國立中山大學 113 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
People who have height dysphoria may have surgery to lengthen their legs, which is a terribly painful process that requires up to one year’s confinement ____ a wheelchair.
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核心觀念
本題考的是固定搭配與介系詞語意:
- confinement to a wheelchair:被限制在輪椅上;長期受困於輪椅
- be confined to a wheelchair:被限制只能使用輪椅活動
介系詞 to 在此表示「受限於、被限制在某種狀態或範圍內」,不是表示單純的方向。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
surgery to lengthen their legs, which is a terribly painful process that requires up to one year’s confinement ____ a wheelchair.
句中 requires up to one year’s confinement ____ a wheelchair 的意思是:
「需要長達一年的輪椅禁錮/受困生活。」
完整翻譯:
「有身高障礙的人可能會接受腿部延長手術;這是一個極其痛苦的過程,需要長達一年的時間受困於輪椅。」
由於 confinement 後面通常接 to,形成固定搭配 confinement to a wheelchair,因此選 D。
解題方法
先找空格前的核心名詞 confinement。其常見搭配如下:
- confinement to a place:被限制在某處
- confinement to bed:臥床受限
- confinement to a wheelchair:受困於輪椅
- confinement to a narrow range:受限於狹窄範圍
本句的語意是:腿部延長手術後,患者在恢復期間長時間無法正常行走,只能依靠輪椅。因此需要表達「被限制在輪椅狀態中」,使用 confinement to a wheelchair 最自然。
句型結構為:
其中:
- one year’s:一年的
- confinement:禁錮、受限制的狀態
- to a wheelchair:受限於輪椅
選項分析
(A) on
on a wheelchair 通常表示「在輪椅上」,但 confinement on a wheelchair 不是自然的固定搭配。描述某人坐在輪椅上,通常會說:
第 2 題2 分
The medicine may make you feel ____, so don’t drive or operate heavy machinery after taking it.
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核心觀念
本題考:
- 藥物副作用的語意判斷
- 形容詞的詞義辨析
- 使役動詞句型:
題幹中的句型為:
The medicine may make you feel drowsy, so don’t drive or operate heavy machinery after taking it.
這種藥可能會讓你感到昏昏欲睡,因此服用後不要開車或操作重型機械。
「不要開車或操作重型機械」是重要線索,表示藥物可能造成嗜睡、反應變慢,影響駕駛與操作機械的安全。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後:
make you feel ____
在此處, 後面需要接能描述「人的身體或精神狀態」的形容詞。
再根據後半句:
don’t drive or operate heavy machinery
可知空格應填入「昏昏欲睡、容易入睡」之意,最符合藥品警語的正式用字是 drowsy。
完整語意為:
藥物可能使你昏昏欲睡,因此服用後不可開車或操作重型機械。
選項分析
(A) dazed
作形容詞,意為「恍惚的、茫然的、頭昏眼花的、受到震驚而反應遲鈍的」。
例如:
He looked dazed after the accident.
他在事故後看起來恍惚茫然。
著重於精神混亂、茫然或受到衝擊後反應遲鈍,不是「想睡」的直接意思。雖然某些藥物確實可能讓人感到恍惚,放在本題中仍不如 精確,因為「不要開車、操作機械」的直接警示重點是嗜睡與警覺性下降。
(B) dozy
意為「昏昏欲睡的、懶洋洋的」,語意上與「想睡」接近。
例如:
I felt dozy after lunch.
午餐後我感到昏昏欲睡。
但 屬於較口語、非正式的用字,常用於日常描述,不是藥品標示或安全警語中最典型的正式表達。本題語境是藥物造成的副作用及駕駛安全警告,因此以正式且常見的 最恰當。
(C) drowsy
意為「昏昏欲睡的、嗜睡的、容易入睡的」,常用來描述藥物、疲勞或疾病造成的睡意與警覺性降低。
第 3 題2 分
____ care addresses symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea, and shortness of breath. The aim is to enhance comfort and overall well-being, particularly for end-of-life care.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學英文關鍵單字」與「語境判斷」。空格後接名詞 care,需要填入能修飾照護類型的形容詞。題幹提到:
- 緩解疼痛、疲勞、噁心、呼吸短促等症狀
- 增進舒適度與整體福祉
- 特別用於生命末期照護
這些線索明確指向 palliative care(緩和醫療/緩和照護)。
解題方法
定位題幹中的關鍵句:
____ care addresses symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea, and shortness of breath.
____照護處理疼痛、疲勞、噁心與呼吸短促等症狀。
其中 pain、fatigue、nausea、shortness of breath 都是需要被減輕或控制的不適症狀;而下一句又說:
The aim is to enhance comfort and overall well-being, particularly for end-of-life care.
其目的在於提升舒適度與整體福祉,尤其適用於生命末期照護。
palliative 的核心語意就是「緩和的、減輕痛苦的」,因此 palliative care 正是「緩和照護」,著重於減輕症狀、提升生活品質,不以治癒疾病為唯一目標。
選項分析
(A) Plighted
plighted 是 plight 的過去分詞,意為「誓約的、訂婚的」,常見於較正式或古典的用法,例如 plighted faith(信守的誓言)。
- plighted care 並不是常見或合理的醫療用語。
- 此字與症狀控制、舒適照護及生命末期照護無關。
因此錯誤。
(B) Palliative
palliative 意為「緩和的、減輕痛苦的」,源自 palliate(緩和、減輕症狀)。
palliative care 指「緩和醫療/緩和照護」,主要內容包括:
- 控制疼痛與其他身體症狀
- 減輕心理與情緒上的痛苦
- 提升病人的舒適度與生活品質
- 常見於重症、慢性病及生命末期照護
題幹所描述的症狀與照護目標完全符合此定義。
因此正確。
(C) Prognostic
prognostic 意為「預後的、預測病情發展的」,名詞 prognosis 則是「預後」。
例如:
- prognostic factor:預後因子
- prognostic indicator:預後指標
- prognostic information:預後資訊
prognostic care 不是表示「處理症狀、提升舒適度」的固定醫療用語。它描述的是預測疾病結果或病程的性質,與題幹的照護功能不符。
因此錯誤。
(D) Hypnotic
第 4 題2 分
The ____ responsible for COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is a novel coronavirus that was first identified in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China.
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核心觀念
本題考「疾病相關英文單字」的語意辨析,以及形容詞片語修飾名詞的用法。
題幹句型為:
The ____ responsible for COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is a novel coronavirus...
其中,responsible for COVID-19 是形容詞片語,修飾前面的名詞,意思是「造成 COVID-19 的……」。後面的 SARS-CoV-2 是前面名詞的同位語,進一步指出該病原體的名稱。
句意為:
造成 COVID-19 的病原體 SARS-CoV-2,是一種新型冠狀病毒,於 2019 年 12 月首次在中國湖北省武漢市被發現。
COVID-19 是疾病名稱;SARS-CoV-2 則是造成該疾病的病毒。因此空格應填表示「病原體」的 pathogen。
解題方法
先抓住關鍵片語:
responsible for COVID-19
responsible for 在此不是「對……負責」的日常用法,而是「造成、導致……」的意思。能夠造成傳染病的對象,應是「病原體」。
再利用同位語判斷:
The ____ ..., SARS-CoV-2, is a novel coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2 是一種 coronavirus,而 coronavirus 屬於能引起疾病的病原體,所以空格應填 pathogen。
此外,空格前有冠詞 The,空格後的主要動詞是單數形式 is,因此填入單數可數名詞 pathogen,在文法與語意上都完全符合。
選項分析
(A) pollutant:污染物
pollutant 指會污染空氣、水、土壤或環境的物質,例如:
- air pollutant:空氣污染物
- water pollutant:水污染物
SARS-CoV-2 並不是以「污染物」的分類來說明。它可以造成疾病,但題幹要表達的是「病原體」,因此不選 pollutant。
(B) allergen:過敏原
allergen 指會引發過敏反應的物質,例如花粉、塵蟎、某些食物蛋白質。過敏原通常引起的是免疫系統的過度反應,不等同於造成傳染病的病原體。
SARS-CoV-2 是病毒,會感染人體並引起 COVID-19,不是一般所稱的過敏原,因此不選 allergen。
(C) vector:傳播媒介;帶原媒介
vector 在公共衛生或流行病學中,通常指「把病原體從一個宿主傳給另一個宿主的媒介生物」,例如蚊子傳播瘧原蟲或登革病毒。
第 5 題2 分
A polymath is an individual who has ____ a few disciplines. For example, Leonardo da Vinci who studied the fields of geometry, mechanics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and so on.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨識」與「動詞和名詞的語意搭配」。關鍵在於理解:
- polymath:博學家、通才,指精通多個學科或領域的人。
- master a discipline:精通某一門學科。
- discipline:學科、專業領域。
句子的意思是:博學家是「精通數門學科」的人。因此空格應填表示「精通」的動詞 mastered。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
A polymath is an individual who has ____ a few disciplines.
其中 has + 過去分詞 構成現在完成式,表示「已經……」。四個規則動詞的過去分詞形式分別為:
- manage → managed
- modify → modified
- master → mastered
- maintain → maintained
但本題的關鍵不只在文法,更在語意。主詞 a polymath 的定義就是「精通多種學科的人」,而最自然的搭配是:
master a discipline
精通一門學科
因此:
A polymath is an individual who has mastered a few disciplines.
博學家是已經精通數門學科的人。
題幹後半句提供例子:
For example, Leonardo da Vinci who studied the fields of geometry, mechanics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and so on.
可翻譯為:
例如,曾研究幾何學、力學、化學、植物學、動物學等領域的李奧納多・達文西。
這句列出達文西涉獵的多個學科,用來支持前句「精通數門學科」的定義。
選項分析
(A) managed
- manage:管理;處理;設法做到。
- managed a few disciplines 可勉強理解為「管理幾個學科」,但不符合 polymath 的核心定義。
- 博學家是精通多種學科的人,不是負責管理學科的人。
- 因此不適合本句語境。
(B) modified
- modify:修改;調整;改變。
- modified a few disciplines 意為「修改或改變幾門學科」。
- 學科本身通常不是此處被修改的對象;更重要的是,這與博學家的「多方面精通」沒有關聯。
- 因此錯誤。
(C) mastered
第 6 題2 分
Parkinson’s disease is commonly characterized by rhythmic and involuntary ____, causing slight shaking movements when the patients are sitting or standing.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學英文單字辨識、語意搭配與上下文判讀。
句中關鍵結構為:
Parkinson’s disease is commonly characterized by rhythmic and involuntary ____, causing slight shaking movements when the patients are sitting or standing.
帕金森氏病通常以有節律且不自主的____為特徵;當患者坐著或站著時,會造成輕微的顫抖動作。
Parkinson’s disease(帕金森氏病)常見症狀包括靜止性顫抖、動作遲緩與肌肉僵硬。其中,rhythmic and involuntary shaking 指的是「有節律且不自主的顫抖」,英文即為 tremors。
此外,空格前有形容詞 rhythmic and involuntary,空格後接 causing,因此空格應填入一個能表示「顫抖」的複數名詞。
解題方法
先抓題幹中的症狀描述:
- rhythmic:有節律的
- involuntary:不自主的
- slight shaking movements:輕微的搖晃、顫抖動作
- Parkinson’s disease:帕金森氏病
「有節律且不自主的顫抖」是 tremor 的定義。因為題幹描述的是多次、持續性的顫抖現象,使用複數 tremors 最符合句意。
完整句意為:
帕金森氏病通常以有節律且不自主的顫抖為特徵,患者在坐著或站著時會出現輕微的顫抖動作。
因此選擇 (B) tremors。
選項分析
(A) relapses
relapse 意為「復發、再發」,常用於疾病或症狀在一段時間改善後再次出現。
例如:
- The patient experienced a relapse of depression.
病人的憂鬱症復發。
Parkinson’s disease 的確可能有病情變化,但題幹明確描述的是「顫抖動作」,不是疾病復發,因此不合語意。
(B) tremors
tremor 意為「顫抖、震顫」,指身體某部位不自主且有節律性的抖動。
第 7 題2 分
The baby was so large that we had to perform a ____.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學情境字彙」與 so + 形容詞 + that... 的結果句型。
題幹中的:
The baby was so large that we had to perform a ____.
意思是:「這個嬰兒太大了,以致於我們必須進行一項__。」
嬰兒過大可能造成自然分娩困難,因此醫師會進行剖腹產,即 Caesarean section,又稱 C-section。
解題方法
先觀察語意情境:
- 主詞是 the baby。
- 關鍵形容詞是 large,表示嬰兒體型過大。
- 結果是醫療人員必須「進行一項醫療處置」。
- 空格前有 a,因此空格應填入可數的醫療程序名詞。
最符合「嬰兒過大而採取的生產方式」的是 Caesarean section。
句型結構為:
本句可理解為:
The baby was so large that we had to perform a Caesarean section.
這個嬰兒太大了,以致於我們必須進行剖腹產。
選項分析
(A) Caesarean section (C-section)
正確。
- Caesarean section:剖腹產。
- C-section:剖腹產的縮寫。
- 當胎兒過大、產道不利於自然分娩,或母嬰安全受到影響時,醫師可能安排剖腹產。
- perform a Caesarean section 是自然且正確的醫學搭配,意思是「進行剖腹產手術」。
(B) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
錯誤。
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation:心肺復甦術。
- CPR 用於患者心跳或呼吸停止時,透過胸外按壓與人工呼吸維持生命。
- 嬰兒「太大」與需要心肺復甦術沒有直接關聯,因此不符合題幹語意。
(C) Gastroscopy
錯誤。
第 8 題2 分
It is crucial for hikers to wear appropriate protective gear, such as insulated clothing and waterproof boots, to prevent frostbite on their ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:判斷哪個名詞可指人體的四肢末端。
- 語境搭配:
frostbite on one’s extremities是自然且合理的英文搭配。 - 文法結構:
their ____中,空格需填入可數複數名詞,並且語意上必須指身體部位。
extremity 的基本意思是「末端、極端」,在人體語境中常用複數 extremities 指「四肢,尤其是手、腳等末端部位」。人在低溫環境中,手指、腳趾、手腳等部位較容易因血液循環較差而發生凍傷,因此 frostbite on their extremities 意為「四肢末端的凍傷」。
解題方法
先抓句中的關鍵語意:
It is crucial for hikers to wear appropriate protective gear, such as insulated clothing and waterproof boots, to prevent frostbite on their ____.
翻譯:
對健行者而言,穿著適當的防護裝備,例如保暖衣物與防水靴,以預防四肢末端凍傷,是非常重要的。
題幹提到:
insulated clothing:保暖衣物waterproof boots:防水靴frostbite:凍傷
這些資訊都指向「寒冷環境下容易受傷的身體部位」,因此空格應填入表示「四肢末端」的 extremities。
完整句子為:
It is crucial for hikers to wear appropriate protective gear, such as insulated clothing and waterproof boots, to prevent frostbite on their extremities.
關鍵單字與片語
crucial:至關重要的hiker:健行者、登山者wear:穿著、佩戴appropriate:適當的protective gear:防護裝備insulated clothing:保暖衣物、隔熱衣物waterproof boots:防水靴prevent:預防frostbite:凍傷extremity:末端;四肢之一extremities:四肢,尤指手、腳及其末端
第 9 題2 分
Surgical ____ may be necessary for certain types of brain tumors, especially if they are causing increased pressure within the skull or if they are accessible for removal.
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核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 醫學英文中的固定搭配(collocation)。
- 名詞字義與語境判斷。
- 形容詞修飾名詞的結構。
句型為:
Surgical ____ may be necessary ...
其中 Surgical 是形容詞,修飾空格中的名詞;may be necessary 表示「可能是必要的」。因此空格應填入一個能表示「外科處置/手術介入」的名詞。
Surgical intervention 是醫學英文中非常常見且自然的搭配,意為「外科介入」或「手術治療」。
解題方法
先定位說明答案的關鍵句:
Surgical ____ may be necessary for certain types of brain tumors, especially if they are causing increased pressure within the skull or if they are accessible for removal.
