國立中山大學 114 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
The doctors said that the patient ____ his vaccine booster to avoid catching the flu. As a result, his recovery took longer than expected.
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核心觀念
本題考「情態助動詞 + 完成式」及其語意:
表示「過去本來應該做某事,但實際上沒有做」,常帶有責備、遺憾或事後檢討的語氣。
句中病人因未及時接種追加疫苗,導致恢復時間比預期更久,因此應使用 should have had,表示「本來應該已經接種追加疫苗」。
解題方法
定位關鍵語意:
The doctors said that the patient ____ his vaccine booster to avoid catching the flu.
醫生說,病人為了避免感染流感,本來應該接種追加疫苗。
As a result, his recovery took longer than expected.
結果,他的康復時間比預期更久。
第二句的 As a result 表示前句所述的「未接種追加疫苗」造成後果。故空格須表達「過去應做卻未做」:
should have had= 本來應該已經有/接受had在此可解作「接受、接種」疫苗
完整句意為:
「醫生說,病人本來應該接種追加疫苗,以避免感染流感。結果,他的康復時間比預期更久。」
選項分析
(A) should have had
正確。should have + 過去分詞 表示過去應該完成卻未完成的行為。
此處 have 是情態結構的一部分,had 是 have 的過去分詞;had his vaccine booster 表示「接受了追加疫苗」。整體意思是「本來應該接種追加疫苗」,與後句「康復較慢」的因果關係一致。
(B) must have
錯誤。此處若將 must have 解作「一定已經……」,後面應接過去分詞,例如:
第 2 題2 分
What does “vital signs” refer to in a medical context?
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學英文詞彙 vital signs 的固定用語與語意。
-
vital:攸關生命的、生命維持所需的
-
signs:徵象、可觀察或測量到的身體表現
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vital signs:生命徵象,指用來快速評估人體基本生理狀態的指標,常見項目包括:
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heart rate:心率
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blood pressure:血壓
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body temperature:體溫
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respiratory rate:呼吸速率
因此,vital signs 並不是疾病症狀或檢驗結果,而是臨床上可直接測量、用以判斷生命狀態的重要生理指標。
解題方法
題幹中的關鍵句為:
What does “vital signs” refer to in a medical context?
在醫學語境中,「vital signs」指的是什麼?
其中 refer to 是固定片語,意思是「指的是、所指為」。判斷本題的重點在於辨認 vital signs 的醫學專有名詞意義。
看到 vital signs,應直接聯想到「生命徵象」,再從選項中尋找「心率、血壓、體溫等基本生理指標」的描述。
選項分析
(A) indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature
意思是:「例如心率、血壓和體溫等指標。」
此選項正確。心率、血壓與體溫都是典型的生命徵象,用於快速評估病人的基本生理狀態。因此符合 vital signs 的醫學定義。
(B) signs of terminal illness
意思是:「末期疾病的徵象。」
第 3 題2 分
The phrase “double-blind study” in medical research means the fact that ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學研究中的實驗設計術語 double-blind study(雙盲研究)。
在雙盲研究中:
- 受試者(patients)不知道自己是否接受真正的治療;
- 研究人員(researchers)也不知道哪些受試者接受真正的治療。
如此可避免受試者的心理預期,以及研究人員在觀察、評估結果時產生的主觀偏差,提升研究結果的客觀性。
題幹中的關鍵句為:
The phrase “double-blind study” in medical research means the fact that ____.
翻譯為:
「雙盲研究」這個詞在醫學研究中是指:____的事實。
空格後各選項都在說明雙盲研究中「誰知道治療分配情形」。
解題方法
判斷 double-blind 的重點在於:
double表示有兩方受到「盲化」;blind表示不知道受試者接受的是治療組還是對照組。
醫學研究中通常被盲化的兩方就是:
- patients:受試者;
- researchers:研究人員。
因此,正確定義是「受試者與研究人員都不知道誰接受了治療」。
選項分析
(A) only the researchers know which patients received treatment.
只有研究人員知道哪些病人接受治療。
錯誤。此敘述表示受試者不知道,但研究人員知道,屬於**單盲研究(single-blind study)**的概念,不是雙盲研究。only the researchers know 明確表示研究人員沒有被盲化。
(B) neither the patients nor the researchers know who received the treatment.
病人與研究人員都不知道誰接受了治療。
正確。neither A nor B 表示「A 與 B 兩者都不」,因此 neither the patients nor the researchers know 意思是「病人與研究人員
第 4 題2 分
The phrase “correlation does not imply causation” is important in medical research because ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學研究中的重要科學推論原則:
Correlation does not imply causation.
「相關性並不代表因果關係。」
- correlation(相關性):表示兩個變數之間存在某種關聯或共同變化。
- causation(因果關係):表示一個變數的變化會直接導致另一個變數發生變化。
- imply(意指、代表、暗示):本句中的 does not imply 表示「不能據此推論為」。
兩個變數呈現相關,可能是因為:
- 其中一個變數造成另一個變數;
- 兩者受到第三個因素共同影響;
- 相關性只是偶然出現;
- 因果方向其實與表面觀察相反。
因此,在醫學研究中,觀察到兩種疾病、生活習慣或生理指標同時出現,不能立即斷定兩者存在直接的因果關係。
解題方法
先抓住題幹中的核心片語:
correlation does not imply causation
「相關性並不代表因果關係。」
題目問這個概念在醫學研究中「為什麼重要」,答案必須說明它能防止研究者做出哪種錯誤推論。
(A) 提到「不能直接假設兩個變數之間具有直接的因果關係」,完全符合這項原則,因此正確。
題幹與選項翻譯
題幹:
The phrase “correlation does not imply causation” is important in medical research because ____.
「『相關性並不代表因果關係』這個片語在醫學研究中很重要,因為它……。」
(A) it warns against assuming a direct cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
「它警告人們不要假設兩個變數之間存在直接的因果關係。」
(B) it means that correlation always leads to causation.
「它表示相關性總是會導致因果關係。」
(C) it confirms that variables affecting each other must have a causal link.
「它確認彼此影響的變數一定具有因果連結。」
(D) it states that only controlled experiments can establish any relationship.
「它指出只有受控制的實驗才能建立任何關係。」
文法與語意重點
第 5 題2 分
The phrase “placebo-controlled” in clinical trials means the fact that ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查臨床試驗中的專有名詞 placebo-controlled。
- placebo:安慰劑、無藥效物質
- control group:控制組、對照組
- treatment group/experimental group:治療組、實驗組
- placebo-controlled trial:安慰劑對照試驗
在安慰劑對照試驗中,研究對象通常分成兩組:
- 治療組接受真正的藥物或治療。
- 對照組接受外觀、服用方式等相似,但不具真正治療效果的安慰劑。
如此可比較兩組結果,判斷治療效果是否來自真正的藥物,而非心理期待、自然痊癒或其他因素。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹為:
The phrase “placebo-controlled” in clinical trials means the fact that ____.
可翻譯為:
臨床試驗中的「安慰劑對照」一詞,是指____的情況。
關鍵在 placebo-controlled:
- placebo 表示「安慰劑」;
- controlled 表示「設有對照、受到對照控制」。
因此,答案必須與「對照組接受安慰劑,而非真正治療」有關。
解題方法
先抓住名詞 placebo 的意義。安慰劑是外觀或使用方式類似真正藥物,但不含真正有效治療成分的物質。
再將選項與臨床試驗的基本分組方式比對:
- 題目問的是「對照組接受什麼」;
- 正確內容應包括「對照組」與「無活性物質」;
- 同時必須與真正治療形成對照。
符合這三項條件的是選項(D)。
選項分析
(A) the treatment is given to all participants.
治療提供給所有參與者。
錯誤。若所有參與者都接受真正治療,就沒有接受安慰劑的對照組,無法進行 placebo-controlled comparison。安慰劑對照試驗的核心正是將真正治療與安慰劑作比較。
(B) the patients receive treatment only when needed.
病人只有在需要時才接受治療。
錯誤。這是在描述治療時機或給藥原則,與是否使用安慰劑、是否設置安慰劑對照組無關。placebo-controlled 並不表示「必要時才治療」。
第 6 題2 分
Which of the following would be considered an example of “triage” in an emergency setting?
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核心觀念
本題考的是急診醫療中的 triage(檢傷分類/檢傷分流)。
在大量傷患或急診情境中,醫療資源與時間有限,醫護人員會依據患者病情的嚴重程度、緊急性與存活機會安排處置優先順序。病情越危急、越需要立即處理者,優先接受醫療照護。
題幹關鍵句為:
prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition
依據患者病情的嚴重程度安排優先順序。
這正是 triage 的核心定義,因此答案為 (C)。
解題方法
先掌握關鍵字:
- triage:檢傷分類、檢傷分流
- emergency setting:急診環境、緊急醫療場合
- prioritize:使優先、排定優先順序
- patient:病人、患者
- based on:根據、依據
- severity:嚴重程度
- condition:病況、健康狀況
- life-threatening:危及生命的
- minor injury:輕微傷勢
- regardless of:不論、不管
- urgency:緊急程度
- diagnostic test:診斷檢查
- attend to:處理、照料
判斷本題時,應找出符合「依病情緊急程度分配處置先後」的選項。只有 (C) 同時具備「患者分級」與「依病情嚴重程度決定優先順序」兩項要素。
選項分析
(A) treating only life-threatening conditions and ignoring minor injuries
只治療危及生命的病況,而忽略輕微傷勢。
此選項錯誤。Triage 的重點是分級與排序,不是只處理危及生命的患者並完全忽略其他患者。病情危急者會優先處理,但輕傷患者通常仍會在適當時機接受照護。
此外,only 與 ignoring 都表現出「完全排除」的意思,範圍過度絕對,不符合檢傷分流的概念。
(B) giving the same level of care to all patients regardless of urgency
不論緊急程度,對所有患者提供相同程度的照護。
此選項錯誤。Triage 正是為了區分患者的緊急程度,讓需要立即處理者優先獲得醫療資源。對所有患者一律提供相同程度的照護,反而否定了檢傷分類的必要性。
其中 regardless of urgency 表示「不論緊急程度」,與 triage 的核心精神相反。
(C) prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition
依據患者病情的嚴重程度安排優先順序。
第 7 題2 分
The term “contraindication” refers to ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學英文單字 contraindication 的定義與字根判讀。
- contraindication:禁忌症,指某種疾病、身體狀況或因素使特定治療、藥物或醫療處置不適合使用。
- indication:適應症,指支持使用某種藥物或治療的醫療理由。
- contra-:反對、相反。
- indicate:指出、表示適用。
因此,contraindication 可理解為「反向的適應症」,也就是使治療不宜進行的情況。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原文:
The term “contraindication” refers to ____.
翻譯:
「contraindication」一詞是指__。
句型 refer to + 名詞 表示「指的是……」。本題的關鍵在於判斷 contraindication 的醫學定義,而非複雜文法。
解題方法
先掌握醫學上的基本對比:
- indication:適應症,表示某項治療適合使用。
- contraindication:禁忌症,表示某項治療不宜使用。
題目問的是 contraindication,所以答案必須包含「使治療不適合、不宜或不可使用」的意思。符合此定義的是:
a condition that makes a treatment inadvisable
使某種治療不宜進行的情況。
選項分析
(A) a condition that supports the use of a particular drug
意思是:
支持使用某種特定藥物的情況。
這是 indication(適應症) 的概念,表示某種狀況是使用藥物的理由,與 contraindication 的意思相反,因此錯誤。
第 8 題2 分
Due to the increasing number of flu cases, that hospital is now accepting 1.5 times more emergency patients than usual. In some cases, older adults and those with chronic diseases are being hospitalized long-term there. Its ____ of about 550 beds is currently under strain.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析
- 醫療情境中的固定搭配
- 依上下文判斷名詞語意
關鍵句為:
Its ____ of about 550 beds is currently under strain.
它大約有 550 張病床的__目前正承受壓力。
句中的 Its 指前面的 that hospital,空格後接 of about 550 beds,表示「該醫院所能提供的病床數量」。因此應填入表示「容量、容納量」的 capacity。
解題方法
先觀察上下文:
Due to the increasing number of flu cases, that hospital is now accepting 1.5 times more emergency patients than usual.
由於流感病例數增加,該醫院目前接收的急診病人比平常多出 1.5 倍。
In some cases, older adults and those with chronic diseases are being hospitalized long-term there.
有些老年人與慢性病患者正在該院接受長期住院治療。
病人數量增加,加上部分患者長期住院,會直接造成病床使用量上升。接著題目說:
Its ____ of about 550 beds is currently under strain.
它大約 550 張病床的__目前承受壓力。
最合理的語意是「病床容量目前吃緊」,因此填入 capacity:
Its capacity of about 550 beds is currently under strain.
該醫院約 550 張病床的容納量目前正承受壓力。
capacity of + 數量 是常見搭配,表示「可容納……的容量」。
選項分析
(A) opacity
opacity 意為「不透明度;晦澀難懂;不透明性」。
例如:
- the opacity of the glass
玻璃的不透明度 - political opacity
政治運作的不透明
醫院的病床數量與「不透明度」沒有關係,opacity of about 550 beds 也不符合語意,因此錯誤。
(B) activity
activity 意為「活動;活躍程度;活動量」。
例如:
- physical activity
身體活動 - brain activity
腦部活動 - business activity
商業活動
activity of about 550 beds 無法表示「約 550 張病床的容納量」。本句需要的是醫院可收治病人的能力,而不是醫院的活動,因此錯誤。
(C) capacity
第 9 題2 分
A common symptom of iron deficiency anemia is ____, a condition where the patient experiences a craving for non-nutritive substances like ice, dirt, or paper.
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核心觀念
本題考查「缺鐵性貧血的典型症狀」及醫學英文單字辨識。缺鐵性貧血患者常出現 pica,即異食癖,指對冰塊、泥土、紙張等無營養物質產生異常食慾或強烈渴望。
題幹已直接提供定義:
a condition where the patient experiences a craving for non-nutritive substances like ice, dirt, or paper.
