私立醫學校院聯招 111 年 《英文》

The play which had been ____ for children became a popular blockbuster movie.

It is sad to see the bodies of hundreds of blue penguins wash ashore in New Zealand. Conservation officials believe mass die-offs are becoming more frequent as climate crisis ____ food chains.

When you are in a bad mood, you look morosely ____.

This is captain speaking: we are currently flying at an ____ of 15,000 meters.

Teachers must be aware of children's level of emotional maturity as well as their ____ abilities to select appropriate materials.

Among those daring barnstormers was Bessie Coleman, the first licensed African-American pilot. Coleman was born in Texas in 1892, only a few years after the abolition of slavery.

Instead of giving students a barrage of information, teachers aim to give students multiple opportunities to interact with fewer concepts in more ways.

Alzheimer's is a disease that causes brain cells to deteriorate and eventually die.

It began with the mundane problem of spoiled wine. Wine-making was an important industry in France, and the problem of spoilage was a costly one.

These trends have required young people to accumulate significant work experience and educational credentials in order to earn enough to support a family.

____ to get into college that she decided to start blogging about it.

____ in Africa as a volunteer, she understood the real impact of poverty.

____ condemning someone to a suffering or undignified death, euthanasia allows patients to experience a dignified death.

If the house were bigger, we ____ room for that nice sofa.

He ____ the urological unit for an enlarged prostate last night.

____ by the lack of interest in his proposal, he proceeded to put forward his alternative idea.

She is the author ____ self-help book is gaining global recognition.

Nowadays the video interviews are becoming ____ popular in the recruitment process.

By the time his boss ____ back from Singapore, he will already have finished the project.

The owner of the monkey has been criticized ____ the animal to a small cage.

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1

Meaning "land between the rivers," Mesopotamia is widely considered to be the cradle of civilization. It was here, in 5000 B.C., that people settled into an agricultural lifestyle by the mighty Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Because there was little rain, the people depended on these rivers for their survival. In particular, the Mesopotamians created canal channels to distribute the flood waters that flowed for a short duration each year to water their crops; the efficiency of their irrigation systems allowed their society to flourish in spite of little rainfall. This enables them to create the world's first towns and cities. At the center of each town stood a temple complex with food stores, a treasury, and living spaces, all incorporated into the overall design. Over time, these towns evolved into city-states, eventually becoming an empire.

In the beginning, there arose a need to keep reliable records of daily commodities traded; and out of this need, cuneiform－a wedge-shaped writing system－was invented. Later, this special writing system proved to be very versatile and quickly spread to uses other than documenting daily business transactions; for instance, the Sumerian scribed to record daily major life events and to write the first major literary work known to Western civilization. Perhaps the best known of Mesopotamia's civilizations was Babylon. During the second millennia B.C., it rose from a regional capital to become the center of a kingdom that stretched across southern Iraq and beyond. Its king, Hammurabi, left his mark with a remarkable collection of laws. Hammurabi's code defined the constraints of private property, as well as legal decisions for crimes, and family disputes.

Although its architecture was eventually lost to the sands of time, Mesopotamia left a legacy of law, literature, and engineering, for modern civilizations to build on. In fact, much of what we know of that chapter in the region's history has come from excavations of ruined cities, supplemented by recent discovery and written translations of Mesopotamia clay tablet texts.

36. According to the text, who were the first people to record historical events and write literary works?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1

Meaning "land between the rivers," Mesopotamia is widely considered to be the cradle of civilization. It was here, in 5000 B.C., that people settled into an agricultural lifestyle by the mighty Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Because there was little rain, the people depended on these rivers for their survival. In particular, the Mesopotamians created canal channels to distribute the flood waters that flowed for a short duration each year to water their crops; the efficiency of their irrigation systems allowed their society to flourish in spite of little rainfall. This enables them to create the world's first towns and cities. At the center of each town stood a temple complex with food stores, a treasury, and living spaces, all incorporated into the overall design. Over time, these towns evolved into city-states, eventually becoming an empire.

