
雨停後,太陽開始從烏雲後方____出來。

其中 from behind the dark clouds 表示「從烏雲後方出來」。主詞是 the sun,搭配「從某處出現、露出」時,使用 emerge from。

完整句子為:

After the rain stopped, the sun began to emerge from behind the dark clouds.
雨停後,太陽開始從烏雲後方露出來。

文法與語意重點

  1. begin to + 原形動詞

begin to V 表示「開始做某事」,例如:

  • begin to rain:開始下雨
  • begin to rise:開始上升
  • begin to emerge:開始出現
  1. emerge from + 地點/遮蔽物

emerge from 表示「從……出現、浮現、露出」,常用於人、物體、陽光或抽象事物:

  • The moon emerged from behind the clouds.
    月亮從雲層後方露出來。
  • A figure emerged from the darkness.
    一個身影從黑暗中出現。
  1. from behind the dark clouds

behind 表示「在……後方」,from behind 表示「從……後方」。這個片語明確暗示太陽原本被烏雲遮住,之後逐漸露出。

選項分析

(A) emerge:出現、浮現、露出

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第 2 題2 分

Moving to a new country was a ____ change for the family, but they eventually felt at home.

(A) drastic
(B) trivial
(C) nonchalant
(D) brittle

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「單字辨義」與「語意搭配」。

題幹中的關鍵名詞是 change(改變),空格需要填入能修飾 change 的形容詞。句意指出:全家搬到新國家是一項很大的改變,但最後仍逐漸適應並產生家的感覺。

drastic 表示「劇烈的、徹底的、重大的」,常用來描述影響很大的改變,例如:

  • a drastic change:劇烈的改變
  • drastic measures:激烈的措施
  • a drastic increase:大幅增加

因此,a drastic change 是符合語意與搭配的片語。

解題方法

定位題幹中的語意線索:

Moving to a new country was a ____ change for the family, but they eventually felt at home.
搬到一個新的國家對這個家庭而言是一項__的改變,但他們最後仍逐漸有了在家的感覺。

「搬到新的國家」涉及生活環境、文化、語言與人際關係等多方面的變動,屬於影響深遠的重大改變。後半句的 but they eventually felt at home 表示雖然一開始面臨很大的適應變化,最後仍然適應環境。

所以空格應選擇表示「劇烈、重大」的 drastic。

選項分析

(A) drastic 劇烈的、徹底的、重大的

與 change 搭配自然,表示「劇烈的改變」。搬到新的國家確實會造成生活上的重大轉變,符合題幹語意。

(B) trivial 微不足道的、瑣碎的

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第 3 題2 分

The company decided to ____ the old building and replace it with a modern park.

(A) envision
(B) demolish
(C) preserve
(D) inhabit

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:語意判斷與動詞搭配

本題考查動詞的字義,以及動詞與受詞之間的語意搭配。

題幹描述公司要處理一棟「老舊建築」,並在原址改建「現代化公園」。因此,第一個動作應是「拆除建築物」,才能進行後續改建。

句型為:

The company decided to demolish the old building and replace it with a modern park.
公司決定拆除那棟老舊建築,並以一座現代化公園取代它。

其中 decide to + 原形動詞 表示「決定做某事」;demolish 與 replace 由 and 連接,構成兩個並列動作。

解題方法

先抓住語境中的關鍵線索:

  • the old building:老舊建築
  • replace it with a modern park:以現代化公園取代它

若要用公園取代建築物,必須先將建築物拆掉。因此答案應選擇表示「拆除、摧毀建築物」的動詞。

關鍵單字與片語

  • company:公司
  • decide to V:決定做某事
  • demolish:拆除、拆毀,通常用於建築物
  • old building:老舊建築
  • replace A with B:以 B 取代 A
  • modern park:現代化公園
  • envision:想像、設想
  • preserve:保存、保護
  • inhabit:居住於、棲息於

選項分析

(A) envision

envision 是「想像、設想」,例如:

She envisions a better future.
她想像一個更美好的未來。

此處公司不是單純想像老建築,而是要實際處理建築物,並將其改建為公園,因此語意不合。

(B) demolish

demolish 是「拆除、拆毀」,特別常用於建築物、牆壁等大型結構,例如:

The workers demolished the abandoned house.
工人拆除了那棟廢棄房屋。

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第 4 題2 分

The treatment aims to ____ kidney function to its normal, fully healthy state.

(A) restore
(B) replace
(C) prevent
(D) improve

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查醫學英文中的動詞語意辨析,以及固定搭配:

restore A to B:使 A 恢復至 B 的狀態

題幹中的關鍵概念是「腎功能回復到正常且完全健康的狀態」,因此應使用 restore。

文法上,句型為:

aim to + 原形動詞

因此空格必須填入動詞原形。

題幹定位與翻譯

原文:

The treatment aims to ____ kidney function to its normal, fully healthy state.

翻譯:

這項治療旨在使腎功能恢復到正常且完全健康的狀態。

其中 to its normal, fully healthy state 明確表示「回到原本正常、健康的狀態」,是判斷答案的關鍵線索。

解題方法

先觀察空格後的結構:

____ kidney function to its normal state

能自然搭配「A to 某種狀態」,且具有「恢復、使回復」意義的動詞是:

restore kidney function to its normal state

完整句子為:

The treatment aims to restore kidney function to its normal, fully healthy state.

語意是「治療的目標是讓已受損的腎功能恢復正常」,與題幹完全相符。

選項分析

(A) restore 恢復,使復原

restore A to B 表示「使 A 恢復到 B 的狀態」,常用於功能、健康、秩序、原貌等恢復。

例如:

  • restore health:恢復健康
  • restore normal function:恢復正常功能
  • restore kidney function to its normal state:使腎功能恢復正常

本題描述腎功能從異常狀態回復至完全健康狀態,故 restore 正確。

(B) replace 取代,更換

replace 表示以新的事物取代原有事物,例如:

  • replace a damaged kidney:更換受損的腎臟
  • replace the battery:更換電池
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第 5 題2 分

If laboratory samples are not handled properly, they may become ____ and give inaccurate results.

(A) purified
(B) isolated
(C) sterilized
(D) contaminated

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查實驗室情境中的語意判斷與關鍵單字辨析。

若實驗室樣本沒有被妥善處理,外來的微生物、化學物質或其他不應存在的物質可能進入樣本,使樣本受到污染,進而導致檢驗結果不準確。此概念以 contaminated 表示。

題幹關鍵句:

If laboratory samples are not handled properly, they may become ____ and give inaccurate results.
如果實驗室樣本沒有被妥善處理,它們可能會受到污染,並產生不準確的結果。

其中:

  • laboratory samples:實驗室樣本
  • be handled properly:被妥善處理
  • become:變得、變成
  • give inaccurate results:產生不準確的結果

解題方法

先觀察句意中的因果關係:

「樣本未被妥善處理」→\rightarrow「樣本發生某種不良變化」→\rightarrow「檢驗結果不準確」。

在實驗室中,造成樣本檢驗失準的典型原因是樣本遭到外來物質或微生物污染,因此空格應填入表示「受污染的」的形容詞。

句型為:

may become+形容詞\text{may become}+\text{形容詞}

四個選項皆可作為形容詞或過去分詞形容詞使用,但只有 contaminated 符合「樣本受到污染而影響結果」的語意。

選項分析

(A) purified

  • purified:被純化的、被提純的。
  • 指透過處理去除雜質,使物質更加純淨。
  • 「樣本被純化」通常不會造成不準確結果,反而可能是實驗流程的一部分,因此與題幹的負面因果不符。
  • 錯誤原因:語意與「未妥善處理而導致結果不準確」不合。

(B) isolated

  • isolated:被隔離的、被分離的。
  • 可指將某個成分從混合物中分離出來,或將樣本與外界隔離。
  • 樣本被隔離本身不代表樣本受到污染,也無法直接解釋為何會產生不準確結果。
  • 錯誤原因:雖與實驗室操作有關,但不符合題幹所描述的失準原因。

(C) sterilized

  • sterilized:被滅菌的。
  • 指利用高溫、化學藥劑或其他方式殺死樣本或器具中的微生物。
  • 滅菌通常是避免污染、維持實驗準確性的措施;樣本被滅菌並不等於受到污染。
  • 錯誤原因:語意方向相反。
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第 6 題2 分

Poor ____ with prescribed medications and lifestyle changes reduced the effectiveness of the treatment.

(A) potency
(B) regulation
(C) compliance
(D) composition

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查醫療情境中的關鍵字義與固定搭配,尤其是 compliance with 的用法。

  • compliance:遵從、依從;醫療上指病人按照醫囑服藥、配合治療或遵守生活型態調整。
  • prescribed medications:處方藥物、醫師開立的藥物。
  • lifestyle changes:生活型態改變,例如飲食控制、規律運動、戒菸。
  • reduce the effectiveness of the treatment:降低治療的有效性。

題幹指出,病人沒有良好遵從服藥與生活調整的要求,因此治療效果下降。

解題方法

先判斷空格後的介系詞搭配:

compliance with prescribed medications and lifestyle changes

「遵從醫師開立的藥物使用方式及生活型態調整」正是醫療英文中常見的語意。

完整句意為:

Poor compliance with prescribed medications and lifestyle changes reduced the effectiveness of the treatment.
對處方藥物及生活型態改變的遵從度不佳,降低了治療的有效性。

文法上,主詞為 Poor compliance。核心名詞 compliance 為不可數單數名詞,因此動詞使用過去式 reduced,表示「降低了」。

選項分析

(A) potency

potency 意為「效力、效價、效能」,常用來描述藥物本身產生作用的強弱。

例如:

  • the potency of the drug:藥物的效力
  • high-potency medication:高效力藥物

題幹要表達的是病人沒有依照醫囑服藥及改變生活習慣,而不是藥物本身效力不足。因此 poor potency with medications 不符合語意,也不是自然搭配。

(B) regulation

regulation 意為「規範、管制、調節」,可指政府規定、制度規範或生理調節。

例如:

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第 7 題2 分

Long-standing high blood pressure, known as ____, significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

(A) obesity
(B) diabetes
(C) hypertension
(D) inflammation

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查醫學英文單字的語意辨識,以及同位語結構。

題幹中的關鍵片語是:

Long-standing high blood pressure, known as ____, significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
長期存在的高血壓,即所稱的「____」,會顯著增加心血管疾病的風險。

其中,long-standing high blood pressure 已直接說明「長期的高血壓」,後面的 known as ____ 是補充說明,要求填入「高血壓」的醫學正式名稱。

高血壓的英文是 hypertension。

長期血壓升高會使血管壁持續承受較大壓力,造成血管內皮損傷、動脈硬化及心臟負荷增加,因此提高冠心病、心肌梗塞、心衰竭與中風等心血管疾病的風險。

解題方法

先抓同義對應:

  • high blood pressure = 高血壓
  • hypertension = 高血壓的醫學名詞

題幹使用 known as,意思是「被稱為、稱作」。因此句意為:

「長期的高血壓,被稱為 hypertension,會顯著增加心血管疾病的風險。」

答案必須是能直接對應 high blood pressure 的醫學名詞,故選 (C) hypertension。

文法與語意重點

known as + 名詞 表示「被稱為……」,此處是過去分詞片語,作為插入性的補充說明:

Long-standing high blood pressure, known as hypertension, significantly increases...