一種患者會渴望冰塊、泥土或紙張等非營養物質的狀況。
其中,關鍵線索是 craving for non-nutritive substances,也就是「渴望非營養性物質」,這正是 pica 的定義。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的同位語結構:
____ , a condition where ...
空格填入的是一個醫學症狀或疾病名稱,後面的 a condition where... 用來進一步解釋該名詞的意義。
再根據題幹的定義判斷:
- 渴望冰塊、泥土、紙張等不能提供營養的物質:符合 pica。
- 這種症狀和缺鐵性貧血具有經典關聯,尤其是食冰癖(pagophagia)。
因此,空格應填入 pica。
選項分析
(A) cachexia:惡病質
Cachexia 指嚴重慢性疾病所造成的體重減輕、肌肉耗損、脂肪流失與全身衰弱,常見於癌症、慢性感染或嚴重慢性疾病患者。
它描述的是「消瘦與衰弱的全身性狀態」,不是渴望冰塊、泥土或紙張,因此不符合題幹定義。
(B) dysphagia:吞嚥困難
Dysphagia 指吞嚥食物或液體時發生困難,可能與神經系統疾病、食道阻塞或肌肉功能異常有關。
它的核心概念是「難以吞嚥」,與渴望非營養物質完全不同,因此錯誤。
第 10 題2 分
An experimental trial of gene therapy at an early age has helped four ____ born blind gain improvements to their sight, according to doctors at Moorfield Eye Hospital in London and further work presented in a study in The Lancet in February, 2025. The participants are children aged 1 to 3 years with rare and aggressive eye conditions before the therapy.
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核心觀念
本題考「上下文語意判斷」與兒童年齡階段的英文用字。
題幹明確指出:
The participants are children aged 1 to 3 years with rare and aggressive eye conditions before the therapy.
參與者是接受治療前患有罕見且具侵襲性眼疾、年齡介於 1 至 3 歲的兒童。
因此,空格應填入表示「幼兒、學步兒」的名詞 toddlers。
此外,空格前有數字 four,後面接可數名詞複數,因此四個選項在形式上皆符合複數要求,關鍵在於年齡與語意是否相符。
解題方法
先尋找能直接限定答案的年齡資訊。題幹後段明確說明參與者是 aged 1 to 3 years,也就是 1 至 3 歲的兒童。
英文年齡稱謂大致如下:
- toddler:通常指約 1 至 3 歲、正在學走路的幼兒。
- teenager:指 13 至 19 歲的青少年。
- adolescent:指青春期或青少年,通常約 10 至 19 歲。
- elder:年長者、長者。
1 至 3 歲與 toddler 的定義完全吻合,因此答案為 toddlers。
句子結構為:
four + 複數可數名詞 + born blind
意思是「四名天生失明的幼兒」。
選項分析
(A) toddlers
toddlers 意為「幼兒、學步兒」,通常指約 1 至 3 歲的孩子。
題幹明確指出參與者年齡為 1 至 3 歲,因此:
four toddlers born blind
四名天生失明的幼兒
符合年齡、語意與文法,為正確答案。
(B) teenagers
teenagers 意為「青少年」,特指年齡以 -teen 結尾者,也就是 13 至 19 歲。
第 11 題2 分
The ____ is a small gland in the brain responsible for regulating growth and hormone production.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查人體內分泌系統的器官功能與英文語意判斷。
題幹描述的腺體具有兩項特徵:
- 位於腦部的小型腺體。
- 負責調節生長及荷爾蒙的生成。
符合此描述的是 pituitary gland(腦下垂體/垂體)。腦下垂體位於腦部下方,會分泌生長激素,並透過多種促進性激素調控甲狀腺、腎上腺及生殖腺等內分泌器官,因此被視為重要的內分泌調節中樞。
解題方法
先抓住題幹中的關鍵字:
- a small gland in the brain:腦中的小型腺體
- regulating growth:調節生長
- hormone production:荷爾蒙生成
在四個選項中,只有 pituitary gland 同時符合「位於腦部」及「調節生長、控制內分泌功能」這兩項條件。
題幹完整句意為:
The pituitary gland is a small gland in the brain responsible for regulating growth and hormone production.
翻譯:
腦下垂體是位於腦部的一個小型腺體,負責調節生長及荷爾蒙的生成。
文法上,空格前有冠詞 The,空格後接 is,因此空格應填入一個單數名詞片語。四個選項皆符合名詞形式,最後必須依據生理功能判斷。
其中 responsible for 表示「負責……」,後接名詞或動名詞;本句的 regulating 是動名詞,形成:
be responsible for + V-ing
負責做某事
選項分析
(A) pineal gland
pineal gland 意為「松果體」,位於腦部,確實是腦中的小型腺體,因此符合題幹的部分位置描述。
第 12 題2 分
A doctor tells a patient: “Your condition is benign.” What does this mean?
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學英文單字 benign 的語意。
benign 形容疾病、腫瘤或身體狀況時,通常表示:
- 良性的
- 不具危險性的
- 不會危及生命的
- 不具侵襲性的
與 benign 相對的是 malignant,表示「惡性的」,常用於癌症或惡性腫瘤。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
“Your condition is benign.”
翻譯為:
「你的病況是良性的。」
「你的狀況沒有危險性,不會危及生命。」
因此,題幹所表達的意思是該病況通常不會造成嚴重傷害或生命威脅。
解題方法
先抓住關鍵字 benign,再將其與選項中的意思配對:
- benign = 良性、無害
- malignant = 惡性
- contagious = 具傳染性
- worsen = 惡化
- immediate surgery = 立即手術
與「不具傷害性或不危及生命」最符合的是選項 (B)。
選項分析
(A) The disease is highly contagious.
意思是「這種疾病具有高度傳染性。」
contagious 指疾病能在人與人之間傳播,例如流感、麻疹。它描述的是「傳染能力」,與 benign 所表示的「良性、危險性低」不同,因此錯誤。
(B) The condition is not harmful or life-threatening.
意思是「這種狀況沒有傷害性,也不會危及生命。」
這正是 benign 在醫學語境中的意思。若用於腫瘤,通常表示「良性腫瘤」,不具有惡性癌症的侵襲性與生命威脅,因此正確。
(C) The illness will get worse over time.
意思是「這種疾病會隨時間惡化。」
「惡化」可用 get worse、deteriorate 或 progress 表示,並不是 benign 的意思。
第 13 題
Famous for creating the ____ detective Sherlock Holmes, Sir Arthur Canon Doyle has more other achievements including serving as a medic in the Boer War and pioneering skiing.
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞語意辨析」以及形容詞修飾名詞的用法。
句型為:
the 形容詞 detective Sherlock Holmes
空格中的形容詞必須能合理描述 Sherlock Holmes 這位偵探。關鍵在於判斷四個字的語意:
- invaluable:極有價值的、無價的
- indistinctive:不具特色的、不顯著的
- indistinguishable:無法區分的、難以辨認的
- inimitable:無法模仿的、獨一無二的
解題方法
題幹指出 Arthur Conan Doyle 以創造 Sherlock Holmes 這位著名偵探聞名。Sherlock Holmes 是文學史上極具代表性、難以被其他角色取代的偵探,因此最適合的形容詞是 inimitable,表示「獨一無二、無可模仿」。
定位答案的句子為:
Famous for creating the inimitable detective Sherlock Holmes, Sir Arthur Canon Doyle has more other achievements...
翻譯為:
以創造出獨一無二的偵探 Sherlock Holmes 而聞名,Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 還有其他許多成就……
其中 inimitable 修飾 detective Sherlock Holmes,語意完整且符合上下文。
選項分析
(A) invaluable
invaluable 意為「極有價值的、無價的」,通常用來描述人、事物或貢獻的價值,例如:
- an invaluable contribution:極有價值的貢獻
- invaluable advice:非常寶貴的建議
若填入後成為:
the invaluable detective Sherlock Holmes
意思是「極有價值的偵探 Sherlock Holmes」。語法上可以成立,但題幹重點是強調 Sherlock Holmes 的獨特性與不可模仿性,而不是他的價值,因此不是最佳答案。
(B) indistinctive
indistinctive 表示「不具特色的、不顯著的」。填入後為:
the indistinctive detective Sherlock Holmes
意思接近「不具特色的偵探 Sherlock Holmes」,與 Sherlock Holmes 著名、鮮明、獨特的形象相矛盾,因此語意不合。
此外,較常見的相關字是 distinctive,意為「獨特的、有特色的」;加上否定字首 in- 後,反而變成「不具特色的」。
(C) indistinguishable
第 14 題
The Hippocratic Oath is an ethical guideline traditionally taken by ____.
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核心觀念
本題考「Hippocratic Oath(希波克拉底誓詞)」的對象與醫學專業常識。
Hippocratic Oath 是醫師在接受醫學訓練或開始行醫時,傳統上宣讀或遵守的倫理誓詞,內容涉及:
- 尊重病人生命與健康
- 維護病人隱私
- 以病人福祉為優先
- 遵守醫療專業倫理
因此,誓詞傳統上是由 medical doctors(醫師) 宣讀或承擔。
題幹解析與翻譯
題幹:
The Hippocratic Oath is an ethical guideline traditionally taken by medical doctors.
翻譯:
希波克拉底誓詞是一項傳統上由醫師遵循的倫理準則。
句型結構:
- The Hippocratic Oath:主詞,希波克拉底誓詞
- is:be 動詞
- an ethical guideline:主詞補語,倫理準則
- traditionally taken by medical doctors:過去分詞片語,修飾 an ethical guideline
其中 taken by 並非單純的「被拿走」,而是指「由某人宣讀、接受或遵守」。在誓詞、承諾或宣言的語境中,take an oath 表示「宣誓、立誓」。
文法與語意重點
本句使用被動概念:
an ethical guideline traditionally taken by medical doctors
可還原為:
medical doctors traditionally take the ethical guideline.
其中:
- traditionally:傳統上
- taken:take 的過去分詞
- by medical doctors:由醫師
醫學英文常見搭配:
- take an oath:宣誓、立誓
- follow an ethical guideline:遵循倫理準則
- practice medicine:行醫
- medical ethics:醫學倫理
第 15 題
The ____ is the part of the brain responsible for regulating balance and coordination.
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核心觀念
本題考查腦部各構造的主要功能,關鍵是辨認「平衡」與「協調」所對應的腦區。
小腦(cerebellum)主要負責:
- 維持身體平衡(balance)
- 協調骨骼肌的動作(coordination)
- 調整動作的精確度、時機與平順性
- 協助維持姿勢與肌肉張力
因此,題幹所描述的功能直接對應到 cerebellum。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
The ____ is the part of the brain responsible for regulating balance and coordination.
翻譯:
____ 是大腦中負責調節平衡與協調的部位。
其中:
- part of the brain:大腦的一個部位
- be responsible for:負責……
- regulate:調節、控制
- balance:平衡
- coordination:協調,尤其指動作協調
「regulating balance and coordination」是定位答案的核心語意,應立即聯想到小腦。
解題方法
採用「功能配對法」:
- 先抓取題幹的功能描述:balance and coordination。
- 將此功能與腦部構造配對。
- 小腦的代表性功能就是維持平衡及協調肌肉運動。
- 因此空格填入 cerebellum。
完整句為:
The cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for regulating balance and coordination.
翻譯:
小腦是大腦中負責調節平衡與協調的部位。
本題文法上,空格需要填入一個單數名詞,四個選項皆符合名詞形式;真正的判斷關鍵在於字義與生理功能,而非文法變化。
選項分析
第 16 題
The term “palliative care” refers to ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學英文詞彙 palliative care 的語意。
- palliative:緩和性的、紓緩症狀的
- care:照護、治療
- palliative care:緩和醫療、安寧緩和照護
緩和醫療的重點是減輕病人的疼痛、不適及其他症狀,提升生活品質,而不是以根治疾病為主要目標。常見於癌症、末期疾病及其他嚴重慢性疾病的照護。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原文:
The term “palliative care” refers to ____.
翻譯:
「緩和醫療」一詞是指__。
句型 refer to 意為「指的是、涉及」。空格需要填入對 palliative care 的正確定義。
解題方法
先掌握關鍵字 palliative 的核心概念:「緩和症狀,而非治癒疾病」。因此,選項中必須同時符合以下兩點:
- 屬於醫療處置或治療。
- 主要目的在於減輕症狀,而非根治疾病。
只有選項 D 完整符合這項定義。
選項分析
(A) therapy used exclusively for chronic conditions
意為「專門用於慢性病的治療」。
此選項錯誤。緩和醫療並非專門用於慢性疾病,也可用於癌症、末期疾病及其他嚴重疾病。選項中的 exclusively(僅限於、專門地)過度限縮適用範圍。
(B) a type of emergency surgery
意為「一種緊急手術」。
此選項錯誤。緩和醫療是以症狀控制、疼痛緩解及生活品質為核心的照護方式,不等同於處理急症的緊急手術。
(C) a treatment that guarantees a cure
意為「保證能治癒的治療」。
第 17 題
In a case study, the term “prognosis” refers to ____.
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核心觀念
本題考醫學英文關鍵字 prognosis 的語意。
- prognosis:預後,指疾病未來可能的發展、治療結果及患者康復情形。
- diagnosis:診斷,指判定患者罹患何種疾病。
- treatment:治療,指處理疾病所採取的醫療措施。
- symptom:症狀,指患者所感受到或表現出的不適。
因此,prognosis 的核心概念是「對疾病未來結果的預測」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原文:
In a case study, the term “prognosis” refers to ____.
翻譯:
在一份個案研究中,「prognosis」一詞是指__。
關鍵在於醫學用語 prognosis。它不是疾病目前的診斷、症狀或立即治療,而是醫師對疾病未來發展及結果的判斷。
解題方法
先辨識醫學字彙的功能:
- diagnosis 關心「現在是什麼疾病」。
- treatment 關心「現在要如何處理」。
- symptoms 關心「患者目前有哪些表現」。
- prognosis 關心「未來可能會怎樣」。
選項中只有 the expected outcome of a disease 符合「疾病預後」的定義,因此答案為 C。
選項分析
(A) the initial diagnosis of a condition
意為「某種疾病的初步診斷」。
第 18 題
The human body’s first line of defense against pathogens is the ____.
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核心觀念
本題考「人體抵禦病原體的第一道防線」及各人體系統的功能。
人體的防禦機制可概分為:
- 第一道防線:外部屏障
- 皮膚(skin)
- 黏膜(mucous membranes)
- 鼻毛、呼吸道纖毛
- 胃酸、淚液等
這些構造在病原體進入人體之前,就先阻擋或破壞病原體。
- 第二道防線:先天性免疫
- 吞噬細胞
- 發炎反應
- 補體
- 自然殺手細胞等
- 第三道防線:後天性免疫
- B 細胞與抗體
- T 細胞
- 免疫記憶
因此,本題所問的「first line of defense」是指人體最外層、最先接觸病原體的防禦屏障,答案為 skin。
題幹翻譯與語意定位
題幹原文:
The human body’s first line of defense against pathogens is the ____.