翻譯:
對於某些種類的腦瘤,外科介入可能是必要的,特別是當腦瘤造成顱內壓升高,或腦瘤的位置適合切除時。
題幹描述腦瘤造成顱內壓升高,且可以透過手術切除。在這種情況下,醫師可能需要採取外科處置,因此空格應填入表示「醫療介入」的 intervention。
完整句子為:
Surgical intervention may be necessary for certain types of brain tumors.
意為:
某些種類的腦瘤可能需要外科介入治療。
選項分析
(A) intervention 外科介入;醫療處置
intervention 指為改善病情而採取的介入措施。在醫學語境中,surgical intervention 是固定搭配,表示「手術介入」或「外科治療」。
腦瘤若造成顱內壓升高,或位置適合切除,醫師可能透過手術處理,因此本選項符合文法、語意與醫學用語。故選 (A)。
(B) aspiration 抽吸;吸引術
aspiration 可指利用抽吸方式移除液體、分泌物或其他內容物,例如:
needle aspiration:針吸aspiration of fluid:抽吸液體
此字通常用於抽取液體或細胞檢體。腦瘤的主要處置通常是切除、放射治療或其他腫瘤治療,題幹明確提到 accessible for removal,重點是「可供切除」,不是抽吸。因此 surgical aspiration 在此語境中不自然,故錯誤。
(C) aberration 偏差;異常
aberration 指偏離正常狀態或一般規則的現象,例如「行為異常」或「視覺偏差」。
它表示的是一種偏差或異常現象,不是治療措施。surgical aberration 無法表達「手術治療」,也不符合題幹語意,故錯誤。
(D) simulation 模擬;仿真
第 10 題2 分
Born in an impoverished family, Josh has always had a(n) ____ when he is among the upper-class crowd. He doesn’t feel confident to speak to others.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「固定搭配」。
句中 Josh 出身貧困家庭,身處上流階級人群中時,會感到不自在、不自信,甚至不敢與他人交談。這種因自認低人一等而產生的心理狀態,稱為 inferiority complex(自卑情結、自卑感)。
常見搭配為:
- have an inferiority complex:有自卑情結
- feel inferior to others:覺得自己不如他人
- lack confidence:缺乏信心
解題方法
先觀察題幹提供的語意線索:
He doesn’t feel confident to speak to others.
他沒有信心和他人交談。
「不自信」直接指向心理上的自卑感。再配合前句:
Born in an impoverished family, Josh has always had a(n) ____ when he is among the upper-class crowd.
出身於貧困家庭的 Josh,在上流階級人群之中時,總是有一種__。
「貧困家庭」與「上流階級」形成對比,使 Josh 覺得自己身分、經濟條件不如他人,因此選擇 inferiority complex 最符合語意。
此外,題目中的 a(n) 後面需要接可數單數名詞。complex 是可數單數名詞,且 inferiority 以母音音素開頭,因此使用 an:
an inferiority complex
題幹定位與翻譯
定位答案的關鍵句是:
He doesn’t feel confident to speak to others.
翻譯為:
他沒有信心和他人交談。
這句明確表現出 Josh 的自卑與缺乏自信,與 inferiority complex 的語意完全吻合。
完整句意為:
Born in an impoverished family, Josh has always had an inferiority complex when he is among the upper-class crowd. He doesn’t feel confident to speak to others.
Josh 出身於貧困家庭,身處上流階級人群中時,總是有自卑情結。他沒有信心和他人交談。
選項分析
(A) aggression
aggression 意為「攻擊性、侵略性、敵意」。
例如:
- show aggression:表現出攻擊性
- verbal aggression:言語攻擊
句中描述 Josh「沒有信心與他人交談」,重點是自卑與退縮,不是攻擊或敵對,因此不合語意。
(B) benevolence
benevolence 意為「仁慈、善意、慈善心」。
例如:
- an act of benevolence:慈善行為
- show benevolence toward the poor:對窮人表現慈善之心
第 11 題2 分
To cultivate bacteria, you should place the inoculated culture medium at an appropriate temperature. The bacteria will multiply and form visible ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查微生物學術語與英文語意搭配。
細菌接種於培養基後,在適當溫度下進行生長與繁殖。若培養基為固體或半固體,細菌細胞會在局部聚集,形成肉眼可見的菌落,英文稱為 colony,複數為 colonies。
菌落通常是由單一細菌細胞或同一來源的細胞群繁殖形成的可見群體,是實驗室培養細菌時的標準用語。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
The bacteria will multiply and form visible ____.
意思是:
細菌會大量繁殖,並形成肉眼可見的__。
「細菌大量繁殖後形成肉眼可見的菌落」正是 form visible colonies 的固定語意搭配,因此空格應填 colonies。
解題方法
先判斷空格所需的詞性與語意:
visible是形容詞,後面需要接名詞。- 主詞
The bacteria為複數,動詞form後面所接的名詞可依語意使用複數。 - 細菌在培養基上繁殖後形成的可見群體,在微生物學中稱為
colonies。
完整句子為:
The bacteria will multiply and form visible colonies.
翻譯為:
細菌會大量繁殖,並形成肉眼可見的菌落。
選項分析
(A) residences
residence 指「住所、居住地」,複數為 residences。
form visible residences 意思近似「形成看得見的住所」,不符合細菌繁殖後形成群體的科學語境,因此錯誤。
(B) communities
community 指「社群、群落、共同體」,複數為 communities。
細菌確實能形成 microbial communities,但在培養基上繁殖形成、可用肉眼觀察的圓形或斑點狀群體,標準術語是 colonies,而不是 communities。因此此選項語意過於一般,也不符合本句的微生物學固定搭配。
(C) assemblies
第 12 題2 分
To successfully deploy any vaccine, it is crucial to ensure that the vaccine ____ are maintained at the required temperatures during transportation between healthcare facilities.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫療情境中的字彙辨識」與「語意搭配」。判斷空格答案時,須同時觀察:
- 空格後的文法結構:
the vaccine ____ are maintained - 運輸與溫度控制的醫療情境
- 哪個名詞能與
vaccine合理搭配,並且能被「維持在所需溫度」
疫苗在醫療機構間運送時,必須維持冷鏈(cold chain),真正需要被控制溫度的是裝有疫苗的容器,即 vaccine vials。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
To successfully deploy any vaccine, it is crucial to ensure that the vaccine ____ are maintained at the required temperatures during transportation between healthcare facilities.
翻譯:
若要成功施用任何疫苗,務必確保疫苗的__在醫療機構之間運送時維持於所需的溫度。
其中,are maintained at the required temperatures 意為「被維持在所需的溫度」,主詞必須是能在運送過程中被控制溫度的複數名詞。四個干擾選項雖然都與醫療或管道相關,但只有 vials 符合疫苗運輸的語意。
解題方法
先看文法:
are maintained是複數被動語態。- 空格中的名詞須為複數。
- 四個選項皆為複數形式,因此文法只能作為初步篩選,真正關鍵在語意。
再看搭配:
vaccine vials:疫苗瓶、疫苗小瓶,為自然且常見的醫療搭配。- 疫苗在設施間運輸時,須將裝有疫苗的瓶子維持在適當溫度,以避免疫苗失效。
因此完整句意為:
確保疫苗瓶在醫療機構之間運送時維持於所需的溫度。
選項分析
(A) visors
visor 指「護目面罩、遮陽板」。visors 是其複數形,通常用於防護面罩或車輛遮陽板。
vaccine visors並非合理的醫療搭配。- 護目面罩不會裝載疫苗,也不是疫苗運輸時需要維持特定溫度的主要物件。
因此錯誤。
(B) vials
vial 指「小瓶、藥瓶」,vials 為複數形。vaccine vials 即「疫苗瓶」。
- 疫苗通常裝在小瓶或藥瓶中。
- 疫苗瓶在運送過程中必須維持適當溫度,這是疫苗冷鏈管理的核心。
the vaccine vials are maintained at the required temperatures在文法與語意上都成立。
因此正確。
(C) swabs
第 13 題2 分
The surgeon donned a ____ before entering the operating room, ensuring a sterile and hygienic environment for the upcoming procedure.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫療情境中的字彙辨識與語意搭配,重點是判斷外科醫師進入手術室前應穿著的服裝。
題幹關鍵句為:
The surgeon donned a ____ before entering the operating room, ensuring a sterile and hygienic environment for the upcoming procedure.
外科醫師在進入手術室前穿上了一件/一套____,以確保即將進行的手術處於無菌且衛生的環境中。
其中:
- surgeon:外科醫師
- donned:穿上、戴上;是較正式的 put on
- operating room:手術室
- sterile:無菌的
- hygienic:衛生的
- upcoming procedure:即將進行的醫療程序、手術
- scrub suit:手術服,通常包括手術上衣與手術褲
外科醫師進入手術室前通常穿著手術服,以降低衣物帶入病菌與污染物的風險,因此應選 scrub suit。
解題方法
先抓住兩個語意線索:
- surgeon:穿著者是外科醫師。
- operating room、sterile and hygienic:場景是手術室,強調無菌與衛生。
接著逐一檢查選項是否符合「外科醫師進入手術室前穿著的服裝」:
- 能作為手術室內醫護人員服裝者,最符合的是 scrub suit。
- 其他選項不是手術服、是病人穿著的衣物、醫療器材,或是一般外套。
文法上,donned 是及物動詞,後面可直接接受詞:
因此:
donned a scrub suit
表示「穿上一套手術服」,語法與語意皆正確。
選項分析
(A) lab coat
lab coat 意為「實驗室白袍、醫師白袍」。醫師在診間、實驗室或一般醫療環境中常穿著白袍,但白袍並非進行手術時的主要服裝,也不符合手術室對無菌環境的要求。
第 14 題2 分
Flus are rarely deadly, but they can be associated with a high risk of serious ____, and in some cases, they can be fatal if not properly managed or treated.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學語境中的字義判斷」與「固定搭配」。句意指出:流感通常不致命,但可能伴隨嚴重的「併發症」,若未妥善處理或治療,少數情況下甚至會致死。
關鍵搭配為:
- be associated with a high risk of serious complications
與嚴重併發症的高風險有關 - be fatal
可能致命 - be properly managed or treated
受到妥善控制或治療
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
Flus are rarely deadly, but they can be associated with a high risk of serious complications, and in some cases, they can be fatal if not properly managed or treated.
翻譯:
流感很少致命,但可能伴隨嚴重併發症的高風險;在某些情況下,若未受到妥善控制或治療,也可能致命。
空格位於 serious 之後,需填入複數名詞。從醫學語意來看,流感可能引發肺炎、呼吸衰竭等嚴重「併發症」,因此選 complications。
解題方法
先判斷詞性:
- serious 是形容詞
- 空格需接名詞
- 句中使用 a high risk of serious + 複數名詞
再判斷語意。主詞為流感,後文提到「若未妥善管理或治療,可能致命」,因此空格應是疾病所引發的嚴重後果或醫療問題。
在醫學英文中,疾病與 complications 是非常典型的搭配:
- complications of diabetes:糖尿病併發症
- complications from surgery:手術併發症
- serious complications:嚴重併發症
因此答案為 complications。
選項分析
(A) detonations:爆炸、引爆
通常用於炸彈、炸藥或爆炸事件,例如 the detonation of a bomb。流感不會與「爆炸的高風險」形成合理語意,故錯誤。
(B) implications:含義、影響、可能造成的後果
第 15 題2 分
Hospitals must implement ____ measures for patient confidentiality to safeguard sensitive medical information.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 形容詞的詞義辨析。
- 英文固定搭配與語意邏輯。
- 形容詞修飾名詞片語
measures for patient confidentiality的適切性。
題幹中的 measures 意為「措施、作法」,空格所填的形容詞必須能表達「為保護病患機密而採取嚴格、周密的措施」。
題幹定位與翻譯
Hospitals must implement ____ measures for patient confidentiality to safeguard sensitive medical information.
翻譯:
醫院必須實施__的病患機密保護措施,以保障敏感的醫療資訊。
其中:
implement measures:實施措施patient confidentiality:病患機密、病人隱私保密safeguard:保護、保障sensitive medical information:敏感的醫療資訊
to safeguard sensitive medical information 說明措施的目的在於「保護敏感醫療資訊」,因此空格應填具有「嚴格、有效防範」意味的形容詞。
解題方法
先觀察語意方向:
- 主詞為
Hospitals。 - 動詞為
implement,表示「實施」。 - 受詞為
measures,表示「措施」。 - 後方
to safeguard...表示採取這些措施的目的,是防止機密醫療資訊外洩。
因此,最自然的搭配是:
implement stringent measures
實施嚴格的措施
stringent 表示「嚴格的、嚴苛的、要求高標準的」,常用來修飾規定、標準、審查、管制與安全措施,例如:
- stringent regulations:嚴格的法規
- stringent requirements:嚴格的要求
- stringent security measures:嚴格的安全措施
本題的醫療資訊保密措施需要具備高度嚴格性,故選 stringent。
選項分析
(A) restricted
restricted 意為「受限制的、受約束的、限定使用的」。
例如:
- restricted area:限制進入區域
- restricted access:限制存取
- restricted information:限制閱覽的資訊
restricted measures 雖可從字面理解為「受限制的措施」,但不符合本句要表達的語意。醫院需要的是「嚴格的措施」,不是「受到限制的措施」。因此不選。
第 16 題2 分
In rural areas, ____ often serve as the first responders, offering vital medical assistance and providing helpful advice until the patient can be transported to a healthcare facility.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語意搭配」。判斷空格答案時,須同時注意:
- 空格所指的是「人員」還是「設備、機構、動作」。
- 動詞片語與主詞的語意是否合理。
- 上下文對空格的功能描述:在偏遠地區擔任第一線應變者,提供醫療協助與建議。
題幹中的關鍵描述是:
In rural areas, ____ often serve as the first responders, offering vital medical assistance and providing helpful advice until the patient can be transported to a healthcare facility.
翻譯:
在偏遠地區,____ 通常擔任第一線應變人員,在病人能被送往醫療機構前,提供重要的醫療協助及有用的建議。
其中 serve as the first responders 表示「擔任第一線應變人員」;offering vital medical assistance 表示「提供重要的醫療協助」。因此,空格應填入具有急救與緊急醫療專業的人員。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
- 主詞:____
- 動詞:serve
- 受詞補語:as the first responders
由於 serve 採複數形式,空格中的名詞應為複數名詞。五個選項皆可視為複數形式,因此不能只靠文法判斷,必須進一步分析語意。
接著根據後文判斷:
- 空格中的對象必須能夠「擔任第一線應變者」。
- 必須能夠「提供醫療援助」。
- 必須能在病人送醫前提供建議與初步處置。
符合這些條件的是 paramedics,意為「緊急醫療救護人員、救護技術員」。
完整句意為:
In rural areas, paramedics often serve as the first responders, offering vital medical assistance and providing helpful advice until the patient can be transported to a healthcare facility.