完整展開可理解為:

Long-standing high blood pressure, which is known as hypertension, significantly increases...

主句主詞是 Long-standing high blood pressure,動詞是 increases。

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第 8 題2 分

All laboratory ____ was sterilized prior to the experiment.

(A) modules
(B) protocols
(C) formulas
(D) apparatus

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查實驗室相關字彙的語意,以及名詞與動詞的數一致。

句型為:

All laboratory ____ was sterilized prior to the experiment.
所有實驗室的 ____ 都在實驗前完成了滅菌。

空格後接過去式被動語態 was sterilized,表示主詞在語意上必須是可視為單數或不可數的名詞。依照句意,實驗前需要被滅菌的是「實驗器材」,因此答案為 apparatus。

apparatus 可表示「器具、儀器、設備的總稱」,在實驗室語境中常作不可數名詞使用,因此搭配單數動詞 was。

解題方法

先從語意判斷:

  1. 實驗前通常會進行滅菌的是實驗器材。
  2. 「滅菌」的對象應是實體的器具或設備。
  3. 句中的 laboratory ____ 應填入能表示實驗室器材的名詞。
  4. apparatus 正好符合「實驗儀器、器具」之意。

再從文法驗證:

All laboratory apparatus was sterilized.

此處 apparatus 作不可數名詞使用,故使用 was。若要表達多件不同的器具,也可使用複數形 apparatuses,但本題句型明確採用不可數的集合概念。

題幹定位與翻譯

All laboratory apparatus was sterilized prior to the experiment.
所有實驗室器材都在實驗前完成了滅菌。

其中:

  • laboratory:實驗室的
  • apparatus:器具、儀器、設備
  • sterilize:使 стерilize,滅菌、消毒至無微生物
  • prior to:在……之前
  • experiment:實驗

prior to 比 before 稍正式,常見於學術或正式書面語。

選項分析

(A) modules

module 意為「模組、組件、單元」,常用於課程、軟體、機械系統或電子設備的組成單位。

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第 9 題2 分

A diffuse rash appeared across the patient’s torso. What does diffuse most nearly mean here?

(A) Localized
(B) Widespread
(C) Recurrent
(D) Discolored

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考察醫學英文中的字義判斷。diffuse 作形容詞時,意為「廣泛分布的、擴散性的、瀰漫性的」,指某種現象散布於較大的範圍,而非集中在單一部位。

題幹中的 rash 是「皮疹、紅疹」;torso 是「軀幹」,包括胸部、腹部與背部,但不包括頭部和四肢。

題幹定位與翻譯

A diffuse rash appeared across the patient’s torso.

翻譯為:

病人的軀幹上出現了廣泛分布的皮疹。

其中 diffuse 與片語 across the patient’s torso 相互呼應,表示皮疹散布在軀幹的大片區域,因此最接近「廣泛的、散布各處的」。

解題方法

判斷醫學字彙時,先觀察該字修飾的名詞,再利用句中的範圍線索:

  1. diffuse 修飾 rash,描述皮疹的分布情形。
  2. across the patient’s torso 表示皮疹遍及病人的軀幹。
  3. 因此,diffuse 應解作「widespread」,也就是「廣泛分布的」。

選項分析

(A) Localized

localized 意為「局部的、侷限於某一部位的」,與 diffuse 的「廣泛分布」相反。

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第 10 題2 分

The patient showed improvement after ____ treatments administered in sequence, indicating a positive response to therapy.

(A) successive
(B) simultaneous
(C) sporadic
(D) isolated

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查醫療情境中的字義辨析,以及形容詞修飾名詞時的語意搭配。

關鍵片語是:

  • successive:連續的;接續的;一個接著一個的
  • simultaneous:同時發生的
  • sporadic:零星的;偶發的;不規律的
  • isolated:孤立的;單獨的;個別的
  • administer treatment:施予治療
  • in sequence:依序地;按照順序地
  • show improvement:呈現改善
  • positive response to therapy:對治療產生正向反應

解題方法

先定位能直接決定答案的語句:

The patient showed improvement after ____ treatments administered in sequence, indicating a positive response to therapy.
病人在接受依序施行的____治療後呈現改善,顯示其對治療產生正向反應。

題幹中的 administered in sequence 明確表示治療是「按照順序、接續進行」的。能與此語意相符的形容詞是 successive,形成:

successive treatments administered in sequence
依序施行的連續治療

句中空格位於名詞 treatments 前方,因此需要填入形容詞。除了符合詞性,更重要的是必須符合「治療接續進行,病情因而改善」的上下文邏輯。

選項分析

(A) successive:正確

successive 表示「連續的、接續的」,強調事件按照先後順序一個接一個發生。

successive treatments
連續進行的治療

它與 administered in sequence 的語意完全一致,也符合病人在多次治療後改善的情境,因此為正確答案。

(B) simultaneous:錯誤

simultaneous 表示「同時的、同步發生的」,指兩件以上的事情在同一時間進行。

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第 11 題2 分

The vaccine uses a conjugate protein, in which a polysaccharide antigen is covalently attached to a protein carrier, to enhance the immune response. What does conjugate most nearly mean here?

(A) Fragmented into smaller components
(B) Chemically linked to another molecule
(C) Attenuated to reduce pathogenicity
(D) Purified from other components

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是生物醫學語境中的單字辨義,關鍵字是 conjugate。

在疫苗學與生物化學中,conjugate 表示「以化學方式連接、偶聯」,指兩個不同分子透過化學鍵結合。題幹已明確說明:

“a polysaccharide antigen is covalently attached to a protein carrier”
「多醣抗原以共價方式附著在蛋白質載體上。」

因此,conjugate protein 是指「與另一分子以化學鍵連接的蛋白質」,此處具體指多醣抗原與蛋白質載體形成的複合物。

解題方法

直接利用題幹中的定義判斷。

題幹使用關係子句:

“in which a polysaccharide antigen is covalently attached to a protein carrier”

其中:

  • in which:在其中,指前面的 conjugate protein
  • covalently attached:以共價鍵連接、共價附著
  • polysaccharide antigen:多醣抗原
  • protein carrier:蛋白質載體

由此可知,conjugate 的核心語意是「與另一分子連接」,且是透過化學鍵連結,對應 chemically linked to another molecule。

題幹語意與文法重點

原句:

The vaccine uses a conjugate protein, in which a polysaccharide antigen is covalently attached to a protein carrier, to enhance the immune response.

翻譯:

這種疫苗使用一種偶聯蛋白,其中多醣抗原以共價方式連接到蛋白質載體上,以增強免疫反應。

文法上,in which 引導非限定關係子句,補充說明 a conjugate protein 的組成與結構。句中的 to enhance the immune response 是不定詞片語,表示目的,即「為了增強免疫反應」。

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第 12 題2 分

This mutation is known to ____ resistance, giving the organism a new ability to survive antibiotic treatment.

(A) boost
(B) confer
(C) increase
(D) enhance

校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案—校方公布
校方釋疑公告原文(釋疑結果:維持原答案)

resistance 為標準且最精確 (B) confer 經檢視後仍屬適當,無更正

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考兩個重點:

  1. 字義與語意搭配
  2. 生物學語境中的精確用字

題幹中的 mutation(突變)使 organism(生物體)獲得抵抗抗生素的能力,因此空格需要填入「賦予、使具備」之意的動詞。

關鍵片語是:

  • confer resistance:賦予抗性,使具備抵抗力
  • antibiotic resistance:抗生素抗性
  • survive antibiotic treatment:在抗生素治療下存活

題幹定位與翻譯

This mutation is known to ____ resistance, giving the organism a new ability to survive antibiotic treatment.

翻譯為:

已知此突變會賦予抗性,使該生物體獲得在抗生素治療下存活的新能力。

其中,giving the organism a new ability 說明突變帶來一項原本沒有的新特性,因此最精確的動詞是 confer。

解題方法

先觀察句意:

  • 主詞是 This mutation,意為「此突變」。
  • 受詞是 resistance,意為「抗性」。
  • 後面的 giving the organism a new ability 表示突變「賦予」生物體一項新的能力。

confer 的核心意思是「授予、賦予、使某人或某物獲得某種特質」,常與抽象且具有正面效果的名詞搭配,例如:

  • confer resistance:賦予抗性
  • confer immunity:賦予免疫力
  • confer an advantage:帶來優勢
  • confer protection:提供保護
  • confer a benefit:帶來益處

因此,confer resistance 正好符合本題的生物學語境。校方釋疑公告也明確指出,resistance 為標準且最精確,(B) confer 經檢視後仍屬適當,無更正。

此外,文法上 be known to + 原形動詞 表示「已知會……」,因此空格須填入動詞原形:

is known to confer resistance

選項分析

(A) boost

boost 是「提升、促進、增加」,通常強調程度或數量變高,例如:

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第 13 題2 分

Endocrine cells ____ hormones directly into the bloodstream as part of their normal function, rather than through ducts.

(A) inject
(B) secrete
(C) implant
(D) administer

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「內分泌細胞分泌激素」的生物學用語,以及動詞與受詞的語意搭配。

內分泌細胞(endocrine cells)會將激素(hormones)直接釋放到血液中,透過血液循環運送至標的器官;這種作用不需經由導管(ducts)。此動作在英文中使用 secrete,即「分泌」。

相較之下,外分泌腺(exocrine glands)通常會透過導管將分泌物送至體表或體腔,例如唾液腺、汗腺與胰臟的外分泌部分。

解題方法

先掌握句子的生物學定義:

Endocrine cells ____ hormones directly into the bloodstream as part of their normal function, rather than through ducts.

翻譯為:

內分泌細胞會將激素直接分泌到血液中,這是其正常功能的一部分,而不是透過導管完成。

句中主詞是 Endocrine cells,受詞是 hormones,空格需要填入表示「分泌激素」的動詞。英文中最精確且固定的搭配是:

secrete hormones
分泌激素

因此答案為 secrete。

選項分析

(A) inject

inject 是「注射、注入」,通常指以針筒、壓力或外力將液體注入某處,例如:

  • inject medicine into the body:將藥物注射進體內
  • inject fluid into a vein:將液體注入靜脈

內分泌細胞並不是以注射方式將激素送入血液,而是透過細胞本身的分泌機制釋放激素,因此 inject hormones 不符合本句的生理語意。

(B) secrete

secrete 是「分泌」,指細胞或腺體製造並釋放物質,例如激素、酵素、黏液等:

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第 14 題2 分

In a chemical reaction, the solution remained ____, with a pH of seven.