翻譯:
人體抵禦病原體的第一道防線是____。
定位答案的關鍵片語是:
- first line of defense:第一道防線
- against pathogens:抵禦病原體
- skin:皮膚
皮膚覆蓋人體表面,能形成物理性屏障,阻止細菌、病毒、真菌等病原體直接進入體內;皮膚表面的角質層、乾燥環境及正常菌叢,也能進一步降低病原體定殖的機會。
解題方法
先抓住題幹中的核心語意 first line of defense。這個片語表示「最先發揮作用的防禦機制」,應優先尋找位於人體最外層、能直接阻擋病原體的構造。
四個選項中:
- skin 是人體表面的外部屏障,符合「第一道防線」。
- 其餘三項都是體內的功能系統,並非最先阻擋病原體的外部構造。
句型方面,題幹使用:
The human body’s first line of defense ... is the ____.
主詞為 The human body’s first line of defense,核心名詞是單數的 line,因此使用單數動詞 is。空格需要填入一個能作為「防禦屏障」的名詞。
選項分析
(A) immune system
immune system 意為「免疫系統」。
第 19 題
Which of the following conditions is best described as “asymptomatic”?
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學英文單字 asymptomatic 的字義與字首判讀。
- symptom:症狀
- symptomatic:有症狀的
- a-:表示「無、缺乏」
- asymptomatic:無症狀的、沒有明顯症狀的
因此,asymptomatic 是指患者或感染者體內存在某種疾病或感染,但沒有出現可被察覺的症狀。
題幹翻譯與定位
題幹原文:
Which of the following conditions is best described as “asymptomatic”?
翻譯:
下列哪一種情況最適合以「無症狀的」來描述?
判斷關鍵在於 asymptomatic = without noticeable symptoms,也就是「不會造成可注意到的症狀」。
解題方法
先拆解單字:
其中:
- symptomatic 表示「有症狀的」
- a- 表示「無、沒有」
所以 asymptomatic 的整體意思是「沒有症狀的」。再逐一比對選項,尋找直接表達「不造成明顯症狀」的敘述即可。
選項分析
(A) an infection that does not cause noticeable symptoms
翻譯:不會造成明顯症狀的感染。
此選項正確。does not cause noticeable symptoms 正好對應「沒有可察覺的症狀」,因此這種感染可稱為 asymptomatic infection(無症狀感染)。
(B) a disease with severe and sudden symptoms
翻譯:具有嚴重且突然症狀的疾病。
此選項錯誤。severe 是「嚴重的」,sudden 是「突然的」,表示症狀明顯且急劇出現,與「無症狀」完全相反。
第 20 題
Barbara Wagner, 70, hit her stride after retirement and started moving houses, arguing with family, making task lists longer, while she could not finish anything including making her bed. Her doctor diagnosed her with ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查「根據症狀判斷疾病」及醫學英文語意。題幹描述的主要特徵包括:
- 做事缺乏持續性,無法完成任務
- 待辦事項愈列愈長,顯示組織與執行功能不佳
- 行為較衝動,容易與家人爭吵
- 生活安排混亂,連整理床鋪都無法完成
這些表現符合成人注意力不足過動症(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)的核心問題,尤其是注意力不集中、衝動控制不佳及執行功能障礙。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
“making task lists longer, while she could not finish anything including making her bed.”
意思是:「她把待辦事項清單列得愈來愈長,卻無法完成任何事情,包括整理自己的床鋪。」
這句直接指出她具有明顯的任務管理與完成能力障礙,與 ADHD 常見的拖延、注意力分散、無法組織及難以完成工作相符。
另一個重要線索是:
“started moving houses, arguing with family”
意思是:「開始頻繁搬家,並且與家人爭吵。」
這些行為反映生活失序、衝動性及人際互動問題,亦支持 ADHD 的判斷。
解題方法
先觀察題幹中的症狀,再與各疾病的典型表現比對:
- 題幹沒有描述感染、出血、疲倦、血壓升高等身體症狀。
- 所有線索集中在注意力、組織能力、衝動行為與任務完成能力。
- 四個選項中,只有 ADHD 屬於能直接解釋這組行為與認知表現的疾病。
- 因此選擇 ADHD。
句型 “diagnosed her with + 疾病名稱” 表示「診斷她患有某疾病」,例如:
- The doctor diagnosed him with anemia.
- 醫師診斷他患有貧血。
選項分析
(A) ADHD:正確
ADHD 是 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 的縮寫,中文為「注意力不足過動症」。成人患者不一定呈現明顯身體過動,也可能主要表現為:
- 無法完成工作
- 做事缺乏組織
- 容易分心
- 常拖延
- 任務清單不斷增加
- 衝動行事或與人發生衝突
題幹中的 “could not finish anything” 是最重要的判斷線索,與 ADHD 的執行功能障礙相符。
第 21 題
Which of the following procedures is considered “minimally invasive”?
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核心觀念
本題考「微創手術」(minimally invasive surgery)的定義與醫療英文語意。
minimally invasive 意為「侵入性極低的、微創的」,指手術通常只需透過小切口、自然孔道或特殊器械進入體內,藉此減少組織損傷、出血、疼痛與術後恢復時間。
題幹中的關鍵句為:
Which of the following procedures is considered “minimally invasive”?
下列哪一種處置被認為是「微創的」?
題目要求判斷哪種手術通常符合「小切口、較少破壞正常組織」的特徵。
解題方法
先辨認關鍵字:
- procedure:醫療處置、手術程序
- be considered:被認為是
- minimally invasive:微創的、侵入性極低的
接著比較各項手術的進入方式:
- 需要大範圍切開身體、暴露手術部位者,通常不屬於 minimally invasive。
- 透過腹部小切口,使用內視鏡與細長器械完成手術者,符合 minimally invasive 的概念。
因此,答案是以小切口進行的 laparoscopic surgery。
選項分析
(A) open-heart surgery:開心手術
錯誤。open-heart surgery 通常需要切開胸骨,打開胸腔以暴露心臟,手術範圍大、組織損傷與恢復負擔較高,屬於典型的傳統開放式手術,不符合本題所指的微創手術。
- open:開放式的
- heart surgery:心臟手術
(B) laparoscopic surgery:腹腔鏡手術
正確。laparoscopic surgery 透過腹部數個小切口,放入腹腔鏡與手術器械進行操作,不需要大幅切開腹壁,通常能減少出血、疼痛及住院時間,因此被視為 minimally invasive surgery。
- laparoscopic:腹腔鏡的
- laparoscopy:腹腔鏡檢查或腹腔鏡手術
- -scopic:與觀察、內視鏡相關
第 22 題
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to measure ____.
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核心觀念
本題考的是醫學英文單字與語意判讀,關鍵字為 sphygmomanometer,意為「血壓計」。
- sphygmo-:脈搏、脈動
- mano-:壓力
- -meter:測量器
因此,sphygmomanometer 是用來測量血壓的儀器,英文定義為:
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to measure blood pressure.
血壓計是一種用來測量血壓的儀器。
血壓通常以收縮壓與舒張壓表示,例如 mmHg。
解題方法
先辨認題幹中的核心名詞 sphygmomanometer。其中字尾 -meter 表示「測量器」,而 sphygmomanometer 的完整意思就是「測量血壓的儀器」。
題幹句型為:
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to measure ____.
其中 used to measure 是過去分詞片語,修飾前面的 an instrument,可還原為:
an instrument that is used to measure ...
意思是「一種被用來測量……的儀器」。
判斷這種儀器測量的對象,即可選出 blood pressure。
選項分析
(A) body temperature
body temperature 意為「體溫」。
測量體溫使用的是 thermometer(溫度計),不是 sphygmomanometer。因此本選項錯誤。
(B) lung function
lung function 意為「肺功能」。
肺功能通常以 spirometer(肺量計)或相關肺功能檢查儀器測量,例如肺活量與呼氣流速。Sphygmomanometer 並不測量肺部容積或呼吸功能,因此本選項錯誤。
(C) blood pressure
第 23 題
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with motivation and reward?
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題幹翻譯與語意重點
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with motivation and reward?
哪一種神經傳導物質主要與動機及獎賞有關?
本題為英文科的生物醫學字彙與基本概念題。關鍵在於辨認「動機與獎賞」所對應的神經傳導物質。
文法結構為:
- Which neurotransmitter:哪一種神經傳導物質
- is associated with:與……有關、與……具有關聯
- primarily:主要地
- motivation:動機
- reward:獎賞、回饋
其中,which + 名詞形成疑問詞片語,後接單數動詞 is;associated with 是常見片語,後面接名詞,表示「與某事有關」。
核心觀念
多巴胺(dopamine)是中樞神經系統的重要神經傳導物質,尤其與以下功能密切相關:
- 動機(motivation)
- 獎賞感與獎賞預期(reward and reward anticipation)
- 強化學習(reinforcement learning)
- 行為驅動與目標導向行為
在經典的獎賞迴路中,腹側被蓋區(ventral tegmental area, VTA)的多巴胺神經元會投射至伏隔核(nucleus accumbens)及前額葉皮質(prefrontal cortex),形成與動機、獎賞及行為強化相關的中腦邊緣系統(mesolimbic pathway)。
因此,看到 motivation and reward,最直接的對應答案就是 dopamine。
須注意,多巴胺不只是單純代表「快樂」。它也參與獎賞預期、尋求獎賞的動機,以及因獎賞而形成的學習與行為強化。
解題方法
本題適合採用「關鍵功能對應法」:
- 先抓住題幹的核心字詞:motivation and reward。
- 將功能與常考神經傳導物質配對。
- 在選項中辨認最符合「獎賞迴路與動機」者。
- 選出 dopamine。
第 24 題
Which psychological phenomenon occurs when people believe they have less control over events than they actually do?
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核心觀念
本題考的是心理學中的「習得無助感」(learned helplessness)。
習得無助感是指個體長期經歷無法控制、無法逃避或無法改變的負面事件後,逐漸形成「自己無法影響結果」的信念。因此,即使後來實際上已經存在解決問題或逃離困境的方法,個體仍會低估自己的控制能力,表現出消極、被動、放棄嘗試等反應。
題幹所描述的「相信自己對事件的控制力低於實際擁有的程度」,正是 learned helplessness 的核心特徵。
題幹語意與翻譯
原文:
Which psychological phenomenon occurs when people believe they have less control over events than they actually do?
翻譯:
當人們相信自己對事件的控制力低於實際擁有的程度時,會出現哪一種心理現象?
關鍵語意是:
- psychological phenomenon:心理現象
- occur:發生、出現
- believe:相信、認為
- have control over:對……具有控制力
- events:事件
- less ... than ...:比……少/低
- actually do:實際上所擁有的;此處的 do 代替前面的動詞 have
「believe they have less control than they actually do」表示主觀認知低於客觀現實,也就是個體實際上有能力改變情況,卻認為自己無能為力。
解題方法
先抓住題幹的因果關係:
- 個體相信自己缺乏控制力。
- 但實際上仍擁有比自己認為更多的控制能力。
- 因此產生消極、放棄或不再嘗試的心理狀態。
這種「因過去的失敗或無法控制經驗而學會放棄」的現象,就是 learned helplessness。
常見的形成機轉如下:
因此答案選 (D) Learned helplessness。
選項分析
第 25 題
In medical ethics, the term “informed consent” means the fact that ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學倫理術語 informed consent(知情同意) 的定義。
Informed consent 指病人在接受充分、適當的醫療資訊後,理解治療內容、可能效益與風險,並在沒有受到強迫的情況下,自主同意接受特定治療。因此核心要件包括:
- 充分理解資訊:知道治療目的、方式、風險與替代方案。
- 自主自願:決定不是出於脅迫或不當壓力。
- 同意特定治療:不是對醫師提供的任何處置一概接受。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
In medical ethics, the term “informed consent” means the fact that ____.
翻譯為:
在醫學倫理中,「知情同意」一詞是指以下哪一種情況?
關鍵在於 informed(已充分了解資訊的) 與 consent(同意、允許)。因此正確敘述必須同時包含「理解」與「自願同意」。
解題方法
先拆解術語:
- informed:已獲得資訊並充分了解
- consent:同意、允許
- fully understood:完全理解
- voluntarily agreed:自願同意
- proposed treatment:所提出的治療方案
再將各選項與知情同意的兩大要件比對:
只有同時符合這兩項,才能構成 informed consent。
選項分析
(A) the patient agrees to any treatment given by the doctor.
病人同意醫師所給予的任何治療。
此選項錯誤。關鍵字 any treatment 表示「任何治療」,但知情同意必須針對特定治療,在了解相關資訊後作成決定。病人不能僅以概括方式同意醫師未來提供的所有處置,也不代表病人已充分理解治療內容與風險。
(B) the patient has fully understood and voluntarily agreed to a proposed treatment.
病人已完全了解某項提出的治療方案,並自願同意接受。
此選項正確。fully understood 對應 informed,表示病人已充分了解治療資訊;voluntarily agreed 對應 consent,表示病人基於自主意願作成同意;a proposed treatment 則表示同意的是特定的治療方案。三者完整呈現知情同意的核心定義。
(C) the doctor decides on the best course of treatment without consulting the patient.
醫師未諮詢病人,便決定最佳治療方式。
第 26 題
The Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual revival that saw significant advancements in art, science, and humanism, often described as the ____ of classical knowledge.
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核心觀念
本題考查「上下文語意判斷」與歷史文化類單字。句意指出,文藝復興是藝術、科學與人文主義大幅進步的時期,常被描述為古典知識的「重新興起」。因此空格應填入表示「復興、再度興盛」的名詞 resurgence。
關鍵句定位與翻譯
The Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual revival that saw significant advancements in art, science, and humanism, often described as the ____ of classical knowledge.
翻譯:
文藝復興是一段文化與思想復甦的時期,在藝術、科學與人文主義方面都有重大進展,常被描述為古典知識的__。
題幹中的 cultural and intellectual revival 已直接提供語意線索:文藝復興代表文化與思想的復甦,因此空格也應填入具有「復興」意義的字。
解題方法
先判斷空格所需的詞性。空格位於定冠詞 the 與介系詞 of 之間,結構為:
the + 名詞 + of + 名詞
因此需要填入名詞。再依據 revival、significant advancements 等正面語意判斷,答案必須表示「重新興起、恢復活力」,不能表示衰退、停滯或消滅。
(A) resurgence
resurgence 是名詞,意為「復甦、復興、再度興盛」,指某種事物經過一段時間後重新出現或恢復強盛。
the resurgence of classical knowledge
古典知識的復興
第 27 題
【題組共用題幹】
Medical humanities is a ____ field that draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences to address questions around human experiences of health and illness. Recognising that such experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated ____ the personal, social, cultural, environmental, and political contexts in which they emerge, medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the ____ celebrate interdisciplinary entanglements among researchers from different backgrounds and realworld areas of expertise, and ____ engagement with those who use, provide, and shape health-care services.
