國立中山大學 112 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
Plant pollen is well known as a ____ that causes seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:判斷名詞在醫學與日常語境中的正確意思。
- 語意搭配:判斷哪個字能合理描述「引發季節性過敏症狀的因素」。
- 冠詞與詞性:空格前有不定冠詞 a,空格應填入可數名詞單數。
題幹:
Plant pollen is well known as a ____ that causes seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.
翻譯:
植物花粉是眾所皆知會引發季節性過敏性鼻炎(花粉熱)與季節性過敏性結膜炎的____。
其中,關鍵語意是 causes,表示「造成、引發」。因此空格需要填入具有「誘因、觸發因素」意義的名詞。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
a + 名詞 + that causes ...
空格後的關係子句 that causes seasonal allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis,用來修飾空格中的名詞。整句要表達的是:
花粉是一種會引發過敏疾病的因素。
trigger 作名詞時可表示「觸發因素、誘因」,十分符合過敏反應的語境。花粉進入人體後,可能刺激免疫系統產生過敏反應,進而引起鼻炎與結膜炎,因此答案為 trigger。
完整句子:
Plant pollen is well known as a trigger that causes seasonal allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.
選項分析
(A) tackle
- 名詞:處理方法、工具;也可指阻截、擒抱。
- 動詞:處理、解決;阻截。
- 例如:tackle a difficult problem「處理困難問題」。
- 花粉不是「處理方法」或「阻截動作」,放入句中無法表達「引發過敏症狀的因素」,故錯誤。
(B) stem
- 名詞:莖、梗;詞幹;船首。
- 動詞:源自、阻止、遏止。
- stem from 表示「源自於」,如 The problem stems from poor planning.「這個問題源自於規畫不佳。」
- 在本句中,花粉不是造成疾病的「莖」;若作動詞,詞性也不符合 a + 名詞 的句型,故錯誤。
(C) trigger
第 2 題2 分
Demand for over-the-counter drugs has been rising. In 2022, the total ____ sales rose by 15 per cent, with the US turning in a particularly strong performance.
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核心觀念
本題考「字性判斷」與「語意搭配」。空格位於名詞片語:
the total ____ sales
空格應填入能修飾 sales 的形容詞,且語意須與前文的 over-the-counter drugs(非處方藥、成藥)相符。
pharmaceutical 的意思是「製藥的、藥品的」,常用來修飾 drugs、company、industry、sales 等與藥品相關的名詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Demand for over-the-counter drugs has been rising. In 2022, the total ____ sales rose by 15 per cent, with the US turning in a particularly strong performance.
翻譯:
對非處方藥的需求一直在上升。2022 年,藥品總銷售額上升了 15%,其中美國的表現尤其強勁。
前句提到 over-the-counter drugs,後句接續討論藥品的銷售額,因此空格須表達「藥品銷售」。
解題方法
先判斷空格的文法功能:
sales是名詞,意思是「銷售額、銷售量」。- 空格位於
sales前方,應填入形容詞,修飾「銷售」的種類。 - 前文主題是藥品,因此最自然的搭配是
pharmaceutical sales,意思是「藥品銷售、製藥業銷售額」。
完整片語為:
the total pharmaceutical sales
意思是「藥品總銷售額」。
選項分析
(A) pharmaceutical
pharmaceutical 是形容詞,意思是「藥品的、製藥的」。pharmaceutical sales 是自然且符合語境的搭配,指藥品銷售額。
前文的 over-the-counter drugs 已經確立「藥品」主題,後文又提到美國的銷售表現,因此本選項在文法與語意上皆正確。
(B) alchemist
第 3 題2 分
Research found that people who are stressed or worn out become more ____ to COVID.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 關鍵單字辨析。
- 形容詞與介系詞的固定搭配。
- 依據語境判斷「容易受到感染」的正確用字。
句型為:
become more + 形容詞 + to
題幹中的關鍵搭配是:
be susceptible to + 名詞
表示「容易受到……影響」、「易受……感染」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
Research found that people who are stressed or worn out become more ____ to COVID.
翻譯:
研究發現,感到壓力大或身心疲憊的人,會變得更容易感染 COVID。
其中:
- stressed:感到壓力大的
- worn out:筋疲力竭的、疲憊不堪的
- become more susceptible to COVID:變得更容易受到 COVID 影響/感染 COVID
「壓力大或疲憊」會使人的身體防禦力下降,因此語意上應選擇「容易受到感染」的形容詞。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的介系詞 to。在選項中,只有 susceptible 能自然形成固定搭配:
be susceptible to + 名詞
容易受到……影響;易感染……
因此:
become more susceptible to COVID
即為「變得更容易感染 COVID」。
此外,從語意判斷,題幹主詞是「人」,研究要表達的是這些人因壓力或疲憊而「更容易感染疾病」,而不是「更具有傳染性」。所以正確答案為 susceptible。
選項分析
(A) infectious
infectious:有傳染性的;會傳染他人的。
例如:
The patient is highly infectious.
這名病患具有高度傳染性。
infectious 著重於「把疾病傳染給別人」的能力。題幹要表達的是人「容易被 COVID 感染」,應使用 susceptible,不是 infectious。
此外,通常會說:
be susceptible to COVID
而不說:
be infectious to COVID
因此本選項在搭配與語意上均不適合。
(B) manipulative
manipulative:善於操縱他人的;操控性強的。
例如:
He is a manipulative person.
他是一個善於操縱他人的人。
此字描述人的性格或行為方式,與「容易感染 COVID」沒有關聯。即使放入句中:
become more manipulative to COVID
也不符合英文慣用搭配,語意不通。
(C) susceptible
susceptible:易受影響的;易感染的;脆弱的。
常見搭配:
be susceptible to disease
容易感染疾病
be susceptible to infection
容易受到感染
第 4 題2 分
____, most stem cell studies use mouse embryos, but human in vitro embryo cells are sometimes used.
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核心觀念
本題考「表示截至目前為止」的時間副詞片語,以及固定搭配的辨識。
- to date:截至目前為止、迄今
- as of today:截至今天
- yet to + 原形動詞:尚未……
- yet 也可作連接副詞,表示「然而」,但須依句意與上下文判斷。
題幹句首需要一個修飾整句的時間副詞片語,說明這種研究截至目前的情況,因此應選用固定片語 to date。
解題方法
將選項代入句中:
To date, most stem cell studies use mouse embryos, but human in vitro embryo cells are sometimes used.
句意為:
截至目前為止,大多數幹細胞研究使用小鼠胚胎,但有時也會使用人類的體外胚胎細胞。
句首的 To date 作時間副詞,修飾後面的整個句子,語意完整、文法正確,且與後面的 but 形成「目前大多使用小鼠胚胎,但有時也使用人類細胞」的對比。
選項分析
(A) Yet to date
此片語不符合本句最自然的固定搭配。
- yet 若表示「然而」,通常需要前文作為對比依據;本題句首直接使用,缺乏明確的前文承接。
- 題幹後方已有 but 表示「但是」,再於句首加上 Yet,會造成轉折語意重複。
- yet to 最常見的用法是接動詞,表示「尚未……」,例如 The results are yet to be confirmed.「結果尚未獲得確認」,不適合直接放在本題句首表達「截至目前為止」。
因此不選 A。
(B) As of to date
這是兩個不同片語的錯誤混合:
- as of today:截至今天
- to date:截至目前為止
第 5 題2 分
The man ____ by your sister is the person who used to be our mayor.
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核心觀念
本題考「分詞片語修飾名詞」與「關係子句簡化」。
句型為:
The man standing by your sister is the person who used to be our mayor.
其中 standing by your sister 修飾前面的名詞 the man,相當於:
The man who is standing by your sister ...
當關係子句中的主詞與主要子句所修飾的名詞相同,且動詞為主動語態時,可省略關係代名詞與 be 動詞,將動詞改為現在分詞:
因此應選現在分詞 standing。
解題方法
先找出主要句子的動詞:
The man is the person ...
可知 The man 已有主要動詞 is。因此空格部分不能再直接放入另一個限定動詞,否則會形成兩個動詞彼此缺乏連接的錯誤結構。
空格後的片語為:
by your sister
這是介系詞片語,表示「在你姊姊/妹妹旁邊」。完整語意是「站在你姊姊/妹妹旁邊的那名男子」。
完整關係子句為:
The man who is standing by your sister ...
簡化後為:
The man standing by your sister ...
題幹定位句:
The man standing by your sister is the person who used to be our mayor.
翻譯:
站在你姊姊/妹妹旁邊的那名男子,就是以前擔任我們市長的人。
選項分析
(A) standing
正確。
standing 是現在分詞,表示主動意義「站著的」,可作為分詞片語修飾 the man:
the man standing by your sister
站在你姊姊/妹妹旁邊的男子
它相當於:
the man who is standing by your sister
符合文法與語意。
(B) stood
錯誤。
stood 是 stand 的過去式或過去分詞。若直接放入句中,會形成:
The man stood by your sister is the person ...
句中同時出現 stood 與 is 兩個主要動詞,且沒有適當的連接詞或關係代名詞,結構不完整。
若要使用過去式,必須改寫為:
第 6 題2 分
The puppy, ____ owner runs a successful store, awaits its big meal.
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核心觀念
本題考「關係代名詞的所有格用法」。
空格後面的結構是:
____ owner runs a successful store
其中 owner 是名詞,前面需要一個表示「……的」的關係代名詞,形成:
whose owner = ……的主人
whose 是關係代名詞 who 的所有格形式,可修飾人,也可修飾動物或事物,結構為:
因此:
the puppy whose owner runs a successful store
主人經營一家成功商店的那隻小狗
解題方法
先判斷空格在子句中的功能。將句子拆開:
- The puppy awaits its big meal.
- The puppy’s owner runs a successful store.
第二句中的 The puppy’s 表示所有關係,合併後即為:
The puppy, whose owner runs a successful store, awaits its big meal.
題幹中空格後直接接名詞 owner,需要表達「小狗的主人」,所以應使用所有格關係代名詞 whose。
題幹定位句:
The puppy, whose owner runs a successful store, awaits its big meal.
這隻小狗的主人經營一家生意成功的商店,牠正在等待一頓豐盛的大餐。
逗號中的 whose owner runs a successful store 是補充說明小狗的非限定關係子句。
選項分析
(A) who:錯誤。
who 通常指人,並在關係子句中作主詞或受詞。例如:
The owner who runs a successful store...
但本題 owner 已經是子句的主詞,空格需要表達所有關係,不能使用 who owner。此外,先行詞 puppy 是動物,正式文法通常不用 who 指代動物。
(B) whose:正確。
第 7 題2 分
The shortage of blood donors makes the council appeal ____ blood donation.
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核心觀念
本題考查動詞 appeal 的搭配與語意。
當 appeal 作動詞,表示「呼籲、懇求、請求」時,常用句型為:
意為「呼籲、請求某事物」。
常見搭配包括:
- appeal for help:呼籲援助
- appeal for support:尋求支持
- appeal for donations:呼籲捐款
- appeal for blood donation:呼籲捐血
題句中的 appeal for blood donation 即為「呼籲民眾捐血」。
解題方法
先判斷 appeal 在句中的詞性與意思。此處為動詞,表示「呼籲、請求」,後面接被呼籲或請求的事物,因此使用:
代入後:
The shortage of blood donors makes the council appeal for blood donation.
全句翻譯為:
捐血者的短缺使得該委員會呼籲民眾捐血。
其中:
- shortage of blood donors:捐血者短缺
- make + 受詞 + 原形動詞:使某人做某事
- the council:該委員會
- appeal for blood donation:呼籲捐血
題幹中定位答案的關鍵句為:
The shortage of blood donors makes the council appeal ____ blood donation.
此處語意是「委員會因捐血者不足而呼籲捐血」,符合 appeal for + 名詞 的固定搭配。
選項分析
(A) to
appeal to 可表示:
- 向某人或某群體呼籲、懇求
- The organization appealed to the public for help.
- 該組織向大眾呼籲援助。
- 對某人具有吸引力
- The idea appeals to young people.
- 這個想法吸引年輕人。
此題的 blood donation 是「被請求的事項」,不是呼籲的對象,因此不能說 appeal to blood donation。若要使用 to,應改成:
appeal to the public for blood donation
故 (A) 錯誤。
第 8 題2 分
Some believe that the association between blood clots and COVID-19 ____ unclear.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 主詞與動詞的單複數一致。
- that 名詞子句中的完整謂語。
- 現在式與過去式的語意判斷。
remain + 形容詞的句型。
題幹中的核心結構為:
Some believe that the association between blood clots and COVID-19 ____ unclear.
有些人認為,血栓與 COVID-19 之間的關聯仍不明確。
在 that 子句中,主詞是:
the association between blood clots and COVID-19
真正的中心名詞是單數名詞 association,between blood clots and COVID-19 是修飾語,並不會使主詞變成複數。因此動詞必須使用第三人稱單數形式。
解題方法
remain 可作連綴動詞,表示「仍然處於某種狀態」,後面接形容詞:
例如:
- The problem remains unsolved.
這個問題仍未解決。 - The cause remains unclear.
原因仍不明確。
本題主詞 the association 為單數,且題意描述目前仍然存在的狀態,因此使用現在式第三人稱單數 remains:
the association ... remains unclear
句意為:
血栓與 COVID-19 之間的關聯仍不明確。
選項分析
(A) remain
remain 是原形動詞,通常搭配複數主詞或第一、第二人稱主詞,例如:
- The associations remain unclear.
但本題主詞中心名詞是單數的 association,應使用 remains,因此錯誤。
(B) remains
正確。association 是單數名詞,現在式第三人稱單數動詞須加 -s,形成 remains。
第 9 題2 分
Compared with people in some other countries, seniors in Taiwan can purchase lower-priced ____ drugs.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 關鍵單字的詞義辨識。
- 名詞作前置修飾語的用法。
- 依據語境判斷合理搭配。
句型為:
seniors in Taiwan can purchase lower-priced ____ drugs
空格位於 drugs 前方,需填入能修飾「藥物種類」的字。英文中「處方藥」固定搭配為 prescription drugs。
題幹定位與翻譯
Compared with people in some other countries, seniors in Taiwan can purchase lower-priced prescription drugs.
翻譯:
與其他一些國家的人相比,臺灣的老年人可以購買價格較低的處方藥。
其中:
- Compared with:與……相比
- people in some other countries:其他一些國家的人
- seniors:老年人、長者
- purchase:購買
- lower-priced:價格較低的
- prescription drugs:處方藥
prescription 原意為「處方、醫師開立的藥方」,放在 drugs 前作修飾語時,形成 prescription drugs,意為「處方藥」。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的名詞 drugs,再判斷各選項能否與 drugs 形成合理的英文搭配。
語意上,題幹討論的是臺灣長者購買價格較低的某一類藥物。最自然且常見的搭配是:
prescription drugs
因此完整句意為「臺灣長者可以購買價格較低的處方藥」,語意通順,文法也正確。
選項分析
(A) sanction
sanction 可作名詞,表示「制裁、處罰;正式許可」,也可作動詞,表示「批准;制裁」。
填入後為:
lower-priced sanction drugs
sanction drugs 不是表示常見藥物類型的固定搭配。若要表達「經批准的藥物」,通常會使用 approved drugs 或 sanctioned drugs,不能直接使用名詞 sanction 修飾 drugs。因此錯誤。
(B) intersection
第 10 題2 分
The surgical procedure is performed mostly under local ____ to prevent the perception of pain throughout.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學英文單字辨析」與固定搭配。題幹描述外科手術為了防止病人在整個過程中感受到疼痛,通常會在「局部麻醉」下進行,因此答案是 local anesthesia。
- anesthesia:麻醉;以藥物暫時抑制感覺,尤其是痛覺。
- local anesthesia:局部麻醉,只使手術部位失去痛覺,病人通常保持清醒。
- general anesthesia:全身麻醉,通常會使病人失去意識。
解題方法
定位關鍵語意:
The surgical procedure is performed mostly under local ____ to prevent the perception of pain throughout.
這項外科手術大多在局部____下進行,以防止整個過程中感受到疼痛。
句型 under + 麻醉方式 是醫學英文中的固定用法:
- under local anesthesia:在局部麻醉下
- under general anesthesia:在全身麻醉下
後半句 to prevent the perception of pain 表示「為了防止疼痛的感受」,直接限定空格必須是與止痛、麻醉相關的名詞。故填入:
The surgical procedure is performed mostly under local anesthesia to prevent the perception of pain throughout.