在偏遠地區,緊急醫療救護人員通常擔任第一線應變者,在病人能被送往醫療機構前,提供重要的醫療協助及有用的建議。
選項分析
(A) mechanics
mechanic 意為「機械技師、修理工」,複數為 mechanics。
機械技師負責修理與保養機械、車輛,並不具備緊急醫療救護的職責。雖然在偏遠地區機械技師也可能協助處理交通工具故障,但無法合理搭配 offering vital medical assistance,因此錯誤。
(B) defibrillators
defibrillator 意為「去顫器、電擊器」,複數為 defibrillators。
去顫器是用來處理特定心律不整的醫療設備,不是人員,不能作為 first responders。句中又提到「提供建議」,設備本身無法提供建議,因此在語意及角色上均不成立。
(C) rehabs
rehab 是 rehabilitation center 或 rehabilitation program 的縮寫,意為「復健中心、復健機構」;在特定語境中也可指「戒治中心」。
rehabs 指機構或場所,並非緊急醫療救護人員。復健中心主要提供後續復健或戒治服務,通常不是病人在送往醫療機構前的第一線緊急應變者,因此錯誤。
(D) paramedics
paramedic 意為「緊急醫療救護人員、救護技術員」,複數為 paramedics。
第 17 題2 分
According to the cover story published in Cell Reports in the issue dated 14th September 2021, a Taiwan research team has found a link between single neuron activity and anxiety-related behavior. Their study uncovers an anxiety-related cell in the hippocampus, which ____ anxiolytic effects, so it sheds light on the prospect of brain circuit intervention in mental disorders.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 單字辨義與語意搭配
- 關係子句中的動詞形式
- 學術英文常見搭配:mediate effects
題幹中的關係代名詞 which 指的是前面的 an anxiety-related cell。由於先行詞為單數,關係子句中的動詞須使用第三人稱單數形式。
句型如下:
an anxiety-related cell in the hippocampus, which ____ anxiolytic effects
其中:
- which:指「該細胞」,在關係子句中作主詞
- ____:動詞
- anxiolytic effects:抗焦慮效果
因此空格需要填入一個語意適合,且形式為第三人稱單數的動詞。
定位答案的關鍵句
Their study uncovers an anxiety-related cell in the hippocampus, which mediates anxiolytic effects, so it sheds light on the prospect of brain circuit intervention in mental disorders.
翻譯:
他們的研究在海馬迴中發現一種與焦慮相關的細胞,而該細胞介導抗焦慮效果,因此這項研究為以腦迴路介入精神疾病的可能性帶來新的啟發。
mediate 在生物學、醫學及學術文章中常表示「介導、調節、促成某種效果或反應」。
因此 mediate anxiolytic effects 意思是「介導抗焦慮效果」,語意與全文完全吻合。
解題方法
先判斷文法:
- 主詞為 which,代替單數名詞 cell
- 動詞須為第三人稱單數
- 因此可優先考慮 mediates、meditates、motivates、ruminates
- mitigate 為原形,與單數主詞不合
再檢查語意與搭配:
cell + mediates + effects
「細胞介導某種效果」是自然且專業的生物醫學用語;
「細胞沉思、激勵或反芻某種效果」則不符合語境。
選項分析
(A) mediates
mediate:介導、調節、促成、居中促成。
mediates anxiolytic effects:介導抗焦慮效果。
- 文法上:cell 為單數,使用 mediates 正確。
- 語意上:研究發現某種細胞參與並促成抗焦慮作用,符合神經科學語境。
- 搭配上:mediate effects / responses / behaviors 都是學術英文常見用法。
因此 (A) 正確。
(B) meditates
meditate:沉思、冥想、思索。
例如:
He meditates every morning.
他每天早上冥想。
meditates anxiolytic effects 會變成「沉思抗焦慮效果」,不符合細胞在腦神經機制中的功能描述。細胞可以介導或調節效果,但不能「沉思」效果。
第 18 題2 分
The ____ which are located between the ribs and the pelvis, support upper body, facilitate movement and hold organs in place.
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核心觀念
本題考查人體解剖學相關字彙,以及依據「位置、功能與文法」判斷答案的能力。
題幹描述的構造具有以下特徵:
- 位於肋骨與骨盆之間
- 支撐上半身
- 幫助身體活動
- 將器官固定在適當位置
符合這些條件的是 abdominals,意指「腹部肌肉、腹肌」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
The ____ which are located between the ribs and the pelvis, support upper body, facilitate movement and hold organs in place.
翻譯:
位於肋骨與骨盆之間、支撐上半身、促進活動並將器官固定在適當位置的____。
其中,關係代名詞子句 which are located between the ribs and the pelvis 說明空格所指的構造位於肋骨與骨盆之間;後面的 support、facilitate、hold 則並列描述其功能。
解題方法
第一步,根據位置判斷。肋骨與骨盆之間的身體部位是腹部,因此答案應與腹部肌肉有關。
第二步,根據功能判斷。腹肌能夠:
- 支撐軀幹與上半身
- 協助軀幹彎曲、旋轉等動作
- 維持腹腔壓力,幫助支撐與固定腹腔內器官
第三步,根據文法確認。題幹使用:
which are located
且後面接:
support, facilitate, and hold
三個複數主詞所搭配的動詞。因此空格應填複數名詞。abdominals 在文法與語意上均符合。
選項分析
(A) diaphragm
意為「橫膈膜」,是位於胸腔與腹腔之間的圓頂形肌肉,主要功能是協助呼吸。橫膈膜確實與肋骨及腹部位置相關,但它是單數名詞,且題幹的 which are 與 support 等複數動詞不相符;其主要功能也不是支撐上半身、協助整體軀幹活動及固定器官。因此錯誤。
(B) abdominals
意為「腹部肌肉、腹肌」,是位於肋骨與骨盆之間的一組肌肉。腹肌能支撐軀幹、協助身體活動,並透過維持腹腔壓力協助固定腹腔器官。
第 19 題2 分
The doctor ____ a new idea to reverse aging.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞片語(phrasal verb)」的語意與搭配。句中關鍵結構為:
The doctor ____ a new idea to reverse aging.
這名醫師突然想到一個逆轉老化的新想法。
其中,a new idea 是「想法、點子」,最適合搭配表示「突然想到、意外發現」的片語 hit upon。
解題方法
先抓受詞 a new idea,再判斷各片語能否表達「想出一個新想法」:
- 若片語具有「想到、構思、發現」的意思,語意成立。
- 若片語表示「理解、洩露、延後、撞上」等意思,則與
a new idea及整句語境不合。
hit upon 的意思是「偶然想到、突然發現」,常用於:
- hit upon an idea:突然想到一個主意
- hit upon a solution:偶然找到解決方法
- hit upon a plan:突然想出一個計畫
因此:
The doctor hit upon a new idea to reverse aging.
這名醫師突然想到一個可以逆轉老化的新想法。
to reverse aging 是不定詞片語,修飾 a new idea,表示「用來逆轉老化的想法」。
選項分析
(A) made out
make out 常見意思包括:
- 看清、辨認:make out a distant figure
- 理解、弄懂:make out what someone means
- 聲稱、假裝:make out that he was innocent
此處若說 made out a new idea,會變成「辨認出/理解一個新想法」,不符合醫師「想到新點子」的語意。若要表達「想出、創造」,應使用 come up with 或 think of,不能用 make out。
(B) hit upon
意思是「偶然想到、突然發現」,可自然搭配 an idea:
hit upon a new idea
突然想到一個新想法
符合句意,故為正確答案。
第 20 題2 分
Adequate hydration is essential for efficient sweating and heat ____. It is the reason why we need to drink enough water to avoid heat strokes.
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核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與「固定搭配」。題幹描述足夠的水分有助於有效出汗,並協助身體排除熱量,避免中暑。
關鍵片語為:
- adequate hydration:充分的水分補充
- efficient sweating:有效率的出汗
- heat dissipation:熱量散失、散熱
- heat stroke:中暑
句型為:
Adequate hydration is essential for efficient sweating and heat dissipation.
其中 for 後面接兩個並列的名詞片語:
- efficient sweating
- heat dissipation
兩者都是充分補水的重要功能。
解題方法
先根據上下文判斷空格需要表達的概念。前文提到「出汗」,後文提到「避免中暑」,因此空格應該與「身體散熱、排除熱量」有關。
完整句意為:
Adequate hydration is essential for efficient sweating and heat dissipation.
翻譯:
充分的水分補充對於有效出汗與散熱至關重要。
出汗時,汗液在皮膚表面蒸發,會帶走身體熱量,使體溫下降。若水分不足,汗液分泌減少,散熱效率降低,便容易發生熱中暑。因此,符合語意且能與 heat 構成自然搭配的答案是 dissipation。
選項分析
(A) dissipation:散失、消散、耗散
heat dissipation 是正確且常見的搭配,意思是「散熱」或「熱量散失」。
dissipate heat:散去熱量heat dissipation:熱量散失、散熱
題幹說明喝足夠的水可以維持出汗功能,進而幫助身體散熱,與上下文完全吻合。
(B) precipitation:降水;沉澱;突然發生
precipitation 常見意思包括:
- 降水,例如雨、雪
- 化學反應中的沉澱
- 促使某事突然發生
第 21 題2 分
The survival rate for many cancers has improved considerably over recent decades, due to the development of ____ to treat the condition.
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核心觀念
本題考「癌症治療相關字彙」與「語意判斷」。
句中關鍵結構為:
due to the development of ____ to treat the condition
由於發展出用來治療此疾病的____
其中,the condition 指前文的 many cancers;空格必須填入一種能夠治療癌症的方式或療法。
chemotherapy 意為「化學治療、化學療法」,指利用抗癌藥物抑制或殺死癌細胞,是癌症的重要治療方式。
解題方法
先從語意判斷:
The survival rate for many cancers has improved considerably over recent decades, due to the development of chemotherapy to treat the condition.
翻譯為:
近幾十年來,許多癌症的存活率已大幅提升,這是由於發展出以化學治療該疾病的方法。
癌症存活率提升,合理原因包括手術、放射治療、標靶治療與化學治療等。選項中只有 chemotherapy 直接表示癌症治療方法,因此選 (C)。
文法上,development of + 名詞 表示「……的發展」;to treat the condition 是不定詞片語,修飾前面的治療方式,說明其用途。
選項分析
(A) chemistry
chemistry 意為「化學」,是研究物質組成、結構與反應的學科,不是直接指癌症治療方法。
雖然化學是藥物研發的基礎,但句子需要的是「用來治療癌症的療法」,因此 chemistry 在此語境中不成立。
(B) thermoplastic
第 22 題2 分
In anatomy classes, medical students may have to dissect ____ to study the structure, organization, and relationships of organs.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學解剖學相關字彙」與「動詞後接適當受詞」的語意判斷。
題幹中的關鍵動詞是 dissect,意為「解剖、剖開」,其受詞必須是可以被解剖、用來觀察器官結構與相互關係的對象。醫學生在解剖課中解剖的對象是「遺體」,英文為 cadaver;題幹中的主詞是 medical students,通常會解剖不只一具遺體,因此使用複數 cadavers。
題幹定位與翻譯
In anatomy classes, medical students may have to dissect cadavers to study the structure, organization, and relationships of organs.
翻譯:
在解剖學課程中,醫學生可能必須解剖遺體,以研究器官的結構、組織方式與彼此的關係。
其中:
- in anatomy classes:在解剖學課程中
- medical students:醫學生
- may have to:可能必須
- dissect:解剖、剖開
- cadavers:遺體、屍體
- study:研究、學習
- the structure, organization, and relationships of organs:器官的結構、組織方式與相互關係
解題方法
先判斷句意:
- 語境是 anatomy classes(解剖學課)。
- 目的為研究器官的結構、組織與相互關係。
- dissect 的受詞必須是「可供解剖的生物遺體」。
- 五個選項中,只有 cadavers 符合此語意。
因此答案為 (D) cadavers。
文法上,dissect 是及物動詞,後面可直接接受詞:
例如:
- dissect a frog:解剖一隻青蛙
- dissect a specimen:解剖一個標本
- dissect cadavers:解剖遺體
選項分析
(A) accomplices
accomplice 意為「共犯、幫兇」,複數為 accomplices。
此字通常用於犯罪情境,例如:
- The thief was arrested with two accomplices.
- 小偷與兩名共犯一同被逮捕。
共犯是涉及犯罪的人,並非解剖學課中用來研究器官的對象,因此不符合題意。
(B) massacres
massacre 作名詞時意為「大屠殺、慘案」,複數為 massacres;作動詞時則有「屠殺」之意。
第 23 題2 分
The circulatory system is crucial for ____, which delivers oxygenated blood to tissues and organs in the body, ensuring that they receive an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients.
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核心觀念
本題考「循環系統的功能」與生物醫學單字的語意辨識。
循環系統的重要功能之一是 perfusion(灌流),也就是血液通過組織與器官的微血管床,使氧合血液能抵達細胞,供給氧氣與養分。灌流是否充足,會直接影響組織細胞的正常代謝與存活。
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:
The circulatory system is crucial for perfusion, which delivers oxygenated blood to tissues and organs in the body, ensuring that they receive an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients.
翻譯:
循環系統對於灌流至關重要;灌流會將含氧血液輸送至身體的組織與器官,確保它們獲得足夠的氧氣與養分。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的關係子句:
which delivers oxygenated blood to tissues and organs
其中 delivers oxygenated blood 表示「將含氧血液輸送到組織與器官」。能與循環系統及組織供氧功能直接搭配的名詞,必須表示「血液流經組織、供應組織」的概念。
perfusion 的核心意義正是「血液灌流」,指血液流經器官或組織,將氧氣與養分送達細胞。因此:
crucial for perfusion
對灌流至關重要
在語意與醫學用語上皆成立。
文法與語意重點
- be crucial for + 名詞/動名詞
crucial 意為「至關重要的」,常見句型為:
be crucial for + 名詞
be crucial for + V-ing
本句的 for 後接名詞 perfusion。
- which 引導非限定關係子句
perfusion, which delivers oxygenated blood...
逗號後的 which 補充說明前面的 perfusion。此處可理解為「灌流將含氧血液送到組織與器官」。
- ensuring that + 子句
ensuring that they receive an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients
ensuring that... 表示「確保……」;they 指前面的 tissues and organs;an adequate supply of 表示「足夠的供應量」。
選項分析
(A) oxidation 氧化
oxidation 指物質失去電子、與氧發生反應,或在廣義上指細胞代謝中的氧化作用。例如細胞呼吸會透過氧化反應產生能量。
但本句描述的是「將含氧血液送到組織與器官」,重點是血液的流動與供應,不是化學反應。因此:
crucial for oxidation
雖可在某些生物學語境中談循環系統與氧化代謝的關聯,但無法精確呼應後面的 delivers oxygenated blood,故錯誤。
(B) detoxification 解毒
第 24 題2 分
Recent discoveries about ____ have done serious damage to the company’s reputation.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語意搭配」。句型為:
Recent discoveries about ____ have done serious damage to the company’s reputation.
其中:
- discoveries about + 名詞:關於某事的發現
- do serious damage to + 名詞:對……造成嚴重損害
- company’s reputation:公司的聲譽
句意需要填入一個「公司近期被發現的負面問題」,才能合理解釋為何會嚴重損害公司聲譽。
解題方法
定位關鍵語意:
Recent discoveries about corruption have done serious damage to the company’s reputation.
最近發現的貪腐問題,已對公司的聲譽造成嚴重損害。
corruption 本身具有明確的負面意義,常指企業、政府或組織中的貪污、腐敗、舞弊等行為。公司被揭露涉及 corruption,自然會導致聲譽受損,因此符合上下文。
選項分析
(A) proposition 提議;主張;提案
proposition 指提出的想法、主張或計畫,例如 a business proposition(商業提案)。「關於提議的最新發現」在文法上可以成立,但提議本身不一定是負面事件,無法自然解釋為何會嚴重損害公司聲譽。
(B) rehabilitation 復健;恢復名譽;復原
rehabilitation 表示身體復健、機能恢復,也可表示名譽或地位的恢復。它通常帶有改善、修復的正面意義。公司被發現涉及「復健」或「恢復名譽」,與造成聲譽嚴重受損的語意方向不合。
(C) correlation 相關性;關聯
第 25 題2 分
According to their study, methylxanthines, the chemical found in coffee, tea and dark chocolate can make brains healthier and more ____.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語意搭配」,並搭配比較級的平行結構。
題幹中的關鍵結構為:
make brains healthier and more ____
使大腦更健康且更____
其中 healthier 與空格前的 more 共同形成比較級,空格應填入能描述大腦功能或適應力的形容詞。依據咖啡、茶與黑巧克力中的 methylxanthines 對腦部健康的正面影響,最適合的語意是「更有韌性、更能抵抗壓力或損傷」。
題幹定位與翻譯
According to their study, methylxanthines, the chemical found in coffee, tea and dark chocolate can make brains healthier and more resilient.