(A) basic
(B) neutral
(C) acidic
(D) reactive

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題結合「酸鹼性判定」與「連綴動詞後接形容詞」兩個重點。

在一般基礎化學的判定中,25∘C25^\circ\mathrm{C} 時:

  • 酸性溶液:pH<7\mathrm{pH}<7
  • 中性溶液:pH=7\mathrm{pH}=7
  • 鹼性溶液:pH>7\mathrm{pH}>7

因此,pH 為 7 的溶液屬於 neutral(中性的)。從化學定義來看,中性溶液中 [HX+]\ce{[H+]} 與 [OHX−]\ce{[OH-]} 相等;純水的自解離可表示為:

HX2O⇌HX++OHX−\ce{H2O <=> H+ + OH-}

在 25∘C25^\circ\mathrm{C} 時,中性條件為:

[HX+]=[OHX−]=1.0 ×10X−7 M\ce{[H+] = [OH-] = 1.0 \times 10^{-7}\ M}

且:

pH=−log⁡[HX+]=7\mathrm{pH}=-\log\ce{[H+]}=7

解題方法

題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:

In a chemical reaction, the solution remained , with a pH of seven.
在一個化學反應中,該溶液維持為
,pH 為 7。

看到 a pH of seven,直接依酸鹼值判斷:

pH=7⇒neutral\mathrm{pH}=7 \Rightarrow \text{neutral}

此外,句中的 remained 是連綴動詞,意為「保持……狀態」,後面應接形容詞作主詞補語。因此 neutral 在語意與文法上都符合:

the solution remained neutral
該溶液維持中性

選項分析

(A) basic:鹼性的

Basic 表示「鹼性的」,通常指:

pH>7\mathrm{pH}>7
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第 15 題2 分

The patient reported abdominal discomfort after the procedure, including cramping and tenderness in the area below the ribs. What does abdominal most nearly mean here?

(A) Concerning digestion
(B) Concerning the lower back
(C) Concerning internal organs
(D) Concerning the stomach area

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查醫學英文單字的語意判讀,核心字為 abdominal。

  • abdomen:腹部,位於胸腔以下、骨盆以上的身體部位。
  • abdominal:腹部的;與腹部有關的。
  • stomach area:胃部一帶、腹部區域。

因此,abdominal discomfort 是「腹部不適」,不是「消化不良」本身。題目將腹部進一步描述為「肋骨以下的區域」,可協助考生定位答案。

解題方法

先觀察題幹中的關鍵語句:

“The patient reported abdominal discomfort after the procedure, including cramping and tenderness in the area below the ribs.”

翻譯為:

「病人在處置後表示腹部不適,包括肋骨以下區域的痙攣與壓痛。」

其中 abdominal 修飾 discomfort,形成名詞片語 abdominal discomfort,意思是「腹部不適」。後面的 the area below the ribs 是對腹部位置的補充說明。

腹部通常包含胃、腸、肝、膽囊等器官所在的區域;在本題選項中,最接近「腹部的」是 concerning the stomach area,故選 (D)。

選項分析

(A) Concerning digestion

意為「與消化有關的」。digestion 是「消化作用」,指食物被分解與吸收的生理過程,並非身體部位。

abdominal 指「腹部的」,重點在位置;選項 A 將身體部位誤解為生理功能,因此錯誤。

(B) Concerning the lower back

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第 16 題2 分

Damage to the spinal cord can result in paralysis or loss of movement. What does spinal most nearly mean?

(A) Related to muscles that produce body movement
(B) Related to the brain and higher mental processes
(C) Related to the backbone and the cord of nerves it protects
(D) Related to nerves throughout the body that transmit signals

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義判斷,重點單字是 spinal。

  • spinal:脊髓的;脊柱的;與脊柱及其所保護的神經組織有關的
  • spinal cord:脊髓
  • spine / backbone:脊柱;脊椎
  • paralysis:癱瘓
  • movement:動作;運動
  • result in:導致;造成
  • damage to:對……的損傷

在醫學英文中,spinal 通常與 spine 或 spinal cord 有關,指「脊柱的、脊髓的」。脊髓位於脊柱之中,負責傳遞腦部與身體之間的神經訊號,因此脊髓受損可能造成癱瘓或動作喪失。

解題方法

先定位題幹中的關鍵搭配:

Damage to the spinal cord can result in paralysis or loss of movement.
脊髓受損可能導致癱瘓或動作喪失。

其中 spinal cord 是固定的醫學名詞,意思是「脊髓」。因此 spinal 的語意必須與「脊柱、脊髓及其神經功能」相關。

四個選項中,只有選項 (C) 同時涵蓋:

  1. backbone:脊柱、脊椎
  2. cord of nerves it protects:脊柱所保護的神經索,即脊髓

所以答案為 (C)。

選項分析

(A) Related to muscles that produce body movement
與產生身體動作的肌肉有關

此描述指向 muscular 或 muscle-related,不是 spinal。肌肉確實參與身體運動,但 spinal 的核心不是肌肉,而是脊柱與脊髓,故錯誤。

(B) Related to the brain and higher mental processes
與大腦及較高階心智活動有關

此描述較接近 cerebral 或 cerebral cortex-related。大腦與記憶、思考、判斷等高階心智活動有關,但 spinal 並不表示「大腦的」,故錯誤。

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第 17 題2 分

The patient shows signs of renal impairment, including reduced urine output, swelling in the legs, and elevated creatinine levels. What does renal most nearly mean here?

(A) Kidney-related
(B) Urinary-related
(C) Bladder-related
(D) Liver-related

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查醫學英文詞義判讀,重點是辨認字根與專業形容詞:

  • renal:腎臟的、與腎臟有關的
  • renal impairment:腎功能受損、腎功能不全
  • urine output:尿液排出量
  • swelling in the legs:腿部腫脹
  • elevated creatinine levels:升高的肌酸酐濃度

renal 源自拉丁文 renes,意指「腎臟」。因此,renal impairment 就是「腎臟功能受損」,不是泛指泌尿系統或膀胱的問題。

解題方法

先定位題幹中直接提示答案的語句:

The patient shows signs of renal impairment, including reduced urine output, swelling in the legs, and elevated creatinine levels.
病人出現腎功能受損的徵象,包括尿量減少、腿部腫脹,以及肌酸酐濃度升高。

句中的 renal impairment 已經明確指出「腎臟功能受損」。此外,尿量減少與肌酸酐升高也都是常見的腎功能異常線索,因此 renal 的意思應為「與腎臟有關的」。

選項分析

(A) Kidney-related

正確。renal 就是「腎臟相關的」。
renal impairment 可翻譯為「腎功能受損」或「腎功能不全」。

(B) Urinary-related

錯誤。urinary 是「與尿液或泌尿系統有關的」,範圍較廣,可能涉及腎臟、輸尿管、膀胱與尿道;但 renal 特別指向「腎臟」。兩者不能完全互換。

(C) Bladder-related

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第 18 題2 分

Smoking causes progressive damage to ____ endothelium of arteries and veins, increasing cardiovascular risk.

(A) neural
(B) vascular
(C) epithelial
(D) muscular

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學英文詞彙」與「語意搭配」。空格位於名詞 endothelium 前方,需要填入能正確描述血管內層組織的形容詞。

Endothelium 指「內皮」,是覆蓋血管內壁的單層扁平細胞層,負責調節血管張力、血液凝固、發炎反應及物質通透性。由於題幹明確提到 arteries and veins(動脈與靜脈),因此答案必須與血管相關。

Vascular endothelium 是固定且常見的醫學搭配,意為「血管內皮」。

解題方法

先抓題幹中的定位線索:

Smoking causes progressive damage to ____ endothelium of arteries and veins, increasing cardiovascular risk.

翻譯:

吸菸會逐漸損傷動脈與靜脈的血管內皮,增加心血管疾病風險。

句中 of arteries and veins 直接限定空格所修飾的 endothelium 屬於血管系統,因此應填入 vascular。

完整句為:

Smoking causes progressive damage to vascular endothelium of arteries and veins, increasing cardiovascular risk.

其中:

  • smoking:吸菸
  • cause:造成;引起
  • progressive:逐漸加重的;進行性的
  • damage:損害;傷害
  • vascular:血管的
  • endothelium:內皮
  • artery:動脈
  • vein:靜脈
  • increase:增加
  • cardiovascular risk:心血管風險

文法上,vascular 是形容詞,修飾名詞 endothelium;整體形成名詞片語 vascular endothelium。

選項分析

(A) neural

neural 意為「神經的」,例如:

  • neural tissue:神經組織
  • neural pathway:神經傳導路徑
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第 19 題2 分

To prevent infection, the surgical field must remain completely ____, free from any microorganisms, throughout the procedure.

(A) isolated
(B) clean
(C) sealed
(D) sterile

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學英文語意與搭配」,核心是判斷手術情境中「完全沒有任何微生物」的精確用字。

  • sterile:無菌的;不含任何活微生物,適用於手術器械、手術區域、敷料等。
  • clean:乾淨的;表示沒有污垢、髒污,但不代表完全沒有微生物。
  • isolated:隔離的;表示與其他人事物分開。
  • sealed:密封的;表示封閉、不讓外界進入。

題幹已用 free from any microorganisms 明確定義空格所需的意思,因此答案必須等同於「無菌的」。

解題方法

先抓關鍵提示:

free from any microorganisms
不含任何微生物

這個片語直接說明 surgical field 必須保持「無菌」,因此填入 sterile:

To prevent infection, the surgical field must remain completely sterile, free from any microorganisms, throughout the procedure.
為了預防感染,手術區域在整個手術過程中都必須保持完全無菌,不含任何微生物。

文法上,句型為:

remain + 形容詞

其中 remain 是連綴動詞,後面接形容詞 sterile,表示「持續處於無菌狀態」。後面的 free from any microorganisms 是補充說明,進一步解釋 sterile 的具體含義。

選項分析

(A) isolated

isolated 意為「隔離的、孤立的」。它強調手術區域與外界、人員或其他區域分開,例如:

  • an isolated patient:被隔離的病人
  • an isolated area:隔離區域

手術區域即使與外界隔離,也不代表其中完全沒有微生物,因此不符合 free from any microorganisms。

(B) clean

clean 意為「乾淨的、清潔的」。一般清潔只能去除可見污垢或降低微生物數量,不能保證完全沒有任何微生物。

在醫學語境中:

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第 20 題2 分

The diagram clearly ____ the anatomy of the human heart, making it easier for students to understand.

🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】

(A) hides
(B) depicts
(C) ignores
(D) obscures

本題附圖正在準備中,以下為原卷對應頁面:
原卷第 3 頁

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞的語意與搭配」。句意為:圖表清楚地____人類心臟的構造,使學生更容易理解。

關鍵字:

  • diagram:圖表、示意圖
  • clearly:清楚地
  • anatomy:解剖構造
  • depict:描繪、呈現
  • make it easier for A to V:使 A 更容易做某事
  • hide / obscure:隱藏、遮蔽,使難以看清
  • ignore:忽略、不理會

解題方法

定位句為:

The diagram clearly ____ the anatomy of the human heart, making it easier for students to understand.
圖表清楚地____人類心臟的解剖構造,使學生更容易理解。

主詞是 The diagram,空格需要填入一個第三人稱單數現在式動詞。後半句 making it easier for students to understand 表示圖表具有幫助理解的正面作用,因此空格應填「描繪、呈現」之意的 depicts。

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第 21 題2 分

Genetic testing identified an enzyme ____ that prevented normal metabolic processing of amino acids.