意思是:「這項外科手術大多在局部麻醉下進行,以防止整個過程中感受到疼痛。」
文法與語意重點
- is performed 是被動語態,表示「被施行、被進行」。
- under local anesthesia 是介系詞片語,說明手術進行時所採用的麻醉狀態。
- to prevent... 是不定詞片語,表示目的:「為了防止……」。
- the perception of pain 指「對疼痛的感知」,其中:
- perception:感知、知覺
- pain:疼痛
- throughout 表示「自始至終、整個期間」,此處承接 surgical procedure,意為「在整個手術過程中」。
選項分析
(A) anesthesia(麻醉)
正確。under local anesthesia 是標準固定搭配,符合「防止手術過程中感受到疼痛」的語意。完整句為:
第 11 題2 分
We are faced with hunger and poverty, widespread disease and infant ____, illiteracy and profound inequalities of income.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與「固定搭配」。題幹列舉世界上常見的社會問題:
- hunger and poverty:飢餓與貧窮
- widespread disease:廣泛流行的疾病
- infant mortality:嬰兒死亡率
- illiteracy:文盲
- profound inequalities of income:嚴重的所得不平等
其中 infant mortality 是固定搭配,意為「嬰兒死亡率」或「嬰兒死亡現象」。因此空格應填入 mortality。
解題方法
題幹句型為:
We are faced with hunger and poverty, widespread disease and infant ____, illiteracy and profound inequalities of income.
翻譯為:
我們正面臨飢餓與貧窮、廣泛流行的疾病與嬰兒死亡、文盲,以及嚴重的所得不平等。
空格前有 infant,後方又接續列舉其他社會問題,因此需要填入一個能與 infant 搭配、且符合負面社會現象的名詞。
英文中最常見的搭配是:
- infant mortality:嬰兒死亡率
- infant mortality rate:嬰兒死亡率
- maternal mortality:孕產婦死亡率
- child mortality:兒童死亡率
因此答案為 mortality。
選項分析
(A) brutality
意為「殘暴、野蠻、暴行」。雖可用於描述暴力行為,例如 police brutality(警察暴行),但 infant brutality 並不是自然或常見的英文搭配,也無法與題幹中的飢餓、疾病、文盲、所得不平等等社會問題形成合理的並列。
第 12 題2 分
Bob says that he has suffered from low back pain which comes at ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 固定搭配:
at intervals - 語意判斷:描述疼痛是否反覆、間歇性發作
- 關係代名詞子句:
which comes at intervals修飾前面的low back pain
at intervals 意為「間隔一段時間地、時而、間歇性地」,用來表示某件事反覆發生,但每次之間有時間間隔。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
Bob says that he has suffered from low back pain which comes at intervals.
翻譯為:
Bob 說,他一直受到間歇性發作的下背痛所苦。
其中:
suffer from:罹患、受到……之苦low back pain:下背痛、腰痛come at intervals:間歇性出現、隔一段時間發作which:關係代名詞,修飾low back pain
疼痛會「一陣子出現、過一段時間又發作」,最符合的表達就是 comes at intervals。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的結構:
pain which comes at ____.
主詞是 low back pain,動詞是 comes,空格需要填入一個能表示「疼痛發作方式或時間間隔」的字。
逐一檢查選項後,只有 intervals 能與 at 組成固定片語:
at intervals= 間歇性地、隔一段時間地
因此完整句子為:
Bob says that he has suffered from low back pain which comes at intervals.
語意是「Bob 表示自己受到間歇性下背痛的困擾」,句意完整且自然。
選項分析
(A) intervals
at intervals 是固定片語,意為「間歇性地、每隔一段時間地」。
例句:
The pain returned at intervals.
疼痛每隔一段時間便再次出現。
本題描述下背痛反覆發作,使用 at intervals 完全符合語意。
正確。
(B) danger
danger 意為「危險」,通常用於:
in danger:處於危險中out of danger:脫離危險dangerous:危險的
at danger 並非描述疼痛發作時間的自然搭配。即使勉強放入句中:
第 13 題2 分
Gastric balloon is a(n) ____ medical device that is temporarily placed into the stomach to reduce weight. After it is installed in the stomach, it must be filled with air.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞」:
Gastric balloon is a(n) ____ medical device that is temporarily placed into the stomach to reduce weight.
胃內氣球是一種暫時放入胃中以減輕體重的__醫療裝置。
空格位於不定冠詞 與名詞片語 medical device 之間,因此需要填入能修飾 medical device 的形容詞。後句又提供關鍵線索:
After it is installed in the stomach, it must be filled with air.
它安裝在胃中後,必須充入空氣。
能夠「被充入空氣」的裝置,就是 inflatable,意為「可充氣的」。
解題方法
先判斷句意,再利用後句的功能描述定位答案:
- Gastric balloon 是放入胃中的胃內氣球。
- 這個裝置的用途是減重。
- 後句明確說明它安裝後必須充入空氣。
- 因此,空格應填入表示「可以充氣」的形容詞 inflatable。
完整句意為:
Gastric balloon is an inflatable medical device that is temporarily placed into the stomach to reduce weight.
胃內氣球是一種可充氣的醫療裝置,會暫時放入胃中以減輕體重。
選項分析
(A) distilled
distilled 意為「蒸餾的」,來自動詞 distill,通常用來描述經過蒸餾處理的液體或物質,例如:
- distilled water:蒸餾水
- distilled alcohol:蒸餾酒精
「蒸餾的醫療裝置」不符合胃內氣球的功能,且與後句「充入空氣」沒有語意關聯,因此錯誤。
(B) combusted
combusted 意為「燃燒的;已燃燒的」,來自動詞 combust,通常用於燃料、物質或能源反應,例如:
- combusted fuel:燃燒過的燃料
- combusted material:燃燒過的材料
第 14 題2 分
Both experiments and clinical observations have led to ____ evidence that poverty in childhood can cause poor mental health through social stresses, stigma and trauma.
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核心觀念
本題考的是「字義判斷」與固定搭配。句型為:
Both experiments and clinical observations have led to ____ evidence that poverty in childhood can cause poor mental health through social stresses, stigma and trauma.
空格位於名詞 evidence 前,需填入能描述「實驗」與「臨床觀察共同指向同一結論」的形容詞。
關鍵線索是:
- Both A and B:A 與 B 兩者都……
- evidence that + 子句:支持某個事實或主張的證據
- experiments and clinical observations:實驗結果與臨床觀察
- have led to:已導向、已形成
- converging evidence:相互匯聚、彼此吻合的證據
此處強調不同來源的證據,最後都支持「童年貧窮會透過社會壓力、污名與創傷,導致心理健康不佳」這項結論,因此應填 converging。
解題方法
先判斷句子的語意關係:
- 句首的 Both experiments and clinical observations 表示證據來自兩種不同途徑。
- 兩種途徑的研究結果共同指向同一主張。
- 因此,空格應表達「匯聚、趨於一致、相互印證」的意思。
- converging 正好符合此語意,形成自然搭配 converging evidence。
題幹定位句:
Both experiments and clinical observations have led to converging evidence that poverty in childhood can cause poor mental health through social stresses, stigma and trauma.
翻譯:
實驗與臨床觀察都已產生相互匯聚、彼此印證的證據,顯示童年時期的貧窮可能透過社會壓力、污名與創傷,造成心理健康不佳。
其中 converging 並非表示「證據正在物理上聚集」,而是指不同研究方法所得的結果,逐漸朝向相同結論,因此可譯為「一致的」「相互印證的」「匯聚的」。
文法與語意重點
converging 是動詞 converge 的現在分詞,在此作形容詞使用,修飾不可數名詞 evidence:
- converge:匯聚;趨於一致
- converging evidence:相互匯聚的證據、彼此印證的證據
常見搭配包括:
- converging evidence:相互吻合的證據
- converging lines of evidence:來自不同面向、但彼此一致的證據
- evidence that + 子句:顯示……的證據
第 15 題2 分
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) are known to ____ the body of sodium, which may lead to severe neurological changes. Therefore, patients who are prescribed SSRIs are advised to take supplements containing key nutrients and sodium.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字彙辨義:依據上下文判斷動詞的正確語意。
- 固定句型:
be known to + 原形動詞,表示「以……聞名/已知會……」。 - 醫學語境:SSRIs 可能造成血鈉降低,即 hyponatremia(低鈉血症),嚴重時會引發神經學症狀。
題幹指出 SSRIs 會使體內的 sodium 減少,患者因此被建議補充含鈉及其他重要營養素的補充品。能表達「耗盡、使……大量減少」的動詞是 deplete。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
SSRIs are known to ____ the body of sodium
are known to 後面必須接原形動詞,因此五個選項在文法形式上皆可接入;本題關鍵在於語意。
再利用上下文判斷:
- 後文提到 sodium supplements,表示體內鈉含量不足。
which may lead to severe neurological changes表示前述動作會導致嚴重神經學變化。- 因此空格應填入「使身體失去鈉、耗損鈉」之意。
完整句意為:
SSRIs are known to deplete the body of sodium, which may lead to severe neurological changes.
已知 SSRIs 會使體內的鈉大量減少,這可能導致嚴重的神經學變化。
文法與語意重點
be known to + V
表示「已知會……」或「以……聞名」。
例如:
- This drug is known to cause dizziness.
這種藥已知會造成頭暈。 - Caffeine is known to increase alertness.
咖啡因已知會提高警覺性。
本題中:
are known:被認為、已知to deplete:耗損、使……大量減少the body of sodium:使身體失去鈉
deplete A of B 是重要搭配,表示「耗盡 A 中的 B」或「使 A 失去 B」。
選項分析
(A) recapitulate
recapitulate 意為「重述、概述、扼要重複」。
例如:
The professor recapitulated the main points of the lecture.
教授重述了講課的要點。
recapitulate the body of sodium 變成「重述身體中的鈉」,語意完全不合,也無法解釋後文為何需要補充鈉。
(B) interrupt
interrupt 意為「打斷、中斷、阻礙」。
例如:
第 16 題2 分
In the late twentieth century, Japan played a role in the ____ market for elderly healthcare, as an aging society has motivated the development of related industries.
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核心觀念
本題考查「上下文語意判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞」的能力。空格位於 market 前方,需填入能描述「高齡者醫療市場」發展狀況的形容詞。
關鍵語意是:
- an aging society:高齡化社會
- has motivated the development of related industries:促進相關產業的發展
既然高齡化社會帶動相關產業發展,表示老年醫療市場正在快速成長,因此應選擇 burgeoning。
解題方法
先判斷空格所需的詞性。句型為:
the ____ market
空格需填入形容詞,修飾 market。
再根據後半句:
as an aging society has motivated the development of related industries.
其中 as 表示原因,可翻譯為「因為」。高齡化社會促進相關產業發展,與市場「蓬勃發展、迅速成長」的語意一致。
完整句意為:
In the late twentieth century, Japan played a role in the burgeoning market for elderly healthcare, as an aging society has motivated the development of related industries.
翻譯:
在二十世紀末,日本在蓬勃發展的高齡者醫療市場中扮演了一定角色,因為高齡化社會促進了相關產業的發展。
因此選 burgeoning。
選項分析
(A) curdling
curdle 原意是「使凝結、使變成凝乳」,例如牛奶凝結;引申義可表示「變壞、凝固」。
- curdling milk:凝結中的牛奶
- a curdling market:凝結中的市場
「凝結的市場」不符合高齡醫療產業蓬勃發展的語意,因此錯誤。
(B) smothering
smother 是「使窒息、悶死、壓制、扼殺」;smothering 可表示「令人窒息的、壓制性的」。
- smothering smoke:令人窒息的煙霧
- smothering criticism:壓制批評
the smothering market 會變成「令人窒息或壓制性的市場」,與後文所述產業受到高齡化社會推動的正向發展不合,因此錯誤。
(C) burgeoning
burgeoning 表示「迅速成長的、蓬勃發展的、欣欣向榮的」,通常用來描述產業、人口、需求、科技或市場快速擴張。
- a burgeoning industry:蓬勃發展的產業
- a burgeoning market:快速成長的市場
- burgeoning demand:日益增加的需求
高齡化社會帶動相關產業發展,正好支持「高齡者醫療市場正在快速成長」的語意,因此正確。
第 17 題2 分
CT scans are availed for doctors of discovering and locating patients’ ____, even showing the blood vessels that feed them.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 醫學情境中的字義判斷。
- 名詞與上下文的語意搭配。
- 代名詞指涉與句意連貫。
CT scan(電腦斷層掃描)可協助醫師發現、定位病人的病灶,並進一步顯示供應病灶的血管。因此空格應填具有「腫瘤」之意的 tumors。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
CT scans are availed for doctors of discovering and locating patients’ ____, even showing the blood vessels that feed them.
其中,the blood vessels that feed them 意為「供應它們的血管」。能被血管供應、且可由 CT 掃描發現與定位的對象,最合理的是 tumors(腫瘤)。
全句可翻譯為:
電腦斷層掃描可供醫師發現並定位病人的腫瘤,甚至能顯示供應腫瘤的血管。
them 為複數代名詞,指前面的 tumors。腫瘤通常具有血液供應,影像檢查也可觀察腫瘤及其周圍血管。
解題方法
先看空格後面的線索:
the blood vessels that feed them
feed 在此不是「餵食」,而是「供應養分、提供血液」。因此空格中的名詞必須是能由血管供應的病理構造或組織。
再回頭檢查前半句:
discovering and locating patients’ ____
CT 掃描常用來發現與定位體內腫瘤。將 tumors 代入後,句意、醫學常識與代名詞指涉均完整成立。
選項分析
(A) dramas
drama 意為「戲劇、戲劇事件」,dramas 為複數。CT 掃描不會用來發現或定位病人的「戲劇」,也沒有「供應戲劇的血管」這種語意,因此錯誤。
(B) symptoms
symptom 意為「症狀」,symptoms 為複數。醫師可以觀察或評估症狀,但 CT 掃描主要呈現體內的結構與病灶,不是直接「定位症狀」。更重要的是,the blood vessels that feed them 不可能指「供應症狀的血管」,語意不成立,因此錯誤。
(C) tumors
第 18 題2 分
A healthy relationship is one in which you feel secure and your partner does not engage in behaviors that would ____ the relationship.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析
- 動詞與語境的搭配
- 情態動詞 would 後接原形動詞的文法
題幹中的關鍵語意是:
your partner does not engage in behaviors that would ____ the relationship.
意思是「你的伴侶不會從事那些會使這段關係陷入危險的行為」。
其中,空格後的受詞是 the relationship,需要填入能表示「危害、危及這段關係」的及物動詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
完整句子:
A healthy relationship is one in which you feel secure and your partner does not engage in behaviors that would jeopardize the relationship.
翻譯:
健康的關係是指你在其中感到安心,而且你的伴侶不會從事任何會危及這段關係的行為。
關鍵片語:
- a healthy relationship:健康的關係
- feel secure:感到安心、有安全感
- engage in behaviors:從事某些行為
- jeopardize the relationship:危及這段關係
- behaviors that would...:會……的行為
解題方法
先觀察句意:
- 前半句說在健康關係中會感到安全。
- 後半句說伴侶不會做出某些行為。
- 這些行為會對關係造成負面影響,因此空格應填入「危及、損害」之意。
再觀察文法:
behaviors that would + 原形動詞
would 為情態動詞,後面必須接原形動詞,因此五個選項在形式上都能接續,但只有 jeopardize 符合語意與搭配。
選項分析
(A) apprehend
apprehend 可表示:
- 逮捕
- 理解、領會
- 憂慮、害怕
例如:
- The police apprehended the suspect.
警方逮捕了嫌疑犯。 - I apprehend that the situation is serious.
我理解情勢很嚴重。
apprehend the relationship 不表示「危害這段關係」,與題幹語意不合,因此錯誤。
(B) mitigate
mitigate 意為「減輕、緩和、降低嚴重程度」。
例如:
- This treatment can mitigate the symptoms.
這項治療可以減輕症狀。
若填入:
第 19 題2 分
Whenever she’s in a bad mood she’s ____ to everyone, a major cause for her inability to ascend to a higher position.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與形容詞的語意搭配。解題關鍵在於:
in a bad mood:心情不好be + 形容詞 + to someone:以某種態度對待某人ascend to a higher position:升遷至更高職位
題幹描述她心情不好時對所有人造成負面影響,甚至成為無法升遷的主要原因,因此空格應填入表示「令人討厭、惹人厭」的形容詞。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
Whenever she’s in a bad mood she’s obnoxious to everyone, a major cause for her inability to ascend to a higher position.
翻譯:
每當她心情不好時,她對每個人都很討厭,這是她無法升遷至更高職位的主要原因之一。
obnoxious to everyone 與後面的 her inability to ascend to a higher position 形成因果關係:她待人惹人厭,導致人際關係及職場表現不佳,因而無法升遷。
解題方法
先判斷句子的情緒色彩。in a bad mood 已提示她的行為可能帶有負面特質;後半句又說這是她無法升遷的主要原因,因此答案必須是描述令人不悅或不受歡迎的性格形容詞。
(A) obnoxious 意為「令人討厭的、惹人厭的」,可與 to everyone 搭配,完全符合語意。
選項分析
(A) obnoxious
意為「令人討厭的、惹人厭的、粗鄙無禮的」。
be obnoxious to someone 表示「對某人很討厭、使某人感到厭惡」。題幹說她對每個人都如此,且這種態度妨礙升遷,語意完全吻合。
因此本選項正確。
(B) ephemeral
意為「短暫的、稍縱即逝的」。
此字通常形容事物、感情或現象存在時間很短,例如:
ephemeral fame:短暫的名聲an ephemeral feeling:短暫的感受
第 20 題2 分
Recognized as the first ____ in Chinese mythology, Shennong is said to have tasted hundreds of herbs for their medicinal value.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:判斷各人物身分名稱的語意。
- 語境判斷:根據後半句「品嘗數百種草藥以了解其藥用價值」推知人物職業。
- 搭配與句型:
the first + 名詞 + in ...表示「……中的第一位……」。
題幹中的關鍵線索是:
Recognized as the first ____ in Chinese mythology, Shennong is said to have tasted hundreds of herbs for their medicinal value.