翻譯:
根據他們的研究,咖啡、茶與黑巧克力中所含的甲基黃嘌呤,能使大腦更健康、更有韌性。
題幹以 healthier 與 more resilient 並列,兩者皆為正面、描述腦部狀態的比較級形容詞,因此答案應與「健康」具有正向語意上的一致性。
解題方法
第一步,觀察文法結構:
make + 受詞 + 形容詞make brains healthier and more resilient
此處 healthier 和 more resilient 都是補語,用來描述 brains 經過作用後的狀態。
第二步,判斷語意方向:
healthier表示「更健康」。- 與它並列的形容詞通常也應表示正面效果。
- methylxanthines 被描述為有益於大腦,因此應選擇「更有韌性」一類的正面形容詞。
第三步,確認搭配:
resilient 可形容人、心理、身體組織或大腦,表示具有恢復力、抗壓性與適應力,和 brains 搭配自然。
選項分析
(A) resilient
resilient 意為「有韌性的;有恢復力的;能迅速復原的」。
more resilient 即「更有韌性、更能抵抗壓力或損傷」。大腦若具有較高韌性,表示在面對壓力、老化或傷害時,較能維持功能或恢復狀態。
句中:
make brains healthier and more resilient
意為「使大腦更健康且更有韌性」,語意正確,與 healthier 形成自然的正面並列。
正確答案。
(B) respiratory
respiratory 意為「呼吸的;與呼吸系統有關的」。
常見搭配包括:
- respiratory system:呼吸系統
- respiratory disease:呼吸道疾病
- respiratory function:呼吸功能
此字主要描述呼吸器官或呼吸作用,不能自然表示大腦變得更健康的整體狀態。more respiratory 也不是本句合理的語意搭配。
錯誤。
第 26 題2 分
To protect patients’ rights, researchers should obtain an informed ____ from patients to ensure a clear understanding of the proposed treatment, potential risks, and alternatives.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫療與研究倫理」中的固定搭配,以及名詞的語意辨析。研究人員在進行治療或人體研究前,必須向患者說明:
- 預定治療內容
- 潛在風險
- 其他可行方案
患者在充分理解後,自主表示同意,此程序稱為 informed consent(知情同意)。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
researchers should obtain an informed ____ from patients to ensure a clear understanding of the proposed treatment, potential risks, and alternatives.
翻譯為:
研究人員應取得患者的知情__,以確保患者清楚了解所提出的治療方式、潛在風險及替代方案。
空格前有形容詞 informed(知情的、充分了解資訊的),最自然且固定的搭配是 informed consent(知情同意)。
解題方法
先掌握句意:研究人員必須從患者取得某種正式表示,以確認患者了解治療內容、風險及替代方案。
此處需要的是「患者在充分知情後所做的同意」,因此填入 consent。完整片語為:
obtain an informed consent from patients
取得患者的知情同意
其中:
- obtain:取得、獲得
- informed:已充分獲得資訊並了解情況的
- consent:同意、允許
- proposed treatment:所提出的治療方式
- potential risks:潛在風險
- alternatives:替代方案、其他選擇
選項分析
(A) sanction:批准;制裁
此字有兩個常見意思:
- 官方批准、認可
- 制裁、處罰
雖然研究計畫可能需要主管機關的 approval 或 sanction,但題幹強調的是「從患者取得」,且內容涉及患者了解治療、風險與替代方案後的自主決定,因此應使用 consent,不是 sanction。
(B) ratification:正式批准、追認
ratification 通常指對已經簽署或達成的協議、條約、決議進行正式批准或追認,常見於國際法、政治或組織程序。
第 27 題2 分
In the informational guidelines accompanying most drugs, manufacturers typically provide a comprehensive list of ____, outlining specific situations, medical conditions, or concurrent medications where the usage of the drug is advised against or requires careful consideration.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫藥情境字義辨識」與「名詞搭配」。題幹描述藥品說明資料中,製造商列出某些情況:在這些情況下,藥物不建議使用,或使用時必須特別謹慎。這類情況稱為 contraindications(禁忌症;用藥禁忌)。
關鍵句定位
manufacturers typically provide a comprehensive list of contraindications, outlining specific situations, medical conditions, or concurrent medications where the usage of the drug is advised against or requires careful consideration.
翻譯:
製造商通常會提供一份完整的禁忌症清單,列出藥物不建議使用,或使用時需要審慎考量的特定情況、醫療狀況或併用藥物。
其中:
- a comprehensive list of...:一份完整的……清單
- outline:概述、列出
- specific situations:特定情況
- medical conditions:醫療狀況、疾病
- concurrent medications:同時使用的藥物、併用藥物
- be advised against:不建議
- require careful consideration:需要仔細考量
題幹後半段直接定義空格所需的內容:與「不應用藥」或「用藥需謹慎」有關的狀況,就是 contraindications。
解題方法
先觀察空格前的結構:
a comprehensive list of ____
介系詞 of 後面需要接名詞或名詞片語。再根據後文判斷語意:
specific situations, medical conditions, or concurrent medications where the usage of the drug is advised against or requires careful consideration
這些是藥物使用上的禁忌或警示條件,因此答案為 contraindications。
藥理學上,contraindication 指某種疾病、身體狀況、特殊生理狀態或併用藥物,使某藥物不宜使用,或使用時必須經過特別評估。
選項分析
(A) formulations:製劑;配方
Formulation 指藥物的劑型或配方,例如錠劑、膠囊、口服液,或藥品中各成分的配方。
題幹談的是「哪些情況下不宜使用某藥物」,不是藥物如何配製或製成何種劑型。因此:
a list of formulations
意思會變成「一份製劑清單」,與後文的疾病、併用藥物及用藥禁忌不符。
(B) contraindications:禁忌症;用藥禁忌
此字完全符合題幹語意。禁忌症就是使某藥物不適合使用,或必須審慎使用的特定條件,例如過敏、懷孕、嚴重肝腎疾病,或與其他藥物產生交互作用。
a comprehensive list of contraindications
第 28 題2 分
No matter how angry she was at the time, she didn’t argue with that unreasonable man because she did not want to ____ in public.
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核心觀念
本題考「慣用片語的語意判斷」與上下文搭配。
句型重點:
- No matter how + 形容詞/副詞 + 主詞 + 動詞:不論……多麼……
- want to + 原形動詞:想要……
- make a scene:在公共場合大吵大鬧、失態,引起騷動
題幹中的 in public(在公開場合、公共場合)是判斷答案的重要線索,最常與「大吵大鬧、製造騷動」的語意搭配。
解題方法
先觀察句意:
No matter how angry she was at the time, she didn’t argue with that unreasonable man because she did not want to ____ in public.
不論她當時有多生氣,她都沒有和那個不講理的男人爭吵,因為她不想在公共場合大吵大鬧、失態。
前半句表示她非常生氣,但仍然選擇不爭吵;後半句說明原因,是不希望在公共場合造成難堪或騷動。
因此空格應填入表示「在公共場合大吵大鬧」的片語,答案為 make a scene。
選項分析
(A) hit rock bottom
- hit rock bottom:跌入谷底、陷入最低潮。
- 通常用來描述人生、經濟、心理狀態等落到最糟的情況。
- 代入句中:
she did not want to hit rock bottom in public
意思變成「她不想在公共場合跌入谷底」,與「不和人爭吵」及 in public 的語意不合。
因此錯誤。
(B) make a scene
- make a scene:在公共場合大吵大鬧、引起騷動、當眾失態。
- 題幹提到她很生氣,卻不想和不講理的人爭吵,因為不想在公共場合失態,語意完全吻合。
she did not want to make a scene in public
她不想在公共場合大吵大鬧、當眾失態。
因此正確。
(C) mess around
- mess around:鬼混、浪費時間、胡鬧;也可表示不認真處理事情。
- 例句:
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times, and there are hundreds of literary works that deal, in one way or another, with medical themes broadly construed, such as illness, suffering, and death. Among these are many masterpieces of western literature that have long been read and taught for their literary quality, psychological insight, and theological or philosophical vision. The biblical Book of Job, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Eliot’s Middlemarch, Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Mann’s Death in Venice and The Magic Mountain, Kafka’s Metamorphosis, Camus’ The Plague, and García-Márquez’ Love in the Time of Cholera, to name only a few examples, are among the highly regarded works of art that raise ultimate questions about what it means to be ill, to suffer, and to die. ____.
They may be even more important for physicians than they are for “lay” readers—certainly they are no less so—because in the daily practice of their profession physicians must deal with the ultimate human questions examined in these works.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查克漏字中的:
- 上下文銜接與段落主旨。
- 代名詞指涉。
- 選項與前後文的語意連貫。
- 文學與醫學主題之間的關係。
文章先提出「文學與醫學具有密切關聯」,接著列舉《約伯記》、Sophocles 的 Philoctetes、Tolstoy 的 The Death of Ivan Ilyich 等作品,說明這些作品探討疾病、痛苦與死亡等終極人性問題。空格後的 They 指的正是前文提到的這些文學作品,因此空格必須能承接「文學與醫學的密切關聯」這一核心主旨,並自然引出這些作品對醫師的重要性。
關鍵單字與片語
- powerful affinity:強烈的親和力;密切關聯
- go back to ancient times:可追溯至古代
- literary works:文學作品
- deal with:處理、探討
- in one way or another:以某種方式
- medical themes:醫學主題
- broadly construed:廣義而言
- illness:疾病
- suffering:痛苦
- masterpiece:傑作
- literary quality:文學品質
- psychological insight:心理洞察
- theological vision:神學觀點
- philosophical vision:哲學觀點
- ultimate questions:終極問題
- what it means to be ill:生病的意義
- lay readers:一般讀者、非專業讀者
- daily practice of their profession:日常執業工作
- physician:醫師
- ethical dilemma:倫理困境
- canon of literature:文學經典範疇
- almost by definition:幾乎依定義而言
定位答案的關鍵句
空格前的核心句是:
The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times, and there are hundreds of literary works that deal, in one way or another, with medical themes broadly construed, such as illness, suffering, and death.
翻譯:
文學與醫學之間的強烈關聯可以追溯至古代,而廣義而言,探討疾病、痛苦與死亡等醫學主題的文學作品更有數百部之多。
空格後的句子是:
They may be even more important for physicians than they are for “lay” readers—certainly they are no less so—because in the daily practice of their profession physicians must deal with the ultimate human questions examined in these works.
翻譯:
這些作品對醫師而言可能比對一般讀者更為重要——至少絕不會比較不重要——因為在日常執業中,醫師必須面對這些作品所探討的人類終極問題。
其中 They 指的是前文列舉的文學作品;these works 也再次指涉同一批作品。因此,空格內容應回到「文學與醫學的關聯」這個主題。
解題方法
先觀察空格的位置:
- 空格前:列出多部探討疾病、痛苦、死亡的文學傑作。
- 空格後:說明這些作品對醫師尤其重要,因為醫師在工作中也會面對相同的人性問題。
因此,正確選項應具備兩項條件:
- 能承接前文的中心主旨。
- 能使後文的 They 明確指向前文的文學作品,並順利引出其對醫師的價值。
選項 (B) 正好重申文章開頭的中心主旨,使段落形成「提出文學與醫學的關聯 → 舉例說明 → 再次強調關聯 → 說明對醫師的重要性」的結構。
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times, and there are hundreds of literary works that deal, in one way or another, with medical themes broadly construed, such as illness, suffering, and death. Among these are many masterpieces of western literature that have long been read and taught for their literary quality, psychological insight, and theological or philosophical vision. The biblical Book of Job, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Eliot’s Middlemarch, Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Mann’s Death in Venice and The Magic Mountain, Kafka’s Metamorphosis, Camus’ The Plague, and García-Márquez’ Love in the Time of Cholera, to name only a few examples, are among the highly regarded works of art that raise ultimate questions about what it means to be ill, to suffer, and to die. ____.
They may be even more important for physicians than they are for “lay” readers—certainly they are no less so—because in the daily practice of their profession physicians must deal with the ultimate human questions examined in these works.
____; they are often lengthy as well. Although their complexity makes them ideal texts for teaching students “to read, in the fullest sense,” and thereby helping train them medically—one of the first clearly articulated and defended purposes of incorporating the study of literature into medical education—their length works against their easy inclusion in the curricula of many medical schools and residency programmes.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查英文克漏字中的:
- 上下文語意銜接
- 代名詞指涉
- 段落論述邏輯
- 轉折與承接關係
第一段先列舉多部涉及疾病、苦難與死亡的文學名著,接著需要一句話總結這些作品的文學與醫學價值,再銜接下文的代名詞 They。
題幹關鍵句定位
前文列舉:
The biblical Book of Job, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Eliot’s Middlemarch, Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich ... are among the highly regarded works of art that raise ultimate questions about what it means to be ill, to suffer, and to die.
翻譯:
《聖經》的〈約伯記〉、索福克里斯的《菲羅克忒忒斯》、艾略特的《米德爾馬契》、托爾斯泰的《伊凡·伊里奇之死》等作品,都是備受推崇的藝術作品;它們探討了疾病、受苦與死亡對人類究竟意味著什麼。
下一段:
They may be even more important for physicians than they are for “lay” readers...
翻譯:
對醫師而言,這些作品的重要性甚至可能高於對「一般」讀者的重要性……
其中 They 必須指前文列舉的 these great literary works。因此第一個空格應先對這些名著作總結,並自然建立 These great works 的指涉。
解題方法
將各選項依序代入第一個空格,判斷三項:
- 是否能承接前文列舉的文學名著;
- 是否能讓下一句的 They 有清楚的先行詞;
- 是否符合文章從「作品本身」轉向「作品對醫師的重要性」的論述方向。
最適合的句子是:
These great works certainly belong in any canon of literature and medicine.
翻譯:
這些偉大的作品確實都應該被納入任何一套「文學與醫學」的經典作品範疇中。
前文列舉作品,選項 D 對其進行總結;下一句的 They 正好承接 These great works,語意連貫:
These great works certainly belong in any canon of literature and medicine. They may be even more important for physicians...
整體邏輯為:
列舉經典作品 → 總結其在文學與醫學中的經典地位 → 說明它們對醫師特別重要。
選項分析
(A) Certain stories work so well as literary “cases”
翻譯:
某些故事很適合作為文學上的「案例」。
此句問題在於:
- Certain stories 只泛指某些故事,沒有明確總結前文列舉的多部名著。
- literary “cases” 是較特定的概念,前文並未介紹「文學案例」這個分類。
- 下一句的 They 雖然文法上可指 stories,但語意上不如 D 能完整承接前文的「高度評價與經典地位」。
因此不適合作為列舉名著後的總結句。
(B) The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times
翻譯:
文學與醫學之間強烈的親和關係可以追溯至古代。
這句其實是題幹第一句的幾乎完全重複:
The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times...
文章已經用此句開頭,再放入空格會造成內容重複,也無法針對前面列出的文學作品作出總結。
因此錯誤。
(C) Often written by physicians, these works may focus sharply on a doctor-patient encounter or an ethical dilemma in medical practice
翻譯:
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times, and there are hundreds of literary works that deal, in one way or another, with medical themes broadly construed, such as illness, suffering, and death. Among these are many masterpieces of western literature that have long been read and taught for their literary quality, psychological insight, and theological or philosophical vision. The biblical Book of Job, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Eliot’s Middlemarch, Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Mann’s Death in Venice and The Magic Mountain, Kafka’s Metamorphosis, Camus’ The Plague, and García-Márquez’ Love in the Time of Cholera, to name only a few examples, are among the highly regarded works of art that raise ultimate questions about what it means to be ill, to suffer, and to die. ____.
They may be even more important for physicians than they are for “lay” readers—certainly they are no less so—because in the daily practice of their profession physicians must deal with the ultimate human questions examined in these works.