(A) defect
(B) duplication
(C) enhancement
(D) overproduction

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「語意判斷」與「生物醫學字彙」。關鍵在於後半句:

Genetic testing identified an enzyme ____ that prevented normal metabolic processing of amino acids.
基因檢測確認出一項會阻礙胺基酸正常代謝處理的酵素__。

「prevented normal metabolic processing」表示該酵素存在某種異常或缺陷,導致胺基酸無法正常進行代謝。因此空格應填入表示「缺陷」的名詞 defect。

在文法上,空格位於名詞片語 an enzyme ____ 中,需填入名詞,與 enzyme 組成複合名詞:

  • enzyme defect:酵素缺陷
  • an enzyme defect:一項酵素缺陷

解題方法

先判斷句意中的因果關係:

enzyme abnormality→impaired amino-acid metabolism\text{enzyme abnormality} \rightarrow \text{impaired amino-acid metabolism}

題幹說該異常「阻礙胺基酸正常代謝」,因此需要填入具有負面意義、能表示功能失常的字。

defect 指「缺陷、瑕疵、功能異常」,可用來描述基因、蛋白質或酵素的結構與功能問題。完整句意為:

Genetic testing identified an enzyme defect that prevented normal metabolic processing of amino acids.
基因檢測確認出一項酵素缺陷,而該缺陷阻礙了胺基酸的正常代謝處理。

選項分析

(A) defect:缺陷、缺點、功能異常

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第 22 題2 分

The thyroid ____ plays a central role in regulating metabolic rate.

(A) gland
(B) vessel
(C) tissue
(D) organelle

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查生物學名詞與語意搭配。句意是「甲狀腺在調節代謝率方面扮演核心角色」,其中 thyroid gland 是固定且正確的生理構造名稱。

  • gland:腺體,能製造並分泌荷爾蒙或其他物質的構造。
  • 甲狀腺(thyroid gland)分泌甲狀腺素,主要包括 TX3\ce{T3} 與 TX4\ce{T4},可影響細胞代謝與全身代謝率。

解題方法

先觀察空格前的 thyroid。在生物學與醫學英文中,thyroid gland 是常見固定搭配,意思是「甲狀腺」。

完整句子為:

The thyroid gland plays a central role in regulating metabolic rate.
甲狀腺在調節代謝率方面扮演核心角色。

句型結構如下:

  • The thyroid gland:主詞
  • plays:動詞,主詞為單數,因此使用第三人稱單數形式
  • a central role:扮演核心角色
  • in regulating metabolic rate:在調節代謝率方面

其中 play a role in + V-ing 表示「在……方面扮演角色」,因此語意上需要填入一種能調節代謝的身體構造。甲狀腺正是分泌代謝相關荷爾蒙的腺體。

選項分析

(A) gland(腺體)

正確。thyroid gland 是「甲狀腺」,負責分泌甲狀腺素,對基礎代謝率、體溫與能量消耗具有重要調節作用,符合句意。

(B) vessel(血管;容器)

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第 23 題2 分

Reduced peripheral ____ can delay wound healing in diabetic patients.

(A) texture
(B) transfer
(C) polarity
(D) circulation

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學語境中的字義判斷」與固定搭配。糖尿病患者常因血管病變造成末梢血液循環不良,使傷口獲得的氧氣與營養物質減少,代謝廢物移除也變慢,因此傷口癒合延遲。

題幹中的關鍵搭配是:

  • peripheral circulation:末梢循環、周邊血液循環
  • reduced peripheral circulation:減弱的末梢血液循環、末梢循環不良
  • delay wound healing:延遲傷口癒合
  • diabetic patients:糖尿病患者

解題方法

先觀察空格前的 peripheral。此字常修飾與身體周邊部位或末梢血流有關的名詞,例如:

  • peripheral nerves:周邊神經
  • peripheral vessels:周邊血管
  • peripheral circulation:末梢循環

再根據句意判斷:會造成糖尿病患者傷口癒合延遲的因素,應是末梢血液供應不足。血流減少會使傷口組織缺氧、營養供應不足,免疫細胞與修復物質的運送也受到影響,因此 circulation 最符合醫學語意與搭配。

題幹定位句:

Reduced peripheral circulation can delay wound healing in diabetic patients.

翻譯:

糖尿病患者的末梢循環減弱,可能延遲傷口癒合。

選項分析

(A) texture

texture 意為「質地、觸感、紋理」。

  • 常見搭配:skin texture(皮膚質地)、food texture(食物口感)
  • peripheral texture 不是表示末梢血流的醫學搭配。
  • 「減弱的末梢質地」無法合理說明傷口癒合延遲的生理機轉。

因此錯誤。

(B) transfer

transfer 意為「轉移、傳送、轉帳」,可作名詞或動詞。

  • 常見搭配:data transfer(資料傳輸)、heat transfer(熱傳導)、transfer of oxygen(氧氣的傳送)
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第 24 題2 分

The scientist had to ____ the data carefully to make sure the results were accurate.

(A) mimic
(B) analyze
(C) abandon
(D) invent

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞的語意判斷」與學術研究情境中的常用字彙。

題幹描述科學家為了確認研究結果準確,必須仔細處理資料。符合此語意的動詞是 analyze,意為「分析、解析」。

句型為:

The scientist had to analyze the data carefully to make sure the results were accurate.
科學家必須仔細分析資料,以確保結果是準確的。

其中:

  • have to + 原形動詞:必須……
  • analyze the data:分析資料
  • carefully:仔細地
  • make sure:確保、確認
  • accurate:準確的、正確的
  • results:結果

解題方法

先抓題幹中的目的片語:

to make sure the results were accurate
以確保結果是準確的

若要確認研究結果的準確性,科學家應仔細檢視、整理並判讀資料,因此空格需要具有「分析」意義的動詞。

再觀察文法:

had to + ____ + the data

在 had to 後面必須接原形動詞。四個選項皆符合形式,但只有 analyze 符合研究資料的語境,故選 (B)。

選項分析

  • (A) mimic:模仿、仿效
    mimic the data 表示「模仿資料」,不符合科學家為確認結果而處理資料的語意。科學研究通常是分析資料,不是模仿資料。
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第 25 題2 分

The study covered a time ____ of ten years, tracking patient outcomes from 2010 to 2020.

(A) span
(B) gap
(C) pause
(D) rupture

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考 名詞搭配與語意判斷。

句型為:

a time span of + 時間長度

time span 指「一段期間、時間跨度」,用來表示某件研究、事件或活動持續涵蓋的時間範圍。

題幹明確指出研究追蹤病患結果的時間是 2010 年至 2020 年,共十年,因此應填入表示「時間跨度」的 span。

題幹定位與翻譯

The study covered a time span of ten years, tracking patient outcomes from 2010 to 2020.

翻譯:

這項研究涵蓋了十年的期間,追蹤 2010 年至 2020 年的病患結果。

其中 from 2010 to 2020 直接說明研究涵蓋一段連續的時間範圍,與 time span 的語意完全一致。

解題方法

先觀察空格前後:

a time ____ of ten years

of ten years 是用來說明前面名詞所代表的時間長度。能自然搭配的固定用語是:

a time span of ten years
十年的時間跨度/十年的期間

再根據後半句 tracking patient outcomes from 2010 to 2020 判斷,研究是連續追蹤十年,而非兩個時間點之間的空缺、暫停或破裂。因此選擇表示「一段期間」的 span。

選項分析

(A) span

span 作名詞時表示「跨度、範圍、期間」。time span 是常見搭配,指「時間跨度、持續期間」。

a time span of ten years

意為「十年的期間」,符合研究從 2010 年持續到 2020 年的語境,故為正確答案。

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第 26 題2 分

The biopsy specimen was sent to the laboratory for ____ to identify the underlying disease processes at the cellular level.

(A) pathology examination
(B) diagnostic examination
(C) laboratory analysis
(D) chemical assay

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查醫學英文中的「語意搭配」與專業名詞使用。句意是:將活體組織切片送至實驗室,進行分析,以便在細胞層次辨認造成疾病的病理過程。

關鍵搭配為:

  • biopsy specimen:活體組織檢體、 biopsy 標本
  • be sent to the laboratory:被送到實驗室
  • for + 名詞:為了進行某項處理或檢驗
  • underlying disease processes:潛在的疾病過程、 underlying 病理變化
  • at the cellular level:在細胞層次

活體組織檢體送入實驗室後,通常會經過切片、染色、顯微鏡觀察及其他檢測,統稱為 laboratory analysis。因此空格需填入能自然表示「實驗室分析」的名詞片語。

解題方法

先定位句子的目的結構:

The biopsy specimen was sent to the laboratory for ____ to identify the underlying disease processes at the cellular level.

翻譯:

活體組織檢體被送到實驗室,進行__,以辨認細胞層次的潛在疾病過程。

空格位於介系詞 for 後方,需填入名詞或名詞片語。接著依照語意判斷:

  1. 檢體被送到實驗室,最直接的目的應是「進行實驗室分析」。
  2. 題目強調 at the cellular level,表示檢驗重點是觀察組織與細胞的病理變化。
  3. 「laboratory analysis」語意廣泛且搭配自然,能涵蓋組織切片、染色及顯微鏡分析等程序。

因此答案為 (C) laboratory analysis。

選項分析

(A) pathology examination

字面上可理解為「病理學檢查」,但此搭配不自然。醫學英文通常使用:

  • pathological examination
  • pathologic examination
  • histopathological examination

其中 pathology 是「病理學」這門學科或「病理狀態」,不能自然直接修飾 examination 表示「病理檢查」。本句若選 A,專業搭配不標準,故不選。

(B) diagnostic examination

diagnostic 意為「診斷用的」,diagnostic examination 意為「診斷性檢查」。此片語本身並非完全錯誤,但語意焦點不符:

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第 27 題2 分

The virus primarily targets the ____ tract, causing cough and shortness of breath.

(A) respiratory
(B) circulatory
(C) digestive
(D) immune

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 醫學英文單字
  2. 人體系統與器官的語意判斷
  3. 形容詞修飾名詞的搭配

題幹中的關鍵是:

The virus primarily targets the respiratory tract, causing cough and shortness of breath.
該病毒主要攻擊呼吸道,造成咳嗽與呼吸短促。

「咳嗽」與「呼吸短促」都是呼吸系統受到感染或損傷時的典型症狀,因此空格應填入 respiratory。


解題方法

先觀察空格後的名詞 tract,意為「道、管道、系統」。常見搭配包括:

  • respiratory tract:呼吸道
  • digestive tract:消化道
  • urinary tract:泌尿道
  • gastrointestinal tract:胃腸道

再根據後半句的症狀判斷:

  • cough:咳嗽
  • shortness of breath:呼吸短促、呼吸困難

這兩項都直接指向呼吸系統,因此完整片語為:

the respiratory tract
呼吸道

句中的 causing cough and shortness of breath 是現在分詞片語,補充說明病毒攻擊呼吸道所造成的結果。


關鍵單字與片語

  • virus:病毒
  • primarily:主要地、首要地
  • target:以……為攻擊目標;瞄準
  • tract:道、管道、生理系統
  • respiratory:呼吸的
  • circulatory:循環的
  • digestive:消化的
  • immune:免疫的
  • cough:咳嗽
  • shortness of breath:呼吸短促、呼吸困難
  • cause:造成、導致

文法與語意重點

1. 形容詞修飾名詞

空格位於名詞 tract 前方,因此需要填入形容詞:

  • respiratory + tract
  • digestive + tract

四個選項在詞性上都可作形容詞,但必須進一步依照語意判斷。

2. 動詞 target 的用法

target 可作及物動詞,表示「以……為攻擊目標」:

The virus targets the respiratory tract.
該病毒攻擊呼吸道。

3. 分詞片語 causing

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第 28 題2 分

Before administration, the drug must be ____ with saline to achieve the correct concentration. Select the word that best completes the sentence.