翻譯:
神農被認為是中國神話中第一位__,據說曾品嘗數百種草藥,以了解它們的藥用價值。
後半句明確描述神農鑑別草藥、研究藥效的行為,因此空格應填表示「草藥師」的人物身分。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
Recognized as the first ____ in Chinese mythology
空格位於 the first 後方,應填入一個可數名詞單數,作為神農的身分或職業。
接著利用語意線索:
tasted hundreds of herbs:品嘗數百種草藥for their medicinal value:為了了解其藥用價值
這些行為與「研究、辨識、運用草藥的人」直接相關,因此答案是 herbalist。
完整句子為:
Recognized as the first herbalist in Chinese mythology, Shennong is said to have tasted hundreds of herbs for their medicinal value.
翻譯:
神農被認為是中國神話中第一位草藥師,據說曾品嘗數百種草藥,以了解它們的藥用價值。
其中 Recognized as ... 是分詞片語,修飾主詞 Shennong;is said to have tasted 表示「據說曾經品嘗過」,使用完成式不定詞 to have + 過去分詞,強調品嘗草藥的行為發生在「據說」之前。
選項分析
(A) ruler 統治者、君主
ruler 指統治國家或人民的人,例如國王、君主。
神農在中國神話中確實常被視為古代領袖,因此此選項具有一定語意關聯。然而,後半句的重點是他品嘗草藥、探究藥用價值,這項行為主要凸顯其草藥研究者的身分,而非統治者身分。填入後雖可形成文法正確的句子,卻不是本題語境所要表達的最佳答案。
(B) herbalist 草藥師、草藥專家
第 21 題2 分
Medical centers may be sued for disclosing patients’ sexual ____ and gender identity.
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核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」與「語意判斷」,關鍵結構為:
Medical centers may be sued for disclosing patients’ sexual ____ and gender identity.
醫學中心可能因揭露病人的性__與性別認同而遭到起訴。
其中:
- be sued for + V-ing:因為……而被起訴
- disclose:揭露、公開(通常指機密或私人資訊)
- sexual orientation:性傾向、性取向
- gender identity:性別認同
句中 sexual orientation 與 gender identity 為並列的名詞片語,兩者都屬於個人身分與隱私資訊,因此語意最為自然。
解題方法
先觀察空格後方的並列名詞:
sexual ____ and gender identity
「性__」與「性別認同」並列,應填入描述個人性傾向的名詞。醫學、心理學與法律語境中,最固定且正式的搭配是:
sexual orientation
完整句意為:
醫學中心可能因揭露病人的性傾向與性別認同而遭到起訴。
此外,disclose 常接 confidential information、personal information、medical records 等隱私資料,因此揭露病人的 sexual orientation 與 gender identity 在語意上完全合理。
選項分析
(A) orientation 正確
orientation 原意為「方向、定位」,在 sexual orientation 中則表示「性傾向、性取向」,指一個人在情感、浪漫或性方面主要被何種性別吸引。
常見搭配包括:
- sexual orientation:性傾向、性取向
- political orientation:政治取向
- career orientation:職業取向
sexual orientation and gender identity 是常見的並列表達,符合題幹語意。故選 (A)。
(B) illustration 錯誤
第 22 題2 分
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus with many similarities to the herpes virus. The ____ person usually complains of aches and pains, headache, sore throat, loss of appetite, and general malaise.
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核心觀念
本題考「分詞形容詞的語意辨析」,重點在於判斷哪個形容詞最適合修飾 person,並符合後方「出現全身不適症狀」的語境。
題幹描述感染 CMV 後,患者出現:
- aches and pains:全身痠痛
- headache:頭痛
- sore throat:喉嚨痛
- loss of appetite:食慾不振
- general malaise:全身不適、倦怠
因此空格需要填入「患病、受疾病折磨的」之意。
解題方法
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:
The ____ person usually complains of aches and pains, headache, sore throat, loss of appetite, and general malaise.
翻譯為:
這種患病的人通常會抱怨全身痠痛、頭痛、喉嚨痛、食慾不振及全身不適。
其中 afflicted 是形容詞,意思是「受疾病折磨的、患病的、受苦的」。
the afflicted person 可理解為「患病者、受疾病影響的人」,符合患者因 CMV 而出現多項症狀的語境。
句型結構為:
此處 afflicted 作前置形容詞修飾 person。
【答案】(B) afflicted
選項分析
(A) adverse
adverse 意為「不利的、有害的、反面的」,通常修飾:
- adverse effects:不良影響
- adverse reaction:不良反應
- adverse conditions:不利條件
它描述的是情況、影響或反應對人事物不利,通常不直接表示「患病的人」。
the adverse person 不是自然的英文搭配,也無法表達「罹患 CMV 而出現症狀的人」,因此錯誤。
(B) afflicted
afflicted 意為「受疾病折磨的、患病的、受苦的」。常見搭配包括:
- an afflicted person:患病者
- people afflicted with cancer:罹患癌症的人
- children afflicted by poverty:受貧窮所苦的兒童
本題的主詞是因 CMV 而出現多項身體症狀的患者,使用 the afflicted person 符合語意,故為正確答案。
(C) impaired
impaired 意為「受損的、功能障礙的、能力降低的」,常用於特定功能或能力受到損害:
- impaired vision:視力受損
- impaired hearing:聽力受損
- impaired judgment:判斷力受損
- physically impaired:身體功能受損
第 23 題2 分
The problems that fester in our healthcare system are not ____. Quite on the contrary, they constitute major challenges in today’s hospitals.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析
- 形容詞在語境中的適切性
- 反義語意與上下文判讀
關鍵線索是後一句:
Quite on the contrary, they constitute major challenges in today’s hospitals.
恰恰相反,這些問題構成了當今醫院中的重大挑戰。
既然這些問題是「重大挑戰」,前句的空格就應填入與「重大、核心、重要」相反的形容詞,表示「邊緣的、不重要的」。因此答案為 peripheral。
解題方法
先判斷空格的詞性。句型為:
The problems ... are not ____.
空格位於 be 動詞 are not 後面,應填入形容詞,描述 the problems 的性質。
再利用轉折語:
Quite on the contrary
此片語表示「恰恰相反」,後文說這些問題是:
major challenges
重大挑戰
因此,前文應表達「這些問題並非邊緣性或不重要的問題」。能與 major 形成語意對比的選項是 peripheral。
完整句意為:
The problems that fester in our healthcare system are not peripheral. Quite on the contrary, they constitute major challenges in today’s hospitals.
我們醫療體系中不斷惡化、積累已久的問題,並不是無關緊要的邊緣問題。恰恰相反,它們是當今醫院所面臨的重大挑戰。
關鍵單字與片語
1. fester
fester:潰爛;積壓惡化;逐漸惡化
本題中:
problems that fester
指「持續惡化、長期未解決的問題」。
2. healthcare system
healthcare system:醫療體系、醫療系統
3. peripheral
peripheral:周邊的;次要的;非核心的
例如:
- peripheral issue:次要議題
- peripheral concern:非核心的疑慮
- peripheral problem:邊緣性問題
本題中 are not peripheral 表示「並非次要或非核心的」。
4. quite on the contrary
quite on the contrary:恰恰相反、完全相反
它用來否定前文的推論,並引出與前文相反的事實。
5. constitute
constitute:構成;組成;形成
constitute major challenges
構成重大挑戰
6. major challenge
major challenge:重大挑戰、主要難題
選項分析
(A) perpendicular
perpendicular:垂直的;成直角的
例如:
The two lines are perpendicular to each other.
這兩條線彼此垂直。
此字主要用於幾何位置,也可延伸表示「截然不同的」,但本題談的是醫療體系中的問題是否重要、是否屬於核心議題,並非討論方向或角度。
The problems are not perpendicular.
語意不符合上下文,無法與後文的 major challenges 形成合理對比,因此錯誤。
(B) eccentric
eccentric:古怪的;異於常人的;偏心的
第 24 題2 分
First, weigh the benefits ____ the costs, then act.
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核心觀念:固定搭配與語意判斷
本題考查動詞 weigh 的固定搭配:
weigh A against B
衡量 A 與 B,權衡 A 和 B 的利弊
句中的 the benefits(好處、利益)與 the costs(成本、代價)是兩個需要相互比較的對象,因此使用 against,表示「拿……與……比較、權衡」。
題幹定位與翻譯
First, weigh the benefits against the costs, then act.
翻譯為:
首先權衡好處與代價,然後再採取行動。
其中:
- weigh:衡量;權衡
- benefit:好處;利益
- cost:成本;代價
- against:和……相比;以……為比較對象
- act:採取行動
- weigh the benefits against the costs:權衡利弊、比較收益與成本
解題方法
先觀察句意:做決定前,必須把「好處」和「代價」放在一起比較。英文中表達「衡量 A 相對於 B 的利弊」時,標準句型是:
套入題目:
意思是「比較好處與代價」,語意完整且符合英文慣用法。
選項分析
(A) for
weigh A for B 不是表示「權衡 A 與 B」的標準搭配。for 通常表示「為了、對於、支持」,放入句中無法清楚表達「將好處與代價相互比較」的意思。
weigh the benefits for the costs
此句搭配不自然,語意也不成立。
(B) between
第 25 題2 分
Neither auditory ____ nor delusion is his symptom, so I think he is far from schizophrenia.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 精神醫學相關字彙。
neither A nor B的對等結構。- 字詞搭配與語意判斷。
句型為:
Neither auditory ____ nor delusion is his symptom, so I think he is far from schizophrenia.
其中 auditory ____ 必須形成合理的名詞片語,且要能與 delusion 並列,表示精神疾病相關症狀。
auditory hallucination 是固定搭配,意為「聽幻覺、聽覺幻覺」;delusion 意為「妄想」。兩者皆可能出現在思覺失調症(schizophrenia)的症狀描述中。
解題方法
先觀察空格前的 auditory。auditory 是形容詞,意為「聽覺的、與聽力有關的」,後面需要接一個適合的名詞。
在精神醫學語境中:
auditory hallucination:聽幻覺,指在沒有外界實際聲音刺激時,患者卻聽見聲音。delusion:妄想,指即使缺乏充分證據,患者仍深信不移的錯誤信念。
因此:
Neither auditory hallucination nor delusion is his symptom.
可翻譯為:
「聽幻覺和妄想都不是他的症狀,因此我認為他離思覺失調症還很遠。」
neither A nor B 表示「A 和 B 兩者都不」。本句中的 A 是 auditory hallucination,B 是 delusion,兩者都是單數名詞,因此使用單數動詞 is。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Neither auditory hallucination nor delusion is his symptom, so I think he is far from schizophrenia.
翻譯:
聽幻覺和妄想都不是他的症狀,所以我認為他離思覺失調症還很遠。
其中 so 表示因果關係;be far from 表示「遠離、完全不像、不太可能是」。far from schizophrenia 在此指「不像是思覺失調症患者」或「距離思覺失調症的診斷特徵很遠」。
選項分析
(A) subconscious
subconscious 是形容詞或名詞,意為「潛意識的;潛意識」。
填入後為:
auditory subconscious
第 26 題2 分
A fire broke ____ in the night, ____ eight lives and leaving two homeless.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動詞片語 break out 的用法。
- 火災相關語意搭配。
- 分詞片語 claiming eight lives and leaving two homeless 的並列結構。
- claim lives 表示「奪走性命」的固定搭配。
題幹定位與翻譯
A fire broke out in the night, claiming eight lives and leaving two homeless.
翻譯為:
一場火災在夜間爆發,奪走了八條人命,並使兩人無家可歸。
其中:
- break out:突然發生、爆發,常用於火災、戰爭、疾病、暴動等。
- claim lives:奪走性命。
- leave someone homeless:使某人無家可歸。
解題方法
第一空放在 A fire broke ____ 中,主詞是「火災」,最自然的搭配是:
a fire breaks out
火災爆發
第二空接在逗號後:
claiming eight lives and leaving two homeless
其中 claiming 與 leaving 為並列的現在分詞,補充說明火災造成的兩項結果:
- claiming eight lives:奪走八條人命
- leaving two homeless:使兩人無家可歸
因此完整句子為:
A fire broke out in the night, claiming eight lives and leaving two homeless.
選項分析
(A) up / depriving
- break up:解散、分手、打碎,不表示「火災爆發」。
- deprive 通常用於結構 deprive A of B,表示「剝奪 A 的 B」。
第 27 題2 分
What the world learns from the Ebola pandemic is that effective organizations should not be hampered by bureaucratic structures; they should be ____ in anticipating disease outbreaks and making deployments in advance.
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核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 字義辨析
- 語境判斷
- 形容詞與介系詞的搭配
句型為:
effective organizations should not be hampered by bureaucratic structures; they should be ____ in anticipating disease outbreaks and making deployments in advance.
空格位於助動詞 should be 之後,因此需要填入形容詞。語意上,前半句指出有效率的組織不應受到官僚結構阻礙;後半句說明這類組織在預測疾病爆發、事先部署人力與資源時,應具備某種特質。
關鍵在於 in advance,意為「預先、事先」。組織必須在疫情發生前便採取行動,因此應是「積極主動、未雨綢繆的」。
解題方法
先抓句中的正負對比:
- should not be hampered by bureaucratic structures
不應受到官僚結構阻礙 - anticipating disease outbreaks and making deployments in advance
預測疾病爆發並預先進行部署
能夠預先預測問題、提前採取行動,正是 proactive 的核心概念。
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:
they should be ____ in anticipating disease outbreaks and making deployments in advance.
翻譯為:
他們在預測疾病爆發並預先進行部署時,應該要____。
proactive 表示「積極主動的;主動採取行動的」,尤其強調在問題發生前就先採取措施,與 in advance 的語意完全吻合。
完整句意為:
他們在預測疾病爆發並預先進行部署時,應該要積極主動。
關鍵單字與片語
- world:世界
- learn from:從……中學習
- Ebola pandemic:伊波拉大流行
- effective:有效率的;有效的
- organization:組織
- be hampered by:受到……阻礙
- bureaucratic structure:官僚結構
- anticipate:預期;預測;預先防範
- disease outbreak:疾病爆發
- make deployments:進行部署
- in advance:事先;預先
- proactive:積極主動的;先發制人的
其中 anticipate 不只是「預測」,也含有「預先準備、預先因應」的意思;proactive 則強調在事件發生前主動採取行動。
文法與語意重點
本句的基本結構是:
例如:
- The team should be proactive in identifying risks.
團隊應積極主動地辨識風險。
第 28 題2 分
As long as monkeypox spreads faster than health authorities can contain it, there is a risk that it is going to ____ new variants, potentially driving up the death toll.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動詞的語意辨識。
- 動詞與受詞的搭配。
- 根據上下文判斷因果關係。
題幹描述猴痘傳播速度快於衛生當局的控制速度,因此病毒可能「產生、衍生」新的變異株,進而提高死亡人數。能與 new variants 搭配且符合語意的動詞是 spawn。
題幹定位與翻譯
As long as monkeypox spreads faster than health authorities can contain it, there is a risk that it is going to spawn new variants, potentially driving up the death toll.
翻譯:
只要猴痘的傳播速度快於衛生當局控制它的速度,就有產生新變異株的風險,而這可能進一步推高死亡人數。
其中:
- as long as:只要
- spread:傳播、擴散
- health authorities:衛生當局
- contain:控制、遏止
- there is a risk that...:有……的風險
- be going to + 原形動詞:將要……
- spawn:產生、衍生;生出
- variant:變異株、變體
- potentially:可能地
- drive up:推高、使增加
- death toll:死亡人數、死亡總數
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的受詞:
spawn new variants
語意上,主詞 it 指猴痘病毒或猴痘疫情。病毒快速傳播時,可能在複製過程中產生新的變異株,因此「產生新變異株」是最合理的語意。
文法上,空格位於:
it is going to ____ new variants
結構是 be going to + 原形動詞,因此空格必須填入動詞原形。五個選項皆可作動詞,但只有 spawn 同時符合文法、語意與搭配。
選項分析
(A) spawn
spawn 作動詞時表示「產生、衍生、生出」,常用於描述生物繁殖、病毒變異或某種現象造成新的結果。
例如:
- The virus may spawn new variants.
這種病毒可能產生新的變異株。 - The crisis spawned a series of political conflicts.
這場危機引發了一連串政治衝突。
題幹中的猴痘傳播快速,增加病毒產生新變異株的機會,故 spawn new variants 語意自然,答案為 A。
(B) scaffold
scaffold 作名詞是「鷹架、支架、骨架」;作動詞可表示「搭鷹架支撐」或「提供架構」。
例如:
- Workers scaffolded the building.
工人為建築物搭設鷹架。 - The theory provides a scaffold for further research.