____; they are often lengthy as well. Although their complexity makes them ideal texts for teaching students “to read, in the fullest sense,” and thereby helping train them medically—one of the first clearly articulated and defended purposes of incorporating the study of literature into medical education—their length works against their easy inclusion in the curricula of many medical schools and residency programmes.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查英文克漏字中的:
- 上下文語意銜接
- 代名詞指涉
- 段落論述邏輯
- 轉折與承接關係
第一段先列舉多部涉及疾病、苦難與死亡的文學名著,接著需要一句話總結這些作品的文學與醫學價值,再銜接下文的代名詞 They。
題幹關鍵句定位
前文列舉:
The biblical Book of Job, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Eliot’s Middlemarch, Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich ... are among the highly regarded works of art that raise ultimate questions about what it means to be ill, to suffer, and to die.
翻譯:
《聖經》的〈約伯記〉、索福克里斯的《菲羅克忒忒斯》、艾略特的《米德爾馬契》、托爾斯泰的《伊凡·伊里奇之死》等作品,都是備受推崇的藝術作品;它們探討了疾病、受苦與死亡對人類究竟意味著什麼。
下一段:
They may be even more important for physicians than they are for “lay” readers...
翻譯:
對醫師而言,這些作品的重要性甚至可能高於對「一般」讀者的重要性……
其中 They 必須指前文列舉的 these great literary works。因此第一個空格應先對這些名著作總結,並自然建立 These great works 的指涉。
解題方法
將各選項依序代入第一個空格,判斷三項:
- 是否能承接前文列舉的文學名著;
- 是否能讓下一句的 They 有清楚的先行詞;
- 是否符合文章從「作品本身」轉向「作品對醫師的重要性」的論述方向。
最適合的句子是:
These great works certainly belong in any canon of literature and medicine.
翻譯:
這些偉大的作品確實都應該被納入任何一套「文學與醫學」的經典作品範疇中。
前文列舉作品,選項 D 對其進行總結;下一句的 They 正好承接 These great works,語意連貫:
These great works certainly belong in any canon of literature and medicine. They may be even more important for physicians...
整體邏輯為:
列舉經典作品 → 總結其在文學與醫學中的經典地位 → 說明它們對醫師特別重要。
選項分析
(A) Certain stories work so well as literary “cases”
翻譯:
某些故事很適合作為文學上的「案例」。
此句問題在於:
- Certain stories 只泛指某些故事,沒有明確總結前文列舉的多部名著。
- literary “cases” 是較特定的概念,前文並未介紹「文學案例」這個分類。
- 下一句的 They 雖然文法上可指 stories,但語意上不如 D 能完整承接前文的「高度評價與經典地位」。
因此不適合作為列舉名著後的總結句。
(B) The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times
翻譯:
文學與醫學之間強烈的親和關係可以追溯至古代。
這句其實是題幹第一句的幾乎完全重複:
The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times...
文章已經用此句開頭,再放入空格會造成內容重複,也無法針對前面列出的文學作品作出總結。
因此錯誤。
(C) Often written by physicians, these works may focus sharply on a doctor-patient encounter or an ethical dilemma in medical practice
翻譯:
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times, and there are hundreds of literary works that deal, in one way or another, with medical themes broadly construed, such as illness, suffering, and death. Among these are many masterpieces of western literature that have long been read and taught for their literary quality, psychological insight, and theological or philosophical vision. The biblical Book of Job, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Eliot’s Middlemarch, Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Mann’s Death in Venice and The Magic Mountain, Kafka’s Metamorphosis, Camus’ The Plague, and García-Márquez’ Love in the Time of Cholera, to name only a few examples, are among the highly regarded works of art that raise ultimate questions about what it means to be ill, to suffer, and to die. ____.
They may be even more important for physicians than they are for “lay” readers—certainly they are no less so—because in the daily practice of their profession physicians must deal with the ultimate human questions examined in these works.
____; they are often lengthy as well. Although their complexity makes them ideal texts for teaching students “to read, in the fullest sense,” and thereby helping train them medically—one of the first clearly articulated and defended purposes of incorporating the study of literature into medical education—their length works against their easy inclusion in the curricula of many medical schools and residency programmes. For this reason, and because the relevance of literature to the world of clinical practice was not as well understood in the 1970s as it has become two decades later, literature was first taught in many US medical schools in conjunction with medical ethics. ____ illustrating traditional dilemmas of medical ethics, that they belong to an evolving canon of works frequently taught in medical humanities classes.
Most of these works do not hold canonical status as literature in the way that such masterpieces as, for example, The Magic Mountain and The Plague do. Rather, it is a combination of their medical subject matter, their brevity, and their literary style that gives them special pedagogical value for medical education. ____; in this, they are like the traditional ethics case. But the encounter or dilemma is presented and developed in a literary way—that is, is embedded in a complex human situation replete with highly charged emotions.…
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核心觀念
本題考的是「段落脈絡與句子銜接」,重點包括:
- 代名詞指涉:如 they、these works 所指對象。
- 語意承接:前後句的主題是否一致。
- 轉折與對比:如 rather、but、in this。
- 文法結構:分號前後是否能形成語意完整、邏輯合理的句子。
本題官方答案為 A。A 應填在最後一個空格:
Most of these works do not hold canonical status as literature in the way that such masterpieces as, for example, The Magic Mountain and The Plague do. Rather, it is a combination of their medical subject matter, their brevity, and their literary style that gives them special pedagogical value for medical education. Certain stories work so well as literary “cases”; in this, they are like the traditional ethics case. But the encounter or dilemma is presented and developed in a literary way...
翻譯:
這些作品大多不像《魔山》和《鼠疫》這類傑作一樣,在文學上具有經典地位。相反地,正是它們的醫學主題、篇幅短小及文學風格的結合,使它們對醫學教育具有特殊的教學價值。**某些故事非常適合作為文學上的「案例」;在這一點上,它們就像傳統的倫理案例一樣。**但是,其中的遭遇或困境是以文學方式呈現與發展的……
解題方法
先觀察最後一個空格後面的句子:
But the encounter or dilemma is presented and developed in a literary way...
其中的 But 表示前後形成對比。前一句必須先指出:某些故事具有「案例」功能,與傳統倫理案例相似;接著再說明,文學作品雖然像倫理案例一樣呈現醫療遭遇或倫理困境,卻是以更複雜、更具文學性的方式加以發展。
A 的內容正好完成這個鋪陳:
Certain stories work so well as literary “cases”
意思是「某些故事非常適合作為文學上的案例」。後面的:
in this, they are like the traditional ethics case
意思是「在這一點上,它們像傳統的倫理案例」。
接著以 But 引出差異:
但這些遭遇或困境是以文學方式呈現與發展的。
因此,A 同時符合前文的 pedagogical value(教學價值)、本段的 medical ethics(醫學倫理)主題,以及後文的轉折結構。
文章中的定位線索
最關鍵的定位句是:
Rather, it is a combination of their medical subject matter, their brevity, and their literary style that gives them special pedagogical value for medical education.
翻譯:
相反地,正是它們的醫學主題、篇幅短小及文學風格的結合,使它們對醫學教育具有特殊的教學價值。
這句先說明這類作品適合醫學教育的原因。A 接著具體說明其教學形式:作品可被當作「文學案例」使用。下一句再補充其特色:它們雖然像倫理案例,但不是單純、扁平的案例,而是以文學方式呈現複雜的人性與情境。
選項分析
(A) Certain stories work so well as literary “cases
意思是「某些故事非常適合作為文學上的『案例』」。
正確。前文提到作品具有醫學主題、篇幅短且具文學風格,因而適合醫學教育。A 將這些作品進一步定位為 literary cases,並與後面的:
in this, they are like the traditional ethics case
自然銜接。接下來的 But 則清楚表現「倫理案例」與「文學呈現方式」之間的對比,因此符合全文邏輯。
(B) The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times
意思是「文學與醫學之間的密切關聯可以追溯至古代」。
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times, and there are hundreds of literary works that deal, in one way or another, with medical themes broadly construed, such as illness, suffering, and death. Among these are many masterpieces of western literature that have long been read and taught for their literary quality, psychological insight, and theological or philosophical vision. The biblical Book of Job, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Eliot’s Middlemarch, Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Mann’s Death in Venice and The Magic Mountain, Kafka’s Metamorphosis, Camus’ The Plague, and García-Márquez’ Love in the Time of Cholera, to name only a few examples, are among the highly regarded works of art that raise ultimate questions about what it means to be ill, to suffer, and to die. ____.
They may be even more important for physicians than they are for “lay” readers—certainly they are no less so—because in the daily practice of their profession physicians must deal with the ultimate human questions examined in these works.
____; they are often lengthy as well. Although their complexity makes them ideal texts for teaching students “to read, in the fullest sense,” and thereby helping train them medically—one of the first clearly articulated and defended purposes of incorporating the study of literature into medical education—their length works against their easy inclusion in the curricula of many medical schools and residency programmes. For this reason, and because the relevance of literature to the world of clinical practice was not as well understood in the 1970s as it has become two decades later, literature was first taught in many US medical schools in conjunction with medical ethics. ____ illustrating traditional dilemmas of medical ethics, that they belong to an evolving canon of works frequently taught in medical humanities classes.
Most of these works do not hold canonical status as literature in the way that such masterpieces as, for example, The Magic Mountain and The Plague do. Rather, it is a combination of their medical subject matter, their brevity, and their literary style that gives them special pedagogical value for medical education. ____; in this, they are like the traditional ethics case. But the encounter or dilemma is presented and developed in a literary way—that is, is embedded in a complex human situation replete with highly charged emotions.…
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是「段落脈絡與句子銜接」,重點包括:
- 代名詞指涉:如 they、these works 所指對象。
- 語意承接:前後句的主題是否一致。
- 轉折與對比:如 rather、but、in this。
- 文法結構:分號前後是否能形成語意完整、邏輯合理的句子。
本題官方答案為 A。A 應填在最後一個空格:
Most of these works do not hold canonical status as literature in the way that such masterpieces as, for example, The Magic Mountain and The Plague do. Rather, it is a combination of their medical subject matter, their brevity, and their literary style that gives them special pedagogical value for medical education. Certain stories work so well as literary “cases”; in this, they are like the traditional ethics case. But the encounter or dilemma is presented and developed in a literary way...
翻譯:
這些作品大多不像《魔山》和《鼠疫》這類傑作一樣,在文學上具有經典地位。相反地,正是它們的醫學主題、篇幅短小及文學風格的結合,使它們對醫學教育具有特殊的教學價值。**某些故事非常適合作為文學上的「案例」;在這一點上,它們就像傳統的倫理案例一樣。**但是,其中的遭遇或困境是以文學方式呈現與發展的……
解題方法
先觀察最後一個空格後面的句子:
But the encounter or dilemma is presented and developed in a literary way...
其中的 But 表示前後形成對比。前一句必須先指出:某些故事具有「案例」功能,與傳統倫理案例相似;接著再說明,文學作品雖然像倫理案例一樣呈現醫療遭遇或倫理困境,卻是以更複雜、更具文學性的方式加以發展。
A 的內容正好完成這個鋪陳:
Certain stories work so well as literary “cases”
意思是「某些故事非常適合作為文學上的案例」。後面的:
in this, they are like the traditional ethics case
意思是「在這一點上,它們像傳統的倫理案例」。
接著以 But 引出差異:
但這些遭遇或困境是以文學方式呈現與發展的。
因此,A 同時符合前文的 pedagogical value(教學價值)、本段的 medical ethics(醫學倫理)主題,以及後文的轉折結構。
文章中的定位線索
最關鍵的定位句是:
Rather, it is a combination of their medical subject matter, their brevity, and their literary style that gives them special pedagogical value for medical education.
翻譯:
相反地,正是它們的醫學主題、篇幅短小及文學風格的結合,使它們對醫學教育具有特殊的教學價值。
這句先說明這類作品適合醫學教育的原因。A 接著具體說明其教學形式:作品可被當作「文學案例」使用。下一句再補充其特色:它們雖然像倫理案例,但不是單純、扁平的案例,而是以文學方式呈現複雜的人性與情境。
選項分析
(A) Certain stories work so well as literary “cases
意思是「某些故事非常適合作為文學上的『案例』」。
正確。前文提到作品具有醫學主題、篇幅短且具文學風格,因而適合醫學教育。A 將這些作品進一步定位為 literary cases,並與後面的:
in this, they are like the traditional ethics case
自然銜接。接下來的 But 則清楚表現「倫理案例」與「文學呈現方式」之間的對比,因此符合全文邏輯。
(B) The powerful affinity between literature and medicine goes back to ancient times
意思是「文學與醫學之間的密切關聯可以追溯至古代」。
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Medical professionals often encounter ethical dilemmas in their practice. One common ethical concern revolves around patient confidentiality. Patient confidentiality is a fundamental aspect of healthcare that ensures patients feel secure in sharing sensitive information with their healthcare providers. However, there are situations where the healthcare provider may face conflicting priorities, such as the duty to protect patient confidentiality versus the obligation to prevent harm to the patient or others.
In the context of patient confidentiality, healthcare providers must weigh the potential risks and benefits. Striking the right balance requires careful consideration of the patient’s autonomy, the need for information sharing among healthcare team members, and the legal obligations that govern confidentiality. Medical professionals must navigate these complex situations ethically to maintain the trust and well-being of their patients.
What is the primary focus of the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」(main idea)。解題重點是找出文章反覆討論的核心概念,而不是被文章中偶然出現的細節或相關名詞誤導。
本文的中心主題是病人保密(patient confidentiality),內容說明:
- 病人保密是醫療照護的重要原則。
- 醫療人員有時必須在保密義務與防止傷害之間取得平衡。
- 判斷時需考量病人自主權、醫療團隊間的資訊共享,以及法律義務。
因此,全文主要圍繞「病人保密」及其相關倫理難題展開。
解題方法
判斷主旨時,可採取以下步驟:
- 觀察首段與次段反覆出現的關鍵字。
- 分辨文章是在討論某一核心議題,還是在介紹其中一項細節。
- 選擇能涵蓋全文內容的最廣泛選項。
本文首段直接指出:
“One common ethical concern revolves around patient confidentiality.”
一個常見的倫理議題圍繞著病人保密。
次段又再次以此概念為主軸:
“In the context of patient confidentiality, healthcare providers must weigh the potential risks and benefits.”
在病人保密的脈絡下,醫療人員必須衡量潛在的風險與利益。
文章雖然提到法律義務、醫療團隊資訊共享與病人自主權,但這些都是用來說明如何處理病人保密問題的相關因素,並非文章的主要焦點。
定位答案的關鍵句
“Patient confidentiality is a fundamental aspect of healthcare that ensures patients feel secure in sharing sensitive information with their healthcare providers.”
翻譯:病人保密是醫療照護的基本要素,能確保病人在與醫療人員分享敏感資訊時感到安心。
這句明確介紹病人保密的重要性;全文後續也都繼續討論保密原則可能產生的衝突與倫理判斷,因此主旨應為「Patient confidentiality」。
關鍵單字與片語
- medical professionals:醫療專業人員
- encounter:遇到、面臨
- ethical dilemma:倫理困境
- ethical concern:倫理議題、倫理疑慮
- revolve around:圍繞著
- patient confidentiality:病人保密、病患隱私保密
- fundamental aspect:基本面向、基本要素
- healthcare provider:醫療照護提供者、醫療人員
- sensitive information:敏感資訊
- conflicting priorities:相互衝突的優先事項
- duty:責任、義務
- obligation:義務、責任
- prevent harm:防止傷害
- weigh the risks and benefits:衡量風險與利益
- autonomy:自主權
- information sharing:資訊共享
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Medical professionals often encounter ethical dilemmas in their practice. One common ethical concern revolves around patient confidentiality. Patient confidentiality is a fundamental aspect of healthcare that ensures patients feel secure in sharing sensitive information with their healthcare providers. However, there are situations where the healthcare provider may face conflicting priorities, such as the duty to protect patient confidentiality versus the obligation to prevent harm to the patient or others.
In the context of patient confidentiality, healthcare providers must weigh the potential risks and benefits. Striking the right balance requires careful consideration of the patient’s autonomy, the need for information sharing among healthcare team members, and the legal obligations that govern confidentiality. Medical professionals must navigate these complex situations ethically to maintain the trust and well-being of their patients.