(A) diluted
(B) scattered
(C) weakened
(D) dispersed

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學英文中的語意與固定搭配」,尤其是藥物調製時的 dilute A with B:

  • dilute:以液體稀釋,使溶液濃度降低。
  • saline:生理食鹽水。
  • dilute the drug with saline:用生理食鹽水稀釋藥物。

題幹提到「to achieve the correct concentration(以達到正確濃度)」,直接提示需要透過加入生理食鹽水調整藥物濃度,因此應選表示「稀釋」的 diluted。

解題方法

先觀察句型:

Before administration, the drug must be ____ with saline to achieve the correct concentration.

翻譯:

給藥前,必須將該藥物以生理食鹽水____,以達到正確濃度。

文法上,must be + 過去分詞 構成被動語態:

the drug must be diluted with saline
該藥物必須以生理食鹽水稀釋。

語意上,with saline 表示「使用生理食鹽水作為調製液體」,而「達到正確濃度」表示調整的是藥液的濃度。最精確的動詞是 dilute。

選項分析

(A) diluted 稀釋

正確。dilute 指加入溶劑,使溶液濃度降低;藥物加入生理食鹽水後,可調整至適合注射或給藥的濃度。

常見搭配包括:

  • dilute the drug with saline:以生理食鹽水稀釋藥物
  • dilute the solution with water:以水稀釋溶液
  • a diluted solution:稀釋後的溶液

(B) scattered 分散、散布

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第 29 題2 分

Exposure to certain drugs may interfere with ____ development during early pregnancy.

(A) fetal
(B) embryo
(C) neonatal
(D) postnatal

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「胚胎發育階段的專有名詞」與「語境判斷」。

妊娠早期主要是受精卵分裂、著床及器官形成的胚胎期,此階段的個體稱為 embryo(胚胎)。藥物暴露可能干擾胚胎的正常發育,造成先天性異常,因此最符合題意的是 embryo development。

題幹定位與翻譯

Exposure to certain drugs may interfere with embryo development during early pregnancy.

翻譯:在懷孕早期,接觸某些藥物可能會干擾胚胎的發育。

關鍵片語:

  • exposure to:暴露於……、接觸……
  • certain drugs:某些藥物
  • interfere with:干擾、妨礙
  • development:發育、發展
  • early pregnancy:懷孕早期、妊娠早期

句型為:

主詞+may interfere with+名詞\text{主詞}+\text{may interfere with}+\text{名詞}

其中空格位於名詞 development 前,需填入能修飾「發育」的生物學階段名詞或形容詞。

解題方法

第一步,抓住時間線索 during early pregnancy。妊娠早期是胚胎進行器官形成的重要階段,藥物暴露對胚胎發育的影響特別值得注意。

第二步,判斷各選項所代表的發育階段:

  • embryo:胚胎,指胚胎期的個體。
  • fetal:胎兒的,指胎兒期。
  • neonatal:新生兒的,指出生後初期。
  • postnatal:出生後的,指出生以後。

第三步,將選項代入語意。早期妊娠對應 embryo development,因此選 (B)。

選項分析

(A) fetal

fetal 是形容詞,意思是「胎兒的」,常見搭配如 fetal development(胎兒發育)、fetal growth(胎兒成長)。

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第 30 題2 分

Researchers ____ that the new drug may reduce inflammation in elderly patients, forming a preliminary hypothesis for further study.

(A) ignore
(B) dismiss
(C) postulate
(D) observe

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 單字語意辨析
  2. 動詞與 that 子句的搭配
  3. 上下文邏輯判斷

題幹指出研究人員提出「新藥可能減少老年患者的發炎反應」這項初步假說,供後續研究使用。因此空格需要填入具有「提出假設、假定、推論」意義的動詞。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵線索是:

Researchers ____ that the new drug may reduce inflammation in elderly patients, forming a preliminary hypothesis for further study.

翻譯:

研究人員____新藥可能減少老年患者的發炎反應,形成一項供進一步研究的初步假說。

其中 forming a preliminary hypothesis for further study 明確表示前面的動作是「提出初步假說」,故應選擇 postulate。

解題方法

先觀察句型:

Researchers + 動詞 + that 子句

四個選項皆可在文法上作為動詞使用,因此本題關鍵不在基本句型,而在語意是否符合上下文。

句中後半段說明這個推論是:

a preliminary hypothesis
初步假說

postulate 的意思是「提出假設、假定」,常用於研究、科學或學術語境,表示根據現有資料提出一項尚待驗證的主張。

完整句意為:

Researchers postulate that the new drug may reduce inflammation in elderly patients, forming a preliminary hypothesis for further study.

研究人員假設新藥可能減少老年患者的發炎反應,形成一項供進一步研究的初步假說。

選項分析

(A) ignore

ignore 意為「忽視、不理會」。

Researchers ignore that...

若填入此字,意思會變成「研究人員忽視新藥可能減少發炎反應這件事」,與後面的 forming a preliminary hypothesis 不合。忽視某項資訊不會形成假說,因此錯誤。

(B) dismiss

dismiss 意為「不予考慮、駁回、否定」。

Researchers dismiss that...

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第 31 題2 分

In a lab experiment, a specific chemical ____ is added to a solution to produce a visible change if the target substance is present.

(A) solvent
(B) enzyme
(C) reagent
(D) catalyst

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「實驗室常見化學名詞」的字義辨析,以及名詞搭配與語境判斷。

題幹描述:加入某種特定化學物質後,若溶液中存在目標物質,就會產生可觀察的顏色或其他明顯變化。這種用來檢測特定物質是否存在的化學物質,稱為 reagent(試劑)。

題幹中的關鍵句為:

In a lab experiment, a specific chemical reagent is added to a solution to produce a visible change if the target substance is present.
在實驗中,會將特定的化學試劑加入溶液;若目標物質存在,便會產生可見的變化。

其中:

  • lab experiment:實驗室實驗
  • specific:特定的
  • chemical reagent:化學試劑
  • be added to:被加入……
  • solution:溶液
  • produce a visible change:產生可見的變化
  • target substance:目標物質
  • be present:存在

解題方法

先抓住句意核心:

「加入某種化學物質,用來檢測目標物質是否存在,並產生可見反應。」

這是 reagent 的典型功能。試劑可與待測物質發生特定化學反應,藉由顏色改變、沉澱、氣泡或其他現象判斷目標物質是否存在。

句型結構為:

a specific chemical+名詞\text{a specific chemical} + \text{名詞}

空格需要填入另一個名詞,與前面的 chemical 組成名詞片語。四個選項皆為名詞,因此主要依靠字義與實驗語境判斷。

文法與語意重點

句中的 if the target substance is present 是條件副詞子句,表示「如果目標物質存在」。

主句為:

a specific chemical reagent is added to a solution

其中:

  • a specific chemical reagent 是主詞;
  • is added 是被動語態,表示「被加入」;
  • to a solution 表示加入的對象;
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第 32 題2 分

A single-base ____ in the DNA sequence caused a small change in the protein, which may alter its normal function in the body.

(A) enzyme
(B) protein
(C) mutation
(D) chromosome

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是生物學詞彙與語意判斷,重點在於辨認「DNA 序列中單一鹼基發生改變」的專有名詞。

DNA 序列中的單一鹼基若發生改變,稱為 single-base mutation(單一鹼基突變),也可視為一種 point mutation(點突變)。若這項變化影響到基因所轉錄、轉譯出的蛋白質,便可能造成蛋白質胺基酸序列或結構改變,進而影響其正常功能。

常見機制如下:

DNA 鹼基改變→mRNA 密碼子改變→胺基酸或蛋白質結構改變→功能改變\text{DNA 鹼基改變} \rightarrow \text{mRNA 密碼子改變} \rightarrow \text{胺基酸或蛋白質結構改變} \rightarrow \text{功能改變}

因此,題幹所描述的「DNA 序列中單一鹼基的變化」就是 mutation。

解題方法

先觀察空格前後的語意:

A single-base ____ in the DNA sequence caused a small change in the protein

空格前有不定冠詞 a,後面接的是名詞;語意上需要填入「DNA 序列中的單一鹼基變化」這個概念。

其中:

  • single-base:單一鹼基的
  • in the DNA sequence:在 DNA 序列中
  • caused a small change in the protein:造成蛋白質的小幅變化

能表示 DNA 序列發生遺傳物質變化的名詞是 mutation(突變),所以答案為 (C) mutation。

題幹定位與翻譯

定位答案的關鍵句為:

A single-base mutation in the DNA sequence caused a small change in the protein, which may alter its normal function in the body.

翻譯:

DNA 序列中的單一鹼基突變造成蛋白質產生小幅變化,而這項變化可能改變蛋白質在體內的正常功能。

關係代名詞 which 指的是前面「蛋白質的小幅變化」,而非單獨指稱 DNA 或突變本身。

選項分析

(A) enzyme(酵素)

錯誤。酵素是能催化生化反應的蛋白質,屬於蛋白質的功能類型,不是 DNA 序列中單一鹼基發生變化的名稱。

若填入此選項:

A single-base enzyme in the DNA sequence

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第 33 題2 分

Gene ____ is the process in which information from DNA is copied into another form so it can be used later in the cell.

(A) alteration
(B) replication
(C) translation
(D) transcription

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是基因表現(gene expression)中三個重要階段與相關術語的辨析:

  • Replication(DNA 複製):以 DNA 為模板製造另一份 DNA,供細胞分裂或遺傳使用。
  • Transcription(轉錄):以 DNA 為模板合成 RNA,通常先形成 messenger RNA(mRNA,信使 RNA),將 DNA 中的遺傳資訊轉換成可供後續使用的 RNA 形式。
  • Translation(轉譯):核糖體讀取 mRNA 上的密碼,合成蛋白質。
  • Alteration(改變、變更):泛指狀態或內容的改變,不是基因資訊傳遞的特定生物學程序。

題幹描述的是 DNA 資訊被「複製成另一種形式」,以便細胞之後使用,符合 transcription 的定義。

關鍵句定位與翻譯

題幹關鍵句為:

Gene ____ is the process in which information from DNA is copied into another form so it can be used later in the cell.

翻譯為:

基因__是指將 DNA 中的資訊複製成另一種形式,使其之後能在細胞中被使用的過程。

其中:

  • information from DNA:來自 DNA 的資訊
  • is copied into another form:被複製成另一種形式
  • so it can be used later in the cell:以便稍後在細胞中使用

DNA 的資訊先經由轉錄形成 RNA,RNA 再可作為蛋白質合成的依據,因此空格應填 transcription。

文法與語意重點

題幹的基本結構是:

Gene + 名詞 + is the process ...

空格需要填入一個生物學程序名稱,使整句形成:

Gene transcription is the process ...

其中 gene transcription 是「基因轉錄」;後面的關係子句 in which information from DNA is copied into another form 用來補充說明 transcription 的內容。

本題不能只依靠文法判斷,因為四個選項皆為名詞,必須進一步根據生物學語意判斷「DNA 資訊被複製成另一種形式」所代表的程序。

解題方法

先抓住題幹的資訊流向:

DNA⟶另一種形式的遺傳資訊\text{DNA} \longrightarrow \text{另一種形式的遺傳資訊}

在基因表現過程中:

DNA→transcriptionRNA\text{DNA} \xrightarrow{\text{transcription}} \text{RNA} RNA→translationprotein\text{RNA} \xrightarrow{\text{translation}} \text{protein}

因此,題幹說的是 DNA 資訊先被轉換為 RNA,而不是 DNA 複製成 DNA,也不是 RNA 翻譯成蛋白質。答案為 transcription。

選項分析

(A) alteration(改變、變更)

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第 34 題2 分

She has a ____ memory and can remember every detail of a book after reading it once.