In the beginning, there arose a need to keep reliable records of daily commodities traded; and out of this need, cuneiform－a wedge-shaped writing system－was invented. Later, this special writing system proved to be very versatile and quickly spread to uses other than documenting daily business transactions; for instance, the Sumerian scribed to record daily major life events and to write the first major literary work known to Western civilization. Perhaps the best known of Mesopotamia's civilizations was Babylon. During the second millennia B.C., it rose from a regional capital to become the center of a kingdom that stretched across southern Iraq and beyond. Its king, Hammurabi, left his mark with a remarkable collection of laws. Hammurabi's code defined the constraints of private property, as well as legal decisions for crimes, and family disputes.

Although its architecture was eventually lost to the sands of time, Mesopotamia left a legacy of law, literature, and engineering, for modern civilizations to build on. In fact, much of what we know of that chapter in the region's history has come from excavations of ruined cities, supplemented by recent discovery and written translations of Mesopotamia clay tablet texts.

37. How did the ancient Mesopotamians survive in a land with little rainfall?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1

Meaning "land between the rivers," Mesopotamia is widely considered to be the cradle of civilization. It was here, in 5000 B.C., that people settled into an agricultural lifestyle by the mighty Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Because there was little rain, the people depended on these rivers for their survival. In particular, the Mesopotamians created canal channels to distribute the flood waters that flowed for a short duration each year to water their crops; the efficiency of their irrigation systems allowed their society to flourish in spite of little rainfall. This enables them to create the world's first towns and cities. At the center of each town stood a temple complex with food stores, a treasury, and living spaces, all incorporated into the overall design. Over time, these towns evolved into city-states, eventually becoming an empire.

In the beginning, there arose a need to keep reliable records of daily commodities traded; and out of this need, cuneiform－a wedge-shaped writing system－was invented. Later, this special writing system proved to be very versatile and quickly spread to uses other than documenting daily business transactions; for instance, the Sumerian scribed to record daily major life events and to write the first major literary work known to Western civilization. Perhaps the best known of Mesopotamia's civilizations was Babylon. During the second millennia B.C., it rose from a regional capital to become the center of a kingdom that stretched across southern Iraq and beyond. Its king, Hammurabi, left his mark with a remarkable collection of laws. Hammurabi's code defined the constraints of private property, as well as legal decisions for crimes, and family disputes.

Although its architecture was eventually lost to the sands of time, Mesopotamia left a legacy of law, literature, and engineering, for modern civilizations to build on. In fact, much of what we know of that chapter in the region's history has come from excavations of ruined cities, supplemented by recent discovery and written translations of Mesopotamia clay tablet texts.

38. Why was cuneiform initially invented?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1

Meaning "land between the rivers," Mesopotamia is widely considered to be the cradle of civilization. It was here, in 5000 B.C., that people settled into an agricultural lifestyle by the mighty Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Because there was little rain, the people depended on these rivers for their survival. In particular, the Mesopotamians created canal channels to distribute the flood waters that flowed for a short duration each year to water their crops; the efficiency of their irrigation systems allowed their society to flourish in spite of little rainfall. This enables them to create the world's first towns and cities. At the center of each town stood a temple complex with food stores, a treasury, and living spaces, all incorporated into the overall design. Over time, these towns evolved into city-states, eventually becoming an empire.

In the beginning, there arose a need to keep reliable records of daily commodities traded; and out of this need, cuneiform－a wedge-shaped writing system－was invented. Later, this special writing system proved to be very versatile and quickly spread to uses other than documenting daily business transactions; for instance, the Sumerian scribed to record daily major life events and to write the first major literary work known to Western civilization. Perhaps the best known of Mesopotamia's civilizations was Babylon. During the second millennia B.C., it rose from a regional capital to become the center of a kingdom that stretched across southern Iraq and beyond. Its king, Hammurabi, left his mark with a remarkable collection of laws. Hammurabi's code defined the constraints of private property, as well as legal decisions for crimes, and family disputes.