The four Art of Medicine essays in The Lancet represent a vibrant cross-section of the work going on in this ____ and burgeoning field.
- Medical humanities is a ____ field that draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences to address questions around human experiences of health and illness.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「上下文語意」。空格位於名詞 field 前方,需要填入形容詞,修飾醫學人文學科的性質。
題幹明確說明此領域:
Medical humanities is a ____ field that draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences.
翻譯為:
醫學人文是一個____的領域,整合人文、藝術與社會科學中的方法與洞見。
其中 draws together 表示「整合、匯集」,而 humanities、arts、social sciences 分別代表不同的知識領域,因此最符合的形容詞是 multidisciplinary,意為「跨學科的、多學科整合的」。
解題方法
先判斷空格的詞性:
四個選項皆可作形容詞,但必須進一步比較語意。
題幹以 draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences 解釋這個領域的特色。它不是只涉及單一學門,而是整合人文、藝術與社會科學等不同領域的觀點。因此:
multidisciplinary field 是自然且精確的搭配,指「跨學科領域」。
選項分析
(A) parallel
parallel 意為「平行的、相似的、並行的」。
若填入:
Medical humanities is a parallel field...
意思會變成「醫學人文是一個平行的領域」,但題幹重點是整合多種學科,而不是與其他領域平行存在。parallel 無法表達「跨學科整合」的概念,因此錯誤。
(B) novel
novel 作形容詞時意為「新穎的、嶄新的」。
填入後可理解為「醫學人文是一個新穎的領域」,文法上成立,語意也不完全不通;但題幹接著具體說明它是由人文、藝術與社會科學共同構成,考點在於「多學科整合」,不是「新穎」。
此外,後文已有:
this vibrant and burgeoning field
其中 burgeoning 意為「快速發展中的、蓬勃成長的」,已經帶有新興、發展中的意涵。因此 novel 並非此處最精確的答案。
第 28 題
【題組共用題幹】
Medical humanities is a ____ field that draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences to address questions around human experiences of health and illness. Recognising that such experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated ____ the personal, social, cultural, environmental, and political contexts in which they emerge, medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the ____ celebrate interdisciplinary entanglements among researchers from different backgrounds and realworld areas of expertise, and ____ engagement with those who use, provide, and shape health-care services.
The four Art of Medicine essays in The Lancet represent a vibrant cross-section of the work going on in this ____ and burgeoning field.
- Recognising that such experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated ____ the personal, social, cultural, environmental, and political contexts in which they emerge, medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the ____ celebrate interdisciplinary entanglements among researchers from different backgrounds and realworld areas of expertise, and ____ engagement with those who use, provide, and shape health-care services.
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核心觀念
本題考查固定搭配與介系詞語意:
- dissociate A from B:使 A 與 B 分離;將 A 和 B 脫離關係
- 題幹中的結構為:
experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated from the contexts
意思是「這些經驗無法有意義地與其所處的脈絡分離」。
此處主詞為 such experiences,被動語態為:
其中 from 引出被分離、脫離的對象。
解題方法
先定位答案所在句:
Recognising that such experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated ____ the personal, social, cultural, environmental, and political contexts in which they emerge, medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the …
翻譯:
體認到這些經驗無法有意義地與其產生其中的個人、社會、文化、環境與政治脈絡分離,醫學人文學研究者便挑戰了關於「正常」應如何與……區分的假設。
句中 be dissociated 是被動語態,後面需要接固定介系詞 from,形成 be dissociated from。
可用同義替換快速判斷:
- be separated from:與……分離
- be detached from:與……脫離
- be distinguished from:與……區分
因此本題應選 from。
選項分析
(A) from:正確
dissociate A from B 表示「使 A 與 B 分離、脫離關聯」。題幹使用被動語態:
such experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated from the contexts
即:
這些經驗無法與相關脈絡有意義地分離。
語意與文法皆正確。
(B) with:錯誤
with 常與 associate 搭配:
associate A with B
將 A 與 B 聯想、聯繫起來
但 dissociate 的標準搭配是 dissociate A from B,不是 dissociate A with B。
第 29 題
【題組共用題幹】
Medical humanities is a ____ field that draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences to address questions around human experiences of health and illness. Recognising that such experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated ____ the personal, social, cultural, environmental, and political contexts in which they emerge, medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the ____ celebrate interdisciplinary entanglements among researchers from different backgrounds and real-world areas of expertise, and ____ engagement with those who use, provide, and shape health-care services.
The four Art of Medicine essays in The Lancet represent a vibrant cross-section of the work going on in this ____ and burgeoning field.
(from Charles Fernyhough, “Entanglements in the Medical Humanities,” The Lancet, Vol. 403, Issue 10428, 710, 24 Feb. 2024)
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義與語意搭配。
- 形容詞在文章脈絡中的延伸意義。
- 由上下文判斷作者對「medical humanities」的整體評價。
第 29 題所對應的是第一個空格:
Medical humanities is a ____ field...
此處需要填入能修飾「field」且符合全文正面語氣的形容詞。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
Medical humanities is a ____ field...
空格位於冠詞 與名詞 之間,因此必須填入形容詞。
再由後文判斷語意:
The four Art of Medicine essays in The Lancet represent a vibrant cross-section of the work going on in this ____ and burgeoning field.
其中 vibrant 表示「充滿活力的」,burgeoning 表示「迅速發展的、蓬勃成長的」,可知作者對 medical humanities 的描述是正面的,強調其活躍、健全、持續發展。
因此,第一個空格應選擇具有「健全的、蓬勃發展的」意義的 healthy。
定位答案的關鍵句
Medical humanities is a healthy field that draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences...
翻譯:
醫學人文是一個健全且蓬勃發展的領域,它整合人文學科、藝術與社會科學的方法及洞見……
此處的 healthy 不是單純指「身體健康」,而是指一個領域「發展良好、充滿活力、健全成熟」。後文的 vibrant 與 burgeoning 也進一步支持此一正面語意。
選項分析
第 30 題
【題組共用題幹】
Medical humanities is a ____ field that draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences to address questions around human experiences of health and illness. Recognising that such experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated ____ the personal, social, cultural, environmental, and political contexts in which they emerge, medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the ____ celebrate interdisciplinary entanglements among researchers from different backgrounds and real-world areas of expertise, and ____ engagement with those who use, provide, and shape health-care services.
The four Art of Medicine essays in The Lancet represent a vibrant cross-section of the work going on in this ____ and burgeoning field.
- Medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the ____ celebrate interdisciplinary entanglements among researchers from different backgrounds and real-world areas of expertise, and ____ engagement with those who use, provide, and shape health-care services.
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核心觀念
本題考「主詞與動詞一致」及「平行結構」。
句子的主詞是複數名詞片語 Medical humanities researchers,後面以逗號及連接詞 and 串聯三個並列動詞:
- challenge
- celebrate
- prioritise
三者皆使用現在式原形,表示醫學人文研究者普遍具有的研究立場與行動。因此空格應填 prioritise。
定位答案的關鍵句
Medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the abnormal, celebrate interdisciplinary entanglements among researchers from different backgrounds and real-world areas of expertise, and prioritise engagement with those who use, provide, and shape health-care services.
翻譯:
醫學人文研究者挑戰關於「正常」應如何與異常區分的既有假設,推崇不同背景及實務專業領域研究者之間的跨學科交融,並優先重視與那些使用、提供及形塑醫療服務的人互動。
其中三個動詞的主詞都是 Medical humanities researchers:
因為 researchers 是複數,動詞使用原形 prioritise,不能加第三人稱單數字尾 -s。
解題方法
先找主詞:
Medical humanities researchers
再觀察動詞排列:
challenge ..., celebrate ..., and ____ engagement ...
這是典型的三項平行結構。前兩個動詞 challenge、celebrate 都是現在式原形,因此第三個並列動詞也應維持相同形式:
challenge ..., celebrate ..., and prioritise ...
此外,prioritise engagement with... 是合理搭配,意思是「優先重視與……的互動/參與」。
選項分析
(A) prioritise
正確。prioritise 是現在式原形,與複數主詞 researchers 一致,也與前面的 challenge、celebrate 形成平行結構。
句意為:
研究者挑戰既有假設、推崇跨學科交融,並優先重視與醫療服務相關人士的互動。
(B) prioritised
第 31 題
【題組共用題幹】
Medical humanities is a ____ field that draws together methods and insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences to address questions around human experiences of health and illness. Recognising that such experiences cannot meaningfully be dissociated ____ the personal, social, cultural, environmental, and political contexts in which they emerge, medical humanities researchers challenge assumptions about how the “normal” should be distinguished from the ____ celebrate interdisciplinary entanglements among researchers from different backgrounds and real-world areas of expertise, and ____ engagement with those who use, provide, and shape health-care services.
The four Art of Medicine essays in The Lancet represent a vibrant cross-section of the work going on in this ____ and burgeoning field.
- The four Art of Medicine essays in The Lancet represent a vibrant cross-section of the work going on in this ____ and burgeoning field.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 詞性判斷:空格前有指示詞 this,後接名詞 field,空格應填形容詞。
- 語意搭配:形容研究領域「活躍、有朝氣、充滿活力」。
- 並列形容詞與語意一致:
lively and burgeoning field表示「活躍且蓬勃發展的領域」。
關鍵句定位
The four Art of Medicine essays in The Lancet represent a vibrant cross-section of the work going on in this lively and burgeoning field.
翻譯:
《刺胳針》的四篇〈醫學的藝術〉文章,呈現了這個活躍且蓬勃發展的領域中各項研究工作的精彩縮影。
空格所在片語是:
this ____ and burgeoning field
其中 field 是名詞「領域」,burgeoning 是形容詞「迅速發展的、蓬勃成長的」,因此空格也應填入能描述研究領域狀態的形容詞。lively 與 burgeoning 意義相互呼應,最符合上下文。
解題方法
第一步,判斷詞性。
this 後面接名詞片語:
this ____ field
空格用來修飾名詞 field,因此需要形容詞。四個選項中,lively、living、lived 可作形容詞,life 主要是名詞,因此先排除 life。
第二步,觀察並列結構。
空格後面有 and burgeoning,形成:
____ and burgeoning field
burgeoning 表示「正在快速成長、蓬勃發展」,前面的形容詞應與它在語意上相配。文章前文使用 vibrant 描述這個領域,並提到不同背景研究者之間的跨學科合作,整體語氣是正面且充滿活力。因此 lively 最恰當。
第三步,代入全文確認:
this lively and burgeoning field
語法正確,語意為「這個活躍且蓬勃發展的領域」,與文章內容完全一致。
選項分析
(A) life
life 通常是名詞,意思是「生命、生活、人生」。放入句中成為:
this life and burgeoning field
此處需要形容詞修飾 field,life 不具備適當詞性;而且 life field 也不是本句要表達的自然搭配,因此錯誤。
(B) lively
lively 是形容詞,意思包括「活潑的、熱烈的、充滿活力的、活躍的」。
第 32 題
【題組共用題幹】
Despite the turn to insects in mainstream robotics, research on android robots continues. ____. Others are “social,” or “Companion” robots, designed for home use by elderly and/or disabled people. These are intended less as fetch-and-carry slaves than as autonomous personal assistants. Some appear “cute,” having long eyelashes and seductive voices. They can make eye contact with users, and recognise individual faces and voices. Also, they can—up to a point—hold unscripted conversations, interpret the user’s emotional state, and generate “emotional” responses (human-like facial expressions and/or speech patterns) themselves.
Although some robots are large (for handling heavy loads and/or traversing rough ground), most are small. Some—for use inside blood vessels, for example—are very small. ____. Whenever multiple robots are involved in a task, questions arise about how (if at all) they communicate, and how that enable the group to do things that couldn’t be done individually.
____. Such species exemplify “distributed cognition” in which knowledge (and appropriate action) is spread across entire groups rather than being available to any one animal.
If robots are extremely simple, their developers may speak of “swarm intelligence,” and analyse cooperative robot systems as cellular automata (CAs). ____. The overall pattern of a CA’s behaviour may be surprisingly complex. The basic analogy is living cells cooperating in multicellular organisms. The many AI versions include the flocking algorithms used for crowds of bats or dinosaurs in Hollywood animations.
- Despite the turn to insects in mainstream robotics, research on android robots continues. ____.
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核心觀念
本題是克漏字,主要考:
- 段落前後的語意銜接
- 代名詞與指示詞的指涉
- 文章由「總說」到「分類、舉例」的寫作結構
- 轉折詞
Others所形成的對比關係
題目前文指出,雖然主流機器人研究轉向昆蟲機器人,但「仿人型機器人」的研究仍持續。空格後接著寫:
Others are “social,” or “Companion” robots, designed for home use by elderly and/or disabled people.
意思是:
其他一些則是「社交型」或「陪伴型」機器人,設計供老年人及/或身心障礙者在家中使用。
Others 表示前文必須先提到仿人型機器人的另一類,形成「有些……其他則……」的分類架構。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的關鍵字 Others。這表示空格中的句子應先介紹一類機器人,下一句再介紹另一類。
選項中只有:
Some are mere toys.
能自然形成:
Some are mere toys. Others are “social,” or “Companion” robots...
完整意思為:
有些仿人型機器人只不過是玩具;其他一些則是社交型或陪伴型機器人。
文章先將仿人型機器人分成「玩具」與「社交/陪伴型」兩類,接著詳細說明後者的功能,包括辨識臉孔與聲音、進行對話、判讀情緒,以及產生類似人類的表情和語音模式。因此選項 C 在語意與篇章結構上都完全吻合。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
Despite the turn to insects in mainstream robotics, research on android robots continues. Some are mere toys. Others are “social,” or “Companion” robots...