(A) frantic
(B) phenomenal
(C) drowsy
(D) shallow

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「上下文語意判斷」與形容詞搭配。空格位於名詞 memory 前方,需要填入能描述「記憶力非常驚人」的形容詞。

關鍵線索是:

can remember every detail of a book after reading it once
讀過一本書一次後,就能記住書中的每個細節。

這表示她的記憶力極佳、異常突出,因此應選擇表示「非凡的、驚人的」之 phenomenal。

解題方法

先判斷句意:

She has a ____ memory.
她有一種__的記憶力。

後半句補充說明她「只讀一次就能記住書中每個細節」,這是對記憶力的高度稱讚,語意上應填入正面且強烈的形容詞。

phenomenal memory 是自然且常見的搭配,意思是「驚人的記憶力、過人的記憶力」。

完整句意為:

She has a phenomenal memory and can remember every detail of a book after reading it once.
她有驚人的記憶力,讀過一本書一次後,就能記住其中的每個細節。

選項分析

(A) frantic

frantic 意為「瘋狂的、慌亂的、極度焦急的」,通常用來描述人的情緒、行為或狀態,例如:

  • a frantic search:慌亂的搜索
  • a frantic attempt:瘋狂的嘗試

frantic memory 並非適合描述記憶力優異,且與後文「記住每個細節」的正面語意不符,因此錯誤。

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第 35 題2 分

The disease affects several ____ regions of the brain rather than a continuous area.

(A) vague
(B) continuous
(C) overlapping
(D) discrete

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字義辨析
  2. 語意對比
  3. 形容詞修飾名詞的用法

題幹以 rather than 建立對比:

  • discrete regions:彼此分離、各自獨立的區域
  • a continuous area:連續、不中斷的區域

因此,空格應填入與 continuous 意義相反的 discrete。

題幹定位與翻譯

The disease affects several ____ regions of the brain rather than a continuous area.

翻譯:

這種疾病影響大腦中數個彼此分離的區域,而不是一個連續的區域。

句中的 rather than 意為「而不是」,提示前後具有明顯對比。既然後方是 a continuous area,前方應選擇表示「分離、離散」的形容詞。

解題方法

先判斷空格的詞性。空格位於 regions of the brain 前方,因此需要填入形容詞,修飾「腦部區域」。

再利用語意對比:

  • continuous 表示「連續的、不中斷的」
  • 與其相對的概念是 discrete,表示「分離的、各自獨立的」

句意是疾病影響好幾個分開的腦區,而非一整片連續的腦部區域,因此選 discrete。

選項分析

(A) vague

意為「模糊的、不明確的」。
vague regions 可理解為「界線不清的區域」,但題幹重點在於「各區域彼此分離」與「連續區域」的對比,並非在描述區域是否明確,因此不合語意。

(B) continuous

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第 36 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging.

(A) stagnant
(B) prominent
(C) trivial
(D) obsolete

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為克漏字,考查:

  1. 上下文語意判斷
  2. 形容詞與名詞的搭配
  3. 科技與醫療主題的關鍵字彙

空格所在句為:

One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging.
AI 最重要/最突出的應用之一,是在診斷影像領域。

句型為:

one of the most + 形容詞最高級 + 複數名詞

因此空格需要填入能表達「突出、重要」意義的形容詞。

解題方法

題幹前文指出,人工智慧已廣泛應用於醫療,而診斷影像是其中一項重要應用。後文進一步說明:

By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually invisible to the human eye...

AI 透過大量臨床影像訓練,能辨識人眼幾乎看不見的模式,因而更早發現危及生命的疾病。

這段內容強調 AI 在診斷影像領域的重要性與突出表現,所以空格應選擇具有正面且強調地位之意的 prominent。

完整句意為:

One of the most prominent applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging.
最突出的應用之一,是在診斷影像領域。

選項分析

(A) stagnant

意為「停滯的、不發展的」。常用來描述經濟、成長、進展等缺乏變化的狀態,例如 stagnant economic growth。AI 在診斷影像領域展現快速進步,與「停滯」的語意相反,因此不適合。

(B) prominent

意為「突出的、重要的、顯著的」。prominent application 指「重要且受到重視的應用」,與文章強調 AI 能協助早期診斷的內容完全一致,為正確答案。

(C) trivial

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第 37 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye.

(A) visible
(B) vulnerable
(C) imperceptible
(D) impractical

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義辨析與語境判讀。句型為:

AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye.

其中:

  • patterns:模式、特徵
  • virtually:幾乎、實際上
  • to the human eye:以人眼而言、肉眼所能觀察到的

句意是:人工智慧演算法現在能辨識出人眼幾乎無法察覺的模式。

關鍵在於「AI 能找出人眼難以發現的細微影像特徵」,因此空格需要填入表示「無法察覺的」形容詞。

解題方法

先判斷詞性。空格位於:

are virtually ____ to the human eye

are 後接形容詞,修飾前面的 patterns。再根據文章前文:

By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

翻譯:

透過數百萬張臨床影像的訓練,人工智慧演算法現在能辨識出肉眼幾乎無法察覺的模式,進而更早發現危及生命的疾病。

「人眼幾乎看不見」與「更早診斷致命疾病」相互呼應,故答案為 imperceptible。

選項分析

(A) visible
意為「看得見的、可見的」。
patterns that are virtually visible to the human eye 表示「人眼幾乎看得見的模式」,與文章強調 AI 能辨識人眼難以發現的細節相反,因此不合語意。

(B) vulnerable
意為「脆弱的、易受傷害的、易受攻擊的」。
此字通常用於描述人、群體、系統或目標容易受到傷害,例如 vulnerable patients(脆弱的病患)。不能合理修飾影像中的 patterns,也不符合「人眼能否察覺」的語境。

(C) imperceptible
意為「難以察覺的、幾乎無法感知的」。
imperceptible to the human eye 是自然搭配,表示「人眼幾乎無法察覺」。符合 AI 從影像中辨識細微特徵的文章內容,正確。

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第 38 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry.

(A) revolutionizing
(B) diminishing
(C) mimicking
(D) pardoning

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「克漏字中的語意判斷、詞性與搭配用法」。關鍵句為:

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry.
除了診斷之外,人工智慧也正大幅度地__製藥產業。

句型為:

主詞+be 動詞+副詞+現在分詞\text{主詞}+\text{be 動詞}+\text{副詞}+\text{現在分詞}

因此空格應填入現在分詞,且語意必須表示 AI 對製藥產業產生正向且重大的改變。

文章後文提供明確線索:

Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research.

文中指出傳統藥物研發耗時、昂貴,而 AI 能預測分子結構與生物標靶的互動,進而提升研究效率。因此,AI 是在「徹底改造、革新」製藥產業。

解題方法

先判斷文法:

  • is significantly ____
  • is 後方需要現在分詞,構成現在進行式。
  • 四個選項中,revolutionizing、diminishing、mimicking、pardoning 都是現在分詞形式,因此必須進一步依語意判斷。

再依上下文判斷:

  1. AI 可分析數百萬張臨床影像。
  2. AI 可發現人眼幾乎無法辨識的模式。
  3. AI 可預測分子結構與生物標靶的作用。
  4. AI 可加速藥物研究初期階段。
  5. AI 曾協助疫苗快速開發。

上述內容皆描述 AI 帶來的重大革新,故空格應填 revolutionizing。

關鍵單字與片語

  • integration:整合、融入
  • healthcare:醫療保健
  • futuristic concept:未來概念
  • unfolding reality:逐漸成真的現實
  • application:應用
  • diagnostic imaging:診斷影像學
  • clinical image:臨床影像
  • identify patterns:辨識模式
  • virtually invisible to the human eye:人眼幾乎看不見的
  • life-threatening condition:危及生命的疾病或狀況
  • pharmaceutical industry:製藥產業
  • drug discovery:藥物發現、藥物研發
  • endeavor:努力、工作、艱鉅任務
  • molecular structure:分子結構
  • biological target:生物標靶
  • initial stages:初始階段
  • research:研究
  • at record speed:以創紀錄的速度
  • technological shift:科技轉變
  • algorithmic bias:演算法偏見
  • demographic group:人口群體
  • transparent:透明的
  • reliable:可靠的
  • revolutionize:徹底革新、帶來革命性改變
  • diminish:減少、削弱
  • mimic:模仿
  • pardon:原諒、赦免

文法與語意重點

1. 現在進行式

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第 39 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor.

(A) immediate
(B) explicit
(C) arduous
(D) offensive

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「克漏字語意判斷」與學術英文搭配。關鍵句為:

Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market.
從歷史上看,藥物開發一直是一項____的工作,通常需要超過十年及數十億美元,才能將單一藥物推向市場。

空格後的名詞是 endeavor,意為「努力、艱鉅的工作、事業」。後文指出藥物開發需要「超過十年」及「數十億美元」,明確顯示這項工作耗時、耗資且十分艱難,因此應填入表示「艱鉅的」形容詞。

解題方法

先判斷空格所需詞性:

  • an + ____ + endeavor
  • 空格位於冠詞 an 與名詞 endeavor 之間,因此應填形容詞。
  • 再根據後方的 often taking over a decade and billions of dollars 判斷語意,答案必須表達「困難、耗費心力」。

最符合的搭配是:

an arduous endeavor
一項艱鉅的工作

關鍵單字與片語

  • historically:從歷史上看;歷來
  • drug discovery:藥物發現;藥物開發研究
  • endeavor:努力;艱鉅的工作;事業
  • arduous:艱苦的;艱鉅的;需要大量努力的
  • take over a decade:花費超過十年
  • billions of dollars:數十億美元
  • bring a medication to market:將藥物推向市場;完成藥物上市

文法與語意重點

arduous 是形容詞,修飾 endeavor。其語意強調事情需要長時間、耐力與大量努力,常見搭配包括:

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第 40 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research.

(A) obstructing
(B) streamlining
(C) complicating
(D) exhausting

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的「語意判斷」與字義搭配。句型為:

AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research.

其中 thereby 是副詞,意為「因此、從而」,後面接 V-ing,表示前面行為所造成的結果。因此空格應填入能表達「使研究初期更有效率」的動詞。

streamline 意為「使簡化、使有效率、使流程更順暢」,最符合人工智慧加速藥物研發的文章主旨。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research.