Although its architecture was eventually lost to the sands of time, Mesopotamia left a legacy of law, literature, and engineering, for modern civilizations to build on. In fact, much of what we know of that chapter in the region's history has come from excavations of ruined cities, supplemented by recent discovery and written translations of Mesopotamia clay tablet texts.

39. In what field was Hammurabi most famous for?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1

Meaning "land between the rivers," Mesopotamia is widely considered to be the cradle of civilization. It was here, in 5000 B.C., that people settled into an agricultural lifestyle by the mighty Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Because there was little rain, the people depended on these rivers for their survival. In particular, the Mesopotamians created canal channels to distribute the flood waters that flowed for a short duration each year to water their crops; the efficiency of their irrigation systems allowed their society to flourish in spite of little rainfall. This enables them to create the world's first towns and cities. At the center of each town stood a temple complex with food stores, a treasury, and living spaces, all incorporated into the overall design. Over time, these towns evolved into city-states, eventually becoming an empire.

In the beginning, there arose a need to keep reliable records of daily commodities traded; and out of this need, cuneiform－a wedge-shaped writing system－was invented. Later, this special writing system proved to be very versatile and quickly spread to uses other than documenting daily business transactions; for instance, the Sumerian scribed to record daily major life events and to write the first major literary work known to Western civilization. Perhaps the best known of Mesopotamia's civilizations was Babylon. During the second millennia B.C., it rose from a regional capital to become the center of a kingdom that stretched across southern Iraq and beyond. Its king, Hammurabi, left his mark with a remarkable collection of laws. Hammurabi's code defined the constraints of private property, as well as legal decisions for crimes, and family disputes.

Although its architecture was eventually lost to the sands of time, Mesopotamia left a legacy of law, literature, and engineering, for modern civilizations to build on. In fact, much of what we know of that chapter in the region's history has come from excavations of ruined cities, supplemented by recent discovery and written translations of Mesopotamia clay tablet texts.

40. What can we infer from the phrase lost to the sands of time in the context of the last paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2

Most of us think of memes as silly things. Fads that fly around the internet and make us laugh for a moment before we forget them. Some memes last a while; some are all over the internet one day and are gone the next. First, let's consider what a meme is. It's an idea or a piece of culture—often a picture with some text—that can be passed from person to person. A meme is something that people repeat and imitate, but also adapt along the way. The meme's power lies in the fact that it can spread so rapidly. There are several reasons for this. First of all, a meme provokes an instant reaction, usually laughter, sometimes shock or empathy, and that makes people want to share it. Second, a meme conveys information or feelings concisely. Instead of writing a long post about how bored you are, you can post a meme like this:
It may make your friends laugh, but it also tells them how you're feeling. Another reason why memes are powerful is that they allow for creativity and self-expression, because people don't just share them, they also adapt them.

Memes are a powerful way to spread ideas, so naturally, they're also used for more serious messages. Images like a polar bear on a small iceberg have been used to comment on important issues, such as global warming. Now, does this particular polar bear's situation have anything to do with global warming? Maybe. Maybe not. But if not, is it wrong for the image to be used this way if it gets your message across? What do you think? Some people argue that the way memes spread ideas so quickly can be a positive force for good, helping to raise awareness and build support for social movements, while others say that memes, at best, oversimplify complex situations, and at worst are a source of viral false information. At the very least, we need to think before we click that share button. What are we participating in, and why? Is it just for a quick laugh or a tug at the heart? Or is it something more powerful?