這項理論為進一步研究提供架構。
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
With more than 1,400 species, bats comprise the second-largest order of mammals and provide critical ecological services ____ insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Yet, bats are frequently associated with infectious human diseases such as SARS, MERS, and Ebola. As early as the end of January 2020, several virological studies have suggested bats as a probable origin for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. How does the public view the role of bats in COVID-19? Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, ____ with a conservation intervention experiment, primarily on people who are receiving or have received higher education in China. We found that 84% of the participants of an online survey () have misunderstood the relationship between bats and COVID-19, which ____ negative attitudes towards bats. Knowledge of bats, gender, and education level of the participants affected their attitudes towards bats. Participants who indicated a better knowledge of bats had a more positive attitude towards bats. The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants. Participants with a higher education level indicated a more positive attitude towards bats after the outbreak of COVID-19. A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, ____ failed to correct the misconception that bats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans directly. We suggest that the way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases, the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages, and the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans ____ to the misunderstandings. This probably led to a rise in the events of evicting bats from dwellings and structures by humans and the legislative proposal for culling disease-relevant wildlife in China. A better understanding of the relationship between disease, wildlife and human health could help guide the public and policymakers in an improved program for bat conservation.
- Bats provide critical ecological services ____ insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers.
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核心觀念
本題考查介系詞 as 的語意與句型:
- as + 名詞:表示「作為……、以……身分、扮演……角色」。
- 句型:
provide A as B
表示「以 B 的身分提供 A」或「提供具有 B 功能的 A」。
文中說明蝙蝠在生態系中扮演三種角色:
- insect consumers:以昆蟲為食的消費者
- pollinators:授粉者
- seed dispersers:種子散播者
因此應使用 as,表示蝙蝠「作為昆蟲消費者、授粉者及種子散播者」提供重要的生態服務。
解題方法
定位題幹中的完整句子:
Bats provide critical ecological services ____ insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers.
翻譯為:
蝙蝠以昆蟲消費者、授粉者及種子散播者的身分,提供重要的生態服務。
空格後的三個名詞片語是用來說明蝙蝠所扮演的功能或角色,並非服務的對象、伴隨的工具或談論的主題,因此要選表示「作為」的 as。
完整句為:
Bats provide critical ecological services as insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers.
選項分析
(A) for
for 通常表示「為了……、提供給……、對……而言」。
若填入:
provide critical ecological services for insect consumers
意思會變成:
為昆蟲消費者提供重要的生態服務。
此處的重點是蝙蝠「本身就是」昆蟲消費者,而不是蝙蝠替其他昆蟲消費者提供服務,因此語意不符。
(B) to
to 可表示「給予……、對……」。
若填入:
provide critical ecological services to insect consumers
意思是:
對昆蟲消費者提供重要的生態服務。
這會把 insect consumers 解讀成接受服務的對象,然而本文是在列舉蝙蝠的生態功能,並非說蝙蝠把服務提供給其他昆蟲消費者,因此不合文意。
(C) with
with 表示「和……一起、帶有……、使用……」。
provide critical ecological services with insect consumers
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
With more than 1,400 species, bats comprise the second-largest order of mammals and provide critical ecological services ____ insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Yet, bats are frequently associated with infectious human diseases such as SARS, MERS, and Ebola. As early as the end of January 2020, several virological studies have suggested bats as a probable origin for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. How does the public view the role of bats in COVID-19? Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, ____ with a conservation intervention experiment, primarily on people who are receiving or have received higher education in China. We found that 84% of the participants of an online survey () have misunderstood the relationship between bats and COVID-19, which ____ negative attitudes towards bats. Knowledge of bats, gender, and education level of the participants affected their attitudes towards bats. Participants who indicated a better knowledge of bats had a more positive attitude towards bats. The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants. Participants with a higher education level indicated a more positive attitude towards bats after the outbreak of COVID-19. A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, ____ failed to correct the misconception that bats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans directly. We suggest that the way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases, the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages, and the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans ____ to the misunderstandings. This probably led to a rise in the events of evicting bats from dwellings and structures by humans and the legislative proposal for culling disease-relevant wildlife in China. A better understanding of the relationship between disease, wildlife and human health could help guide the public and policymakers in an improved program for bat conservation.
- Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, ____ with a conservation intervention experiment.
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核心觀念
本題考「分詞片語」與「動詞搭配、語意判斷」。
原句為:
Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, ____ with a conservation intervention experiment.
空格位於逗號後,修飾前面的 two online surveys。完整概念是:
two online surveys that were combined with a conservation intervention experiment
關係子句縮減後,變成過去分詞片語:
two online surveys, combined with a conservation intervention experiment
其中 combined with 表示「與……結合、搭配進行」。
解題方法
先判斷空格後的介系詞是 with。在研究方法的語境中,兩份線上問卷與一項保育介入實驗「結合使用」,最自然的搭配是:
combine A with B
將 A 與 B 結合
由於 surveys 是「被結合」的對象,因此使用過去分詞 combined,形成被動意味:
two online surveys, combined with a conservation intervention experiment
兩份與保育介入實驗結合的線上問卷
完整翻譯:
本文報告在 COVID-19 爆發後不久所蒐集的初步資料,這些資料是透過兩份線上問卷取得,並搭配一項蝙蝠保育介入實驗。
關鍵定位句
Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, combined with a conservation intervention experiment.
翻譯:
本文報告在 COVID-19 爆發後不久蒐集的初步資料,研究使用兩份線上問卷,並結合一項保育介入實驗。
選項分析
(A) combined——正確
combine A with B 表示「將 A 與 B 結合」。此處為過去分詞片語,完整形式是:
two online surveys which were combined with a conservation intervention experiment
省略關係代名詞 which 與 be 動詞 were 後,留下 combined。
語意上,研究者同時使用線上問卷與保育講座等介入方式,符合文章內容,因此為最佳答案。
(B) compatible——錯誤
compatible with 表示「與……相容、相符」,常用於設備、系統、觀念或規格,例如:
This software is compatible with Windows.
這套軟體與 Windows 相容。
若填入:
two online surveys, compatible with a conservation intervention experiment
意思會變成「兩份與保育介入實驗相容的問卷」,只表達彼此不衝突,沒有「結合進行」的意思,不符合研究方法的敘述。
(C) aligned——錯誤
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
With more than 1,400 species, bats comprise the second-largest order of mammals and provide critical ecological services ____ insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Yet, bats are frequently associated with infectious human diseases such as SARS, MERS, and Ebola. As early as the end of January 2020, several virological studies have suggested bats as a probable origin for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. How does the public view the role of bats in COVID-19? Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, ____ with a conservation intervention experiment, primarily on people who are receiving or have received higher education in China. We found that 84% of the participants of an online survey () have misunderstood the relationship between bats and COVID-19, which ____ negative attitudes towards bats. Knowledge of bats, gender, and education level of the participants affected their attitudes towards bats. Participants who indicated a better knowledge of bats had a more positive attitude towards bats. The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants. Participants with a higher education level indicated a more positive attitude towards bats after the outbreak of COVID-19. A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, ____ failed to correct the misconception that bats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans directly. We suggest that the way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases, the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages, and the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans ____ to the misunderstandings. This probably led to a rise in the events of evicting bats from dwellings and structures by humans and the legislative proposal for culling disease-relevant wildlife in China. A better understanding of the relationship between disease, wildlife and human health could help guide the public and policymakers in an improved program for bat conservation.
- We found that 84% of the participants of an online survey have misunderstood the relationship between bats and COVID-19, which ____ negative attitudes towards bats.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析
- 動詞與受詞的語意搭配
- 非限定關係子句中 which 的指涉
句型為:
..., which ____ negative attitudes towards bats.
逗號前的完整敘述指出:許多人誤解蝙蝠與 COVID-19 的關係。逗號後的 which 引導非限定關係子句,補充說明前述「誤解」所造成的結果。
其中:
- strengthen negative attitudes:加深/強化負面態度
- negative attitudes towards bats:對蝙蝠的負面態度
因此空格需要填入能表達「使負面態度更加強烈」的動詞。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
We found that 84% of the participants of an online survey have misunderstood the relationship between bats and COVID-19, which ____ negative attitudes towards bats.
翻譯:
我們發現,線上調查中有 84% 的參與者誤解蝙蝠與 COVID-19 之間的關係,而這種誤解加深了人們對蝙蝠的負面態度。
「誤解」會導致負面態度更加強烈,最符合上下文的動詞是 strengthened。
完整句意為:
這種誤解強化了人們對蝙蝠的負面態度。
選項分析
(A) restored
restore 意為「恢復、使復原」。
例如:
- restore peace:恢復和平
- restore an old building:修復老建築
句中談的是誤解造成負面態度加深,並非使某種原有狀態恢復,因此 restored negative attitudes 語意不合。
(B) acquired
acquire 意為「取得、獲得、習得」。
例如:
- acquire knowledge:獲得知識
- acquire a skill:學得技能
通常是人取得知識、技能、經驗或某種特質;acquire negative attitudes 雖可在特定語境中表示「形成負面態度」,但本句重點是誤解使既有的負面態度更加嚴重,與「強化」的因果關係不如 strengthened 精確。
(C) strengthened
strengthen 意為「加強、強化、使更強烈」。
常見搭配包括:
- strengthen an argument:強化論點
- strengthen a relationship:加強關係
- strengthen public concern:加深公眾的疑慮
- strengthen negative attitudes:強化負面態度
誤解蝙蝠與 COVID-19 的關係,會使人們對蝙蝠的負面觀感更加強烈,符合全文內容,因此為正確答案。
(D) convened
convene 意為「召集、召開會議」。
例如:
- convene a meeting:召開會議
- convene a committee:召集委員會
其受詞通常是 meeting、conference、committee 等會議或組織,不能自然地搭配 negative attitudes。此外,誤解也不可能「召開」負面態度,因此不合語意。
(E) collaborated
collaborate 意為「合作、協作」。
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
With more than 1,400 species, bats comprise the second-largest order of mammals and provide critical ecological services ____ insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Yet, bats are frequently associated with infectious human diseases such as SARS, MERS, and Ebola. As early as the end of January 2020, several virological studies have suggested bats as a probable origin for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. How does the public view the role of bats in COVID-19? Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, ____ with a conservation intervention experiment, primarily on people who are receiving or have received higher education in China. We found that 84% of the participants of an online survey () have misunderstood the relationship between bats and COVID-19, which ____ negative attitudes towards bats. Knowledge of bats, gender, and education level of the participants affected their attitudes towards bats. Participants who indicated a better knowledge of bats had a more positive attitude towards bats. The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants. Participants with a higher education level indicated a more positive attitude towards bats after the outbreak of COVID-19. A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, ____ failed to correct the misconception that bats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans directly. We suggest that the way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases, the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages, and the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans ____ to the misunderstandings. This probably led to a rise in the events of evicting bats from dwellings and structures by humans and the legislative proposal for culling disease-relevant wildlife in China. A better understanding of the relationship between disease, wildlife and human health could help guide the public and policymakers in an improved program for bat conservation.
- The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants.
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核心觀念
本題考「比較句中的代名詞替代」與「不可數/抽象名詞的重複避免」。
題目句型為:
The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants.
其中比較的是:
- female participants 的 比例:the proportion of female participants
- male participants 的 比例:the proportion of male participants
為避免重複使用 the proportion,英文以單數代名詞 that 代替前面提到的單數名詞 proportion:
higher than that of male participants
因此完整句意是:「持負面態度的女性參與者比例,高於男性參與者的比例。」
解題方法
先找出比較句兩邊真正比較的對象:
前後兩邊的核心名詞都是 proportion,而 proportion 是單數名詞。因此後半句不能再用完整名詞,而要用單數代名詞 that 代替:
The proportion of female participants … was higher than that of male participants.
此處的 that 相當於:
that = the proportion
而 of male participants 修飾被省略、由 that 代替的 proportion。
題幹定位與翻譯
定位句為:
The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants.
翻譯:
對蝙蝠抱持負面態度的女性參與者比例,高於男性參與者的比例。
文章前文已指出研究比較不同性別參與者對蝙蝠的態度,此句比較的是兩組人的「比例」,不是直接比較女性與男性的人數或個人。
選項分析
(A) that
正確。
that 可代替前面出現的單數名詞 proportion:
the proportion of female participants was higher than that of male participants
這是正式英文中常見的「that of+名詞」結構,用來避免重複相同名詞。
(B) some
錯誤。
some 表示「一些」,通常指涉部分人或部分事物。若填入句中,會變成:
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
With more than 1,400 species, bats comprise the second-largest order of mammals and provide critical ecological services ____ insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Yet, bats are frequently associated with infectious human diseases such as SARS, MERS, and Ebola. As early as the end of January 2020, several virological studies have suggested bats as a probable origin for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. How does the public view the role of bats in COVID-19? Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, ____ with a conservation intervention experiment, primarily on people who are receiving or have received higher education in China. We found that 84% of the participants of an online survey () have misunderstood the relationship between bats and COVID-19, which ____ negative attitudes towards bats. Knowledge of bats, gender, and education level of the participants affected their attitudes towards bats. Participants who indicated a better knowledge of bats had a more positive attitude towards bats. The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants. Participants with a higher education level indicated a more positive attitude towards bats after the outbreak of COVID-19. A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, ____ failed to correct the misconception that bats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans directly. We suggest that the way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases, the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages, and the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans ____ to the misunderstandings. This probably led to a rise in the events of evicting bats from dwellings and structures by humans and the legislative proposal for culling disease-relevant wildlife in China. A better understanding of the relationship between disease, wildlife and human health could help guide the public and policymakers in an improved program for bat conservation.
- A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, ____ failed to correct the misconception that bats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans directly.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「對等連接詞」與上下文語意判斷。
句型為:
A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, ____ failed to correct the misconception...
前半句表示演講帶來正面效果;後半句表示演講仍未能矯正錯誤觀念。前後語意形成「但是、然而」的轉折,因此應使用 but。
基本結構為:
此處可整理為:
- lecture improved knowledge and positive attitudes
- lecture failed to correct the misconception
兩個動詞片語皆由同一主詞 A specially prepared bat conservation lecture 所支配,使用 but 連接兩個具有對比關係的結果。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的語意:
- improved:改善、提升
- failed to correct:未能矯正
「提升蝙蝠知識與正面態度」是成功的結果;「未能矯正蝙蝠直接傳播病毒的錯誤觀念」則是限制或未完成的結果,兩者具有明顯轉折。
題幹定位句:
A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, but failed to correct the misconception that bats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans directly.
翻譯:
一場特別準備的蝙蝠保育講座提升了人們對蝙蝠的知識與正面態度,但是未能矯正「蝙蝠會直接將 SARS-CoV-2 傳染給人類」這項錯誤觀念。
因此空格填入 but 後,文意最完整、邏輯最自然。
選項分析
(A) but
正確。but 是對等連接詞,表示「但是、然而」,可連接兩個具有轉折關係的對等成分。本句中:
improved ... but failed ...
形成動詞片語的對比,說明講座雖然改善了知識與態度,卻沒有消除錯誤認知。
(B) and
錯誤。and 表示「和、並且」,用於添加相同方向或並列的資訊。若填入 and,句意會變成:
講座提升了知識與正面態度,並且未能矯正錯誤觀念。
雖然文法表面上可連接兩個動詞,但上下文要表達的是「有成效,卻仍有不足」,不是單純的並列,因此不符合語意邏輯。
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
With more than 1,400 species, bats comprise the second-largest order of mammals and provide critical ecological services ____ insect consumers, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Yet, bats are frequently associated with infectious human diseases such as SARS, MERS, and Ebola. As early as the end of January 2020, several virological studies have suggested bats as a probable origin for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. How does the public view the role of bats in COVID-19? Here we report pilot data collected shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 using two online surveys, ____ with a conservation intervention experiment, primarily on people who are receiving or have received higher education in China. We found that 84% of the participants of an online survey () have misunderstood the relationship between bats and COVID-19, which ____ negative attitudes towards bats. Knowledge of bats, gender, and education level of the participants affected their attitudes towards bats. Participants who indicated a better knowledge of bats had a more positive attitude towards bats. The proportion of female participants who had negative attitudes towards bats was higher than ____ of male participants. Participants with a higher education level indicated a more positive attitude towards bats after the outbreak of COVID-19. A specially prepared bat conservation lecture improved peoples’ knowledge of bats and the positive attitudes, ____ failed to correct the misconception that bats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans directly. We suggest that the way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases, the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages, and the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans ____ to the misunderstandings. This probably led to a rise in the events of evicting bats from dwellings and structures by humans and the legislative proposal for culling disease-relevant wildlife in China. A better understanding of the relationship between disease, wildlife and human health could help guide the public and policymakers in an improved program for bat conservation.
- The way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases, the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages, and the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans ____ to the misunderstandings.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 並列主詞與動詞
- 動詞時態
- 詞性辨識
- 固定搭配:contribute to
空格前的主詞為三個並列名詞片語:
- The way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases
- the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages
- the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans
三者以 and 連接,構成複數主詞,因此空格必須填入能作為主要動詞的複數形式。
題幹定位與句意
關鍵句為:
The way virologists frame the association of bats with diseases, the countless frequently inaccurate media coverages, and the natural perceptual bias of bats carrying and transmitting diseases to humans contributed to the misunderstandings.