What ethical concern is mentioned in the passage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨辨識」與「關鍵資訊定位」。文章主題是醫療專業人員面對的倫理困境,核心倫理議題為「病人隱私與醫療資訊保密」,英文為 patient confidentiality。
關鍵單字與片語
- medical professional:醫療專業人員
- encounter:遇到、面臨
- ethical dilemma:倫理困境
- ethical concern:倫理議題、倫理上的疑慮
- patient confidentiality:病人隱私保密、病人醫療資訊保密
- fundamental aspect:基本要素
- healthcare provider:醫療服務提供者
- sensitive information:敏感資訊
- conflicting priorities:相互衝突的優先事項
- duty to protect:保護……的義務
- obligation to prevent harm:防止傷害的責任
- weigh the potential risks and benefits:權衡潛在風險與利益
- patient autonomy:病人自主權
- information sharing:資訊分享
- legal obligations:法律義務
- maintain the trust and well-being:維持信任與福祉
解題方法
題目問:
What ethical concern is mentioned in the passage?
文章中提到哪一項倫理議題?
直接尋找文章明確指出的倫理議題即可。定位答案的關鍵句是:
One common ethical concern revolves around patient confidentiality.
一項常見的倫理議題圍繞著病人隱私保密。
句中 ethical concern 對應題目中的 ethical concern,而 revolves around 表示「圍繞著、關於」。因此,文章明確提到的倫理議題就是 patient confidentiality。
文章後續也反覆強調此概念:
healthcare provider may face conflicting priorities, such as the duty to protect patient confidentiality versus the obligation to prevent harm to the patient or others.
醫療服務提供者可能面臨相互衝突的優先事項,例如保護病人隱私的義務,與防止病人或他人受到傷害的責任之間的衝突。
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Medical professionals often encounter ethical dilemmas in their practice. One common ethical concern revolves around patient confidentiality. Patient confidentiality is a fundamental aspect of healthcare that ensures patients feel secure in sharing sensitive information with their healthcare providers. However, there are situations where the healthcare provider may face conflicting priorities, such as the duty to protect patient confidentiality versus the obligation to prevent harm to the patient or others.
In the context of patient confidentiality, healthcare providers must weigh the potential risks and benefits. Striking the right balance requires careful consideration of the patient’s autonomy, the need for information sharing among healthcare team members, and the legal obligations that govern confidentiality. Medical professionals must navigate these complex situations ethically to maintain the trust and well-being of their patients.
What is the fundamental purpose of patient confidentiality?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與關鍵語意判斷,重點是掌握 patient confidentiality(病人保密/病人隱私保密)的基本目的。
文章指出,病人保密制度能使病人放心向醫療人員提供敏感資訊,進而建立醫病之間的信任。因此,核心目的不是行政、法律或懲罰,而是維護病人的安全感與信任關係。
答案定位
關鍵句為:
Patient confidentiality is a fundamental aspect of healthcare that ensures patients feel secure in sharing sensitive information with their healthcare providers.
翻譯:
病人保密是醫療照護的基本要素,確保病人在與醫療服務提供者分享敏感資訊時感到安心。
文章末句也再次呼應:
Medical professionals must navigate these complex situations ethically to maintain the trust and well-being of their patients.
翻譯:
醫療專業人員必須以合乎倫理的方式處理這些複雜情況,以維持病人的信任與福祉。
其中 feel secure(感到安心)與 maintain the trust(維持信任)直接支持選項 Ensuring patient trust。
解題方法
先找出題目問的是 fundamental purpose(根本目的),再回文章尋找描述病人保密功能的句子。
文章明確說明病人保密能讓病人安心分享敏感資訊,並在結尾指出醫療倫理的目標是維持病人信任。因此,最符合文章主旨的選項是「確保病人信任」。
選項 D「促進醫療人員之間的溝通」雖然與醫療團隊共享資訊有關,但文章將其列為需要權衡的事項,並非病人保密制度的根本目的。
選項分析
(A) Enhancing billing processes
意為「提升帳務/收費流程」。病人保密的目的在於保護病人資訊、維持信任,與醫療費用計算或帳務作業無關,錯誤。
(B) Promoting legal actions
意為「促進法律行動」。文章提到醫療人員須遵守支配保密義務的法律規範,但法律義務是實踐病人保密時的限制條件,不是病人保密的根本目的,錯誤。
(C) Ensuring patient trust
意為「確保病人的信任」。病人知道自己的敏感資訊受到保護,才會放心向醫療人員提供完整資訊,這正是文章所強調的功能,正確。
(D) Facilitating communication among healthcare providers
意為「促進醫療服務提供者之間的溝通」。
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Medical professionals often encounter ethical dilemmas in their practice. One common ethical concern revolves around patient confidentiality. Patient confidentiality is a fundamental aspect of healthcare that ensures patients feel secure in sharing sensitive information with their healthcare providers. However, there are situations where the healthcare provider may face conflicting priorities, such as the duty to protect patient confidentiality versus the obligation to prevent harm to the patient or others.
In the context of patient confidentiality, healthcare providers must weigh the potential risks and benefits. Striking the right balance requires careful consideration of the patient’s autonomy, the need for information sharing among healthcare team members, and the legal obligations that govern confidentiality. Medical professionals must navigate these complex situations ethically to maintain the trust and well-being of their patients.
In situations of conflicting priorities, what must healthcare providers consider?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀理解,重點是辨識題幹對「醫療倫理衝突情境」所提出的處理原則。
文章指出,醫療人員可能同時面臨:
- 保護病人隱私的義務
- 預防病人或他人受到傷害的責任
因此,處理這類衝突時,不能只片面遵守某一項原則,而必須綜合評估各種因素,包括病人自主權、醫療團隊間的資訊分享,以及法律義務。
解題方法
題目問:
In situations of conflicting priorities, what must healthcare providers consider?
關鍵在於回到第二段尋找直接對應的句子:
In the context of patient confidentiality, healthcare providers must weigh the potential risks and benefits.
翻譯為:
在病人保密的情境中,醫療人員必須權衡潛在的風險與利益。
題目中的 conflicting priorities 對應文章所描述的倫理衝突;而 what must healthcare providers consider 的答案,正是文中明確提到的 weigh the potential risks and benefits,因此選擇 (C)。
選項分析
(A) Strictly following legal obligations
意思是「嚴格遵守法律義務」。
文章確實提到 the legal obligations that govern confidentiality,也就是「規範保密義務的法律責任」。但法律義務只是醫療人員需要考量的因素之一,並非文章所說的唯一處理方式。
題幹強調的是在不同義務互相衝突時,必須權衡風險與利益,而不是一律只遵守法律規定。因此錯誤。
(B) Ignoring patient autonomy
意思是「忽視病人的自主權」。
文章明確指出:
Striking the right balance requires careful consideration of the patient’s autonomy...
翻譯為:
要取得適當的平衡,必須仔細考量病人的自主權……
病人自主權是醫療倫理的重要考量,文章要求醫療人員重視它,並非忽略它。因此此選項與原文意思相反,錯誤。
(C) Weighing potential risks and benefits
意思是「權衡潛在的風險與利益」。
此選項直接對應原文:
healthcare providers must weigh the potential risks and benefits
在病人保密與防止傷害之間出現衝突時,醫療人員必須評估各種做法可能帶來的風險與利益,藉此作出合乎倫理的判斷。因此本選項正確。
(D) Prioritizing information sharing at all costs
意思是「不惜一切代價優先進行資訊分享」。
文章只提到:
the need for information sharing among healthcare team members
意思是「醫療團隊成員之間分享資訊的必要性」。這並不代表任何情況都要優先分享資訊,更不代表可以「at all costs」,也就是「不惜一切代價」地分享。
病人保密仍是基本原則,資訊分享必須受到必要性、病人權益與法律規範的限制。因此此選項過度絕對化,錯誤。
(E) Informing the Ministry of Health and Welfare
意思是「通知衛生福利部」。
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Medical professionals often encounter ethical dilemmas in their practice. One common ethical concern revolves around patient confidentiality. Patient confidentiality is a fundamental aspect of healthcare that ensures patients feel secure in sharing sensitive information with their healthcare providers. However, there are situations where the healthcare provider may face conflicting priorities, such as the duty to protect patient confidentiality versus the obligation to prevent harm to the patient or others.
In the context of patient confidentiality, healthcare providers must weigh the potential risks and benefits. Striking the right balance requires careful consideration of the patient’s autonomy, the need for information sharing among healthcare team members, and the legal obligations that govern confidentiality. Medical professionals must navigate these complex situations ethically to maintain the trust and well-being of their patients.
What is the challenge in balancing patient confidentiality?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解題,考查考生是否能掌握文章的核心訊息。文章討論醫療人員面對「病人隱私保密」時,常須在多項相互衝突的責任之間取得平衡,例如:
- 保護病人 confidentiality(機密;保密)
- 防止病人或他人受到傷害
- 尊重病人的 autonomy(自主權)
- 讓醫療團隊適度分享必要資訊
- 遵守 legal obligations(法律義務)
因此,本題所問的 challenge(挑戰)就是如何處理這些 conflicting priorities(相互衝突的優先事項)。
解題方法
先定位題幹中直接說明「平衡病人保密所面臨挑戰」的句子:
“However, there are situations where the healthcare provider may face conflicting priorities, such as the duty to protect patient confidentiality versus the obligation to prevent harm to the patient or others.”
翻譯:
「然而,在某些情況下,醫療照護提供者可能會面臨相互衝突的優先事項,例如保護病人隱私保密的責任,與防止病人或他人受到傷害的義務之間的衝突。」
句中的 versus 表示「對抗、與……相衝突」,清楚指出醫療人員必須在不同責任之間作出倫理判斷。文章後文也再次說明:
“Medical professionals must navigate these complex situations ethically to maintain the trust and well-being of their patients.”
翻譯:
「醫療專業人員必須以合乎倫理的方式處理這些複雜情況,以維持病人的信任與福祉。」
因此,答案應選擇最能概括「處理相互衝突責任」的選項。
選項分析
(A) Ensuring rapid decision-making
「確保快速決策」錯誤。文章重點在於倫理責任之間的衝突與權衡,並未強調決策速度。事實上,文章使用 careful consideration,表示需要審慎考量,而非迅速決定。
(B) Enforcement of hospital policies
「執行醫院政策」錯誤。文章提及的是 governing confidentiality 的法律義務,以及醫療團隊間的資訊分享,並未將醫院政策的執行視為主要挑戰。
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a recent study, researchers discovered that bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated—nanoparticles so infinitesimally tiny they cannot be seen under a microscope. At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful synthetic chemicals throughout the body and into cells, experts say. The new finding reinforces long-held expert advice to drink tap water from glass or stainless steel containers to reduce exposure. That advice extends to other foods and drinks packaged in plastic as well. “Because the temperature of the body is higher than the outside, those chemicals are going to migrate out of that plastic and end up in our body,” said Dr. Mason, director of sustainability at Penn State Behrend in Erie, Pennsylvania.
What is the main concern addressed in the recent study mentioned in the news?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」與「答案定位」。解題重點不是選出文章提到的所有資訊,而是判斷研究主要關注的對象。
文章指出,研究人員發現市售瓶裝水中的塑膠微粒數量遠高於過去估計,且其中的奈米塑膠可能進入人體組織與細胞。因此,研究的核心議題是「瓶裝水含有多少奈米塑膠」。
關鍵單字與片語
recent study:最近的研究researchers discovered:研究人員發現bottled water:瓶裝水sold in stores:在商店販售的contain:含有10 to 100 times more:多出 10 至 100 倍bits of plastic:塑膠微粒previously estimated:先前估計的nanoparticles:奈米粒子infinitesimally tiny:極其微小的migrate through:穿過、經由……移動digestive tract:消化道bloodstream:血液synthetic chemicals:合成化學物質reinforce:強化、再次支持exposure:暴露、接觸migrate out of:從……遷移出來end up in:最後進入、落入
文法與語意重點
題幹問:
What is the main concern addressed in the recent study mentioned in the news?
意思是:「新聞中提到的最近研究,主要關注什麼問題?」
關鍵在於 main concern,要求判斷研究的主要關切,而不是文章後續提到的所有相關現象。
文章第一句直接交代研究發現:
“In a recent study, researchers discovered that bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated…”
翻譯:
「在最近的一項研究中,研究人員發現,商店販售的瓶裝水所含的塑膠微粒,可能比先前估計的多出 10 至 100 倍。」
這句明確指出研究的焦點是瓶裝水中的塑膠微粒數量,故選 (B)。
此外,10 to 100 times more ... than ... 是倍數比較句型:
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a recent study, researchers discovered that bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated—nanoparticles so infinitesimally tiny they cannot be seen under a microscope. At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful synthetic chemicals throughout the body and into cells, experts say. The new finding reinforces long-held expert advice to drink tap water from glass or stainless steel containers to reduce exposure. That advice extends to other foods and drinks packaged in plastic as well. “Because the temperature of the body is higher than the outside, those chemicals are going to migrate out of that plastic and end up in our body,” said Dr. Mason, director of sustainability at Penn State Behrend in Erie, Pennsylvania.
Why is “human hair” mentioned in this article?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與「上下文推論」。解題關鍵在於判斷文章提及 human hair 的目的,而非只看單字本身。
文中指出:
“At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract or lungs into the bloodstream...”
意思是:「奈米塑膠的寬度只有人類頭髮平均寬度的千分之一,因此能穿過消化道或肺部組織,進入血液。」
其中 human hair 被當作日常生活中容易理解的尺寸參照物,用來讓讀者具體想像 nanoplastics 有多麼微小。因此正確答案是 (A) to illustrate the size of nanoplastics。
解題方法
題目問:
Why is “human hair” mentioned in this article?
為什麼文章提到「人類頭髮」?
解答這類題目時,應觀察該詞前後的語句功能:
- “At 1,000th the average width of a human hair”
表示「只有人類頭髮平均寬度的千分之一」。 - 這是一種尺寸比較,將肉眼難以理解的 nanoplastics,與熟悉的人類頭髮寬度相比。
- 後方提到 nanoplastics 能穿過組織、進入血液,這是微小尺寸所造成的結果,但並非 “human hair” 這個比喻本身要表達的主要功能。
因此,human hair 的作用是說明 nanoplastics 的大小,而非數量、危害、形狀或去向。
文法與語意重點
1. 1,000th the average width of...
1,000th 是序數概念,表示「千分之一」,完整語意可理解為:
nanoplastics are one-thousandth the average width of a human hair
即「奈米塑膠只有人類頭髮平均寬度的千分之一」。
此處省略了部分完整句型,屬於新聞英文常見的簡潔表達。
2. so ... that ...
前文:
“nanoparticles so infinitesimally tiny they cannot be seen under a microscope”
可還原為:
nanoparticles that are so infinitesimally tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope
意思是「奈米微粒極其微小,小到在顯微鏡下也看不見」。
so + 形容詞 + that + 子句 表示「如此……以至於……」。
3. migrate through
migrate through 在本文不是指動物遷徙,而是「穿過、通過」。
例如:
migrate through tissues:穿過組織into the bloodstream:進入血液throughout the body:遍及全身
關鍵單字與片語
bottled water:瓶裝水contain:含有bits of plastic:塑膠碎片previously estimated:先前估計的nanoparticles:奈米微粒infinitesimally tiny:極其微小的
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a recent study, researchers discovered that bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated—nanoparticles so infinitesimally tiny they cannot be seen under a microscope. At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful synthetic chemicals throughout the body and into cells, experts say. The new finding reinforces long-held expert advice to drink tap water from glass or stainless steel containers to reduce exposure. That advice extends to other foods and drinks packaged in plastic as well. “Because the temperature of the body is higher than the outside, those chemicals are going to migrate out of that plastic and end up in our body,” said Dr. Mason, director of sustainability at Penn State Behrend in Erie, Pennsylvania.