41. What is the main purpose of the article?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2

Most of us think of memes as silly things. Fads that fly around the internet and make us laugh for a moment before we forget them. Some memes last a while; some are all over the internet one day and are gone the next. First, let's consider what a meme is. It's an idea or a piece of culture—often a picture with some text—that can be passed from person to person. A meme is something that people repeat and imitate, but also adapt along the way. The meme's power lies in the fact that it can spread so rapidly. There are several reasons for this. First of all, a meme provokes an instant reaction, usually laughter, sometimes shock or empathy, and that makes people want to share it. Second, a meme conveys information or feelings concisely. Instead of writing a long post about how bored you are, you can post a meme like this:
It may make your friends laugh, but it also tells them how you're feeling. Another reason why memes are powerful is that they allow for creativity and self-expression, because people don't just share them, they also adapt them.

Memes are a powerful way to spread ideas, so naturally, they're also used for more serious messages. Images like a polar bear on a small iceberg have been used to comment on important issues, such as global warming. Now, does this particular polar bear's situation have anything to do with global warming? Maybe. Maybe not. But if not, is it wrong for the image to be used this way if it gets your message across? What do you think? Some people argue that the way memes spread ideas so quickly can be a positive force for good, helping to raise awareness and build support for social movements, while others say that memes, at best, oversimplify complex situations, and at worst are a source of viral false information. At the very least, we need to think before we click that share button. What are we participating in, and why? Is it just for a quick laugh or a tug at the heart? Or is it something more powerful?

42. Which is NOT mentioned as a reason why memes spread fast?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2

Most of us think of memes as silly things. Fads that fly around the internet and make us laugh for a moment before we forget them. Some memes last a while; some are all over the internet one day and are gone the next. First, let's consider what a meme is. It's an idea or a piece of culture—often a picture with some text—that can be passed from person to person. A meme is something that people repeat and imitate, but also adapt along the way. The meme's power lies in the fact that it can spread so rapidly. There are several reasons for this. First of all, a meme provokes an instant reaction, usually laughter, sometimes shock or empathy, and that makes people want to share it. Second, a meme conveys information or feelings concisely. Instead of writing a long post about how bored you are, you can post a meme like this:
It may make your friends laugh, but it also tells them how you're feeling. Another reason why memes are powerful is that they allow for creativity and self-expression, because people don't just share them, they also adapt them.

Memes are a powerful way to spread ideas, so naturally, they're also used for more serious messages. Images like a polar bear on a small iceberg have been used to comment on important issues, such as global warming. Now, does this particular polar bear's situation have anything to do with global warming? Maybe. Maybe not. But if not, is it wrong for the image to be used this way if it gets your message across? What do you think? Some people argue that the way memes spread ideas so quickly can be a positive force for good, helping to raise awareness and build support for social movements, while others say that memes, at best, oversimplify complex situations, and at worst are a source of viral false information. At the very least, we need to think before we click that share button. What are we participating in, and why? Is it just for a quick laugh or a tug at the heart? Or is it something more powerful?

43. The word provoke in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2

Most of us think of memes as silly things. Fads that fly around the internet and make us laugh for a moment before we forget them. Some memes last a while; some are all over the internet one day and are gone the next. First, let's consider what a meme is. It's an idea or a piece of culture—often a picture with some text—that can be passed from person to person. A meme is something that people repeat and imitate, but also adapt along the way. The meme's power lies in the fact that it can spread so rapidly. There are several reasons for this. First of all, a meme provokes an instant reaction, usually laughter, sometimes shock or empathy, and that makes people want to share it. Second, a meme conveys information or feelings concisely. Instead of writing a long post about how bored you are, you can post a meme like this:
It may make your friends laugh, but it also tells them how you're feeling. Another reason why memes are powerful is that they allow for creativity and self-expression, because people don't just share them, they also adapt them.