翻譯:
病毒學家描述蝙蝠與疾病關聯的方式、數量眾多且經常不準確的媒體報導,以及人們對蝙蝠會攜帶並將疾病傳染給人類的自然認知偏誤,共同造成了這些誤解。
其中:
contribute to + 名詞
表示「促成、導致、造成」。
解題方法
先判斷句子的基本結構:
主詞是三項事物並列而成,整體視為複數主詞;句意是在說這些因素「造成了」先前提到的誤解。
文章描述的是 COVID-19 爆發後所形成的誤解及其原因,使用過去式最符合上下文。因此需要填入過去式動詞:
選項分析
(A) contributing
contributing 是現在分詞或動名詞,不能在此獨立作為主要謂語動詞。
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is no data on global plastic pollution that is equivalent to the regular measurements of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. But as with greenhouse gases, the recent news has been nearly all bad. In 1950, worldwide production of plastics stood at 2m tons per year. In 2020, it was 367m tons (down from 368m the year before due to the coronavirus pandemic). This enormous increase is hard to visualise. But the 8.8m tons of plastic waste that is estimated to enter the world’s marine environment each year is the equivalent of a rubbish truck filled with plastic being tipped into the sea every minute.
So the agreement struck by 173 countries at the UN environment assembly in Nairobi last week was a huge relief. At last, something is going to be done multilaterally about a problem that no government can solve on its own. Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena. As with cutting emissions (or failing to), fine words about plastics are no use unless they are accompanied by strong actions, including mechanisms to ensure reductions in consumption. ____ But as a statement of intent, and proof that multilateral cooperation to protect our shared environment is still possible, the agreement is more than welcome. Like global heating, plastic pollution is a matter of social justice issue as well as conservation, with people in poor countries suffering disproportionately.
____ Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year—more than all European Union member countries combined. Another report found that 20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste. Some are the same companies responsible for fossil fuel production, since plastics are made from petrochemicals.
Efforts to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, and television footage of plastic waste in an albatross’s nest, have imprinted themselves on public consciousness in countries where these reports have been widely seen. But policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management, including the bans on plastic waste imports imposed by China and other countries, and restrictions in many countries on the sale of single-use plastic items such as bags.
____ But they have not touched the source of the problem: the total amount of plastic waste in the world is predicted to almost quadruple by 2050 and the oil industry is heavily invested in expansion, partly as a means of coping with reduced demand in other areas, as people switch to greener technologies. This has to change. ____
選項:
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是英文篇章結構與句子插入,判斷重點包括:
- 代名詞與指涉關係:如 the announcement 指前文哪一件事。
- 轉折與語意銜接:前文的正面評價,後文是否轉入限制或補充。
- 段落發展順序:先說協議的意義,再說協議只是起點,接著指出必須採取具體行動。
- 選項的主題位置:有些句子雖然符合全文主旨,卻不適合放在指定空格。
本題官方答案為 (A)。
解題方法
指定空格位於下列兩句之間:
Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
沒有一項將在未來兩年內談判完成、具法律約束力的條約,很難看出進展將從何而來。
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
前文先說明:
- 173 個國家已在聯合國環境大會達成協議。
- 這項協議使人感到寬慰。
- 未來兩年仍須協商具法律約束力的條約。
因此,下一句最自然的發展是指出:目前的協議只是漫長談判過程的開端,後續仍充滿困難。
(A) 正好承接前文:
The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
這項宣布只是漫長且充滿艱難的過程之開端。
其中:
- The announcement 指前文提到的協議。
- only the beginning 呼應前文的 will be negotiated over the next two years。
- a long and fraught process 說明後續談判耗時久,且充滿複雜問題。
接著文章轉向提醒:協議與宣示本身並不夠,必須有實際行動:
The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
污染與自然環境的破壞都是實際存在的物質現象。
全文邏輯因此形成:
「達成協議令人寬慰」→「但協議只是起點」→「真正重要的是具體行動」。
選項分析
(A) The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
正確。
The announcement 可回指前文的:
the agreement struck by 173 countries
也能與後文「未來兩年進行條約談判」相互呼應。only the beginning 表示協議不是終點,符合下文對具體行動與減少塑膠消耗的要求。句子在語意、指涉與段落發展上都完全銜接。
(B) Such measures can have localised effects, and influence attitudes and behaviour.
錯誤。
Such measures 意為「這類措施」,但在此空格前尚未具體提出一組措施,指涉對象不明。文章後段才提到:
policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management
政策制定者處理塑膠問題的努力,僅限於廢棄物管理。
因此,(B) 比較適合放在介紹塑膠袋禁令、塑膠廢棄物進口限制等措施之後,用來說明這些措施的局部效果與對行為的影響,不適合放在本題空格。
(C) As with emissions, the richest countries and companies are the worst culprits.
錯誤。
此句討論「最富裕的國家與企業是主要肇事者」,內容與後文高度相關:
Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year...
以及:
20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste.
因此,(C) 適合放在介紹美國與大型企業責任的段落前,作為後文數據的總結性引導句。但本題空格前後談的是協議、條約與實際行動,尚未進入責任歸屬與數據證據,主題不連貫。
**(D) Plastic pollution is closely linked to economic growth, and changing our way of life
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is no data on global plastic pollution that is equivalent to the regular measurements of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. But as with greenhouse gases, the recent news has been nearly all bad. In 1950, worldwide production of plastics stood at 2m tons per year. In 2020, it was 367m tons (down from 368m the year before due to the coronavirus pandemic). This enormous increase is hard to visualise. But the 8.8m tons of plastic waste that is estimated to enter the world’s marine environment each year is the equivalent of a rubbish truck filled with plastic being tipped into the sea every minute.
So the agreement struck by 173 countries at the UN environment assembly in Nairobi last week was a huge relief. At last, something is going to be done multilaterally about a problem that no government can solve on its own. Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena. As with cutting emissions (or failing to), fine words about plastics are no use unless they are accompanied by strong actions, including mechanisms to ensure reductions in consumption. ____ But as a statement of intent, and proof that multilateral cooperation to protect our shared environment is still possible, the agreement is more than welcome. Like global heating, plastic pollution is a matter of social justice issue as well as conservation, with people in poor countries suffering disproportionately.
____ Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year—more than all European Union member countries combined. Another report found that 20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste. Some are the same companies responsible for fossil fuel production, since plastics are made from petrochemicals.
Efforts to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, and television footage of plastic waste in an albatross’s nest, have imprinted themselves on public consciousness in countries where these reports have been widely seen. But policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management, including the bans on plastic waste imports imposed by China and other countries, and restrictions in many countries on the sale of single-use plastic items such as bags.
____ But they have not touched the source of the problem: the total amount of plastic waste in the world is predicted to almost quadruple by 2050 and the oil industry is heavily invested in expansion, partly as a means of coping with reduced demand in other areas, as people switch to greener technologies. This has to change. ____
選項:
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是英文篇章結構與句子插入,判斷重點包括:
- 代名詞與指涉關係:如 the announcement 指前文哪一件事。
- 轉折與語意銜接:前文的正面評價,後文是否轉入限制或補充。
- 段落發展順序:先說協議的意義,再說協議只是起點,接著指出必須採取具體行動。
- 選項的主題位置:有些句子雖然符合全文主旨,卻不適合放在指定空格。
本題官方答案為 (A)。
解題方法
指定空格位於下列兩句之間:
Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
沒有一項將在未來兩年內談判完成、具法律約束力的條約,很難看出進展將從何而來。
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
前文先說明:
- 173 個國家已在聯合國環境大會達成協議。
- 這項協議使人感到寬慰。
- 未來兩年仍須協商具法律約束力的條約。
因此,下一句最自然的發展是指出:目前的協議只是漫長談判過程的開端,後續仍充滿困難。
(A) 正好承接前文:
The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
這項宣布只是漫長且充滿艱難的過程之開端。
其中:
- The announcement 指前文提到的協議。
- only the beginning 呼應前文的 will be negotiated over the next two years。
- a long and fraught process 說明後續談判耗時久,且充滿複雜問題。
接著文章轉向提醒:協議與宣示本身並不夠,必須有實際行動:
The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
污染與自然環境的破壞都是實際存在的物質現象。
全文邏輯因此形成:
「達成協議令人寬慰」→「但協議只是起點」→「真正重要的是具體行動」。
選項分析
(A) The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
正確。
The announcement 可回指前文的:
the agreement struck by 173 countries
也能與後文「未來兩年進行條約談判」相互呼應。only the beginning 表示協議不是終點,符合下文對具體行動與減少塑膠消耗的要求。句子在語意、指涉與段落發展上都完全銜接。
(B) Such measures can have localised effects, and influence attitudes and behaviour.
錯誤。
Such measures 意為「這類措施」,但在此空格前尚未具體提出一組措施,指涉對象不明。文章後段才提到:
policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management
政策制定者處理塑膠問題的努力,僅限於廢棄物管理。
因此,(B) 比較適合放在介紹塑膠袋禁令、塑膠廢棄物進口限制等措施之後,用來說明這些措施的局部效果與對行為的影響,不適合放在本題空格。
(C) As with emissions, the richest countries and companies are the worst culprits.
錯誤。
此句討論「最富裕的國家與企業是主要肇事者」,內容與後文高度相關:
Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year...
以及:
20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste.
因此,(C) 適合放在介紹美國與大型企業責任的段落前,作為後文數據的總結性引導句。但本題空格前後談的是協議、條約與實際行動,尚未進入責任歸屬與數據證據,主題不連貫。
**(D) Plastic pollution is closely linked to economic growth, and changing our way of life
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is no data on global plastic pollution that is equivalent to the regular measurements of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. But as with greenhouse gases, the recent news has been nearly all bad. In 1950, worldwide production of plastics stood at 2m tons per year. In 2020, it was 367m tons (down from 368m the year before due to the coronavirus pandemic). This enormous increase is hard to visualise. But the 8.8m tons of plastic waste that is estimated to enter the world’s marine environment each year is the equivalent of a rubbish truck filled with plastic being tipped into the sea every minute.
So the agreement struck by 173 countries at the UN environment assembly in Nairobi last week was a huge relief. At last, something is going to be done multilaterally about a problem that no government can solve on its own. Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena. As with cutting emissions (or failing to), fine words about plastics are no use unless they are accompanied by strong actions, including mechanisms to ensure reductions in consumption. ____ But as a statement of intent, and proof that multilateral cooperation to protect our shared environment is still possible, the agreement is more than welcome. Like global heating, plastic pollution is a matter of social justice issue as well as conservation, with people in poor countries suffering disproportionately.
____ Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year—more than all European Union member countries combined. Another report found that 20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste. Some are the same companies responsible for fossil fuel production, since plastics are made from petrochemicals.
Efforts to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, and television footage of plastic waste in an albatross’s nest, have imprinted themselves on public consciousness in countries where these reports have been widely seen. But policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management, including the bans on plastic waste imports imposed by China and other countries, and restrictions in many countries on the sale of single-use plastic items such as bags.
____ But they have not touched the source of the problem: the total amount of plastic waste in the world is predicted to almost quadruple by 2050 and the oil industry is heavily invested in expansion, partly as a means of coping with reduced demand in other areas, as people switch to greener technologies. This has to change. ____
選項:
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是英文篇章結構與句子插入,判斷重點包括:
- 代名詞與指涉關係:如 the announcement 指前文哪一件事。
- 轉折與語意銜接:前文的正面評價,後文是否轉入限制或補充。
- 段落發展順序:先說協議的意義,再說協議只是起點,接著指出必須採取具體行動。
- 選項的主題位置:有些句子雖然符合全文主旨,卻不適合放在指定空格。
本題官方答案為 (A)。
解題方法
指定空格位於下列兩句之間:
Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
沒有一項將在未來兩年內談判完成、具法律約束力的條約,很難看出進展將從何而來。
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
前文先說明:
- 173 個國家已在聯合國環境大會達成協議。
- 這項協議使人感到寬慰。
- 未來兩年仍須協商具法律約束力的條約。
因此,下一句最自然的發展是指出:目前的協議只是漫長談判過程的開端,後續仍充滿困難。
(A) 正好承接前文:
The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
這項宣布只是漫長且充滿艱難的過程之開端。
其中:
- The announcement 指前文提到的協議。
- only the beginning 呼應前文的 will be negotiated over the next two years。
- a long and fraught process 說明後續談判耗時久,且充滿複雜問題。
接著文章轉向提醒:協議與宣示本身並不夠,必須有實際行動:
The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
污染與自然環境的破壞都是實際存在的物質現象。
全文邏輯因此形成:
「達成協議令人寬慰」→「但協議只是起點」→「真正重要的是具體行動」。
選項分析
(A) The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
正確。
The announcement 可回指前文的:
the agreement struck by 173 countries
也能與後文「未來兩年進行條約談判」相互呼應。only the beginning 表示協議不是終點,符合下文對具體行動與減少塑膠消耗的要求。句子在語意、指涉與段落發展上都完全銜接。
(B) Such measures can have localised effects, and influence attitudes and behaviour.
錯誤。
Such measures 意為「這類措施」,但在此空格前尚未具體提出一組措施,指涉對象不明。文章後段才提到:
policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management
政策制定者處理塑膠問題的努力,僅限於廢棄物管理。
因此,(B) 比較適合放在介紹塑膠袋禁令、塑膠廢棄物進口限制等措施之後,用來說明這些措施的局部效果與對行為的影響,不適合放在本題空格。
(C) As with emissions, the richest countries and companies are the worst culprits.
錯誤。
此句討論「最富裕的國家與企業是主要肇事者」,內容與後文高度相關:
Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year...
以及:
20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste.
因此,(C) 適合放在介紹美國與大型企業責任的段落前,作為後文數據的總結性引導句。但本題空格前後談的是協議、條約與實際行動,尚未進入責任歸屬與數據證據,主題不連貫。
**(D) Plastic pollution is closely linked to economic growth, and changing our way of life
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is no data on global plastic pollution that is equivalent to the regular measurements of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. But as with greenhouse gases, the recent news has been nearly all bad. In 1950, worldwide production of plastics stood at 2m tons per year. In 2020, it was 367m tons (down from 368m the year before due to the coronavirus pandemic). This enormous increase is hard to visualise. But the 8.8m tons of plastic waste that is estimated to enter the world’s marine environment each year is the equivalent of a rubbish truck filled with plastic being tipped into the sea every minute.
So the agreement struck by 173 countries at the UN environment assembly in Nairobi last week was a huge relief. At last, something is going to be done multilaterally about a problem that no government can solve on its own. Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena. As with cutting emissions (or failing to), fine words about plastics are no use unless they are accompanied by strong actions, including mechanisms to ensure reductions in consumption. ____ But as a statement of intent, and proof that multilateral cooperation to protect our shared environment is still possible, the agreement is more than welcome. Like global heating, plastic pollution is a matter of social justice issue as well as conservation, with people in poor countries suffering disproportionately.
____ Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year—more than all European Union member countries combined. Another report found that 20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste. Some are the same companies responsible for fossil fuel production, since plastics are made from petrochemicals.
Efforts to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, and television footage of plastic waste in an albatross’s nest, have imprinted themselves on public consciousness in countries where these reports have been widely seen. But policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management, including the bans on plastic waste imports imposed by China and other countries, and restrictions in many countries on the sale of single-use plastic items such as bags.
____ But they have not touched the source of the problem: the total amount of plastic waste in the world is predicted to almost quadruple by 2050 and the oil industry is heavily invested in expansion, partly as a means of coping with reduced demand in other areas, as people switch to greener technologies. This has to change. ____
選項:
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是英文篇章結構與句子插入,判斷重點包括:
- 代名詞與指涉關係:如 the announcement 指前文哪一件事。
- 轉折與語意銜接:前文的正面評價,後文是否轉入限制或補充。
- 段落發展順序:先說協議的意義,再說協議只是起點,接著指出必須採取具體行動。
- 選項的主題位置:有些句子雖然符合全文主旨,卻不適合放在指定空格。
本題官方答案為 (A)。
解題方法
指定空格位於下列兩句之間:
Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
沒有一項將在未來兩年內談判完成、具法律約束力的條約,很難看出進展將從何而來。
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
前文先說明:
- 173 個國家已在聯合國環境大會達成協議。
- 這項協議使人感到寬慰。
- 未來兩年仍須協商具法律約束力的條約。
因此,下一句最自然的發展是指出:目前的協議只是漫長談判過程的開端,後續仍充滿困難。
(A) 正好承接前文:
The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
這項宣布只是漫長且充滿艱難的過程之開端。
其中:
- The announcement 指前文提到的協議。
- only the beginning 呼應前文的 will be negotiated over the next two years。
- a long and fraught process 說明後續談判耗時久,且充滿複雜問題。
接著文章轉向提醒:協議與宣示本身並不夠,必須有實際行動:
The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
污染與自然環境的破壞都是實際存在的物質現象。
全文邏輯因此形成:
「達成協議令人寬慰」→「但協議只是起點」→「真正重要的是具體行動」。
選項分析
(A) The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
正確。
The announcement 可回指前文的:
the agreement struck by 173 countries
也能與後文「未來兩年進行條約談判」相互呼應。only the beginning 表示協議不是終點,符合下文對具體行動與減少塑膠消耗的要求。句子在語意、指涉與段落發展上都完全銜接。
(B) Such measures can have localised effects, and influence attitudes and behaviour.