翻譯:

過去,藥物開發一直是一項耗時的工作,通常需要超過十年及數十億美元,才能將單一藥物推向市場。如今,人工智慧模型能夠預測特定分子結構將如何與生物標的互動,從而使研究的初始階段更加有效率。

前句強調傳統藥物開發「耗時且昂貴」,後句說明 AI 能預測分子與生物標的的作用,目的在於改善研究流程、節省時間。因此空格應選擇具有「簡化、加速」意義的字。

句法上,thereby + V-ing 表示「藉由……而因此……」:

  • thereby streamlining the initial stages of research
  • 從而簡化研究的初始階段

選項分析

(A) obstructing

obstruct 意為「阻礙、妨礙、阻塞」。

thereby obstructing the initial stages of research
從而阻礙研究的初始階段

此選項語意與文章不合。文章描述 AI 能提升藥物研發效率,不是阻礙研究進行,因此錯誤。

(B) streamlining

streamline 意為「使流程更有效率、簡化程序、精簡」。

thereby streamlining the initial stages of research
從而使研究的初始階段更有效率

AI 能預測分子結構與生物標的之間的互動,有助於縮短藥物研發前期的篩選與分析時間,故語意最恰當。

(C) complicating

complicate 意為「使複雜化、使困難」。

thereby complicating the initial stages of research
從而使研究的初始階段更加複雜

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第 41 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

(A) significant
(B) obscure
(C) indifferent
(D) redundant

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「形容詞搭配」。句型為:

This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

結構分析:

  • This efficiency:主詞,指前文 AI 提升藥物研發效率、縮短研究初期流程的效果。
  • was:連綴動詞。
  • particularly ____:副詞 particularly 修飾後面的形容詞。
  • during...:說明這項效率在哪段期間特別重要或明顯。

因此,空格應填入能表達「重要、顯著」且符合上下文的形容詞。

定位答案的關鍵句

題幹指出:

AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby shortening the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

翻譯:

AI 模型現在能預測特定分子結構如何與生物標的互動,因而縮短研究的初期階段。在近期全球努力以創紀錄速度開發疫苗的過程中,這項效率尤其____。

前句提到 AI 能縮短研究流程,後句又提到疫苗必須快速開發,兩者形成「效率在此時格外重要」的語意,因此空格應填 significant。

解題方法

先判斷空格的詞性。由於句型是:

主詞+be動詞+副詞+形容詞\text{主詞}+\text{be動詞}+\text{副詞}+\text{形容詞}

四個選項皆可作形容詞,但必須進一步依據語意判斷。

解題關鍵在於:

  1. particularly 表示「尤其、特別」。
  2. 「效率」在疫苗快速開發期間,應該是「特別重要、顯著」。
  3. particularly significant 是自然且常見的搭配,意思是「特別重要的/格外顯著的」。

所以完整句意為:

這項效率在近期全球以創紀錄速度開發疫苗的努力中尤其重要。

選項分析

(A) significant

意為「重要的;重大的;顯著的」。

particularly significant 表示「特別重要的」或「格外顯著的」。疫苗開發需要在短時間內完成研究,AI 所帶來的效率便具有高度重要性,符合上下文。

因此,(A) 正確。

(B) obscure

意為「模糊的;晦澀難懂的;鮮為人知的」。

若填入後為:

This efficiency was particularly obscure...

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第 42 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____.

(A) breakthroughs
(B) incentives
(C) demerits
(D) tragedies

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「固定句型」。

關鍵句為:

However, this technological shift is not without its ____.

翻譯為:

然而,這項科技轉變並非沒有其__。

句型 be not without + 名詞 表示「並非沒有……」,實際語意通常是「確實具有……」,而且前文提到資料隱私、演算法偏見,以及特定族群可能得到不公平結果,內容明顯是在談人工智慧帶來的負面影響。

因此空格應填入表示「缺點、不利之處」的複數名詞。

解題方法

先觀察句型:

not without + 複數名詞\text{not without + 複數名詞}

再根據上下文判斷語意:

  • 前文:AI 能提高診斷與藥物開發效率。
  • 轉折詞:However(然而),表示語意由正面轉為負面。
  • 後文:討論資料隱私、演算法偏見,以及某些族群可能得到不公平的結果。

因此空格須選擇與「缺點、問題、負面影響」相關的字,答案為 demerits。

選項分析

(A) breakthroughs

breakthrough 意為「突破、重大進展」,複數為 breakthroughs。

若填入後:

this technological shift is not without its breakthroughs

意思是「這項科技轉變並非沒有其突破」,語法上可以成立,但與 However 及後文所談的隱私與偏見問題不合。前文已經充分說明 AI 帶來的重大進展,此處轉折後應引出缺陷,而非再次強調優點。

故不選。

(B) incentives

incentive 意為「誘因、獎勵、刺激因素」,複數為 incentives。

若填入後,句意為「這項科技轉變並非沒有其誘因」。然而後文並未討論促使醫療機構採用 AI 的經濟誘因或政策獎勵,而是說明 AI 使用上的風險與倫理問題。

故語意不符,不選。

(C) demerits

demerit 意為「缺點、短處、不利之處」,複數為 demerits。

填入後:

this technological shift is not without its demerits

可翻譯為:

這項科技轉變並非沒有其缺點。

此句與 However 的轉折、後文的資料隱私與演算法偏見完全一致,為正確答案。

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第 43 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups.

(A) consistent
(B) skewed
(C) universal
(D) objective

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的「語意判斷」與人工智慧醫療相關字彙。關鍵在於理解句中「訓練資料不夠多元」與「algorithmic bias(演算法偏誤)」所造成的結果。

關鍵句為:

If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups.

翻譯:如果用來訓練人工智慧的資料不夠多元,所產生的工具可能會為某些人口群體提供__的結果。

由於訓練資料缺乏多樣性,AI 可能對特定族群產生系統性偏差,因此空格應填入 skewed,表示「偏斜的、不公平的、有偏差的」。


解題方法

先掌握前後文的邏輯關係:

  1. 文章指出 AI 導入醫療後,產生了資料隱私與「algorithmic bias」問題。
  2. 接著說明若訓練資料不具多樣性,某些人口群體得到的結果就可能不公平。
  3. 因此空格需要填入帶有「偏差、不平衡」意義的形容詞,修飾 outcomes。

句型為:

  • provide + 受詞 + 形容詞
  • provide skewed outcomes
  • 提供有偏差的結果

skewed 可表示資料、結果或判斷「偏斜的、失衡的、有偏見的」,與前文的 algorithmic bias 完全呼應。


選項分析

(A) consistent

意為「一致的、前後相符的、持續穩定的」。

若訓練資料不多元,AI 對某些族群產生偏誤,重點是結果「不公平或失真」,不是結果是否一致。
因此 consistent outcomes 在文法上成立,但不符合本句的負面語意。

(B) skewed

意為「偏斜的、失衡的、有偏差的」。

skewed outcomes 指受到資料偏差影響、對某些族群不公平的結果,正好符合:

  • not diverse data:資料不多元
  • algorithmic bias:演算法偏誤
  • certain demographic groups:特定人口群體

因此本選項正確。

(C) universal

意為「普遍的、全體適用的、通用的」。

句中明確指出結果只涉及 certain demographic groups,且是在討論資料不足所造成的偏誤,並非所有族群都得到相同結果。

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第 44 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and equitable.

(A) optional
(B) peripheral
(C) imperative
(D) superficial

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「克漏字語意判斷」與固定句型。關鍵句為:

Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and equitable.

翻譯為:

因此,開發者與醫療專業人員必須共同合作,以確保這些系統兼具透明性與公平性。

空格後接的是 that 子句,語意上需要表達「極其必要、勢在必行」。四個選項中,只有 imperative 符合上下文。

此外,句型 It is imperative that + 主詞 + 原形動詞 表示「……是必要的/勢在必行的」,屬於表達必要性的正式句型。


解題方法

先觀察上下文:

If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups.

若訓練資料缺乏多樣性,人工智慧工具可能對某些族群產生不公平的結果。因此,下一句必須提出必要的因應措施:

Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together...

前文指出 AI 可能造成資料隱私與演算法偏見問題,後文則說明開發者和醫療人員必須合作,確保系統「transparent and equitable」。這是一項迫切且不可省略的要求,因此應填入表示「必要的、勢在必行的」imperative。

完整句為:

Therefore, it is imperative that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and equitable.


選項分析

(A) optional

optional 意為「可選擇的、非必要的」。

若填入句中,意思會變成:

因此,開發者與醫療專業人員共同合作是可有可無的。

然而,前文已指出 AI 可能導致資料隱私問題、演算法偏見,以及特定族群受到不公平對待。此時跨專業合作是必要的風險防範措施,不能說是 optional,因此錯誤。

(B) peripheral

peripheral 意為「次要的、周邊的、非核心的」。

若填入句中,意思會變成:

因此,開發者與醫療專業人員共同合作是次要的。

這與文章強調透明性、公平性及避免演算法偏見的主旨相反。合作正是解決問題的核心方法,不是 peripheral,因此錯誤。

(C) imperative

imperative 作形容詞時意為「極重要的、必要的、勢在必行的」。

填入後:

Therefore, it is imperative that developers and medical professionals work together...

意思是:

因此,開發者與醫療專業人員共同合作是勢在必行的。

此選項符合文章的邏輯,也符合固定句型 It is imperative that...,為正確答案。

(D) superficial

superficial 意為「表面的、膚淺的」。

若填入句中,意思會變成:

因此,開發者與醫療專業人員共同合作是表面的。

此處需要的是對合作必要性的評價,而 superficial 不表示「必要」,也不符合語意,因此錯誤。


文法與語意重點

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第 45 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality. One of the most ____ applications is in the field of diagnostic imaging. By training on millions of clinical images, AI algorithms can now identify patterns that are virtually ____ to the human eye, leading to much earlier detection of life-threatening conditions.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is significantly ____ the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, drug discovery has been an ____ endeavor, often taking over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a single medication to market. AI models can now predict how specific molecular structures will interact with biological targets, thereby ____ the initial stages of research. This efficiency was particularly ____ during the recent global efforts to develop vaccines at record speed.

However, this technological shift is not without its ____. As healthcare providers become increasingly dependent on automated systems, questions regarding data privacy and “algorithmic bias” have surfaced. If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups. Therefore, it is ____ that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____. The goal remains a synergy between human empathy and machine precision.

Therefore, it is imperative that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____.

(A) equitable
(B) arbitrary
(C) hostile
(D) volatile

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為克漏字,考查:

  • 文章上下文的語意判斷
  • 形容詞的正負語意
  • 平行結構:both A and B
  • 醫療 AI 應具備的倫理與公平性

題目句型為:

Therefore, it is imperative that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____.

其中 both transparent and ____ 是平行結構,transparent 與空格都應填入形容詞,描述 AI 系統應具備的特質。

關鍵單字與片語

  • imperative:必要的、極重要的
  • developers:開發者
  • medical professionals:醫療專業人員
  • work together:合作
  • ensure:確保
  • transparent:透明的、公開可理解的
  • equitable:公平的、公正的
  • arbitrary:任意的、武斷的
  • hostile:敵對的、有敵意的
  • volatile:易變的、不穩定的
  • algorithmic bias:演算法偏見
  • demographic groups:人口群體、不同族群
  • diverse data:多元資料
  • outcomes:結果、醫療判定結果

解題方法

先定位答案所在的語句:

If the data used to train AI is not diverse, the resulting tools may provide ____ outcomes for certain demographic groups.

因此,若用來訓練 AI 的資料不夠多元,產生的工具可能會為某些人口群體提供 ____ 的結果。

接著文章指出:

Therefore, it is imperative that developers and medical professionals work together to ensure these systems are both transparent and ____.

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第 46 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future.

There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens.

When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness.

The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations.

Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed.

In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.

What is the main purpose of the passage?