Memes are a powerful way to spread ideas, so naturally, they're also used for more serious messages. Images like a polar bear on a small iceberg have been used to comment on important issues, such as global warming. Now, does this particular polar bear's situation have anything to do with global warming? Maybe. Maybe not. But if not, is it wrong for the image to be used this way if it gets your message across? What do you think? Some people argue that the way memes spread ideas so quickly can be a positive force for good, helping to raise awareness and build support for social movements, while others say that memes, at best, oversimplify complex situations, and at worst are a source of viral false information. At the very least, we need to think before we click that share button. What are we participating in, and why? Is it just for a quick laugh or a tug at the heart? Or is it something more powerful?

44. The word viral in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2

Most of us think of memes as silly things. Fads that fly around the internet and make us laugh for a moment before we forget them. Some memes last a while; some are all over the internet one day and are gone the next. First, let's consider what a meme is. It's an idea or a piece of culture—often a picture with some text—that can be passed from person to person. A meme is something that people repeat and imitate, but also adapt along the way. The meme's power lies in the fact that it can spread so rapidly. There are several reasons for this. First of all, a meme provokes an instant reaction, usually laughter, sometimes shock or empathy, and that makes people want to share it. Second, a meme conveys information or feelings concisely. Instead of writing a long post about how bored you are, you can post a meme like this:
It may make your friends laugh, but it also tells them how you're feeling. Another reason why memes are powerful is that they allow for creativity and self-expression, because people don't just share them, they also adapt them.

Memes are a powerful way to spread ideas, so naturally, they're also used for more serious messages. Images like a polar bear on a small iceberg have been used to comment on important issues, such as global warming. Now, does this particular polar bear's situation have anything to do with global warming? Maybe. Maybe not. But if not, is it wrong for the image to be used this way if it gets your message across? What do you think? Some people argue that the way memes spread ideas so quickly can be a positive force for good, helping to raise awareness and build support for social movements, while others say that memes, at best, oversimplify complex situations, and at worst are a source of viral false information. At the very least, we need to think before we click that share button. What are we participating in, and why? Is it just for a quick laugh or a tug at the heart? Or is it something more powerful?

45. What is suggested about the polar bear meme?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3

In 1969, the Citizens Committee for the Conquest of Cancer, inspired by the success that year of the Apollo 11 space mission and propelled by the indomitable philanthropist Mary Lasker, conceived of a "moon shot" for cancer. That December, the group ran a full-page ad in The Washington Post and The New York Times: "Mr. Nixon: You can cure cancer." At the time, a cure was perceived to be imminent.

President Richard Nixon's grandiloquent response in his 1971 State of the Union address: "The time has come in America when the same kind of concentrated effort that split the atom and took man to the moon should be turned toward conquering this dread disease. Let us make a total national commitment to achieve this goal."

But the War on Cancer, as the moon shot was called, didn't reach its goal. Partly, that was because "cure" was an erroneous target. Cancer is not one disease, but more than 200. "We talk about a 'cure' for cancer, but no one would ever use the term 'cure' for infectious disease—they would talk about a cure for AIDS or TB or malaria," says the Harvard Chan School's Giovannucci. "You have to think about these diseases one by one." More fundamentally, the War on Cancer failed because it spent far too little on cancer prevention and cancer prevention research.

There are many reasons why prevention research is unenticing to medical researchers. Most societies are reactive, rather than proactive, toward the problems they face. This explains why the final phases of the research on reactive treatment are usually simpler than the research on proactive prevention. Curing a patient with advanced disease is often more dramatic than preventing disease in a healthy person. And perhaps most conspicuously, treatments earn far higher profits than do new diagnostics or prevention measures.

"The way I message this to lawmakers is that our well-being is a gift; we can't take good health for granted, and prevention is a powerful way to protect that gift. When prevention works, you can enjoy the miracle of a perfectly normal, healthy day," says Koh. "When I interact with lawmakers, I often ask about whether they have experienced the pain of losing a loved one when it could have been prevented. That usually humanizes the conversation and gives it relevance and immediacy."