翻譯:
儘管主流機器人學轉而研究昆蟲,仿人型機器人的研究仍在持續。有些仿人型機器人只不過是玩具;其他一些則是「社交型」或「陪伴型」機器人……
Some ... Others ... 是英文中常見的分類句型:
Some A ... Others B ...:有些 A……,其他則是 B……mere表示「僅僅是、只不過是」,帶有降低評價或強調功能簡單的語氣。toy在此指以娛樂為主、功能有限的機器人。
選項分析
(A) For answers, roboticists often consider social insects, like ants and bees
意思是:
為了尋找答案,機器人學家經常研究社會性昆蟲,例如螞蟻和蜜蜂。
此句與後文的內容確實有關,因為文章後面談到:
Such species exemplify “distributed cognition”...
其中 Such species 指的正是螞蟻、蜜蜂等社會性昆蟲。因此 A 適合放在第三段空格之前,作為介紹社會性昆蟲的引導句。
但本題空格位於第一段,後面緊接 Others are ...。A 沒有先提出仿人型機器人的第一類,也無法與 Others 形成自然分類,因此不適合本空格。
第 33 題
【題組共用題幹】
Despite the turn to insects in mainstream robotics, research on android robots continues. ____. Others are “social,” or “Companion” robots, designed for home use by elderly and/or disabled people. These are intended less as fetch-and-carry slaves than as autonomous personal assistants. Some appear “cute,” having long eyelashes and seductive voices. They can make eye contact with users, and recognise individual faces and voices. Also, they can—up to a point—hold unscripted conversations, interpret the user’s emotional state, and generate “emotional” responses (human-like facial expressions and/or speech patterns) themselves.
Although some robots are large (for handling heavy loads and/or traversing rough ground), most are small. Some—for use inside blood vessels, for example—are very small. ____. Whenever multiple robots are involved in a task, questions arise about how (if at all) they communicate, and how that enable the group to do things that couldn’t be done individually.
____. Such species exemplify “distributed cognition” in which knowledge (and appropriate action) is spread across entire groups rather than being available to any one animal.
If robots are extremely simple, their developers may speak of “swarm intelligence,” and analyse cooperative robot systems as cellular automata (CAs). ____. The overall pattern of a CA’s behaviour may be surprisingly complex. The basic analogy is living cells cooperating in multicellular organisms. The many AI versions include the flocking algorithms used for crowds of bats or dinosaurs in Hollywood animations.
- Some—for use inside blood vessels, for example—are very small. ____.
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核心觀念
本題考的是克漏字中的「篇章銜接」與「代名詞指涉」,必須根據前後文判斷空格所需的語意。
空格前文說明:
Although some robots are large ..., most are small. Some—for use inside blood vessels, for example—are very small.
儘管有些機器人很大,但大多數體積很小;有些例如用於血管內的機器人,體積更是非常小。
空格後文接著說:
Whenever multiple robots are involved in a task, questions arise about how (if at all) they communicate, and how that enable the group to do things that couldn’t be done individually.
每當一項任務涉及多個機器人時,就會產生以下問題:它們是否溝通,以及它們如何使這個群體完成個別機器人無法完成的事情。
因此,空格應補充「這些體積很小的機器人通常會大量投入工作」,才能自然引出後文的 multiple robots、they、the group 等複數概念。
解題方法
判斷步驟如下:
- 先觀察空格前的主題是 robots,且前文特別強調 most are small、very small。
- 再觀察空格後出現 multiple robots、they、the group,表示後文討論的是「多個機器人共同執行任務」。
- 選項中只有 Often, they are sent to work in large numbers 能同時承接「機器人很小」與「多個機器人協同工作」。
- 代入後的語意為:
Some—for use inside blood vessels, for example—are very small. Often, they are sent to work in large numbers. Whenever multiple robots are involved in a task ...
有些機器人非常小,例如可用於血管內。這些機器人通常會被大量派遣執行工作。每當一項任務涉及多個機器人時……
前後語意連貫,代名詞 they 明確指前面的 some robots,而 large numbers 也直接銜接後文的 multiple robots。
選項分析
(A) For answers, roboticists often consider social insects, like ants and bees
意思是:「為了尋找答案,機器人學家經常研究螞蟻、蜜蜂等社會性昆蟲。」
此句本身文法正確,但不適合放在本空。後文第三段開頭為:
Such species exemplify “distributed cognition” ...
其中 Such species 明確指前文提到的 ants and bees,因此選項 A 應放在第三段空格前,而不是本題空格。若放在此處,會突然從機器人大小跳到社會性昆蟲,且無法合理銜接後文的 multiple robots。
(B) Often, they are sent to work in large numbers
意思是:「這些機器人通常會被大量派遣去工作。」
they 指前句的 some robots,large numbers 呼應下一句的 multiple robots。本句先說明小型機器人的實際運用方式,再自然引出機器人群體如何溝通與合作,篇章銜接完整,因此正確。
(C) Some are mere toys
意思是:「有些只是玩具。」
此句雖然文法正確,且 Some 可以在形式上承接前面的 robots,但語意功能不足。前文討論的是機器人的尺寸與任務用途,後文立即談到 multiple robots 的溝通、協作及群體功能;「有些只是玩具」既沒有引出大量部署,也無法說明為何接下來要討論機器人群體合作,因此不符合上下文邏輯。
(D) A CA is a system of individual units, each taking one of a finite number of states by following simple rules, which depend on the current state of its neighbours
第 34 題
【題組共用題幹】
Despite the turn to insects in mainstream robotics, research on android robots continues. ____. Others are “social,” or “Companion” robots, designed for home use by elderly and/or disabled people. These are intended less as fetch-and-carry slaves than as autonomous personal assistants. Some appear “cute,” having long eyelashes and seductive voices. They can make eye contact with users, and recognise individual faces and voices. Also, they can—up to a point—hold unscripted conversations, interpret the user’s emotional state, and generate “emotional” responses (human-like facial expressions and/or speech patterns) themselves.
Although some robots are large (for handling heavy loads and/or traversing rough ground), most are small. Some—for use inside blood vessels, for example—are very small. ____. Whenever multiple robots are involved in a task, questions arise about how (if at all) they communicate, and how that enable the group to do things that couldn’t be done individually.
____. Such species exemplify “distributed cognition” in which knowledge (and appropriate action) is spread across entire groups rather than being available to any one animal.
If robots are extremely simple, their developers may speak of “swarm intelligence,” and analyse cooperative robot systems as cellular automata (CAs). ____. The overall pattern of a CA’s behaviour may be surprisingly complex. The basic analogy is living cells cooperating in multicellular organisms. The many AI versions include the flocking algorithms used for crowds of bats or dinosaurs in Hollywood animations.
- ____. Such species exemplify “distributed cognition” in which knowledge (and appropriate action) is spread across entire groups rather than being available to any one animal.
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核心觀念
本題是克漏字,主要考:
- 上下文語意銜接
- 代名詞與指示語的所指
- 段落主題的邏輯推進
- 科技與生物學相關單字
第 34 題位於以下句子之前:
Such species exemplify “distributed cognition” in which knowledge (and appropriate action) is spread across entire groups rather than being available to any one animal.
這類物種展現了「分散式認知」:知識及適當的行動分散在整個群體中,而不是由單一動物掌握。
其中 Such species 意為「這類物種」,必須回指前一句提到的某些生物種類。四個選項中,只有 (A) 提到具體的生物物種——螞蟻與蜜蜂,因此能自然銜接。
解題方法
判斷本題可採用「指示語回指法」:
- 先觀察空格後的關鍵詞 Such species。
- 找出空格中必須出現「物種」或「生物群體」的句子。
- 再檢查句意是否能與前後文的「機器人合作」及「分散式認知」連貫。
(A) 的完整銜接如下:
For answers, roboticists often consider social insects, like ants and bees. Such species exemplify “distributed cognition”...
為了尋找答案,機器人學家常研究社會性昆蟲,例如螞蟻和蜜蜂。這類物種展現了「分散式認知」……
螞蟻與蜜蜂都是典型的社會性昆蟲,個體依靠簡單規則互相合作,整個群體卻能完成複雜任務。這正好可以作為機器人群體合作的生物學參考,因此語意、文法與篇章結構都成立。
選項分析
(A) For answers, roboticists often consider social insects, like ants and bees
正確。
- For answers:為了尋找答案、解決方案。
- roboticists:機器人學家。
- consider:考慮、研究。
- social insects:社會性昆蟲。
- ants and bees:螞蟻與蜜蜂。
本句明確提出「社會性昆蟲」作為機器人群體合作的研究對象。下一句的 Such species 正好指回 social insects, like ants and bees,代稱關係清楚。
此外,前文提到:
Whenever multiple robots are involved in a task, questions arise about how ... they communicate, and how that enable the group to do things that couldn’t be done individually.
每當多個機器人共同執行任務時,就會產生一些問題:它們如何溝通,以及群體如何完成個別機器人無法完成的事情。
接著以螞蟻、蜜蜂這類群居生物作為參照,邏輯十分自然。
(B) Often, they are sent to work in large numbers
錯誤。
- Often:通常。
- be sent to work in large numbers:被大量派出去工作。
本句的 they 必須有明確的先行詞。雖然前文提到 robots,但此處若填入本句,下一句的 Such species 就無法指回「機器人」,因為機器人不是 biological species,而且 species 在此明顯是指具有生物群體行為的物種。
本句較適合放在介紹機器人經常大量部署的段落,不能自然引出「螞蟻與蜜蜂所展現的分散式認知」。
(C) Some are mere toys
錯誤。
- Some:有些。
- mere toys:只不過是玩具。
本句雖然文法正確,也可能在文章其他位置描述機器人的種類,但放在此處會使 Such species 缺乏合理先行詞。「玩具」不是物種,也不能說玩具展現分散式認知。
此外,前文已經集中討論機器人的尺寸、功能及應用;此句突然提到玩具,無法銜接後文對群體智慧與生物群落的討論。
第 35 題
【題組共用題幹】
Despite the turn to insects in mainstream robotics, research on android robots continues. ____. Others are “social,” or “Companion” robots, designed for home use by elderly and/or disabled people. These are intended less as fetch-and-carry slaves than as autonomous personal assistants. Some appear “cute,” having long eyelashes and seductive voices. They can make eye contact with users, and recognise individual faces and voices. Also, they can—up to a point—hold unscripted conversations, interpret the user’s emotional state, and generate “emotional” responses (human-like facial expressions and/or speech patterns) themselves.
Although some robots are large (for handling heavy loads and/or traversing rough ground), most are small. Some—for use inside blood vessels, for example—are very small. ____. Whenever multiple robots are involved in a task, questions arise about how (if at all) they communicate, and how that enable the group to do things that couldn’t be done individually.
____. Such species exemplify “distributed cognition” in which knowledge (and appropriate action) is spread across entire groups rather than being available to any one animal.
If robots are extremely simple, their developers may speak of “swarm intelligence,” and analyse cooperative robot systems as cellular automata (CAs). ____. The overall pattern of a CA’s behaviour may be surprisingly complex. The basic analogy is living cells cooperating in multicellular organisms. The many AI versions include the flocking algorithms used for crowds of bats or dinosaurs in Hollywood animations.
- If robots are extremely simple, their developers may speak of “swarm intelligence,” and analyse cooperative robot systems as cellular automata (CAs). ____.
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核心觀念
本題考的是克漏字中的「上下文銜接」與「定義句判讀」,核心術語是:
- swarm intelligence:群體智能,指許多簡單個體透過合作,產生複雜的整體行為。
- cellular automata, CAs:細胞自動機,將系統視為許多個別單位組成;每個單位依據自身狀態與鄰近單位的狀態,按照簡單規則改變。
- individual units:個別單位。
- finite number of states:有限數量的狀態。
- neighbours:鄰近單位、鄰居。
- overall pattern:整體模式。
- cooperative robot systems:合作型機器人系統。
- distributed cognition:分散式認知,指知識與行動分散在整個群體中,而非集中於單一個體。
本空格位於:
If robots are extremely simple, their developers may speak of “swarm intelligence,” and analyse cooperative robot systems as cellular automata (CAs). ____.
前句首次引入 cellular automata (CAs),下一句應接「什麼是 CA」的定義。
解題方法
判斷克漏字時,先觀察空格前後的語意功能:
- 前句提到機器人系統可被分析為 cellular automata (CAs)。
- 空格後接:
The overall pattern of a CA’s behaviour may be surprisingly complex.
意思是「細胞自動機的整體行為模式可能出乎意料地複雜」。
3. 因此,空格最適合放入一個介紹 CA 基本構造與運作方式的定義句。
4. 選項 D 正好先說明 CA 由哪些單位組成,再說明這些單位如何依規則運作,接著下一句自然談其整體行為。
正確答案與定位依據
答案 D:
A CA is a system of individual units, each taking one of a finite number of states by following simple rules, which depend on the current state of its neighbours.
翻譯:
細胞自動機是一種由個別單位組成的系統;每個單位依循簡單規則,在有限數量的狀態中選取一種狀態,而這些規則取決於鄰近單位目前的狀態。
這句具有標準的「術語—定義」功能:
- A CA is a system of individual units:先說明 CA 的基本組成。
- each taking one of a finite number of states:說明每個單位有有限種可能狀態。
- by following simple rules:指出狀態變化依靠簡單規則。
- which depend on the current state of its neighbours:補充規則的判定依據是鄰近單位的現況。
下一句的:
The overall pattern of a CA’s behaviour...
其中 a CA 正好承接選項 D 中剛介紹的 CA,語意與結構均十分完整。
文法與語意重點
- each taking...
此處是分詞片語,修飾前面的 each:
each taking one of a finite number of states
可理解為:
each unit takes one of a finite number of states
為了使句子更精簡,使用現在分詞 taking。
- one of + 複數名詞
第 36 題
【題組共用題幹】
Digestion is important because your body needs nutrients from food and drink to work properly and stay healthy. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract. Our stomach is responsible for relaxing to let food enter, and mixing food with digestive juice. The stomach acid and digestive enzymes help break down food particles of protein. Small intestine digestive juice divides starches, proteins, and carbohydrates. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool.
- The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract, also called the GI tract or ____ tract.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「同義詞辨識」與消化系統基本名詞。
- gastrointestinal tract:胃腸道、腸胃道
- GI tract:gastrointestinal tract 的縮寫
- digestive tract:消化道
因此,gastrointestinal tract、GI tract、digestive tract 三者都可指人體內負責食物消化與營養吸收的管道。
解題方法
定位題幹第一段的關鍵句:
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract.