錯誤。
Such measures 意為「這類措施」,但在此空格前尚未具體提出一組措施,指涉對象不明。文章後段才提到:
policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management
政策制定者處理塑膠問題的努力,僅限於廢棄物管理。
因此,(B) 比較適合放在介紹塑膠袋禁令、塑膠廢棄物進口限制等措施之後,用來說明這些措施的局部效果與對行為的影響,不適合放在本題空格。
(C) As with emissions, the richest countries and companies are the worst culprits.
錯誤。
此句討論「最富裕的國家與企業是主要肇事者」,內容與後文高度相關:
Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year...
以及:
20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste.
因此,(C) 適合放在介紹美國與大型企業責任的段落前,作為後文數據的總結性引導句。但本題空格前後談的是協議、條約與實際行動,尚未進入責任歸屬與數據證據,主題不連貫。
**(D) Plastic pollution is closely linked to economic growth, and changing our way of life
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is no data on global plastic pollution that is equivalent to the regular measurements of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. But as with greenhouse gases, the recent news has been nearly all bad. In 1950, worldwide production of plastics stood at 2m tons per year. In 2020, it was 367m tons (down from 368m the year before due to the coronavirus pandemic). This enormous increase is hard to visualise. But the 8.8m tons of plastic waste that is estimated to enter the world’s marine environment each year is the equivalent of a rubbish truck filled with plastic being tipped into the sea every minute.
So the agreement struck by 173 countries at the UN environment assembly in Nairobi last week was a huge relief. At last, something is going to be done multilaterally about a problem that no government can solve on its own. Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena. As with cutting emissions (or failing to), fine words about plastics are no use unless they are accompanied by strong actions, including mechanisms to ensure reductions in consumption. ____ But as a statement of intent, and proof that multilateral cooperation to protect our shared environment is still possible, the agreement is more than welcome. Like global heating, plastic pollution is a matter of social justice issue as well as conservation, with people in poor countries suffering disproportionately.
____ Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year—more than all European Union member countries combined. Another report found that 20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste. Some are the same companies responsible for fossil fuel production, since plastics are made from petrochemicals.
Efforts to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, and television footage of plastic waste in an albatross’s nest, have imprinted themselves on public consciousness in countries where these reports have been widely seen. But policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management, including the bans on plastic waste imports imposed by China and other countries, and restrictions in many countries on the sale of single-use plastic items such as bags.
____ But they have not touched the source of the problem: the total amount of plastic waste in the world is predicted to almost quadruple by 2050 and the oil industry is heavily invested in expansion, partly as a means of coping with reduced demand in other areas, as people switch to greener technologies. This has to change. ____
選項:
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核心觀念
本題考的是英文篇章結構與句子插入,判斷重點包括:
- 代名詞與指涉關係:如 the announcement 指前文哪一件事。
- 轉折與語意銜接:前文的正面評價,後文是否轉入限制或補充。
- 段落發展順序:先說協議的意義,再說協議只是起點,接著指出必須採取具體行動。
- 選項的主題位置:有些句子雖然符合全文主旨,卻不適合放在指定空格。
本題官方答案為 (A)。
解題方法
指定空格位於下列兩句之間:
Without the legally binding treaty that will be negotiated over the next two years, it was hard to see where progress would come from.
沒有一項將在未來兩年內談判完成、具法律約束力的條約,很難看出進展將從何而來。
____ The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
前文先說明:
- 173 個國家已在聯合國環境大會達成協議。
- 這項協議使人感到寬慰。
- 未來兩年仍須協商具法律約束力的條約。
因此,下一句最自然的發展是指出:目前的協議只是漫長談判過程的開端,後續仍充滿困難。
(A) 正好承接前文:
The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
這項宣布只是漫長且充滿艱難的過程之開端。
其中:
- The announcement 指前文提到的協議。
- only the beginning 呼應前文的 will be negotiated over the next two years。
- a long and fraught process 說明後續談判耗時久,且充滿複雜問題。
接著文章轉向提醒:協議與宣示本身並不夠,必須有實際行動:
The pollution and destruction of nature are material phenomena.
污染與自然環境的破壞都是實際存在的物質現象。
全文邏輯因此形成:
「達成協議令人寬慰」→「但協議只是起點」→「真正重要的是具體行動」。
選項分析
(A) The announcement was only the beginning of a long and fraught process.
正確。
The announcement 可回指前文的:
the agreement struck by 173 countries
也能與後文「未來兩年進行條約談判」相互呼應。only the beginning 表示協議不是終點,符合下文對具體行動與減少塑膠消耗的要求。句子在語意、指涉與段落發展上都完全銜接。
(B) Such measures can have localised effects, and influence attitudes and behaviour.
錯誤。
Such measures 意為「這類措施」,但在此空格前尚未具體提出一組措施,指涉對象不明。文章後段才提到:
policymakers’ efforts to tackle the plastic problem have been limited to waste management
政策制定者處理塑膠問題的努力,僅限於廢棄物管理。
因此,(B) 比較適合放在介紹塑膠袋禁令、塑膠廢棄物進口限制等措施之後,用來說明這些措施的局部效果與對行為的影響,不適合放在本題空格。
(C) As with emissions, the richest countries and companies are the worst culprits.
錯誤。
此句討論「最富裕的國家與企業是主要肇事者」,內容與後文高度相關:
Research for the US federal government last year found that Americans now generate about 42m tonnes of plastic waste a year...
以及:
20 companies are responsible for producing 55% of the world’s plastic waste.
因此,(C) 適合放在介紹美國與大型企業責任的段落前,作為後文數據的總結性引導句。但本題空格前後談的是協議、條約與實際行動,尚未進入責任歸屬與數據證據,主題不連貫。
**(D) Plastic pollution is closely linked to economic growth, and changing our way of life
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
While the private and public sectors need to take climate action, the scale of the crisis requires in-depth, long-lasting, and rapid decarbonization carried out by government policy, laws, and regulations across all sectors. The health care sector is no exception, with a global greenhouse gas contribution of 4.4%. More than 60 governments, making up more than 47% of net global health care emissions, have committed to low-carbon health systems.
- What is the aim of the scheme?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨與目的判斷」。解題關鍵在於掌握文章反覆出現的核心概念:
- climate action:氣候行動
- decarbonization:去碳化、降低碳排放
- greenhouse gas contribution:溫室氣體排放貢獻
- low-carbon health systems:低碳醫療體系
文章指出,氣候危機需要政府透過政策、法律與規範,推動各領域快速且長期的去碳化;醫療照護部門也必須建立低碳醫療體系。因此,題目所稱的 scheme(計畫、方案)目的在於減少醫療體系對環境造成的影響,整體目標是保護環境。
解題方法
先定位文章中直接說明目的的句子:
“the scale of the crisis requires in-depth, long-lasting, and rapid decarbonization carried out by government policy, laws, and regulations across all sectors.”
意思是:
氣候危機的規模要求政府透過政策、法律與規範,在各個部門推動深入、長期且快速的去碳化。
接著文章將焦點縮小到醫療照護部門:
“The health care sector is no exception, with a global greenhouse gas contribution of 4.4%.”
意思是:
醫療照護部門也不例外,其溫室氣體排放約占全球的 4.4%。
最後指出:
“More than 60 governments ... have committed to low-carbon health systems.”
意思是:
超過 60 個政府已承諾建立低碳醫療體系。
由「氣候危機」、「去碳化」、「溫室氣體排放」及「低碳醫療體系」可知,該方案的核心目的為降低環境負荷、遏止氣候變遷,故選 (C)。
英文語意與文法重點
- While A, B ...
While 在此表示「雖然」,引導讓步副詞子句:
While the private and public sectors need to take climate action, ...
意思是:
雖然私人部門與公共部門都需要採取氣候行動,……
後面的主句才是作者要強調的重點:危機規模要求各部門進行快速、長期的去碳化。
- need to + 原形動詞
need to take 表示「需要採取」。
- require + 受詞 + to V
the scale of the crisis requires ... decarbonization 中,require 表示「要求、需要」,受詞為 decarbonization,後
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
While the private and public sectors need to take climate action, the scale of the crisis requires in-depth, long-lasting, and rapid decarbonization carried out by government policy, laws, and regulations across all sectors. The health care sector is no exception, with a global greenhouse gas contribution of 4.4%. More than 60 governments, making up more than 47% of net global health care emissions, have committed to low-carbon health systems.
- The name of this campaign is “Make medicines ____.” Which word best fits in the blank?
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核心觀念
本題考「文章主旨與語境判斷」,並結合固定句型:
題目中的 Make medicines ____ 意為「讓藥品變得……」。空格應填入能呼應全文「氣候行動、減碳、低碳醫療體系」主旨的形容詞。
文章重點在於:醫療照護產業也必須降低溫室氣體排放,並建立長期、快速且低碳的醫療系統。因此,藥品的生產、運輸、包裝與使用流程都應朝向環境永續發展。
定位答案的關鍵句
The health care sector is no exception, with a global greenhouse gas contribution of 4.4%.
翻譯:醫療照護部門也不例外,占全球溫室氣體排放量的 4.4%。
More than 60 governments, making up more than 47% of net global health care emissions, have committed to low-carbon health systems.
翻譯:超過 60 個政府已承諾建立低碳醫療體系,這些政府所涵蓋的醫療照護排放量,占全球醫療照護淨排放量的 47% 以上。
上述內容明確指出文章主軸是「醫療產業減碳」與「低碳、永續的醫療體系」,所以活動名稱應為 Make medicines sustainable,即「讓藥品更具永續性」。
解題方法
先判斷句型。make medicines + 空格 中,medicines 是受詞,空格需填寫能補充說明 medicines 狀態的形容詞。
再依文章主旨判斷語意。題幹反覆出現:
- climate action:氣候行動
- decarbonization:去碳化、減碳
- greenhouse gas contribution:溫室氣體排放貢獻
- low-carbon health systems:低碳醫療體系
因此,最符合語境的概念是 sustainable「永續的」。
選項分析
(A) affordable:負擔得起的、價格可負擔的
make medicines affordable 意為「讓藥品價格更容易負擔」,著重醫療可近性與藥價問題。雖然藥品可負擔性是公共衛生的重要議題,但題幹討論的是減碳與低碳醫療體系,並未談到藥品價格,因此不符合文章主旨。
(B) sustainable:永續的、能長期維持的
make medicines sustainable 意為「讓藥品更具永續性」。藥品的永續性可涵蓋原料取得、生產製程、能源使用、包裝、運輸與廢棄物處理等面向,正好呼應題幹的氣候行動、去碳化及低碳醫療體系。因此本選項正確。
(C) count:重要、有價值;計算
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
While the private and public sectors need to take climate action, the scale of the crisis requires in-depth, long-lasting, and rapid decarbonization carried out by government policy, laws, and regulations across all sectors. The health care sector is no exception, with a global greenhouse gas contribution of 4.4%. More than 60 governments, making up more than 47% of net global health care emissions, have committed to low-carbon health systems.
- What can be inferred from this passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「推論題」與細節辨識。解題重點是:
- 根據文章明示內容,推導作者未直接寫出的整體意涵。
- 分辨數字所修飾的對象,避免誤解比例關係。
- 判斷選項是否過度延伸、偷換概念或扭曲原文。
文章主旨是:氣候危機需要政府透過政策、法律與規範,推動各產業長期且快速的減碳行動;醫療照護產業也必須參與其中,許多政府已承諾建立低碳醫療體系。
解題方法
定位關鍵句:
More than 60 governments, making up more than 47% of net global health care emissions, have committed to low-carbon health systems.
翻譯:
超過 60 個政府已承諾建立低碳醫療體系,而這些政府所涵蓋的醫療照護排放量,占全球醫療照護淨排放量的 47% 以上。
句中出現 more than 60 governments,表示有許多國家政府共同參與;have committed to low-carbon health systems 則表示這些政府已作出共同的低碳承諾。因此可推論這是一項涉及多國政府的國際性行動或倡議。
關鍵單字與片語
- private sector:私人部門、民間部門
- public sector:公共部門
- take climate action:採取氣候行動
- scale of the crisis:危機的規模
- in-depth:深入的、全面的
- long-lasting:長期持續的
- rapid decarbonization:快速脫碳、迅速減少碳排放
- carried out by:由……執行
- government policy:政府政策
- laws and regulations:法律與規範
- across all sectors:涵蓋所有部門
- health care sector:醫療照護部門
- greenhouse gas contribution:溫室氣體排放貢獻
- commit to:承諾致力於
- low-carbon health systems:低碳醫療體系
- make up:構成、占有一定比例
- net global health care emissions:全球醫療照護淨排放量
文法與語意重點
- While A, B
此處的 while 表示「雖然」,用來引出讓步背景:
While the private and public sectors need to take climate action, ...
意為「雖然私人部門與公共部門都需要採取氣候行動……」。
- require + 受詞 + to V
the scale of the crisis requires in-depth ... decarbonization carried out by government policy
意為「危機的規模要求透過政府政策進行深入、持久且快速的脫碳」。
- making up ... 為分詞片語,補充說明前面的 More than 60 governments:
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Last week an artificial intelligence—called Nook—beat eight world champion players at bridge. That algorithms can outwit humans might not seem newsworthy. IBM’s Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. In 2016, Google’s AlphaGo defeated a Go grandmaster. A year later the AI Libratus saw off four poker stars. Yet the real-world applications of such technologies have been limited. Stephen Muggleton, a computer scientist, suggests this is because they are “black boxes” that can learn better than people but cannot express, and communicate, that learning.
Nook, from French startup NukkAI, is different. It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation. Bridge is not the same as chess or Go, which are two-player games based on an entirely known set of facts. Bridge is a game for four players split into two teams, involving collaboration and competition with incomplete information. Each player sees only their cards and needs to gather information about the other players’ hands. Unlike poker, which also involves hidden information and bluffing, in bridge a player must disclose to their opponents the information they are passing to their partner.
This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made, and why it represents a leap forward for AI. When confronted with a new game, humans tend to learn the rules and then learn to improve by, for example, reading books. By contrast, “black box” AIs train themselves by deep learning: playing a game billions of times until the algorithm has worked out how to win. It is a mystery how this software comes to its conclusions—or how it will fail.
Nook nods to the work of British AI pioneer Donald Michie, who reasoned that AI’s highest state would be to develop new insights and teach these to humans, whose performance would consequently increase to a level beyond that of a human studying by themselves. Michie considered “weak” machine learning to be just improving AI performance by increasing the amount of data ingested.
His insight has been vindicated as deep learning’s limits have been exposed. Self-driving cars remain a distant dream. Radiologists were not replaced by AI last year, as had been predicted. Humans, unlike computers, often make short work of complicated, high-stake tasks. Thankfully, human society is not under constant diagnostic surveillance. But this often means not enough data for AI is available, and frequently it contains hidden, socially unacceptable biases. The environmental impact is also a growing concern, with computing projected to account for 20% of global electricity demand by 2030.
Technologies build trust if they are understandable. There’s always a danger that black box AI solves a problem in the wrong way. And the more powerful a deep-learning system becomes, the more opaque it can become. The House of Lords justice committee this week said such technologies have serious implications for human rights and warned against convictions and imprisonment on the basis of AI that could not be understood or challenged. Nook will be a world-changing technology if it lives up to the promise of solving complex problems and explaining how it does so.
- Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀測驗主旨判斷」與「文章標題選擇」。標題必須能涵蓋全文核心,而不能只對應其中一段或單一面向。
本文表面上介紹 AI 程式 Nook 擊敗世界級橋牌選手,深層主旨則是:
- 傳統深度學習型 AI 像「黑箱」,能找出答案,卻難以說明推理過程。
- Nook 能透過制定規則與解釋決策,縮短人類與機器學習方式之間的距離。
- AI 若能產生新洞見並教導人類,便能提升人類的學習與解決問題能力。
- 可理解、可溝通的 AI,比單純追求運算能力更具實際價值。
因此,全文焦點是「人類學習與機器學習之間的連結」,而非單純討論 AI 的優缺點或倫理問題。
解題方法
閱讀標題題時,應先找出文章的「轉折核心」與「結論重點」。
本文的關鍵轉折在於:
Nook, from French startup NukkAI, is different. It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation.
來自法國新創公司 NukkAI 的 Nook 與眾不同。它不是只靠暴力計算,而是透過制定規則取勝。
後文進一步說明:
Nook nods to the work of British AI pioneer Donald Michie, who reasoned that AI’s highest state would be to develop new insights and teach these to humans, whose performance would consequently increase to a level beyond that of a human studying by themselves.