46. What might be the best title for this article?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3

In 1969, the Citizens Committee for the Conquest of Cancer, inspired by the success that year of the Apollo 11 space mission and propelled by the indomitable philanthropist Mary Lasker, conceived of a "moon shot" for cancer. That December, the group ran a full-page ad in The Washington Post and The New York Times: "Mr. Nixon: You can cure cancer." At the time, a cure was perceived to be imminent.

President Richard Nixon's grandiloquent response in his 1971 State of the Union address: "The time has come in America when the same kind of concentrated effort that split the atom and took man to the moon should be turned toward conquering this dread disease. Let us make a total national commitment to achieve this goal."

But the War on Cancer, as the moon shot was called, didn't reach its goal. Partly, that was because "cure" was an erroneous target. Cancer is not one disease, but more than 200. "We talk about a 'cure' for cancer, but no one would ever use the term 'cure' for infectious disease—they would talk about a cure for AIDS or TB or malaria," says the Harvard Chan School's Giovannucci. "You have to think about these diseases one by one." More fundamentally, the War on Cancer failed because it spent far too little on cancer prevention and cancer prevention research.

There are many reasons why prevention research is unenticing to medical researchers. Most societies are reactive, rather than proactive, toward the problems they face. This explains why the final phases of the research on reactive treatment are usually simpler than the research on proactive prevention. Curing a patient with advanced disease is often more dramatic than preventing disease in a healthy person. And perhaps most conspicuously, treatments earn far higher profits than do new diagnostics or prevention measures.

"The way I message this to lawmakers is that our well-being is a gift; we can't take good health for granted, and prevention is a powerful way to protect that gift. When prevention works, you can enjoy the miracle of a perfectly normal, healthy day," says Koh. "When I interact with lawmakers, I often ask about whether they have experienced the pain of losing a loved one when it could have been prevented. That usually humanizes the conversation and gives it relevance and immediacy."

47. Which is NOT explicitly listed as a possible reason for cancer prevention to be undervalued?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3

In 1969, the Citizens Committee for the Conquest of Cancer, inspired by the success that year of the Apollo 11 space mission and propelled by the indomitable philanthropist Mary Lasker, conceived of a "moon shot" for cancer. That December, the group ran a full-page ad in The Washington Post and The New York Times: "Mr. Nixon: You can cure cancer." At the time, a cure was perceived to be imminent.

President Richard Nixon's grandiloquent response in his 1971 State of the Union address: "The time has come in America when the same kind of concentrated effort that split the atom and took man to the moon should be turned toward conquering this dread disease. Let us make a total national commitment to achieve this goal."

But the War on Cancer, as the moon shot was called, didn't reach its goal. Partly, that was because "cure" was an erroneous target. Cancer is not one disease, but more than 200. "We talk about a 'cure' for cancer, but no one would ever use the term 'cure' for infectious disease—they would talk about a cure for AIDS or TB or malaria," says the Harvard Chan School's Giovannucci. "You have to think about these diseases one by one." More fundamentally, the War on Cancer failed because it spent far too little on cancer prevention and cancer prevention research.

There are many reasons why prevention research is unenticing to medical researchers. Most societies are reactive, rather than proactive, toward the problems they face. This explains why the final phases of the research on reactive treatment are usually simpler than the research on proactive prevention. Curing a patient with advanced disease is often more dramatic than preventing disease in a healthy person. And perhaps most conspicuously, treatments earn far higher profits than do new diagnostics or prevention measures.

"The way I message this to lawmakers is that our well-being is a gift; we can't take good health for granted, and prevention is a powerful way to protect that gift. When prevention works, you can enjoy the miracle of a perfectly normal, healthy day," says Koh. "When I interact with lawmakers, I often ask about whether they have experienced the pain of losing a loved one when it could have been prevented. That usually humanizes the conversation and gives it relevance and immediacy."