翻譯為:
消化系統由胃腸道組成;胃腸道也稱為 GI tract 或 digestive tract。
題目將原句改寫為:
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract, also called the GI tract or ____ tract.
原文已直接給出與 gastrointestinal tract 並列的同義名稱 digestive tract,因此空格應填 digestive。
選項分析
(A) endocrine
endocrine 意為「內分泌的」,endocrine system 是「內分泌系統」,主要負責分泌荷爾蒙,不是消化道的別稱。
endocrine tract 也不是本題所指的固定生理學名詞,因此錯誤。
(B) respiratory
respiratory 意為「呼吸的」,respiratory system 是「呼吸系統」,負責氣體交換與呼吸作用。
respiratory tract 可指「呼吸道」,但呼吸道與胃腸道是不同系統,不能作為 gastrointestinal tract 的同義詞,因此錯誤。
(C) digestive
第 37 題
【題組共用題幹】
Digestion is important because your body needs nutrients from food and drink to work properly and stay healthy. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract. Our stomach is responsible for relaxing to let food enter, and mixing food with digestive juice. The stomach acid and digestive enzymes help break down food particles of protein. Small intestine digestive juice divides starches, proteins, and carbohydrates. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool.
- The stomach is responsible for ____ food with digestive juice to aid digestion.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀文章中尋找關鍵句。
- 動詞與語境的語意搭配。
be responsible for + V-ing結構。
題幹指出,胃的功能包括讓食物進入胃部,並將食物與消化液混合。胃酸與消化酵素則負責分解食物中的蛋白質。
解題方法
先定位文章中與題目幾乎完全相同的句子:
Our stomach is responsible for relaxing to let food enter, and mixing food with digestive juice.
我們的胃負責放鬆以讓食物進入,並將食物與消化液混合。
題目改寫為:
The stomach is responsible for ____ food with digestive juice to aid digestion.
胃負責將食物與消化液混合,以幫助消化。
原文的關鍵搭配是:
mixing food with digestive juice
因此空格應填 mixing。
文法上,be responsible for 中的 for 是介系詞,後面須接名詞或動名詞;四個選項皆為 -ing 形式,因此必須進一步依照語意判斷。原文已直接提供正確動詞 mixing。
答案句解析
The stomach is responsible for mixing food with digestive juice to aid digestion.
胃負責將食物與消化液混合,以幫助消化。
be responsible for:負責……mix A with B:將 A 與 B 混合food:食物digestive juice:消化液to aid digestion:以幫助消化
其中 to aid digestion 是不定詞片語,表示目的,修飾前面的 mixing,說明混合食物與消化液的目的在於幫助消化。
選項分析
(A) dissolving 溶解
dissolve 表示「溶解」,通常指固體在液體中逐漸融解,形成溶液,例如:
- dissolve sugar in water:將糖溶解在水中
文章雖提到胃酸與消化酵素會分解食物,但原文描述胃的直接功能是:
mixing food with digestive juice
並非「溶解食物」。此外,dissolving food with digestive juice 也不是本題文章中的正確語意搭配,因此錯誤。
(B) mixing 混合
第 38 題
【題組共用題幹】
Digestion is important because your body needs nutrients from food and drink to work properly and stay healthy. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract. Our stomach is responsible for relaxing to let food enter, and mixing food with digestive juice. The stomach acid and digestive enzymes help break down food particles of protein. Small intestine digestive juice divides starches, proteins, and carbohydrates. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool.
- The small intestine absorbs water and ____ nutrients into the bloodstream.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 文章定位能力
- 動詞與受詞的語意搭配
- 消化系統相關單字
小腸的主要功能之一,是將消化後的營養物質吸收並送入血液。因此空格需要填入具有「轉移、傳送」意義的動詞。
定位答案的原文
題幹中直接指出:
The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream.
翻譯為:
小腸壁將水分和消化後的營養物質吸收到血液中。
題目句子為:
The small intestine absorbs water and ____ nutrients into the bloodstream.
其中, 表示「進入……」,空格後的受詞為 nutrients,整體語意是「將營養物質送入血液」。四個選項中,只有 transfers 能表示「轉移、傳送」的動作。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
absorbs water and ____ nutrients into the bloodstream
此處由連接詞 and 連接兩個動詞:
- absorbs water
- transfers nutrients into the bloodstream
兩者共同描述小腸的功能。句意為:
小腸吸收水分,並將營養物質送入血液中。
此外,題幹原文使用 absorb 描述小腸壁對水分與營養物質的吸收;但 absorb 並不是選項。就現有選項而言,transfers 最符合「營養物質進入血液」的語意。
選項分析
(A) divides:分開、分割
The small intestine absorbs water and divides nutrients into the bloodstream.
divide 表示「把某物分成數部分」,通常搭配 into different parts/groups 等用法,例如 divide the students into groups。本句重點是營養物質被送入血液,而不是被分割成不同部分,因此語意不合。
(B) releases:釋放、放出
The small intestine absorbs water and releases nutrients into the bloodstream.
第 39 題
【題組共用題幹】
Digestion is important because your body needs nutrients from food and drink to work properly and stay healthy. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract. Our stomach is responsible for relaxing to let food enter, and mixing food with digestive juice. The stomach acid and digestive enzymes help break down food particles of protein. Small intestine digestive juice divides starches, proteins, and carbohydrates. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool.
- As peristalsis continues, the waste products of digestion move into the ____ intestine.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查消化系統的基本構造與英文語意判讀,關鍵在於辨認:
- peristalsis:蠕動
- waste products of digestion:消化作用產生的廢物
- large intestine:大腸
- small intestine:小腸
消化道中,食物經過胃與小腸消化、吸收養分後,剩餘的未消化食物、液體及老舊細胞會進入大腸。大腸主要負責吸收水分,並將液態廢物轉變為糞便。
解題方法
直接回到題幹尋找與題目相同或意思相近的句子。題幹明確指出:
As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine.
隨著蠕動持續,消化過程產生的廢物會進入大腸。
題目將原句中的 large intestine 挖空,改寫為:
the ____ intestine
因此空格應填入 large,完整句子為:
As peristalsis continues, the waste products of digestion move into the large intestine.
隨著蠕動持續,消化產生的廢物會進入大腸。
文法與語意重點
- the + 形容詞 + 名詞
題目中的 large 是形容詞,用來修飾名詞 intestine:
the large intestine
large intestine 是固定的生物學與醫學用語,意思是「大腸」。
- As peristalsis continues
as 在此表示「當……時;隨著……」,引導時間或伴隨情況的副詞子句。
- peristalsis:腸胃蠕動
- continues:持續
- move into
第 40 題
【題組共用題幹】
No doctor in the history of the IMCS [Imperial Maritime Customs Service] made as great a contribution to the field of medicine as Patrick Manson. In 1866, aged just 22, Manson took up his post in south Taiwan. The 16 Western residents of Takao (as Kaohsiung was then known) were his first priority, but he also showed a keen interest in the ailments that blighted many Taiwanese.
From 1871 to 1878, Manson (a Scotsman like James L. Maxwell) worked in Xiamen, where he treated multiple cases of elephantiasis, a condition seldom encountered in Taiwan. After examining blood samples through a microscope, he concluded that mosquitoes hosted the responsible parasite—a breakthrough that eventually led, not only to Ross’s discovery, but also the realization that the mosquito is the vector of other ailments, including Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever.
In the UK, Manson is remembered for founding the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the second oldest institution in the world devoted to researching tropical medicine. (The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was established half a year earlier, in late 1898.)
The name of another Manson appears in local medical history. Patrick Manson’s younger brother David, also a doctor, died of sunstroke in Xiamen in 1878. Those who had known him raised funds and a year later the David Manson Memorial Hospital was established on the hill at the eastern end of Qijin Island, less than 500 meters from where James L. Maxwell had practiced medicine a decade earlier.
The hospital was considered state-of-the-art but functioned for less than two decades. Even its precise location is uncertain, and can only be inferred from a few photographs. Much of what is known about the David Manson Memorial Hospital is shared in the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University Historical Archives and Southern Taiwan Medical History. It features a re-creation of one of the hospital’s consulting rooms, plus various medical instruments and extracts from reports.
According to the article, when Patrick Manson first came to Taiwan, ____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀文章中的時間與地點定位。
- 代名詞與細節資訊判讀。
- only、first priority 等語意範圍的辨識。
- 排除「文章提到,但時間或地點不符」的干擾選項。
題目問:
According to the article, when Patrick Manson first came to Taiwan, ____.
意為:「根據文章,Patrick Manson 初次來到臺灣時,________。」
關鍵在第一段:
In 1866, aged just 22, Manson took up his post in south Taiwan.
翻譯為:「1866 年,年僅 22 歲的 Manson 在臺灣南部就任。」
其中 aged just 22 是分詞片語,補充說明 Manson 當時的年齡,等同於:
when he was just 22 years old
因此可直接判定答案為 B。
解題方法
先抓題幹的時間標記 when Patrick Manson first came to Taiwan,再回文章第一段尋找他初次到臺灣時的資訊。
文章依序提供:
- 時間:1866 年
- 地點:臺灣南部
- 年齡:22 歲
- 接觸對象:高雄當時的 16 名西方居民
- 研究象皮病:1871 至 1878 年在廈門工作期間
題目詢問的是「初次來到臺灣時」的情況,因此必須選擇與 1866 年、臺灣南部 同時符合的敘述。只有 B 直接且完整地重現原文資訊。
選項分析
(A) he only cared for 16 westerners in the IMCS office at Takao.
意為:「他只照顧高雄海關辦公室的 16 名西方人。」
此選項錯在 only。
原文是:
The 16 Western residents of Takao ... were his first priority, but he also showed a keen interest in the ailments that blighted many Taiwanese.
翻譯為:「高雄的 16 名西方居民是他的首要照顧對象,但他也對許多臺灣人所受疾病的問題展現濃厚興趣。」
first priority 表示「首要對象」,不表示「唯一對象」;but he also 更明確表示他同時關心臺灣人的疾病。因此 A 將「優先照顧」錯誤改成「只照顧」,屬於範圍過度限縮。
此外,原文只說 16 名西方居民是 Western residents of Takao,沒有說他們都在 IMCS office。A 增加了文章未提供的細節。
(B) he was only 22 years old.
意為:「他當時年僅 22 歲。」
此選項正確,直接對應原文:
In 1866, aged just 22, Manson took up his post in south Taiwan.
aged just 22 就是「年僅 22 歲」,而 just 在此表示「只有、才」,用來強調年齡很輕。
(C) he tried to learn about how to treat elephantiasis.
意為:「他試圖了解如何治療象皮病。」
此選項錯在時間與地點不符。
文章第二段指出:
From 1871 to 1878, Manson ... worked in Xiamen, where he treated multiple cases of elephantiasis.
翻譯為:「1871 年至 1878 年,Manson 在廈門工作,期間治療了多起象皮病病例。」
象皮病的相關研究發生在他於廈門工作期間,不是他 1866 年初次來到臺灣時。文章也說象皮病在臺灣很少見:
第 41 題
【題組共用題幹】
No doctor in the history of the IMCS [Imperial Maritime Customs Service] made as great a contribution to the field of medicine as Patrick Manson. In 1866, aged just 22, Manson took up his post in south Taiwan. The 16 Western residents of Takao (as Kaohsiung was then known) were his first priority, but he also showed a keen interest in the ailments that blighted many Taiwanese.
From 1871 to 1878, Manson (a Scotsman like James L. Maxwell) worked in Xiamen, where he treated multiple cases of elephantiasis, a condition seldom encountered in Taiwan. After examining blood samples through a microscope, he concluded that mosquitoes hosted the responsible parasite—a breakthrough that eventually led, not only to Ross’s discovery, but also the realization that the mosquito is the vector of other ailments, including Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever.
In the UK, Manson is remembered for founding the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the second oldest institution in the world devoted to researching tropical medicine. (The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was established half a year earlier, in late 1898.)
The name of another Manson appears in local medical history. Patrick Manson’s younger brother David, also a doctor, died of sunstroke in Xiamen in 1878. Those who had known him raised funds and a year later the David Manson Memorial Hospital was established on the hill at the eastern end of Qijin Island, less than 500 meters from where James L. Maxwell had practiced medicine a decade earlier.
The hospital was considered state-of-the-art but functioned for less than two decades. Even its precise location is uncertain, and can only be inferred from a few photographs. Much of what is known about the David Manson Memorial Hospital is shared in the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University Historical Archives and Southern Taiwan Medical History. It features a re-creation of one of the hospital’s consulting rooms, plus various medical instruments and extracts from reports.
Regarding David Manson Memorial Hospital, which of the following is true?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解,主要考:
- 細節定位:從文章中找出與選項相對應的明確資訊。
- 時間順序判讀:辨認「死亡」與「醫院成立」的先後。
- 主詞與動作者辨識:區分誰募款、誰興建、誰曾行醫。
- 同義改寫與錯誤因果:選項常將文章資訊重新排列,或偷換人物、地點與事件。
關鍵句為:
Patrick Manson’s younger brother David, also a doctor, died of sunstroke in Xiamen in 1878. Those who had known him raised funds and a year later the David Manson Memorial Hospital was established on the hill at the eastern end of Qijin Island.
翻譯:
Patrick Manson 的弟弟 David 也是一名醫師,他於 1878 年在廈門因中暑去世。認識他的人募集資金,一年後,David Manson 紀念醫院便在旗津島東端的山丘上成立。
由 died in 1878 與 a year later ... was established 可知:David 先於 1878 年去世,醫院於 1879 年成立,地點在旗津。因此正確答案為 D。
解題方法
先鎖定題目詢問的對象:David Manson Memorial Hospital,再將各選項拆成三項資訊核對:
- 興建或成立的時間
- 興建或募款的人
- 興建的地點
- 與 Patrick Manson、David Manson、James L. Maxwell 的關係
文章明確提供以下關係:
因此:
選項 D 完整符合文章的「時間+地點」資訊。
選項分析
(A) Patrick Manson’s younger brother, David Manson, raised funds to build it.
錯誤。
文章說:
Those who had known him raised funds
意思是「那些認識 David 的人募集資金」,並不是 David Manson 親自募款。且 David 已於 1878 年死亡,不可能在死後親自募集資金興建醫院。
本選項錯在將募款者由 those who had known him 偷換成 David Manson。
(B) It was built by Patrick Manson to treat cases of elephantiasis in Xiamen.