(A) To compare traditional vaccines with experimental treatments.
(B) To explain how vaccines work and their role in public health.
(C) To describe the history of vaccine development in the United States.
(D) To argue against natural immunity through infection.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」。判斷文章主旨時,須統整全文各段,而非只根據單一細節。本文依序說明:

  1. 疫苗的定義與用途。
  2. 不同疫苗的種類及作用機轉。
  3. 疫苗如何誘發免疫記憶並形成 immunity。
  4. 疫苗對個人及群體健康的重要性。
  5. 疫苗安全性、接種時程與公共衛生價值。

因此,全文核心是在解釋「疫苗如何運作」以及「疫苗在公共衛生上的角色」。

解題方法

先觀察各段功能,再找能涵蓋全文的共同概念。文章不只介紹疫苗的作用機轉,也說明疫苗如何保護個人、形成群體免疫、預防疾病傳播,並介紹安全檢測及接種時程。

最能概括全文的定位句是:

“In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases.”
總而言之,疫苗是現代醫學的重要工具,能夠提供對多種傳染病的保護。

接著文章進一步說明:

“They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness.”
疫苗藉由教導免疫系統辨識有害病原,並迅速作出反應,以預防疾病。

以及:

“By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities.”
遵循建議的疫苗接種時程,不僅能保護個人,也能促進社區的健康與安全。

這三句同時涵蓋「疫苗如何作用」及「疫苗對公共衛生的貢獻」,直接支持選項 (B)。

關鍵單字與片語

  • vaccine:疫苗
  • vaccination:疫苗接種
  • immunity:免疫力
  • immunization:免疫化;獲得免疫的過程
  • immune system:免疫系統
  • pathogen:病原體
  • antigen:抗原
  • harmful germs:有害病菌/病原
  • immune response:免疫反應
  • live-attenuated vaccine:減毒活疫苗
  • inactivated vaccine:不活化疫苗
  • subunit vaccine:次單位疫苗
  • recombinant vaccine:重組疫苗
  • toxoid vaccine:類毒素疫苗
  • mRNA vaccine:mRNA 疫苗
  • viral vector vaccine:病毒載體疫苗
  • herd immunity/community immunity:群體免疫/社區免疫
  • weaken:削弱;減毒
  • neutralize:使失去作用;中和
  • retain a memory:保留記憶
  • encounter:遇到;接觸
  • be approved for use:獲准使用
  • adhere to/follow a schedule:遵循時程
  • vulnerable populations:弱勢/易受感染族群
  • prevent outbreaks:預防疫情爆發

語意與文法重點

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第 47 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future.

There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens.

When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness.

The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations.

Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed.

In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.

According to the passage, which vaccine type delivers genetic instructions to human cells to produce part of a pathogen?

(A) Live-attenuated vaccines
(B) Toxoid vaccines
(C) Viral vector vaccines
(D) mRNA vaccines

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查疫苗種類的英文描述與作用機轉,重點是辨認各類疫苗的關鍵定義:

  • Live-attenuated vaccines:活性減毒疫苗,使用毒性被削弱的病原體。
  • Toxoid vaccines:類毒素疫苗,使用經過去活化的細菌毒素。
  • Viral vector vaccines:病毒載體疫苗,利用無害病毒將遺傳物質送入細胞。
  • mRNA vaccines:mRNA 疫苗,將製造病原體部分成分的遺傳指令送入人體細胞。

本題要找的是「將遺傳指令送入人體細胞,使細胞製造病原體的一部分」的疫苗類型。

解題方法

這是典型的閱讀理解「關鍵字定位題」。題目中的關鍵概念包括:

  • delivers genetic instructions:傳遞遺傳指令
  • human cells:人體細胞
  • produce part of a pathogen:製造病原體的一部分

直接回到文章第二段,尋找同時包含「genetic instructions」「cells」「produce」等概念的句子,即可確定答案。

定位原文與翻譯

原文:

“more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response.”

翻譯:

「較近期的創新技術,包括 mRNA 疫苗,會將遺傳指令傳遞至人體細胞,使細胞製造病原體的一個無害片段,進而引發免疫反應。」

題目將原文的 the body’s cells 改寫為 human cells,將 a harmless piece of the pathogen 改寫為 part of a pathogen,但核心語意完全一致,因此答案為 mRNA vaccines。

選項分析

(A) Live-attenuated vaccines

意為「活性減毒疫苗」。文章指出:

“Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ...”

意思是「活性減毒疫苗含有被削弱的病原體」。其主要特色是使用毒性降低但仍能刺激免疫反應的活病原體,並非將遺傳指令送入細胞。因此錯誤。

(B) Toxoid vaccines

意為「類毒素疫苗」。文章指出:

“Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity...”

意思是「類毒素疫苗使用某些細菌產生的去活化毒素來引發免疫力」。它的成分是失去毒性的毒素,不是傳遞遺傳指令,因此錯誤。

(C) Viral vector vaccines

意為「病毒載體疫苗」。文章指出:

“Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells.”

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第 48 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future.

There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens.

When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness.

The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations.

Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed.

In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.

What can be inferred about people who cannot receive vaccines?

(A) They are unlikely to be exposed to infectious diseases.
(B) They depend partly on others being vaccinated for protection.
(C) They usually develop stronger natural immunity.
(D) They are excluded from public health planning.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「推論題」與疫苗、群體免疫的概念。

文章指出,部分人士因免疫系統較弱、特定過敏,或年齡太小而無法接種疫苗。這些人本身缺乏疫苗提供的直接保護,因此需要依靠周遭大多數人接種疫苗,降低疾病在人群中的傳播機會,間接受到保護。

關鍵概念如下:

  • immunity:免疫力,身體抵抗特定病原體的能力
  • immunization:免疫化,使個體獲得疾病防護的過程
  • vaccination:接種疫苗,是取得免疫力的主要方式之一
  • community immunity / herd immunity:群體免疫,當人口中有相當比例的人具備免疫力,疾病傳播便會減少
  • vulnerable populations:易受傷害的族群、弱勢族群
  • weakened immune systems:較弱的免疫系統
  • disease transmission:疾病傳播
  • protect against:保護……免受……
  • be unable to receive vaccines:無法接種疫苗
  • a significant portion of a population:人口中相當大的比例
  • limit disease transmission:限制疾病傳播

解題方法

本題問:

What can be inferred about people who cannot receive vaccines?
關於無法接種疫苗的人,可以推論出什麼?

這不是要求找文章中完全相同的句子,而是要根據文章的因果關係作合理推論。解題步驟如下:

  1. 找出文章提到「無法接種疫苗的人」的段落。
  2. 觀察這些人與「community immunity」之間的關係。
  3. 判斷他們如何得到保護。
  4. 排除文章未提及、與原文相反,或無因果依據的選項。

定位原文與翻譯

文章中的關鍵句是:

This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations.

翻譯:

這個概念建立在以下想法上:當人口中有相當大比例的人具備免疫力時,傳染病的傳播就會減少,因而保護那些無法接種疫苗的人,例如免疫系統較弱者、具有特定過敏症的人,或年紀太小而無法接受某些免疫措施的新生兒。

由此可知,無法接種疫苗的人必須透過降低疾病在人群中的傳播而獲得間接保護,因此答案是 依靠其他人接種疫苗。

選項分析

(A) They are unlikely to be exposed to infectious diseases.

他們不太可能暴露於傳染病中。

錯誤。文章並未表示這些人較不容易接觸傳染病。相反地,由於他們無法接種疫苗,缺少直接免疫保護,若疾病在社區中傳播,反而可能更容易受到威脅。

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第 49 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future.

There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens.

When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness.

The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations.

Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed.

In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.

In the passage, the term “herd immunity” most nearly refers to:

(A) Immunity developed after recovering from a disease
(B) Reduction in infections within hospitals due to precautions
(C) Fewer outbreaks in the community due to high immunity
(D) Legal requirements for vaccination in a community

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「詞義判斷」與疫苗相關概念。判斷關鍵在於理解 herd immunity 的定義:

  • herd immunity:群體免疫、群體防護
  • community immunity:社區免疫
  • immunity:免疫力
  • immunization:免疫接種;形成免疫的過程
  • outbreak:疾病爆發
  • contagious disease:傳染病
  • vulnerable population:易受感染族群、脆弱族群
  • disease transmission:疾病傳播

群體免疫並非指某一個人因感染而獲得免疫,而是指當社區中有足夠高比例的人具備免疫力時,疾病較難在人群中傳播,因此整體感染與爆發情形減少,連無法接種疫苗者也能受到保護。

定位原文與翻譯

文章第四段明確指出:

“Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity.”

翻譯:此外,疫苗也能透過所謂的「社區免疫」或「群體免疫」來促進社區健康。

接著原文進一步解釋:

“This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines…”

翻譯:這個概念建立在一項理念上:當人口中有相當高比例的人已具備免疫力時,傳染病的傳播就會減少,進而保護那些無法接種疫苗的人。

因此,herd immunity 的核心結果是「社區內傳染病傳播減少、疾病爆發變少」。

解題方法

先將題幹中的 herd immunity 替換成文章提供的同義詞 community immunity,再回到上下文尋找定義。文章將其與以下概念連結:

  1. 人口中有相當高比例的人已免疫。
  2. 傳染病的傳播受到抑制。
  3. 社區中的疾病爆發因此減少。
  4. 無法接種疫苗的脆弱族群也受到保護。

四個選項中,只有 (C) 同時包含「社區」與「高免疫比例造成較少疾病爆發」這兩項關鍵資訊。

選項分析

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第 50 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future.

There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens.

When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness.

The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations.

Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed.

In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.

In paragraph 3, the phrase “this memory” refers to:

(A) Initial immune response
(B) Vaccine genetic material
(C) Pathogen recognition
(D) Standard immunization schedule

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文閱讀中的「代名詞指涉」:判斷文章中的代名詞或指示詞,究竟回指前文哪一個名詞或概念。

關鍵片語是:

  • encounter a germ:遇到病原菌
  • identify A as foreign:辨認出 A 是外來物
  • activate the immune system:啟動免疫系統
  • combat the germ:對抗病原菌
  • initial encounter:初次接觸
  • retain a memory of the pathogen:保留對病原體的記憶
  • respond more quickly and effectively:更快速且有效地反應

其中,this memory 的核心是前一句所提到的「對病原體的記憶」,也就是免疫系統在第一次接觸病原體後形成的免疫記憶。

解題方法

解答代名詞指涉題時,應採取「回看前文、注意語意搭配」的方法:

  1. 先找出 this memory 的直接前文。
  2. 前文寫道免疫系統在初次接觸病原體時,除了消滅病原體,還會「保留對該病原體的記憶」。
  3. 下一句說明這項記憶的功能:若同一病原體再次進入人體,免疫系統便能更迅速、更有效地反應。
  4. 因此,this memory 指的是免疫系統對病原體的免疫記憶,而不是初次免疫反應本身。

定位原文:

The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively.

翻譯:

免疫系統不僅會在初次接觸時中和病原體,也會保留對該病原體的記憶。這項記憶確保當該病原體再次進入人體時,免疫系統能夠更快速、更有效地作出反應。

第二句中的 This memory 緊接著承接前一句的 a memory of the pathogen,因此指涉非常明確。

選項分析

(A) Initial immune response

錯誤。

initial immune response 意為「初次免疫反應」。文章確實提到免疫系統在初次接觸病原體時會採取反應,但 this memory 並非指初次反應,而是初次反應後留下的「免疫記憶」。

文章以 not only…but also… 連接兩個不同概念:

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其他考古題

115 年國立中興大學的其他科目

國立中興大學《英文》其他年度

其他學校的《英文》