48. What does unenticing mean?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3

In 1969, the Citizens Committee for the Conquest of Cancer, inspired by the success that year of the Apollo 11 space mission and propelled by the indomitable philanthropist Mary Lasker, conceived of a "moon shot" for cancer. That December, the group ran a full-page ad in The Washington Post and The New York Times: "Mr. Nixon: You can cure cancer." At the time, a cure was perceived to be imminent.

President Richard Nixon's grandiloquent response in his 1971 State of the Union address: "The time has come in America when the same kind of concentrated effort that split the atom and took man to the moon should be turned toward conquering this dread disease. Let us make a total national commitment to achieve this goal."

But the War on Cancer, as the moon shot was called, didn't reach its goal. Partly, that was because "cure" was an erroneous target. Cancer is not one disease, but more than 200. "We talk about a 'cure' for cancer, but no one would ever use the term 'cure' for infectious disease—they would talk about a cure for AIDS or TB or malaria," says the Harvard Chan School's Giovannucci. "You have to think about these diseases one by one." More fundamentally, the War on Cancer failed because it spent far too little on cancer prevention and cancer prevention research.

There are many reasons why prevention research is unenticing to medical researchers. Most societies are reactive, rather than proactive, toward the problems they face. This explains why the final phases of the research on reactive treatment are usually simpler than the research on proactive prevention. Curing a patient with advanced disease is often more dramatic than preventing disease in a healthy person. And perhaps most conspicuously, treatments earn far higher profits than do new diagnostics or prevention measures.

"The way I message this to lawmakers is that our well-being is a gift; we can't take good health for granted, and prevention is a powerful way to protect that gift. When prevention works, you can enjoy the miracle of a perfectly normal, healthy day," says Koh. "When I interact with lawmakers, I often ask about whether they have experienced the pain of losing a loved one when it could have been prevented. That usually humanizes the conversation and gives it relevance and immediacy."

49. What is correct about "the moon shot" for cancer in 1969?

【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3

In 1969, the Citizens Committee for the Conquest of Cancer, inspired by the success that year of the Apollo 11 space mission and propelled by the indomitable philanthropist Mary Lasker, conceived of a "moon shot" for cancer. That December, the group ran a full-page ad in The Washington Post and The New York Times: "Mr. Nixon: You can cure cancer." At the time, a cure was perceived to be imminent.

President Richard Nixon's grandiloquent response in his 1971 State of the Union address: "The time has come in America when the same kind of concentrated effort that split the atom and took man to the moon should be turned toward conquering this dread disease. Let us make a total national commitment to achieve this goal."

But the War on Cancer, as the moon shot was called, didn't reach its goal. Partly, that was because "cure" was an erroneous target. Cancer is not one disease, but more than 200. "We talk about a 'cure' for cancer, but no one would ever use the term 'cure' for infectious disease—they would talk about a cure for AIDS or TB or malaria," says the Harvard Chan School's Giovannucci. "You have to think about these diseases one by one." More fundamentally, the War on Cancer failed because it spent far too little on cancer prevention and cancer prevention research.

There are many reasons why prevention research is unenticing to medical researchers. Most societies are reactive, rather than proactive, toward the problems they face. This explains why the final phases of the research on reactive treatment are usually simpler than the research on proactive prevention. Curing a patient with advanced disease is often more dramatic than preventing disease in a healthy person. And perhaps most conspicuously, treatments earn far higher profits than do new diagnostics or prevention measures.

"The way I message this to lawmakers is that our well-being is a gift; we can't take good health for granted, and prevention is a powerful way to protect that gift. When prevention works, you can enjoy the miracle of a perfectly normal, healthy day," says Koh. "When I interact with lawmakers, I often ask about whether they have experienced the pain of losing a loved one when it could have been prevented. That usually humanizes the conversation and gives it relevance and immediacy."

50. Why did Koh say "When I interact with lawmakers, I often ask about whether they have experienced the pain of losing a loved one when it could have been prevented. That usually humanizes the conversation and gives it relevance and immediacy."?