Nook 呼應英國 AI 先驅 Donald Michie 的理念:AI 的最高境界應是發展出新的洞見,並將這些洞見教給人類,使人類的表現提升到超越單獨學習時所能達到的程度。
最後一段則總結:
Technologies build trust if they are understandable.
科技若能被理解,便能建立信任。
這些句子共同指向:AI 不只是替代人類,而是應該能解釋自身的學習成果,並協助人類進步。故最適合的標題是 Bridging Human and Machine Learning。
其中 Bridging 一字具有雙關意味:
- bridge 作為名詞:橋牌,呼應全文的 bridge。
- bridge 作為動詞:連結、架起橋樑,表示連結人類學習與機器學習。
關鍵單字與片語
- artificial intelligence:人工智慧
- algorithm:演算法
- outwit:智勝、以智取勝
- world champion:世界冠軍
- real-world applications:實際世界中的應用
- black box:黑箱;只能看到輸入與輸出,無法理解內部推理過程
- formulate rules:制定規則
- brute-force calculation:暴力計算;大量嘗試與運算
- incomplete information:不完整資訊
- collaboration and competition:合作與競爭
- disclose:揭露、公開
- opponent:對手
- deep learning:深度學習
- work out:推導出、找出
- conclusion:結論
- insight:洞見
- vindicate:證實、證明合理
- high-stake task:攸關重大利益或後果的任務
- bias:偏見、偏差
- opaque:不透明、難以理解
- conviction:定罪
- imprisonment:監禁
- live up to:符合、實現……的期望
- promise:潛力、承諾
文法與語意重點
- That algorithms can outwit humans might not seem newsworthy.
此句的主詞是名詞子句:
That algorithms can outwit humans
意思是「演算法能智勝人類這件事」。整句表示:AI 擊敗人類已不再是令人驚訝的新聞。
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Last week an artificial intelligence—called Nook—beat eight world champion players at bridge. That algorithms can outwit humans might not seem newsworthy. IBM’s Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. In 2016, Google’s AlphaGo defeated a Go grandmaster. A year later the AI Libratus saw off four poker stars. Yet the real-world applications of such technologies have been limited. Stephen Muggleton, a computer scientist, suggests this is because they are “black boxes” that can learn better than people but cannot express, and communicate, that learning.
Nook, from French startup NukkAI, is different. It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation. Bridge is not the same as chess or Go, which are two-player games based on an entirely known set of facts. Bridge is a game for four players split into two teams, involving collaboration and competition with incomplete information. Each player sees only their cards and needs to gather information about the other players’ hands. Unlike poker, which also involves hidden information and bluffing, in bridge a player must disclose to their opponents the information they are passing to their partner.
This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made, and why it represents a leap forward for AI. When confronted with a new game, humans tend to learn the rules and then learn to improve by, for example, reading books. By contrast, “black box” AIs train themselves by deep learning: playing a game billions of times until the algorithm has worked out how to win. It is a mystery how this software comes to its conclusions—or how it will fail.
Nook nods to the work of British AI pioneer Donald Michie, who reasoned that AI’s highest state would be to develop new insights and teach these to humans, whose performance would consequently increase to a level beyond that of a human studying by themselves. Michie considered “weak” machine learning to be just improving AI performance by increasing the amount of data ingested.
His insight has been vindicated as deep learning’s limits have been exposed. Self-driving cars remain a distant dream. Radiologists were not replaced by AI last year, as had been predicted. Humans, unlike computers, often make short work of complicated, high-stake tasks. Thankfully, human society is not under constant diagnostic surveillance. But this often means not enough data for AI is available, and frequently it contains hidden, socially unacceptable biases. The environmental impact is also a growing concern, with computing projected to account for 20% of global electricity demand by 2030.
Technologies build trust if they are understandable. There’s always a danger that black box AI solves a problem in the wrong way. And the more powerful a deep-learning system becomes, the more opaque it can become. The House of Lords justice committee this week said such technologies have serious implications for human rights and warned against convictions and imprisonment on the basis of AI that could not be understood or challenged. Nook will be a world-changing technology if it lives up to the promise of solving complex problems and explaining how it does so.
- What is the author’s attitude toward AI in this passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「作者態度」判斷。解題重點不是只看文章中是否出現負面字眼,而是要綜合:
- 文章主要介紹的對象與特色。
- 作者對傳統「黑箱式 AI」的批評。
- 作者最後對 Nook 及新型 AI 的整體評價。
本文並非全面歌頌或否定 AI,而是指出深度學習型 AI 的限制,進一步肯定能夠「理解規則、形成見解並解釋決策」的 AI。這種 AI 開始模擬人類學習與推理的過程,因此作者整體態度偏向樂觀。
文章定位答案的關鍵句
“Nook, from French startup NukkAI, is different. It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation.”
Nook 來自法國新創公司 NukkAI,與其他 AI 不同。它不是只靠蠻力計算,而是透過建立規則來取勝。
“When confronted with a new game, humans tend to learn the rules and then learn to improve by, for example, reading books.”
人類面對新遊戲時,通常會先學習規則,接著透過閱讀書籍等方式學習如何進步。
“Nook will be a world-changing technology if it lives up to the promise of solving complex problems and explaining how it does so.”
如果 Nook 能實現解決複雜問題並說明其運作方式的承諾,它將會成為改變世界的科技。
這幾句形成全文的核心對比:
- 傳統黑箱 AI:靠大量資料與反覆訓練獲得答案,但無法說明推理過程。
- Nook:能建立規則、解釋決策,較接近人類學習與思考的模式。
- 作者結尾:認為 Nook 若能實現其潛力,將具有世界改變性的價值。
因此,作者對 AI 的態度屬於「樂觀」,而最符合的理由是 AI 開始模擬人類心智運作的部分過程。
解題方法
判斷作者態度時,可採用「結尾定調+全文對比」的方法。
第一,觀察文章是否以正面語氣收束。本文最後使用:
- “world-changing technology”
- “solving complex problems”
- “explaining how it does so”
這些都是正面且肯定的表達。
第二,辨認作者批評的對象。文章確實提到:
- “black boxes”
- “It is a mystery how this software comes to its conclusions”
- 資料不足與社會偏見
- 人權與司法上的風險
但這些批評主要針對「無法解釋的黑箱式 AI」,不是否定所有 AI,也不是表示科技已經失去控制。
第三,找出 Nook 的創新意義。Nook 能夠:
- formulate rules:建立規則
- explain how its playing decisions were made:解釋決策如何形成
- develop new insights and teach these to humans:發展新見解並教導人類
這些能力與人類的學習、理解、推理及知識傳授相近,正是選項 B 所指的「開始模擬人類心智的過程」。
關鍵單字與片語
- artificial intelligence:人工智慧
- algorithm:演算法
- outwit humans:智勝人類
- world champion:世界冠軍
- real-world applications:實際世界中的應用
- black box:黑箱;內部運作無法理解或解釋的系統
- formulate rules:制定/建立規則
- brute-force calculation:蠻力計算
- incomplete information:不完整資訊
- disclose information:揭露資訊
- deep learning:深度學習
- work out how to win:推導出如何獲勝
- come to a conclusion:得出結論
- insight:洞見;新見解
- vindicate:證明……正確;使……獲得印證
- high-stake task:攸關重大利益或後果的任務
- socially unacceptable biases:社會上不可接受的偏見
- opaque:不透明的;難以理解的
- conviction:定罪
- imprisonment:監禁
- live up to the promise:實現承諾
- leap forward:重大進步;向前躍進
文法與語意重點
- That 引導名詞子句作主詞
“That algorithms can outwit humans might not seem newsworthy.”
「演算法能夠智勝人類」這件事,似乎不值得成為新聞。
其中 “That algorithms can outwit humans” 是名詞子句,整體作主詞;“might not seem” 表示「可能看起來不」。
- not just A, but……的對比概念
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Last week an artificial intelligence—called Nook—beat eight world champion players at bridge. That algorithms can outwit humans might not seem newsworthy. IBM’s Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. In 2016, Google’s AlphaGo defeated a Go grandmaster. A year later the AI Libratus saw off four poker stars. Yet the real-world applications of such technologies have been limited. Stephen Muggleton, a computer scientist, suggests this is because they are “black boxes” that can learn better than people but cannot express, and communicate, that learning.
Nook, from French startup NukkAI, is different. It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation. Bridge is not the same as chess or Go, which are two-player games based on an entirely known set of facts. Bridge is a game for four players split into two teams, involving collaboration and competition with incomplete information. Each player sees only their cards and needs to gather information about the other players’ hands. Unlike poker, which also involves hidden information and bluffing, in bridge a player must disclose to their opponents the information they are passing to their partner.
This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made, and why it represents a leap forward for AI. When confronted with a new game, humans tend to learn the rules and then learn to improve by, for example, reading books. By contrast, “black box” AIs train themselves by deep learning: playing a game billions of times until the algorithm has worked out how to win. It is a mystery how this software comes to its conclusions—or how it will fail.
Nook nods to the work of British AI pioneer Donald Michie, who reasoned that AI’s highest state would be to develop new insights and teach these to humans, whose performance would consequently increase to a level beyond that of a human studying by themselves. Michie considered “weak” machine learning to be just improving AI performance by increasing the amount of data ingested.
His insight has been vindicated as deep learning’s limits have been exposed. Self-driving cars remain a distant dream. Radiologists were not replaced by AI last year, as had been predicted. Humans, unlike computers, often make short work of complicated, high-stake tasks. Thankfully, human society is not under constant diagnostic surveillance. But this often means not enough data for AI is available, and frequently it contains hidden, socially unacceptable biases. The environmental impact is also a growing concern, with computing projected to account for 20% of global electricity demand by 2030.
Technologies build trust if they are understandable. There’s always a danger that black box AI solves a problem in the wrong way. And the more powerful a deep-learning system becomes, the more opaque it can become. The House of Lords justice committee this week said such technologies have serious implications for human rights and warned against convictions and imprisonment on the basis of AI that could not be understood or challenged. Nook will be a world-changing technology if it lives up to the promise of solving complex problems and explaining how it does so.
- Which is NOT the feature of Nook mentioned in the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章明確提及與未提及資訊判斷」,並涉及:
- 找出 Nook 的技術特色。
- 分辨「Nook 本身的功能」與「文章對 AI 社會影響的討論」。
- 透過同義改寫判斷選項是否能由文章內容支持。
- 理解代名詞、比較句與因果關係。
題目問的是 Which is NOT the feature of Nook mentioned in the passage?,也就是「下列何者不是文章提到的 Nook 特色」。
解題方法
先整理文章中直接描述 Nook 的重點:
- Nook 參與的是四人、兩隊合作競爭的橋牌,而非兩人完全資訊遊戲。
- Nook 不是只靠大量暴力計算,而是「formulating rules」來獲勝。
- 它能解釋自己的決策方式與原因。
- 這種可理解、可追溯的 AI,被視為 AI 的重要進步。
- 文章最後延伸討論:若 AI 的判斷無法理解或挑戰,可能涉及人權與司法問題。
因此,前四項大致都能在文章中找到對應內容;C 則把文章對「AI 不透明可能造成的法律與人權風險」誤當成 Nook 本身的功能。
定位答案的關鍵句為:
“This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made, and why it represents a leap forward for AI.”
翻譯:「橋牌的這項特性使 Nook 能夠解釋它如何做出比賽決策,也說明了它為何代表 AI 的一大進步。」
另一句與 C 有關:
“The House of Lords justice committee this week said such technologies have serious implications for human rights and warned against convictions and imprisonment on the basis of AI that could not be understood or challenged.”
翻譯:「英國上議院司法委員會本週表示,這類技術對人權有嚴重影響,並警告不可根據無法被理解或質疑的 AI 判斷來定罪或監禁。」
這段是在說明「不透明 AI 可能造成的社會與法律危險」,並非說 Nook 具有避免使用者違法的功能。
選項分析
(A) It can play games for four people instead of two, which is a remarkable advancement in AI technology.
「它能進行四人遊戲,而不是兩人遊戲,這是 AI 技術的一項重大進步。」
文章指出:
“Bridge is a game for four players split into two teams…”
翻譯:「橋牌是由四名玩家分成兩隊進行的遊戲。」
前文也說 Deep Blue、AlphaGo 所處理的西洋棋與圍棋,都是兩人遊戲。Nook 能在涉及四人、合作、競爭及不完全資訊的橋牌中取勝;文章並稱此能力代表 AI 的重大進步。因此依命題意旨,A 可由文章內容支持。
嚴格而言,「四人遊戲」首先是橋牌本身的特性,不是 Nook 的獨有功能;但 Nook 正是成功處理這種四人合作競爭型遊戲,故官方將此視為文章提到的特色。
(B) It is designed according to a brand new concept about how AI should function.
「它是依據 AI 應如何運作的新概念所設計的。」
文章指出:
“It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation.”
翻譯:「它是透過制定規則取勝,而不只是依靠暴力計算。」
後文又提到 Donald Michie 認為,AI 的最高境界應是發展出新的洞見,並將這些洞見教給人類,使人類表現超越單獨學習的程度。
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Last week an artificial intelligence—called Nook—beat eight world champion players at bridge. That algorithms can outwit humans might not seem newsworthy. IBM’s Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. In 2016, Google’s AlphaGo defeated a Go grandmaster. A year later the AI Libratus saw off four poker stars. Yet the real-world applications of such technologies have been limited. Stephen Muggleton, a computer scientist, suggests this is because they are “black boxes” that can learn better than people but cannot express, and communicate, that learning.
Nook, from French startup NukkAI, is different. It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation. Bridge is not the same as chess or Go, which are two-player games based on an entirely known set of facts. Bridge is a game for four players split into two teams, involving collaboration and competition with incomplete information. Each player sees only their cards and needs to gather information about the other players’ hands. Unlike poker, which also involves hidden information and bluffing, in bridge a player must disclose to their opponents the information they are passing to their partner.
This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made, and why it represents a leap forward for AI. When confronted with a new game, humans tend to learn the rules and then learn to improve by, for example, reading books. By contrast, “black box” AIs train themselves by deep learning: playing a game billions of times until the algorithm has worked out how to win. It is a mystery how this software comes to its conclusions—or how it will fail.
Nook nods to the work of British AI pioneer Donald Michie, who reasoned that AI’s highest state would be to develop new insights and teach these to humans, whose performance would consequently increase to a level beyond that of a human studying by themselves. Michie considered “weak” machine learning to be just improving AI performance by increasing the amount of data ingested.
His insight has been vindicated as deep learning’s limits have been exposed. Self-driving cars remain a distant dream. Radiologists were not replaced by AI last year, as had been predicted. Humans, unlike computers, often make short work of complicated, high-stake tasks. Thankfully, human society is not under constant diagnostic surveillance. But this often means not enough data for AI is available, and frequently it contains hidden, socially unacceptable biases. The environmental impact is also a growing concern, with computing projected to account for 20% of global electricity demand by 2030.
Technologies build trust if they are understandable. There’s always a danger that black box AI solves a problem in the wrong way. And the more powerful a deep-learning system becomes, the more opaque it can become. The House of Lords justice committee this week said such technologies have serious implications for human rights and warned against convictions and imprisonment on the basis of AI that could not be understood or challenged. Nook will be a world-changing technology if it lives up to the promise of solving complex problems and explaining how it does so.
- Which of the following is NOT true about the passage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解中的「找出不符合文章內容」題型,重點在於:
- 辨識文章對 Nook 與傳統「black box AI」的比較。
- 掌握作者對人工智慧發展限制的看法。
- 依據文章明確敘述,判斷選項是「文章支持」還是「與文章立場相反」。
- 注意選項中的評價性字眼,例如 laudatory(讚美的、褒揚的),常是命題關鍵。
本題官方答案為 (C)。
解題方法
這類題目應先找出文章的核心對比:
- 傳統的 “black box” AI:能透過大量資料與深度學習找出答案,但人類不清楚它如何得出結論。
- Nook:透過制定規則來做決策,且能解釋自己如何思考,因此被視為人工智慧的一大進步。
文章整體對「black box AI」抱持保留甚至批判態度,指出其可能造成以下問題:
- 無法解釋決策;
- 可能以錯誤方式解決問題;
- 可能含有社會偏見;
- 可能影響人權;
- 可能導致錯誤定罪或監禁。
因此,若選項說 “black box” 是讚美目前 AI 成功的褒義詞,便與文章內容相反。
定位答案的關鍵原文如下:
“black box” AIs train themselves by deep learning ... It is a mystery how this software comes to its conclusions—or how it will fail.
翻譯:
「黑箱」人工智慧透過深度學習自行訓練……人們無法得知這套軟體如何得出結論,也不知道它將如何失敗。
文章最後又明確指出:
There’s always a danger that black box AI solves a problem in the wrong way.
翻譯:
黑箱人工智慧總是有以錯誤方式解決問題的危險。
可見 black box 在本文中是帶有負面意涵的描述,並非褒揚 AI 成功的用語。
選項分析
(A) Donald Michie was one of the first researchers of AI.
Donald Michie 是早期人工智慧研究者之一。
文章提到:
Nook nods to the work of British AI pioneer Donald Michie.