What does the temperature of the body do to those nanoplastics?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指代關係」與「因果語意」。關鍵在於判斷人體較高的溫度對塑膠中化學物質所造成的影響。
文中指出,人體溫度高於外界,因此塑膠中的化學物質會更容易離開塑膠包裝,進入人體。這表示體溫具有促進化學物質釋出的作用。
定位答案的關鍵句
“Because the temperature of the body is higher than the outside, those chemicals are going to migrate out of that plastic and end up in our body.”
翻譯:
「因為人體的溫度高於外界,這些化學物質會從塑膠中遷移出來,最後進入我們的身體。」
句中的因果關係為:
因此,正確答案是「促進化學物質從塑膠中釋放」。
解題方法
題目問:
What does the temperature of the body do to those nanoplastics?
雖然題目使用的是 those nanoplastics,但文章最後一句實際說明的是 those chemicals 從塑膠中遷移出來。作答時應以文章明確表達的因果關係為準,尋找與「促進釋放」相同語意的選項。
選項 (A) 的 facilitates 意為「促進、使……更容易」,release 意為「釋放」,完整意思正好符合文章內容。
關鍵單字與片語
- bottled water:瓶裝水
- bits of plastic:塑膠碎片
- nanoparticles:奈米微粒
- infinitesimally tiny:極其微小的
- migrate through:穿過、遷移通過
- digestive tract:消化道
- bloodstream:血液
- potentially harmful:具有潛在危害的
- reinforce:強化、再次支持
- exposure to:暴露於
- facilitate:促進、使更容易
- release:釋放
- visibility:可見度
- inhibit:抑制
- degradation:分解、降解
- circulation:循環、流通
文法與語意上,Because ..., 引導原因副詞子句,說明「為何化學物質會從塑膠中遷移出來」;be going to migrate 表示即將發生或預期會發生的動作。
選項分析
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
More than 35,000 people die each year in the US alone from antimicrobial resistant infections. With novel treatments in short supply, scientists plan to boost available therapies to target antimicrobial resistance. In a paper published in PNAS, researchers used the power of light to give antibiotics a fighting chance. Light interacts with chemicals called photosensitizers to produce toxic reactive oxygen species. Unlike many antibiotics, photosensitizers can sneak past bacterial defenses. For example, it was found that light, plus the photosensitizer curcumin, a chemical found in turmeric, potentiated antibiotic efficacy. In their new study, Dr. Bagnato and his team found that they needed to expose drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus to high doses of different antibiotics to curb its growth. However, when Bagnato added the curcumin and shone light on the bacteria, a lower dose sufficed. Still, the effects were limited. For most strains, the effects were temporary; the team observed a recurrence in resistance after only a few cycles of bacterial growth. Bagnato emphasized the need for alternative therapies. “Infection does not need one type of weapon; it needs a whole arsenal,” said Bagnato.
What is the primary focus of the study mentioned in the news?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」。題目詢問研究的 primary focus(主要焦點),必須掌握全文反覆強調的研究核心,而非只選取文章中的單一細節。
本文主旨是:研究團隊利用光與光敏劑(photosensitizer)搭配抗生素,以提升抗生素對抗抗藥性細菌的效果。其基本機轉是光照射光敏劑後,產生有毒的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS),藉此削弱細菌防禦並增強抗生素效力。
解題方法
判斷主旨時,應尋找:
- 文章開頭提出的研究背景。
- 中段說明的實驗方法。
- 後段呈現的研究結果。
- 選項是否能涵蓋全文,而非只對應一個例子。
本題最關鍵的定位句為:
“In a paper published in PNAS, researchers used the power of light to give antibiotics a fighting chance.”
意為:「在發表於《美國國家科學院院刊》(PNAS)的一篇論文中,研究人員利用光的力量,讓抗生素有更好的機會發揮作用。」
後文進一步說明:
“However, when Bagnato added the curcumin and shone light on the bacteria, a lower dose sufficed.”
意為:「然而,當 Bagnato 加入薑黃素並將光照射在細菌上時,較低劑量的抗生素便已足夠。」
這兩句共同顯示研究焦點是「利用光來輔助抗生素治療」,因此選 (B)。
文章提到的薑黃素只是光敏劑的具體例子,研究重點並非單獨研究薑黃,而是研究「光+光敏劑+抗生素」的抗菌策略。
關鍵單字與片語
- antimicrobial:抗微生物的
- antimicrobial resistance:抗微生物藥物抗藥性
- resistant infection:抗藥性感染
- novel treatment:新穎治療方式
- in short supply:供應不足
- boost:提升、增強
- therapy:治療方式
- photosensitizer:光敏劑
- toxic:有毒的
- reactive oxygen species:活性氧
- sneak past:悄悄突破、避開
- bacterial defenses:細菌防禦機制
- curcumin:薑黃素
- turmeric:薑黃
- potentiate:增強……的效力
- antibiotic efficacy:抗生素效力
- drug-resistant strain:抗藥性菌株
- curb growth:抑制生長
- suffice:足夠
- temporary:暫時的
- recurrence:復發、再度出現
- arsenal:武器庫;此處指多種治療手段
語意與文法重點
-
primary focus
「主要焦點」要求概括全文核心,不宜選擇過度具體的實驗材料或附帶結果。 -
plus
句中 “light, plus the photosensitizer curcumin” 的 plus 表示「加上、搭配」,說明光與薑黃素共同作用。
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
More than 35,000 people die each year in the US alone from antimicrobial resistant infections. With novel treatments in short supply, scientists plan to boost available therapies to target antimicrobial resistance. In a paper published in PNAS, researchers used the power of light to give antibiotics a fighting chance. Light interacts with chemicals called photosensitizers to produce toxic reactive oxygen species. Unlike many antibiotics, photosensitizers can sneak past bacterial defenses. For example, it was found that light, plus the photosensitizer curcumin, a chemical found in turmeric, potentiated antibiotic efficacy. In their new study, Dr. Bagnato and his team found that they needed to expose drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus to high doses of different antibiotics to curb its growth. However, when Bagnato added the curcumin and shone light on the bacteria, a lower dose sufficed. Still, the effects were limited. For most strains, the effects were temporary; the team observed a recurrence in resistance after only a few cycles of bacterial growth. Bagnato emphasized the need for alternative therapies. “Infection does not need one type of weapon; it needs a whole arsenal,” said Bagnato.
What is the role of photosensitizers in the study?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與生物學語意判讀,重點是掌握 photosensitizers 在抗菌研究中的作用。
文中明確指出:
“Light interacts with chemicals called photosensitizers to produce toxic reactive oxygen species.”
翻譯:光會與稱為「光敏劑」的化學物質作用,產生有毒的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)。
因此,photosensitizers 的研究角色是協助產生具有毒性的活性氧,進而攻擊細菌、提升抗生素的療效。
解題方法
- 先找出題目關鍵字 photosensitizers。
- 回到文章尋找該字的直接描述。
- 文章以 to produce toxic reactive oxygen species 說明光敏劑與光作用後的結果。
- 將此描述與選項比對,即可選出 Producing toxic reactive oxygen species。
文中另一句也提供實驗背景:
“However, when Bagnato added the curcumin and shone light on the bacteria, a lower dose sufficed.”
翻譯:然而,當 Bagnato 加入薑黃素並以光照射細菌時,較低劑量的抗生素便已足夠。
這表示光敏劑 curcumin 配合光照,可增強抗生素對抗細菌的效果;其直接機轉即為產生有毒的活性氧。
選項分析
(A) Manufacturing antibiotic medicines
製造抗生素藥物。
錯誤。文章沒有提到 photosensitizers 用來製造抗生素。光敏劑的功能是與光作用,產生有毒的活性氧,而不是合成或製造抗生素。
(B) Producing toxic reactive oxygen species
產生有毒的活性氧。
正確。這是文章的直接敘述:
“Light interacts with chemicals called photosensitizers to produce toxic reactive oxygen species.”
其中 to produce 表示目的或結果,說明光與光敏劑作用後會產生 toxic reactive oxygen species。這些活性氧可破壞細菌,並協助抗生素抑制抗藥性細菌的生長。
(C) Heating and breaking the outer layer of bacteria
加熱並破壞細菌的外層。
錯誤。文章沒有提到光敏劑透過加熱破壞細菌外膜,也沒有描述其作用是物理性加熱。文中強調的是化學反應所產生的 reactive oxygen species,不是熱能或外層破裂。
(D) Strengthening individuals’ defense systems
增強個體的防禦系統。
錯誤。文章討論的是直接對抗細菌及提升抗生素效力,並非刺激人體免疫系統。individuals’ defense systems 指個體的防禦機制,這不是本文所述的 photos
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
More than 35,000 people die each year in the US alone from antimicrobial resistant infections. With novel treatments in short supply, scientists plan to boost available therapies to target antimicrobial resistance. In a paper published in PNAS, researchers used the power of light to give antibiotics a fighting chance. Light interacts with chemicals called photosensitizers to produce toxic reactive oxygen species. Unlike many antibiotics, photosensitizers can sneak past bacterial defenses. For example, it was found that light, plus the photosensitizer curcumin, a chemical found in turmeric, potentiated antibiotic efficacy. In their new study, Dr. Bagnato and his team found that they needed to expose drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus to high doses of different antibiotics to curb its growth. However, when Bagnato added the curcumin and shone light on the bacteria, a lower dose sufficed. Still, the effects were limited. For most strains, the effects were temporary; the team observed a recurrence in resistance after only a few cycles of bacterial growth. Bagnato emphasized the need for alternative therapies. “Infection does not need one type of weapon; it needs a whole arsenal,” said Bagnato.
What is the benefit of using photosensitizers in anti-bacterial treatments?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解,考查考生能否從文章中找出「使用 photosensitizers(光敏劑)的直接好處」。
文中的機制如下:
- 光線與光敏劑作用。
- 產生具有毒性的 reactive oxygen species(活性氧,ROS)。
- 活性氧可破壞細菌,並協助抗生素對抗具抗藥性的細菌。
- 加入光敏劑 curcumin(薑黃素)並照光後,原本需要較高劑量的抗生素,改用較低劑量即可抑制細菌生長。
因此,光敏劑的主要效益是「降低抗生素所需劑量」。
解題方法
先找題幹詢問的對象與文章中的直接描述。題目問:
What is the benefit of using photosensitizers in anti-bacterial treatments?
使用光敏劑進行抗菌治療有什麼好處?
定位文章中描述實驗結果的句子:
However, when Bagnato added the curcumin and shone light on the bacteria, a lower dose sufficed.
然而,當 Bagnato 加入薑黃素並將光照射在細菌上時,較低的劑量就足夠了。
其中:
- a lower dose:較低的劑量
- sufficed:已足夠、足以達成目的
前一句指出,研究團隊原本必須使用不同抗生素的高劑量,才能抑制抗藥性金黃色葡萄球菌的生長:
they needed to expose drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus to high doses of different antibiotics to curb its growth.
他們需要讓抗藥性金黃色葡萄球菌菌株接觸高劑量的不同抗生素,才能抑制其生長。
加入 curcumin 並照光後,a lower dose sufficed,表示抗生素所需劑量降低。因此答案為 (D)。
關鍵單字與片語
- antimicrobial resistant infections:抗微生物藥物抗藥性感染
- novel treatments:新型治療方法
- in short supply:供應短缺
- boost available therapies:增強現有療法
- photosensitizer:光敏劑
- toxic reactive oxygen species:具有毒性的活性氧
- sneak past bacterial defenses:避開、突破細菌的防禦機制
- potentiate antibiotic efficacy:增強抗生素效力
- drug-resistant strains:抗藥性菌株
- curb its growth:抑制其生長
- a lower dose sufficed:較低劑量即已足夠
- temporary:暫時的
- recurrence in resistance:抗藥性復發
- a whole arsenal:完整的武器庫;比喻多種治療武器
文法與語意重點
- when + 過去式,主詞 + 過去式
句子:
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
More than 35,000 people die each year in the US alone from antimicrobial resistant infections. With novel treatments in short supply, scientists plan to boost available therapies to target antimicrobial resistance. In a paper published in PNAS, researchers used the power of light to give antibiotics a fighting chance. Light interacts with chemicals called photosensitizers to produce toxic reactive oxygen species. Unlike many antibiotics, photosensitizers can sneak past bacterial defenses. For example, it was found that light, plus the photosensitizer curcumin, a chemical found in turmeric, potentiated antibiotic efficacy. In their new study, Dr. Bagnato and his team found that they needed to expose drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus to high doses of different antibiotics to curb its growth. However, when Bagnato added the curcumin and shone light on the bacteria, a lower dose sufficed. Still, the effects were limited. For most strains, the effects were temporary; the team observed a recurrence in resistance after only a few cycles of bacterial growth. Bagnato emphasized the need for alternative therapies. “Infection does not need one type of weapon; it needs a whole arsenal,” said Bagnato.
What is the limitation of this current attempt?
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核心觀念
本題為科學類閱讀測驗,考查:
- 根據上下文判斷文章所述研究的「限制」(limitation)。
- 理解轉折語氣,如 Still 表示「然而、儘管如此」。
- 掌握研究結果與研究缺點之間的對應關係。
文章描述以光線搭配光敏劑(photosensitizer)curcumin 姜黃素,產生有毒的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS),以增強抗生素對抗抗藥性細菌的效果。此方法能使較低劑量的抗生素抑制細菌生長,但效果並不持久。
關鍵單字與片語
- antimicrobial resistant infections:抗微生物藥物抗藥性感染
- novel treatments:新型治療方法
- in short supply:供應短缺
- photosensitizer:光敏劑
- toxic reactive oxygen species:有毒的活性氧
- sneak past bacterial defenses:避開、突破細菌防禦機制
- potentiate antibiotic efficacy:增強抗生素效力
- drug-resistant strains:抗藥性菌株
- curb its growth:抑制其生長
- a lower dose sufficed:較低劑量便已足夠
- effects were temporary:效果是暫時性的
- recurrence in resistance:抗藥性復發
- bacterial growth cycles:細菌生長週期
- a whole arsenal:完整的武器庫,比喻多種治療武器
解題方法
題目問:
What is the limitation of this current attempt?
目前這項嘗試的限制是什麼?
解題關鍵在於尋找文章中表示「效果有限」及「研究缺點」的句子。定位答案的原文為:
Still, the effects were limited. For most strains, the effects were temporary; the team observed a recurrence in resistance after only a few cycles of bacterial growth.
翻譯:
然而,這些效果仍然有限。對大多數菌株而言,這些效果是暫時的;研究團隊在細菌僅經過幾個生長週期後,就觀察到抗藥性復發。
因此,這項光線、姜黃素與抗生素的聯合治療雖然能在短期內降低所需抗生素劑量,但細菌經過幾個生長週期後,抗藥性又會重新出現。這正是目前方法的主要限制。
選項分析
(A) Increased strains of super virus with resistance to antibiotics
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
More than 35,000 people die each year in the US alone from antimicrobial resistant infections. With novel treatments in short supply, scientists plan to boost available therapies to target antimicrobial resistance. In a paper published in PNAS, researchers used the power of light to give antibiotics a fighting chance. Light interacts with chemicals called photosensitizers to produce toxic reactive oxygen species. Unlike many antibiotics, photosensitizers can sneak past bacterial defenses. For example, it was found that light, plus the photosensitizer curcumin, a chemical found in turmeric, potentiated antibiotic efficacy. In their new study, Dr. Bagnato and his team found that they needed to expose drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus to high doses of different antibiotics to curb its growth. However, when Bagnato added the curcumin and shone light on the bacteria, a lower dose sufficed. Still, the effects were limited. For most strains, the effects were temporary; the team observed a recurrence in resistance after only a few cycles of bacterial growth. Bagnato emphasized the need for alternative therapies. “Infection does not need one type of weapon; it needs a whole arsenal,” said Bagnato.
Based on the context, what is the closest meaning of “arsenal” in the last sentence?