錯誤。
此選項混合了文章中兩段不同資訊:
- Patrick Manson 曾在廈門治療象皮病(elephantiasis)。
- David Manson 紀念醫院後來在旗津成立。
文章沒有說醫院是由 Patrick Manson 興建,也沒有說醫院建於廈門,更沒有明確說它是為了治療象皮病而設立。
文中的地點是:
on the hill at the eastern end of Qijin Island
意思是「在旗津島東端的山丘上」,不是 Xiamen(廈門)。
(C) Dr. James L. Maxwell had practiced medicine in Qijin.
依文章內容,此敘述具有一定依據,但不是本題官方判定的最佳答案。
文章提到:
the David Manson Memorial Hospital was established on the hill at the eastern end of Qijin Island, less than 500 meters from where James L. Maxwell had practiced medicine a decade earlier.
意思是:
David Manson 紀念醫院位於旗津島東端的山丘上,距離 James L. Maxwell 約十年前行醫的地方不到 500 公尺。
第 42 題
【題組共用題幹】
No doctor in the history of the IMCS [Imperial Maritime Customs Service] made as great a contribution to the field of medicine as Patrick Manson. In 1866, aged just 22, Manson took up his post in south Taiwan. The 16 Western residents of Takao (as Kaohsiung was then known) were his first priority, but he also showed a keen interest in the ailments that blighted many Taiwanese.
From 1871 to 1878, Manson (a Scotsman like James L. Maxwell) worked in Xiamen, where he treated multiple cases of elephantiasis, a condition seldom encountered in Taiwan. After examining blood samples through a microscope, he concluded that mosquitoes hosted the responsible parasite—a breakthrough that eventually led, not only to Ross’s discovery, but also the realization that the mosquito is the vector of other ailments, including Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever.
In the UK, Manson is remembered for founding the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the second oldest institution in the world devoted to researching tropical medicine. (The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was established half a year earlier, in late 1898.)
The name of another Manson appears in local medical history. Patrick Manson’s younger brother David, also a doctor, died of sunstroke in Xiamen in 1878. Those who had known him raised funds and a year later the David Manson Memorial Hospital was established on the hill at the eastern end of Qijin Island, less than 500 meters from where James L. Maxwell had practiced medicine a decade earlier.
The hospital was considered state-of-the-art but functioned for less than two decades. Even its precise location is uncertain, and can only be inferred from a few photographs. Much of what is known about the David Manson Memorial Hospital is shared in the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University Historical Archives and Southern Taiwan Medical History. It features a re-creation of one of the hospital’s consulting rooms, plus various medical instruments and extracts from reports.
What was the breakthrough Patrick Manson made in medical science?
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀測驗的「細節理解題」,重點在於:
- 找出文章直接說明 Patrick Manson 研究成果的句子。
- 判斷選項是否符合文章中的時間順序與因果關係。
- 理解醫學相關字彙:
- elephantiasis:象皮病
- parasite:寄生蟲
- host:宿主
- vector:病原體的傳播媒介
- ailment:疾病、病痛
- breakthrough:突破性發現
文章指出,Manson 觀察象皮病患者的血液樣本後,推論蚊子可以攜帶造成疾病的寄生蟲,這項發現後來促成對蚊子作為疾病傳播媒介的理解。
解題方法
本題應採用「定位關鍵句」的方法。題目問:
What was the breakthrough Patrick Manson made in medical science?
Patrick Manson 在醫學科學上的突破是什麼?
文章第二段直接提供答案:
After examining blood samples through a microscope, he concluded that mosquitoes hosted the responsible parasite—a breakthrough that eventually led, not only to Ross’s discovery, but also the realization that the mosquito is the vector of other ailments, including Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever.
翻譯:
他透過顯微鏡檢查血液樣本後,得出蚊子是相關寄生蟲宿主的結論;這項突破最後不僅促成 Ross 的發現,也使人們了解到蚊子是包括日本腦炎與登革熱在內其他疾病的傳播媒介。
因此,突破本身是「發現蚊子能夠寄宿造成疾病的寄生蟲」,對應選項 D。
文法與語意重點
- conclude that + 子句
he concluded that mosquitoes hosted the responsible parasite
意為「他推論蚊子是相關寄生蟲的宿主」。
that 後面接完整子句,說明他的研究結論。
- host
host 作動詞時表示「寄宿、容納某種生物」。此處不是「主持」或「主辦」,而是指蚊子體內能攜帶該寄生蟲。
- lead to + 名詞
led to Ross’s discovery
意為「促成 Ross 的發現」。
lead to 後面接名詞或動名詞,表示「導致、促成」。
- not only A but also B
not only to Ross’s discovery, but also the realization ...
意為「不僅促成 Ross 的發現,也促使人們了解到……」。此處強調這項突破帶來兩項重要後果。
- the vector of
the mosquito is the vector of other ailments
vector 在醫學與生物學中指「傳播病原體的媒介」,例如蚊子可傳播登革熱病毒或日本腦炎病毒。
選項分析
(A) He examined Ross’s medical discovery about the vector of ailments such as Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever.
錯誤。
文章的時間與因果關係相反。文中說:
a breakthrough that eventually led, not only to Ross’s discovery
第 43 題
【題組共用題幹】
No doctor in the history of the IMCS [Imperial Maritime Customs Service] made as great a contribution to the field of medicine as Patrick Manson. In 1866, aged just 22, Manson took up his post in south Taiwan. The 16 Western residents of Takao (as Kaohsiung was then known) were his first priority, but he also showed a keen interest in the ailments that blighted many Taiwanese.
From 1871 to 1878, Manson (a Scotsman like James L. Maxwell) worked in Xiamen, where he treated multiple cases of elephantiasis, a condition seldom encountered in Taiwan. After examining blood samples through a microscope, he concluded that mosquitoes hosted the responsible parasite—a breakthrough that eventually led, not only to Ross’s discovery, but also the realization that the mosquito is the vector of other ailments, including Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever.
In the UK, Manson is remembered for founding the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the second oldest institution in the world devoted to researching tropical medicine. (The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was established half a year earlier, in late 1898.)
The name of another Manson appears in local medical history. Patrick Manson’s younger brother David, also a doctor, died of sunstroke in Xiamen in 1878. Those who had known him raised funds and a year later the David Manson Memorial Hospital was established on the hill at the eastern end of Qijin Island, less than 500 meters from where James L. Maxwell had practiced medicine a decade earlier.
The hospital was considered state-of-the-art but functioned for less than two decades. Even its precise location is uncertain, and can only be inferred from a few photographs. Much of what is known about the David Manson Memorial Hospital is shared in the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University Historical Archives and Southern Taiwan Medical History. It features a re-creation of one of the hospital’s consulting rooms, plus various medical instruments and extracts from reports.
Why does the author consider the hospital “state-of-the-art”?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「語境判斷」與英文片語辨識。
關鍵片語是:
- state-of-the-art:最先進的、當時技術水準最高的
- function for less than two decades:運作不到二十年
- consulting room:診療室、診察室
- medical instruments:醫療器具
- precise location:確切位置
- be inferred from:由……推知
- be devoted to:致力於……
題目問醫院為何被形容為 state-of-the-art。此片語不是指「外觀藝術」,而是指在某一時代中,設備、技術或整體條件達到先進水準。
解題方法
先定位文章中直接描述醫院的句子:
The hospital was considered state-of-the-art but functioned for less than two decades.
意思是:
這家醫院被認為是當時最先進的醫院,但運作不到二十年。
其中 but 連接兩個相反概念:
- state-of-the-art:醫療條件先進
- functioned for less than two decades:存在或運作時間不長
因此,題目要求將 state-of-the-art 改寫成最符合語意的選項。選項 C 的 advanced at the time 正好表示「在當時很先進」,與原文片語同義。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
The hospital was considered state-of-the-art...
這家醫院被認為是當時最先進的醫院……
選項分析
(A) Because there were many consulting rooms and outdated medical instruments.
錯誤。文章只提到博物館中有「one of the hospital’s consulting rooms」的重建,以及各種醫療器具,並未說醫院有許多診療室。更重要的是,outdated medical instruments 意為「過時的醫療器具」,與 state-of-the-art 的「最先進」意思相反。
(B) Because it looked artistic.
第 44 題
【題組共用題幹】
No doctor in the history of the IMCS [Imperial Maritime Customs Service] made as great a contribution to the field of medicine as Patrick Manson. In 1866, aged just 22, Manson took up his post in south Taiwan. The 16 Western residents of Takao (as Kaohsiung was then known) were his first priority, but he also showed a keen interest in the ailments that blighted many Taiwanese.
From 1871 to 1878, Manson (a Scotsman like James L. Maxwell) worked in Xiamen, where he treated multiple cases of elephantiasis, a condition seldom encountered in Taiwan. After examining blood samples through a microscope, he concluded that mosquitoes hosted the responsible parasite—a breakthrough that eventually led, not only to Ross’s discovery, but also the realization that the mosquito is the vector of other ailments, including Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever.
In the UK, Manson is remembered for founding the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the second oldest institution in the world devoted to researching tropical medicine. (The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was established half a year earlier, in late 1898.)
The name of another Manson appears in local medical history. Patrick Manson’s younger brother David, also a doctor, died of sunstroke in Xiamen in 1878. Those who had known him raised funds and a year later the David Manson Memorial Hospital was established on the hill at the eastern end of Qijin Island, less than 500 meters from where James L. Maxwell had practiced medicine a decade earlier.
The hospital was considered state-of-the-art but functioned for less than two decades. Even its precise location is uncertain, and can only be inferred from a few photographs. Much of what is known about the David Manson Memorial Hospital is shared in the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University Historical Archives and Southern Taiwan Medical History. It features a re-creation of one of the hospital’s consulting rooms, plus various medical instruments and extracts from reports.
According to this article, what can be done if one would like to know about the Mansons and early medical history of Kaohsiung?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題,考查:
- 能否找出文章明確提供的資訊。
- 能否判斷選項是否符合文章語意。
- 能否分辨「文章提及的背景資訊」與「文章直接建議的行動」。
題目問:
According to this article, what can be done if one would like to know about the Mansons and early medical history of Kaohsiung?
意思是:「根據本文,如果想了解兩位 Manson 兄弟及高雄早期醫療史,可以怎麼做?」
關鍵在於尋找文章中直接說明「哪些資料可以在哪裡取得」的句子。
定位答案的關鍵句
Much of what is known about the David Manson Memorial Hospital is shared in the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University Historical Archives and Southern Taiwan Medical History.
翻譯:
「關於 David Manson 紀念醫院的大部分已知資料,都收錄於高雄醫學大學歷史檔案與南臺灣醫療史博物館中。」
接著文章又說:
It features a re-creation of one of the hospital’s consulting rooms, plus various medical instruments and extracts from reports.
翻譯:
「館內展示醫院其中一間診療室的重建場景,以及各種醫療器具和報告節錄。」
因此,若想了解 Manson 兄弟及高雄早期醫療史,最直接的方法就是參觀高雄醫學大學相關博物館,故選 (B)。
解題方法
- 先確認題目問的是「可以採取的行動」,而不是詢問 Patrick Manson 的貢獻或 David Manson 紀念醫院的位置。
- 回文章尋找與「know about」及醫療史資料來源有關的句子。
- 找到 “is shared in the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University...” 後,將文章資訊與選項逐一比對。
- 選出文章明確支持的行動,而非僅與文章內容有關的敘述。
選項分析
(A) Trace the precise location of the David Manson Memorial Hospital.
追查 David Manson 紀念醫院的確切位置。
錯誤。文章明確指出:
Even its precise location is uncertain, and can only be inferred from a few photographs.
意思是「就連它的確切位置都無法確定,只能從少數照片推測」。既然位置本身尚未確定,便不能把「追查確切位置」當作文章所提供的明確方法。此選項也與文章內容相反。
(B) Visit the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University.
參觀高雄醫學大學博物館。
正確。文章指出,關於 David Manson 紀念醫院的大部分資料都收藏於:
the Museum of Kaohsiung Medical University Historical Archives and Southern Taiwan Medical History
而且館內還有診療室重建、醫療器具及報告節錄,正是了解 Manson 兄弟與南臺灣早期醫療史的直接途徑。
第 45 題
【題組共用題幹】
Maybe that’s all this was. Maybe. Or maybe I didn’t want the jinx. Maybe I just didn’t want to say the word cancer out loud…. I received the plastic arm bracelet all patients wear, put on the familiar light blue hospital gown, walked past the nurses I knew by name, and was checked in to a room—the same room where I had seen hundreds of patients over the years. In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations; in this room, I had congratulated patients on being cured of a disease and seen their happiness at being returned to their lives; in this room, I had pronounced patients dead. I had sat in the chairs, washed my hands in the sink, scrawled instructions on the marker board. Exhaustion, I longed to lie down in this bed and sleep. Now I lay there, wide awake.
(from Paul Kalanithi “Prologue,” When Breath Becomes Air, 2016)
Judging from the above passages, the narrator (the author Paul Kalanithi himself), was not ____.
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解中的「人物身分判斷題」,重點在於根據文章中的職業線索,判斷作者具有哪些身分,以及哪一項不符合。
關鍵線索包括:
- patients:病人
- terminal diagnoses:末期疾病診斷
- complex operations:複雜手術
- congratulated patients on being cured:恭喜病人痊癒
- pronounced patients dead:宣告病人死亡
- neurosurgeon:神經外科醫師
- psychiatrist:精神科醫師、精神科專科醫師
- medical student:醫學系學生、醫學生
- physician:醫師
文法上,、、 使用過去完成式,表示這些事情在作者目前住院以前,已經長期、反覆地發生。這些經驗顯示作者本身是醫療專業人員,而不是一般病患。
解題方法
本題應先找出作者過去的工作內容,再對照選項。
定位答案的關鍵句是:
In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations; in this room, I had congratulated patients on being cured of a disease and seen their happiness at being returned to their lives; in this room, I had pronounced patients dead.