翻譯:
Nook 延續了英國人工智慧先驅 Donald Michie 的研究成果。
關鍵字 pioneer 意為「先驅、開拓者」,表示 Michie 是人工智慧早期的重要研究者。因此本選項符合文章內容,為正確敘述。
(B) Nook “thinks” like a human when making decisions for a new situation.
Nook 在面對新情境做決策時,會像人類一樣「思考」。
文章指出:
It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation.
翻譯:
Nook 是透過制定規則取勝,而不只是進行暴力計算。
又提到:
This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made.
翻譯:
橋牌的這項特性,使 Nook 能夠解釋自己如何做出比賽決策。
人類面對新遊戲時,通常會先學習規則,再透過閱讀書籍等方式改進;Nook 也不是單純依靠大量計算,而是能建立規則並說明決策理由。因此,選項以 “thinks” 加引號表示擬人化說法,在文章語境中可理解為「以類似人類理解規則的方式做決策」。
本選項符合文章對 Nook 的描述,為正確敘述。
補充而言,Nook 並非真的具有與人類完全相同的意識或思考歷程;但閱讀理解題應依文章所呈現的相對意義判斷,而非將 thinks 解讀成哲學或心理學上的真正人類思維。
(C) “Black box” is a laudatory term to describe the current success of AI.
「黑箱」是用來讚美當前人工智慧成功的褒義詞。
本選項錯誤,正是本題答案。
laudatory 意為「讚美的、褒揚的」。然而文章對 black box AI 的態度明顯是負面的,指出:
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Last week an artificial intelligence—called Nook—beat eight world champion players at bridge. That algorithms can outwit humans might not seem newsworthy. IBM’s Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. In 2016, Google’s AlphaGo defeated a Go grandmaster. A year later the AI Libratus saw off four poker stars. Yet the real-world applications of such technologies have been limited. Stephen Muggleton, a computer scientist, suggests this is because they are “black boxes” that can learn better than people but cannot express, and communicate, that learning.
Nook, from French startup NukkAI, is different. It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation. Bridge is not the same as chess or Go, which are two-player games based on an entirely known set of facts. Bridge is a game for four players split into two teams, involving collaboration and competition with incomplete information. Each player sees only their cards and needs to gather information about the other players’ hands. Unlike poker, which also involves hidden information and bluffing, in bridge a player must disclose to their opponents the information they are passing to their partner.
This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made, and why it represents a leap forward for AI. When confronted with a new game, humans tend to learn the rules and then learn to improve by, for example, reading books. By contrast, “black box” AIs train themselves by deep learning: playing a game billions of times until the algorithm has worked out how to win. It is a mystery how this software comes to its conclusions—or how it will fail.
Nook nods to the work of British AI pioneer Donald Michie, who reasoned that AI’s highest state would be to develop new insights and teach these to humans, whose performance would consequently increase to a level beyond that of a human studying by themselves. Michie considered “weak” machine learning to be just improving AI performance by increasing the amount of data ingested.
His insight has been vindicated as deep learning’s limits have been exposed. Self-driving cars remain a distant dream. Radiologists were not replaced by AI last year, as had been predicted. Humans, unlike computers, often make short work of complicated, high-stake tasks. Thankfully, human society is not under constant diagnostic surveillance. But this often means not enough data for AI is available, and frequently it contains hidden, socially unacceptable biases. The environmental impact is also a growing concern, with computing projected to account for 20% of global electricity demand by 2030.
Technologies build trust if they are understandable. There’s always a danger that black box AI solves a problem in the wrong way. And the more powerful a deep-learning system becomes, the more opaque it can become. The House of Lords justice committee this week said such technologies have serious implications for human rights and warned against convictions and imprisonment on the basis of AI that could not be understood or challenged. Nook will be a world-changing technology if it lives up to the promise of solving complex problems and explaining how it does so.
- The passage does not supply information concerning which of the following questions?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與「否定問句」:
The passage does not supply information concerning which of the following questions?
本文沒有提供下列哪一個問題的相關資訊?
解題重點不是判斷選項內容是否合理,而是逐一確認:
- 文章是否直接提到該問題;
- 是否能由文章內容合理歸納出答案;
- 是否只是文章提到相關概念,卻沒有提供具體事實。
本題官方答案為 E。文章提到人工智慧可能涉及人權問題,但沒有說明 Nook 的使用曾經如何侵犯人權。
解題方法
先抓住文章主旨:
- 傳統的「黑箱」人工智慧只能透過大量資料與反覆訓練找出答案,卻無法清楚解釋判斷過程。
- Nook 透過建立規則來下橋牌決策,並能說明自己為何採取某種行動。
- 因此,Nook 被視為人工智慧朝向「可解釋性」發展的重要進步。
- 文章也討論人工智慧的限制,包括資料不足、社會偏見、環境成本,以及人權風險。
接著將每個選項改寫成問題,再回文章中尋找對應依據。只要文章沒有說明「Nook 已經如何侵犯人權」,便可選出 E。
選項分析
(A) How can humans benefit from the development of AI, especially Nook?
人類如何從人工智慧,尤其是 Nook 的發展中獲益?
此選項有文章依據。關鍵句是:
“Nook nods to the work of British AI pioneer Donald Michie, who reasoned that AI’s highest state would be to develop new insights and teach these to humans, whose performance would consequently increase to a level beyond that of a human studying by themselves.”
翻譯:
Nook 呼應英國人工智慧先驅 Donald Michie 的理念;他認為人工智慧的最高境界,是發展出新的見解並教導人類,使人類的表現提升到超越單靠自己學習所能達到的程度。
文章也指出 Nook 能夠:
“solve complex problems and explain how it does so”
翻譯:
解決複雜問題,並解釋自己如何做到。
因此,人類可以透過 AI 獲得新的洞見、提升表現,並使用較容易理解與信任的科技。A 有充分資訊,不能選。
(B) How can technology build trust with the invention of Nook?
科技如何透過 Nook 的發明建立信任?
此選項也有文章明確說明。關鍵句是:
“Technologies build trust if they are understandable.”
翻譯:
科技若能被理解,就能建立信任。
文章接著說明 Nook 與傳統黑箱 AI 的差異:
“This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made”
翻譯:
橋牌的這項特性使 Nook 能夠解釋自己的出牌決策是如何形成的。
因此,Nook 建立信任的方式,是讓使用者理解它的判斷依據與決策過程,而不是只提供無法解釋的結果。B 有文章依據,不能選。
(C) How did Nook beat eight world champion players at bridge?
Nook 如何在橋牌中擊敗八位世界冠軍選手?
文章直接提供答案。關鍵句是:
“It won by formulating rules, not just brute-force calculation.”
翻譯:
它是透過制定規則取勝,而不只是依靠蠻力式的計算。
文章並進一步解釋橋牌的特性:
“Bridge is a game for four players split into two teams, involving collaboration and competition with incomplete information.”
翻譯:
橋牌由四名分成兩隊的玩家進行,結合了合作與競爭,而且資訊並不完整。
以及:
“This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made”
翻譯:
橋牌的這項特性使 Nook 能夠解釋自己的出牌決策是如何形成的。
所以,Nook 並非單純大量計算所有可能性,而是建立可說明的規則,並在不完整資訊、合作與競爭並存的橋牌環境中做出決策。C 有明確答案,不能選。
(D) Why does Nook trigger a new trend of AI technology?
為什麼 Nook 引發人工智慧科技的新趨勢?
雖然文章未直接使用「new trend」這個字眼,但相關資訊完整存在。文章指出:
“This feature of bridge meant Nook could explain how its playing decisions were made, and why it represents a leap forward for AI.”
翻譯:
橋牌的這項特性使 Nook 能夠解釋自己的出牌決策,也因此代表人工智慧的一大進步。
文章亦對比傳統黑箱 AI:
“It is a mystery how this software comes to its conclusions—or how it will fail.”
翻譯:
人們無法得知這類軟體如何得出結論,也不知道它將如何失敗。
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Epidemiologist Gerardo Heiss, and other researchers from the University of North Carolina, looked for signs that could be used to predict a person’s mortality rate. The researchers studied 2,541 men, aged 40 to 69, over a 10-year span. Among the men who had cardiovascular disease at baseline, those with high blood cholesterol levels (above 6.19 mmol per liter) had a higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, which was 3.45 times higher than that for men with desirable blood cholesterol levels. Cholesterol levels were also significant predictors of death from cardiovascular disease in men without preexisting cardiovascular disease, although at a lower level of absolute risk of death.
- Based on contextual clues, what does an epidemiologist study?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查字義判斷與上下文推論,核心單字是 epidemiologist。
- epidemiology:流行病學,研究疾病在人群中的分布、成因、傳播與控制。
- epidemiologist:流行病學家,專門研究疾病如何在群體中出現、擴散,以及如何預防與控制的人。
題幹描述研究者追蹤大量男性長達十年,分析血液膽固醇與心血管疾病死亡率之間的關係。這種以「群體」為對象,探討疾病與危險因子關聯的研究,正是流行病學的範疇。
解題方法
本題可採「人物職業+研究內容」的上下文判斷法。
定位答案的關鍵句為:
Epidemiologist Gerardo Heiss, and other researchers from the University of North Carolina, looked for signs that could be used to predict a person’s mortality rate.
流行病學家 Gerardo Heiss 與北卡羅來納大學的其他研究人員,尋找可用來預測一個人死亡率的徵兆。
後文進一步說明研究方法:
The researchers studied 2,541 men, aged 40 to 69, over a 10-year span.
研究人員在十年間研究了 2,541 名年齡介於 40 至 69 歲的男性。
研究者比較不同膽固醇程度與心血管疾病死亡風險的關係,研究對象是「一群人」,而不是單一患者。因此,epidemiologist 應指研究疾病在人群中發生與影響情形的專家。
語意與文法重點
- look for signs that could be used to predict...
- look for:尋找
- signs:徵兆、指標
- that could be used to predict...:可被用來預測……的關係子句,修飾 signs
- mortality rate:死亡率
這裡的 signs 指膽固醇等可能預測死亡風險的健康指標。
- Among the men who had cardiovascular disease at baseline
- among:在……之中
- who had cardiovascular disease:關係子句,修飾 men
- at baseline:在研究開始時、基準時點
這表示研究者將研究對象依照研究開始時是否已有心血管疾病分組。
- those with high blood cholesterol levels
- those 代替前面的 men,意為「那些人」
- with high blood cholesterol levels:具有高膽固醇濃度的
- 3.45 times higher than that for men with desirable blood cholesterol levels
- that 代替前面提到的 risk of death
- desirable:理想的、合宜的
- 整句意為:「其死亡風險是膽固醇濃度理想者的 3.45 倍。」
關鍵單字與片語
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Epidemiologist Gerardo Heiss, and other researchers from the University of North Carolina, looked for signs that could be used to predict a person’s mortality rate. The researchers studied 2,541 men, aged 40 to 69, over a 10-year span. Among the men who had cardiovascular disease at baseline, those with high blood cholesterol levels (above 6.19 mmol per liter) had a higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, which was 3.45 times higher than that for men with desirable blood cholesterol levels. Cholesterol levels were also significant predictors of death from cardiovascular disease in men without preexisting cardiovascular disease, although at a lower level of absolute risk of death.
- In this study, what is reported as an indicator of the risk of death?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「答案定位」與語意判斷。題目詢問研究中哪一項被報告為「死亡風險的指標」,關鍵在於找出文章中表示「預測死亡」或「提高死亡風險」的資訊。
文章明確指出:
“Cholesterol levels were also significant predictors of death from cardiovascular disease in men without preexisting cardiovascular disease, although at a lower level of absolute risk of death.”
翻譯:
「在沒有既存心血管疾病的男性中,膽固醇濃度同樣是心血管疾病死亡的重要預測指標,雖然其絕對死亡風險較低。」
因此,研究報告的死亡風險指標是 cholesterol level(膽固醇濃度)。
解題方法
直接鎖定題幹中的關鍵語意:
- indicator of the risk of death:死亡風險的指標
- predictors of death:死亡的預測指標
- higher risk of death:較高的死亡風險
文章先說明,在已有心血管疾病的男性中:
“those with high blood cholesterol levels ... had a higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease”
翻譯:
「膽固醇濃度偏高者,死於心血管疾病的風險較高。」
接著又明確使用 significant predictors of death,直接對應題目所問的 indicator。因此答案為 cholesterol level。
文中並提供具體數據:膽固醇濃度高於 mmol/L 的男性,其冠心病等心血管疾病死亡風險,是膽固醇濃度理想者的 倍。這進一步證明膽固醇濃度與死亡風險具有明確關聯。
選項分析
(A) blood pressure
blood pressure 意為「血壓」。文章全文沒有提到血壓,也沒有表示血壓能預測死亡風險。因此不符合文章內容。
(B) age
age 意為「年齡」。研究對象是年齡介於 40 至 69 歲的男性,但這只是研究對象的基本條件,文章沒有指出年齡是死亡風險的預測指標。不能因為文章提到年齡,就判定年齡是答案。
(C) gender
gender 意為「性別」。研究對象全是男性,性別是研究樣本的條件,並非研究中用來預測死亡風險的變項。文章沒有比較男性與女性,也沒有說性別會提高死亡風險。
(D) cholesterol level
cholesterol level 意為「膽固醇濃度」。文章兩度指出高膽固醇與心血管疾病死亡風險有關,並明確稱 cholesterol levels 為 significant predictors of death,完全符合題目所問,故為正確答案。
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Epidemiologist Gerardo Heiss, and other researchers from the University of North Carolina, looked for signs that could be used to predict a person’s mortality rate. The researchers studied 2,541 men, aged 40 to 69, over a 10-year span. Among the men who had cardiovascular disease at baseline, those with high blood cholesterol levels (above 6.19 mmol per liter) had a higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, which was 3.45 times higher than that for men with desirable blood cholesterol levels. Cholesterol levels were also significant predictors of death from cardiovascular disease in men without preexisting cardiovascular disease, although at a lower level of absolute risk of death.
- What is the best summary of this study?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨摘要」判斷,重點是找出研究的主要發現,而非只抓取文章中的單一細節。
文章研究的核心變項為:
- 研究對象:40 至 69 歲男性
- 研究期間:10 年
- 主要因素:血液膽固醇濃度
- 研究結果:膽固醇濃度可預測心血管疾病死亡風險;已有心血管疾病者,風險尤其高
關鍵句為:
Cholesterol levels were also significant predictors of death from cardiovascular disease in men without preexisting cardiovascular disease, although at a lower level of absolute risk of death.
翻譯:
對於沒有既存心血管疾病的男性而言,膽固醇濃度同樣是心血管疾病死亡的重要預測因子,只是其絕對死亡風險較低。
前文又指出,已有心血管疾病且膽固醇偏高者,死於心血管疾病的風險是膽固醇濃度理想者的 倍。因此,全文主旨是「膽固醇濃度能預測男性死亡率,且對已有心血管疾病者尤其具有意義」。
解題方法
判斷最佳摘要時,應掌握三個步驟:
- 找出研究主題:研究人員尋找能預測死亡率的指標。
- 找出主要變項:文章反覆聚焦於 cholesterol levels。
- 找出最重要的比較結果:已有心血管疾病者的死亡風險更高,且膽固醇是重要預測因子。
文章開頭即點出研究目的:
looked for signs that could be used to predict a person’s mortality rate
意思是:
尋找可用來預測個人死亡率的指標。
後文明確指出:
those with high blood cholesterol levels ... had a higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease
意思是:
血液膽固醇濃度高者,死於心血管疾病的風險較高。
因此,正確摘要必須同時包含:
- cholesterol levels
- predict mortality
- men
- especially those with preexisting cardiovascular disease
選項 B 完整涵蓋上述四項資訊。
選項分析
(A) Cardiovascular diseases are the cause of rising cholesterol levels, especially among those with high blood pressure.
錯誤。
文章探討的是「膽固醇濃度是否能預測心血管疾病死亡」,方向是:
本選項卻改成「心血管疾病造成膽固醇上升」,顛倒了文章的因果與研究方向。文章也沒有提到 high blood pressure(高血壓),屬於無中生有的資訊。
(B) Cholesterol levels predict mortality among men, especially those with preexisting cardiovascular disease.
正確。
- Cholesterol levels:膽固醇濃度
- predict mortality:預測死亡率
- among men:男性
- especially those with preexisting cardiovascular disease:尤其是已有既存心血管疾病者
本選項精確概括全文。文章指出,膽固醇是有無既存心血管疾病男性的重要死亡預測因子,但對已有心血管疾病者,其死亡風險更高,因此 especially 的使用符合原文。
(C) The myocardial damages were higher among men, as compared with other risk factors such as lipid levels.
錯誤。
- myocardial damages:心肌損傷
- lipid levels:脂質濃度
文章沒有研究或比較 myocardial damages(心肌損傷),也沒有表示心肌損傷比脂質濃度更重要。文章討論的是血液膽固醇濃度與心血管疾病死亡風險之間的關係,因此本選項引入文章未提及的概念。
此外,lipid levels 是較廣義的「脂質濃度」,原文具體討論的是 blood cholesterol levels(血液膽固醇濃度),本選項的重點也不符合文章主旨