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核心觀念
本題考的是字義判斷與語境推論。arsenal 的本義是「軍火庫、武器庫」,可引申為「可運用的一整套工具、方法或手段」。判斷引申義時,必須結合前文內容與句中的比喻關係。
文章討論的是以光線與光敏劑 curcumin 輔助抗生素,對抗具抗藥性的細菌;但研究也指出,這種效果大多只是暫時的。因此,作者主張治療感染不能只依靠單一方法,而需要多種治療策略。
定位關鍵句
“Infection does not need one type of weapon; it needs a whole arsenal.”
翻譯為:「感染不需要單一類型的武器;它需要一整套武器。」
此處的 weapon 並非真正的武器,而是比喻治療感染的方法;a whole arsenal 則表示多種可搭配運用的治療方式。故最接近的意思是「多樣化的治療方式」。
解題方法
先掌握句子的對比結構:
one type of weapon:單一種武器,指單一治療方法a whole arsenal:完整的武器庫,指多種治療方法的組合
前文提到:
“With novel treatments in short supply, scientists plan to boost available therapies to target antimicrobial resistance.”
翻譯為:「由於新型治療方式供應不足,科學家計畫強化現有療法,以對抗抗菌藥物抗藥性。」
文章也說明,加入 curcumin 並照光雖能降低所需抗生素劑量,但效果有限,且細菌在幾輪生長後可能再次產生抗藥性。這些內容都支持「治療感染需要多元療法」的結論。
因此,arsenal 在本題應解作「多樣且完整的治療手段」,答案為 (E)。
選項分析
(A) Increased doses of antibiotics:增加抗生素劑量
錯誤。文章指出,加入 curcumin 並照光後,較低劑量的抗生素就能產生效果:
“a lower dose sufficed”
意為「較低的劑量便足夠」。arsenal 強調的是治療手段的多樣性,不是提高抗生素劑量。
(B) Bacteria, virus, and fungi:細菌、病毒與真菌
錯誤。這三者是病原體種類,不是治療感染的工具。本文主要討論的是抗生素、光線與光敏劑等治療方式,並未將 arsenal 解釋為不同類型的微生物。
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Picture a person having a heart attack—what do you see? Most likely a man looking sweaty and short of breath, clutching his arm or chest in pain. But when women have heart attacks, their symptoms can be quite different, presenting as deep fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and more widespread bodily discomfort instead of localized pain. Discrepancies like this can have devastating consequences. Most often, men’s symptom profiles are considered the “textbook” cases, and so when women present with different symptoms, they may be misdiagnosed, resulting in delays or possible deprivation of life-saving measures. The failure to consider the influence of gender on health physiology goes beyond the clinic. In laboratories around the world, most scientists have historically chosen to study only male rats and mice, under the assumption that female animals’ fluctuating hormones would make their data messy and hard to interpret. In 2016, the journal Research Integrity and Peer Review published guidelines for Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER), which provide clear steps for scientists and editors to increase equity, accuracy, and transparency in both the conduct and reporting of research in subjects of both sexes. These guidelines clearly state that experiments should be designed to reveal sex or gender differences, and that single-sex studies require justification for the exclusion of either sex. Sadly, few journals have incorporated these guidelines into their publishing policies.
Which is a “textbook” symptom of a person having a heart attack, as mentioned in the news?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀文章後擷取明確資訊。
- 對比男性與女性心臟病發作症狀。
- 根據上下文判斷關鍵字 “textbook” 的指涉對象。
- 選項與原文之間的同義轉換與細節辨識。
文中指出,傳統上男性心臟病發作的症狀被視為「教科書式」案例;女性的症狀則可能較不典型。因此,解題關鍵是找出文章中描述男性典型症狀的句子。
解題方法
先定位題幹中的關鍵詞 “textbook” symptom。原文提到:
“Most often, men’s symptom profiles are considered the ‘textbook’ cases...”
通常,男性的症狀表現會被視為「教科書式」案例。
再往前找男性典型症狀:
“Most likely a man looking sweaty and short of breath, clutching his arm or chest in pain.”
最可能看到的是一名滿身是汗、呼吸短促,並因疼痛而抓住手臂或胸口的男性。
題目問的是文章中提到的「教科書式」心臟病發作症狀。選項中與 clutching his arm or chest in pain 最接近的是 clutching arms,因此選 (E)。
須注意,原文的 clutching his arm or chest 是「抓住他的手臂或胸口」,選項 clutching arms 並非完全精準的逐字對應,但在所有選項中,只有 E 對應到男性典型症狀的具體動作。
選項分析
(A) heat exhaustion
意為「中暑、熱衰竭」。
文章完全沒有提到 heat exhaustion,也沒有將中暑列為心臟病發作的典型症狀。此選項與文章內容無關,錯誤。
(B) feeling tired
意為「感到疲倦」。
文章提到女性可能出現:
“deep fatigue”
極度疲勞、深層疲倦。
這是女性可能出現的不同症狀之一,並非文中所稱男性的「教科書式」症狀,因此錯誤。
(C) vomiting
意為「嘔吐」。
文章提到女性可能出現:
“nausea and vomiting”
噁心與嘔吐。
這同樣屬於女性較不典型、不同於男性常見表現的症狀,並非題目所問的 “textbook” symptom,因此錯誤。
(D) discomfort throughout the body
意為「全身不適、遍及全身的不舒服」。
原文的相關說法是:
“more widespread bodily discomfort instead of localized pain”
相較於局部疼痛,出現更廣泛的身體不適。
這是女性心臟病發作可能出現的症狀,與男性典型的局部疼痛及抓住手臂或胸口形成對比,因此錯誤。
(E) clutching arms
意為「抓住手臂」。
原文描述男性典型症狀時寫道:
“clutching his arm or chest in pain”
因疼痛而抓住他的手臂或胸口。
男性的症狀表現被稱為 “textbook” cases,而 E 對應到原文中的 clutching his arm,是最符合文章資訊的選項,因此正確。
關鍵單字與片語
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Picture a person having a heart attack—what do you see? Most likely a man looking sweaty and short of breath, clutching his arm or chest in pain. But when women have heart attacks, their symptoms can be quite different, presenting as deep fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and more widespread bodily discomfort instead of localized pain. Discrepancies like this can have devastating consequences. Most often, men’s symptom profiles are considered the “textbook” cases, and so when women present with different symptoms, they may be misdiagnosed, resulting in delays or possible deprivation of life-saving measures. The failure to consider the influence of gender on health physiology goes beyond the clinic. In laboratories around the world, most scientists have historically chosen to study only male rats and mice, under the assumption that female animals’ fluctuating hormones would make their data messy and hard to interpret. In 2016, the journal Research Integrity and Peer Review published guidelines for Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER), which provide clear steps for scientists and editors to increase equity, accuracy, and transparency in both the conduct and reporting of research in subjects of both sexes. These guidelines clearly state that experiments should be designed to reveal sex or gender differences, and that single-sex studies require justification for the exclusion of either sex. Sadly, few journals have incorporated these guidelines into their publishing policies.
What is primary concern when women present different heart attack symptoms?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解,考查:
- 根據題幹找出與問題直接對應的資訊。
- 判斷因果關係與文章主旨。
- 辨識關鍵轉折與結果描述。
文章指出:女性心臟病發作時,症狀可能不同於男性;由於男性症狀常被視為標準,因此女性患者容易被誤診,進而延誤治療,甚至無法及時接受救命措施。
解題方法
題目問:
What is primary concern when women present different heart attack symptoms?
意為:「當女性出現不同的心臟病發作症狀時,主要的憂慮是什麼?」
直接回到文章第一段尋找女性症狀不同所造成的後果。定位句為:
when women present with different symptoms, they may be misdiagnosed, resulting in delays or possible deprivation of life-saving measures.
翻譯:
當女性出現不同的症狀時,她們可能會被誤診,導致治療延誤,甚至可能無法接受救命措施。
句中明確列出兩項後果:
- misdiagnosed:被誤診
- delays:延誤
因此答案是 Misdiagnosis and delays。
文法上,resulting in ... 是現在分詞片語,表示前述「被誤診」所造成的結果:
選項分析
(A) Prolonged recovery
意為「延長的恢復期」。文章沒有提到女性因症狀不同而恢復較久,也沒有討論康復時間;文章強調的是誤診與治療延誤,因此錯誤。
(B) Misdiagnosis and delays
意為「誤診與延誤」。這與定位句中的 may be misdiagnosed 及 resulting in delays 完全對應,且符合文章所指出的主要危險,正確。
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Picture a person having a heart attack—what do you see? Most likely a man looking sweaty and short of breath, clutching his arm or chest in pain. But when women have heart attacks, their symptoms can be quite different, presenting as deep fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and more widespread bodily discomfort instead of localized pain. Discrepancies like this can have devastating consequences. Most often, men’s symptom profiles are considered the “textbook” cases, and so when women present with different symptoms, they may be misdiagnosed, resulting in delays or possible deprivation of life-saving measures. The failure to consider the influence of gender on health physiology goes beyond the clinic. In laboratories around the world, most scientists have historically chosen to study only male rats and mice, under the assumption that female animals’ fluctuating hormones would make their data messy and hard to interpret. In 2016, the journal Research Integrity and Peer Review published guidelines for Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER), which provide clear steps for scientists and editors to increase equity, accuracy, and transparency in both the conduct and reporting of research in subjects of both sexes. These guidelines clearly state that experiments should be designed to reveal sex or gender differences, and that single-sex studies require justification for the exclusion of either sex. Sadly, few journals have incorporated these guidelines into their publishing policies.
Why did many researchers choose to study only male rodents in laboratories?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「原因判斷」與關鍵句定位。解題重點是找出文章中直接回答 Why did many researchers choose to study only male rodents? 的句子,再將原文原因與選項比對。
關鍵概念與字詞如下:
- rodents:齧齒類動物,如 rats and mice
- historically:歷來地、過去長期以來
- fluctuating hormones:波動的荷爾蒙
- messy:混亂的、不易整理的
- hard to interpret:難以解釋
- under the assumption that...:基於……的假設
- exclusion:排除
- justification:正當理由、合理說明
文章同時涉及 sex 與 gender 的研究差異:
- sex 通常指生物性別,包括染色體、性器官與荷爾蒙等生理因素。
- gender 通常指社會性別及其相關角色、經驗與社會因素。
本題的研究對象是雄性、雌性齧齒類,因此主要涉及生物性別與荷爾蒙差異。
解題方法
先找與題目中的關鍵詞相互對應的內容:
- 題目:study only male rodents
- 文章:study only male rats and mice
- 題目詢問:Why
- 文章接著說明研究者的理由:女性動物的荷爾蒙會波動,使資料混亂且難以解釋。
定位答案的原文是:
“In laboratories around the world, most scientists have historically chosen to study only male rats and mice, under the assumption that female animals’ fluctuating hormones would make their data messy and hard to interpret.”
翻譯:
世界各地的實驗室中,多數科學家歷來選擇只研究雄性大鼠與小鼠,因為他們假設雌性動物波動的荷爾蒙會使研究資料變得混亂且難以解釋。
其中 under the assumption that... 引導研究者的假設內容,正是本題詢問的原因。因此答案為 D。
選項分析
(A) They think female rodents are not representative of the group.
他們認為雌性齧齒類不能代表這個群體。
錯誤。文章沒有提到雌性動物缺乏代表性,也沒有說研究者認為雌性齧齒類不具研究價值。研究者排除雌性動物的理由是荷爾蒙波動可能造成資料較難解釋。
(B) They found female rodents are more likely to be resistant to treatments.
他們發現雌性齧齒類較可能對治療產生抗性。
錯誤。文章完全沒有提及雌性齧齒類對治療的反應、抗藥性或治療抵抗性。這是選項自行添加的資訊。
(C) Male rodents display more observable symptoms.
雄性齧齒類會呈現較明顯的症狀。
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Picture a person having a heart attack—what do you see? Most likely a man looking sweaty and short of breath, clutching his arm or chest in pain. But when women have heart attacks, their symptoms can be quite different, presenting as deep fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and more widespread bodily discomfort instead of localized pain. Discrepancies like this can have devastating consequences. Most often, men’s symptom profiles are considered the “textbook” cases, and so when women present with different symptoms, they may be misdiagnosed, resulting in delays or possible deprivation of life-saving measures. The failure to consider the influence of gender on health physiology goes beyond the clinic. In laboratories around the world, most scientists have historically chosen to study only male rats and mice, under the assumption that female animals’ fluctuating hormones would make their data messy and hard to interpret. In 2016, the journal Research Integrity and Peer Review published guidelines for Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER), which provide clear steps for scientists and editors to increase equity, accuracy, and transparency in both the conduct and reporting of research in subjects of both sexes. These guidelines clearly state that experiments should be designed to reveal sex or gender differences, and that single-sex studies require justification for the exclusion of either sex. Sadly, few journals have incorporated these guidelines into their publishing policies.
Which is the implication of this news?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章主旨與推論(implication)」。
文章指出,醫學研究長期以男性症狀與雄性實驗動物作為標準,造成女性患者可能被誤診,也使研究結果無法充分反映兩性差異。雖然 2016 年已制定 Sex and Gender Equity in Research(SAGER) 指南,要求研究者重視性別差異、說明排除任一性別的理由,但文章最後明確表示,實際採用這些規範的期刊仍然很少。
因此,全文的核心訊息是:
已有改善性別不平等的倡議與規範,但落實進度仍然緩慢。
解題方法
閱讀題詢問:
Which is the implication of this news?
這則新聞所蘊含的意義是什麼?
解題時應特別注意文章的轉折與結尾。本文先說明性別差異被忽略所造成的問題,再介紹 SAGER 指南的改善措施,最後以負面結果收束:
Sadly, few journals have incorporated these guidelines into their publishing policies.
可惜的是,只有少數期刊將這些指南納入其出版政策。
這句話中的 Sadly 表示作者對現況感到遺憾;few journals 表示採用指南的期刊數量很少。由此可知,雖然已有相關倡議,性別不平等問題仍未迅速改善。
所以正確答案為 (D)。
文章中的關鍵定位句
In 2016, the journal Research Integrity and Peer Review published guidelines for Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER), which provide clear steps for scientists and editors to increase equity, accuracy, and transparency...
2016 年,《Research Integrity and Peer Review》期刊發表了「研究中的性別公平」(SAGER)指南,為科學家與編輯提供明確步驟,以提升研究中的公平性、準確性與透明度。
以及:
Sadly, few journals have incorporated these guidelines into their publishing policies.
可惜的是,只有少數期刊將這些指南納入出版政策。
前一句說明已有改善性別不平等的措施;後一句指出實際執行仍不普遍。兩句合併即得到:
Despite initiatives such as SAGER, progress is slow in addressing gender inequality.
儘管有 SAGER 這類倡議,處理性別不平等的進展仍然緩慢。
關鍵單字與片語
- heart attack:心臟病發作、心肌梗塞
- sweaty:流汗的
- short of breath:呼吸短促、喘不過氣
- clutch:緊抓、緊握
- symptom profile:症狀特徵、症狀樣貌
- deep fatigue:嚴重疲勞
- localized pain:局部疼痛
- discrepancy:差異、不一致
- devastating consequence:毀滅性的後果、極其嚴重的後果
- misdiagnose:誤診
- life-saving measure:救命措施
- physiology:生理學;生理機能
- fluctuating hormone:波動的荷爾蒙
- messy:混亂的、難以整理的
- interpret:解釋、詮釋
- equity:公平、公正
- transparency:透明度
- incorporate A into B:將 A 納入 B
- publishing policy:出版政策
- initiative:倡議、推動措施
- address an issue:處理、解決某項議題
- gender inequality:性別不平等
文中的 sex 通常偏向生物學上的性別,例如染色體、荷爾蒙與生理構造;gender 則常涉及社會性別與性別角色。本文標題使用 Sex and Gender Equity,強調研究應同時重視生物性別與性別因素。
文法與語意重點
- when 引導時間或情況副詞子句
when women have heart attacks, their symptoms can be quite different
意思是「當女性心臟病發作時,她們的症狀可能相當不同」。此處的 when 不只是表示時間,也帶有「在……情況下」的意思。