翻譯如下:
在這個房間裡,我曾陪著病人,向他們說明末期診斷與複雜手術;在這個房間裡,我曾恭喜病人疾病痊癒,也看著他們因重返生活而流露幸福;在這個房間裡,我曾宣告病人死亡。
能夠向病人說明診斷、手術,並宣告病人死亡者,顯然是醫師。再配合作者 Paul Kalanithi 的身分,他是神經外科醫師,也是受過醫學教育的醫學生。因此,四個選項中不符合的是「精神科醫師」。
選項分析
(A) a medical student
意為「醫學生」。
第 46 題
【題組共用題幹】
Maybe that’s all this was. Maybe. Or maybe I didn’t want the jinx. Maybe I just didn’t want to say the word cancer out loud…. I received the plastic arm bracelet all patients wear, put on the familiar light blue hospital gown, walked past the nurses I knew by name, and was checked in to a room—the same room where I had seen hundreds of patients over the years. In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations; in this room, I had congratulated patients on being cured of a disease and seen their happiness at being returned to their lives; in this room, I had pronounced patients dead. I had sat in the chairs, washed my hands in the sink, scrawled instructions on the marker board. Exhaustion, I longed to lie down in this bed and sleep. Now I lay there, wide awake.
(from Paul Kalanithi “Prologue,” When Breath Becomes Air, 2016)
According to the CT scan images the narrator was seeing,
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀測驗,考查:
- 代名詞與敘事觀點的判讀:
the narrator指本文敘述者 Paul Kalanithi。 - 上下文語意推論:敘述者原本是醫師,這次卻成為接受檢查與住院的病人。
- 選項與文章內容的精確對應,尤其要注意
his own cancer所表達的「自己的癌症」。
文中敘述者曾在同一間病房中:
- 向病人說明末期診斷;
- 解釋複雜手術;
- 恭喜病人痊癒;
- 宣布病人死亡。
如今他自己躺在病床上,形成「醫師變成病人」的強烈對比。
解題方法
先掌握敘述者身分與情境:
“In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations...”
「在這個房間裡,我曾陪伴病人,向他們解釋末期診斷與複雜的手術……」
“Now I lay there, wide awake.”
「如今我躺在那裡,清醒得毫無睡意。」
had sat、had explained 等過去完成式,說明這些是敘述者過去身為醫師時的經歷;Now I lay there 則表示現在他自己成了病人。
因此,當他觀看 CT scan images 時,影像所顯示的是他自身的病況。題目問的是「他能從 CT 影像得知什麼」,正確語意應是「判斷自己的癌症已經擴散到什麼程度」,即:
“he could tell the spread of his own cancer.”
the spread of cancer 指癌症的擴散情形、轉移範圍或病程進展。
答案定位與翻譯
本題關鍵語意集中在選項 C:
“he could tell the spread of his own cancer.”
「他可以判斷自己的癌症擴散的情形。」
其中:
his own= 他自己的,強調癌症患者就是敘述者本人;tell= 判斷、看出;the spread of cancer= 癌症的擴散情況。
文章中「醫師熟悉病房、熟悉護理師,卻以病人身分躺上病床」的敘事,支持 CT 影像是在呈現他自己的病情,而非其他病人的病例。
選項分析
(A) he discovered a special kind of cancer that might benefit the patient suffering back pain.
錯誤。
此選項包含兩個文章沒有支持的資訊:
a special kind of cancer:特殊種類的癌症;might benefit the patient suffering back pain:可能有助於治療背痛病人。
文章重點是敘述者自己的診斷與心理衝擊,沒有提到他發現特殊癌症,也沒有說 CT 影像能幫助另一名背痛患者。the patient 也錯誤地將焦點轉向其他病人。
(B) the scans showing lungs with tumor, deformed, and a full lobe of the liver obliterated could let him find out more cancer patients in the hospital.
錯誤。
此選項將 CT 影像的功能誤解為「找出醫院裡更多癌症病人」。CT scan 是用來檢查特定病人的身體狀況,不能用來從這段情境推論醫院裡還有哪些癌症患者。
第 47 題
【題組共用題幹】
Maybe that’s all this was. Maybe. Or maybe I didn’t want the jinx. Maybe I just didn’t want to say the word cancer out loud…. I received the plastic arm bracelet all patients wear, put on the familiar light blue hospital gown, walked past the nurses I knew by name, and was checked in to a room—the same room where I had seen hundreds of patients over the years. In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations; in this room, I had congratulated patients on being cured of a disease and seen their happiness at being returned to their lives; in this room, I had pronounced patients dead. I had sat in the chairs, washed my hands in the sink, scrawled instructions on the marker board. Exhaustion, I longed to lie down in this bed and sleep. Now I lay there, wide awake.
(from Paul Kalanithi “Prologue,” When Breath Becomes Air, 2016)
What does the narrator mean by saying he “didn’t know what back pain felt like”?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「語境推論」與代名詞/概念指涉。判斷重點是:敘述者雖然是醫師,熟悉疾病診斷與治療,也長期接觸背痛患者,但「知道背痛的醫學知識」不等於「親身感受過背痛」。
因此,didn’t know what back pain felt like 的意思是:敘述者沒有罹患與病人相同的疾病,缺乏患者的身體經驗。
解題方法
先抓住句型:
know what + 名詞 + felt like
表示「知道某事物實際感覺如何」,強調親身體驗,而非單純知道定義或相關知識。
題幹內容描寫敘述者成為病人後:
“I received the plastic arm bracelet all patients wear...”
「我戴上所有病人都會戴的塑膠手環……」
以及:
“In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations...”
「在這個房間裡,我曾陪伴病人,向他們解釋末期診斷與複雜手術……」
這些內容形成鮮明對比:過去他是替病人診斷、說明病情的醫師;現在他自己躺在病床上,成為病人。這種「醫師身分」與「患者身分」的轉換,正是理解 didn’t know what back pain felt like 的關鍵。
題目問的是他為何「不知道背痛是什麼感覺」,答案應從「是否親身患有同樣疾病」判斷,而不是從醫學知識或聆聽態度判斷。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
本題所提供的節錄中沒有直接出現 didn’t know what back pain felt like 這一句;答案需依據該段落所建立的「醫師與病人角色對照」推論。
關鍵語意是:
“I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations...”
「我曾陪伴病人,向他們解釋末期診斷與複雜手術……」
敘述者過去能夠理解病情、說明治療,卻未必能感受患者身體上的疼痛。當他自己成為病人後,才真正面對疾病與疼痛的實際經驗。因此,didn’t know what back pain felt like 指的是他沒有親身罹患背痛相關疾病。
關鍵單字與片語
第 48 題
【題組共用題幹】
Maybe that’s all this was. Maybe. Or maybe I didn’t want the jinx. Maybe I just didn’t want to say the word cancer out loud…. I received the plastic arm bracelet all patients wear, put on the familiar light blue hospital gown, walked past the nurses I knew by name, and was checked in to a room—the same room where I had seen hundreds of patients over the years. In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations; in this room, I had congratulated patients on being cured of a disease and seen their happiness at being returned to their lives; in this room, I had pronounced patients dead. I had sat in the chairs, washed my hands in the sink, scrawled instructions on the marker board. Exhaustion, I longed to lie down in this bed and sleep. Now I lay there, wide awake.
(from Paul Kalanithi “Prologue,” When Breath Becomes Air, 2016)
The doctor was in a room ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀理解:根據文章內容判斷敘述是否符合原文。
- 關係副詞 where 的語意:表示「在那裡、在該處」,引導修飾地點的關係子句。
- 代名詞與主詞指涉:必須確認文中的 I、patients 分別指誰。
題幹句型為:
The doctor was in a room ____.
空格後接 where 引導的關係子句,意思是「這位醫生當時在一個他曾經……的房間裡」。
解題方法
定位文章中描述該房間用途的句子:
In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations; in this room, I had congratulated patients on being cured of a disease and seen their happiness at being returned to their lives; in this room, I had pronounced patients dead.
翻譯:
在這個房間裡,我曾經陪著病人,向他們說明末期診斷結果與複雜手術;在這個房間裡,我曾恭喜病人疾病痊癒,並看見他們重返生活時的喜悅;在這個房間裡,我曾宣告病人死亡。
這段明確顯示,敘述者本身是一名醫師,過去曾在這個房間裡替病人看診、說明病情、處理手術相關事項、宣布死亡。因此,這個房間是他「過去扮演醫師角色、執行醫療工作的地方」。
選項 A 的 where he used to play the role of doctor,即「他過去曾擔任醫師、在此行醫的地方」,符合全文語意。
選項分析
(A) where he used to play the role of doctor.
正確。
文章中的 I 是敘述者,也就是醫師。從:
I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations
可知,他過去曾在這個房間陪伴病人、解釋病情與手術;另外也曾恭喜病人康復,甚至宣告病人死亡。因此,這裡確實是他過去以醫師身分工作的房間。
(B) where hundreds of his patients died after complex operations.
錯誤。
文章只說:
I had pronounced patients dead.
意思是「我曾宣告病人死亡」,並未表示這些病人是「在複雜手術後死亡」,也沒有說有數百名病人在此死亡。
hundreds of his patients died after complex operations 加入了原文沒有提供的兩項資訊:
- 病人是在複雜手術後死亡;
- 有數百名病人死亡。
第 49 題
【題組共用題幹】
Maybe that’s all this was. Maybe. Or maybe I didn’t want the jinx. Maybe I just didn’t want to say the word cancer out loud…. I received the plastic arm bracelet all patients wear, put on the familiar light blue hospital gown, walked past the nurses I knew by name, and was checked in to a room—the same room where I had seen hundreds of patients over the years. In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations; in this room, I had congratulated patients on being cured of a disease and seen their happiness at being returned to their lives; in this room, I had pronounced patients dead. I had sat in the chairs, washed my hands in the sink, scrawled instructions on the marker board. Exhaustion, I longed to lie down in this bed and sleep. Now I lay there, wide awake.
(from Paul Kalanithi “Prologue,” When Breath Becomes Air, 2016)
Why does the narrator say: “Maybe I just didn’t want to say the word cancer out loud….”?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「語境推論」與「人物心理」。判斷答案時,須注意敘述者的身分與情境:
- 敘述者原本是醫師,熟悉醫院與病房。
- 這次他不再是替病人看診的醫師,而是可能罹患癌症、躺在病床上的病人。
- 他不願把 cancer 一詞說出口,反映的是對自身病情的恐懼、否認與難以接受。
因此,正確答案為「這個事實很難接受」。
關鍵句定位與翻譯
題幹中的關鍵句為:
“Maybe I just didn’t want to say the word cancer out loud….”
翻譯為:
「也許我只是不想把『癌症』這個詞大聲說出來……。」
前文又提到:
“Maybe that’s all this was. Maybe. Or maybe I didn’t want the jinx.”
可翻譯為:
「也許事情就只是這樣。也許吧。又或者,我只是不想招來厄運。」
jinx 指「帶來厄運、觸霉頭」。敘述者擔心一旦親口說出 cancer,就彷彿承認最害怕的事情已經成真。這不是因為醫院需要小聲說話,而是他心理上尚未準備好面對自己的病情。
解題方法
第一步,確認敘述者面對的對象是誰。文章中他描述自己過去曾在同一房間:
- 向病人說明末期診斷;
- 為病人進行複雜手術;
- 恭喜病人痊癒;
- 宣布病人死亡。
這些內容顯示他過去是醫療人員,而現在成為病人。
第二步,判斷「不說出 cancer」的心理原因。敘述者不是不知道癌症的意思,也不是缺少醫療檢查,而是害怕承認自己可能成為癌症患者。
第三步,將心理原因與選項比對,最符合的是 Because the fact was hard to accept.
選項分析
(A) Because he needed to check more scans to be sure.
錯誤。選項意為「因為他需要再檢查更多掃描結果才能確定」。文章沒有提到他因為檢查不足而暫不說出 cancer;重點是心理上的抗拒,而不是醫療診斷尚未完成。
(B) Because the fact was hard to accept.
正確。選項意為「因為這個事實很難接受」。敘述者原本習慣以醫師身分面對病人的疾病與死亡,如今自己可能罹患癌症,因此不願直接說出這個詞,呈現出恐懼、否認與難以接受的心理。
(C) Because it would ruin the patient’s confidence.
錯誤。選項意為「因為這會摧毀病人的信心」。文章中的病人就是敘述者自己,並非他正在向另一名病人說明病情;
第 50 題
【題組共用題幹】
Maybe that’s all this was. Maybe. Or maybe I didn’t want the jinx. Maybe I just didn’t want to say the word cancer out loud…. I received the plastic arm bracelet all patients wear, put on the familiar light blue hospital gown, walked past the nurses I knew by name, and was checked in to a room—the same room where I had seen hundreds of patients over the years. In this room, I had sat with patients and explained terminal diagnoses and complex operations; in this room, I had congratulated patients on being cured of a disease and seen their happiness at being returned to their lives; in this room, I had pronounced patients dead. I had sat in the chairs, washed my hands in the sink, scrawled instructions on the marker board. Exhaustion, I longed to lie down in this bed and sleep. Now I lay there, wide awake.
(from Paul Kalanithi “Prologue,” When Breath Becomes Air, 2016)
Which of the following statements can best describe the narrator?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「敘事者身分、情緒與情境判讀」。判斷重點有三:
- 敘事者過去是醫師,熟悉醫院環境與醫療工作。
- 此刻他不再是照顧病人的醫師,而是躺在病床上接受醫療處置的病人。
- 他的身心狀態是疲憊、焦慮,卻因等待與壓力而無法入睡。
關鍵單字與片語
- jinx:不祥的話;帶來厄運的事
- say the word cancer out loud:把「癌症」這個詞說出口
- plastic arm bracelet:塑膠識別手環
- hospital gown:醫院病人服
- check in to a room:辦理入住病房
- terminal diagnosis:末期診斷
- complex operation:複雜的手術
- be cured of a disease:疾病痊癒
- pronounce a patient dead:宣告病人死亡
- scrawl:潦草書寫
- exhaustion:疲憊;筋疲力竭
- long to V:渴望做某事
- lie down:躺下
- wide awake:完全清醒、毫無睡意
定位答案的關鍵句
“Exhaustion, I longed to lie down in this bed and sleep. Now I lay there, wide awake.”
翻譯為:
「我筋疲力竭,渴望躺在這張床上睡覺。如今我躺在那裡,卻完全清醒。」
這兩句直接呈現敘事者「身體疲憊卻無法入睡」的挫折與焦躁,符合「feeling frustrated」的描述。
另外,以下句子顯示他正在接受病人身分的醫療流程:
“I received the plastic arm bracelet all patients wear, put on the familiar light blue hospital gown, and was checked in to a room…”
翻譯為:
「我戴上所有病人都會戴的塑膠識別手環,穿上熟悉的淺藍色醫院病人服,並被安排入住一間病房……」
因此,他此時正等待醫療處置或治療安排。
解題方法
先以文章中的明確線索判斷敘事者身分,再判讀他當下的心理狀態: