私立醫學校院聯招 115 年 《英文》

The government provided immediate financial aid to citizens in the economic ____ of the pandemic.

Fuel prices ____ constantly due to changing geopolitical tensions and market demands.

The small startup faced a ____ competitor that controlled over eighty percent of the market.

After reaching the base camp, the expedition prepared to ____ the mountain before sunrise despite freezing temperatures.

Although the policy was intended to reduce costs, its long-term economic effects remain ____.

International investigators gathered evidence to prosecute those responsible for the ____ committed against civilians during the armed conflict.

To appreciate the poet's message fully, readers must recognize every subtle ____ in the language and imagery throughout the work.

Clinical decisions should be based on ____ evidence rather than assumptions.

She was unable to provide a ____ for her behavior.

The team leader doesn't tell us exactly what to do, but she provides ____ and makes her own suggestions.

Climate change is increased by the ____ effect of many human activities.

I'm afraid you've missed the deadline. The paper ____ in by yesterday.

In East Jerusalem, which Israel has occupied since 1967, ____ elections would require Israeli approval.

Gallup polling ____ in April found that in 2024-2025, 42% of men between the ages of 18 and 29 said religion was "very important" to them.

Reusing statues, tombs, and obelisks was a common practice in Ancient Egypt, especially in the Nile delta, ____ high-quality quarries were scarce.

If I ____ more time yesterday, I would have attended the conference.

The researcher emphasized clarity, precision, and ____ in academic writing.

By the time the doctor arrived, the patient ____ unconscious.

Neither the patient nor the caregivers ____ informed of the experimental nature of the treatment.

Responsible for nearly half of the world's Arabica bean supply, Brazil experienced its worst drought in 70 years during August and September last year, ____ heavy rain in October.

【題組共用題幹】
The rise of synthetic biology in recent decades has sparked intense debate regarding its potential risks and benefits to global health. Advancements in genetic engineering have allowed scientists to ____(21) entirely new strands of DNA, a capability that was once deemed scientifically impossible. This breakthrough, ____(22) a dramatic reduction in the cost of gene sequencing, has accelerated the pace of medical research. However, ethicists warn that the absolute autonomy given to private laboratories could be ____(23) by unregulated entities. Today, a significant portion of genetic research is funded by corporate venture capital. The critical dilemma now centers on whether the ____(24) of biological manufacturing justifies the danger of losing traditional ecological oversight. Regulators must act swiftly to establish international frameworks before these manufactured organisms are permanently ____(25) into our natural ecosystems. Only through effective international cooperation and robust regulatory oversight can society fully realize the benefits of synthetic biology while minimizing its potential risks.

第 21 題

【題組共用題幹】
The rise of synthetic biology in recent decades has sparked intense debate regarding its potential risks and benefits to global health. Advancements in genetic engineering have allowed scientists to ____(21) entirely new strands of DNA, a capability that was once deemed scientifically impossible. This breakthrough, ____(22) a dramatic reduction in the cost of gene sequencing, has accelerated the pace of medical research. However, ethicists warn that the absolute autonomy given to private laboratories could be ____(23) by unregulated entities. Today, a significant portion of genetic research is funded by corporate venture capital. The critical dilemma now centers on whether the ____(24) of biological manufacturing justifies the danger of losing traditional ecological oversight. Regulators must act swiftly to establish international frameworks before these manufactured organisms are permanently ____(25) into our natural ecosystems. Only through effective international cooperation and robust regulatory oversight can society fully realize the benefits of synthetic biology while minimizing its potential risks.

第 22 題

【題組共用題幹】
The rise of synthetic biology in recent decades has sparked intense debate regarding its potential risks and benefits to global health. Advancements in genetic engineering have allowed scientists to ____(21) entirely new strands of DNA, a capability that was once deemed scientifically impossible. This breakthrough, ____(22) a dramatic reduction in the cost of gene sequencing, has accelerated the pace of medical research. However, ethicists warn that the absolute autonomy given to private laboratories could be ____(23) by unregulated entities. Today, a significant portion of genetic research is funded by corporate venture capital. The critical dilemma now centers on whether the ____(24) of biological manufacturing justifies the danger of losing traditional ecological oversight. Regulators must act swiftly to establish international frameworks before these manufactured organisms are permanently ____(25) into our natural ecosystems. Only through effective international cooperation and robust regulatory oversight can society fully realize the benefits of synthetic biology while minimizing its potential risks.

第 23 題

【題組共用題幹】
The rise of synthetic biology in recent decades has sparked intense debate regarding its potential risks and benefits to global health. Advancements in genetic engineering have allowed scientists to ____(21) entirely new strands of DNA, a capability that was once deemed scientifically impossible. This breakthrough, ____(22) a dramatic reduction in the cost of gene sequencing, has accelerated the pace of medical research. However, ethicists warn that the absolute autonomy given to private laboratories could be ____(23) by unregulated entities. Today, a significant portion of genetic research is funded by corporate venture capital. The critical dilemma now centers on whether the ____(24) of biological manufacturing justifies the danger of losing traditional ecological oversight. Regulators must act swiftly to establish international frameworks before these manufactured organisms are permanently ____(25) into our natural ecosystems. Only through effective international cooperation and robust regulatory oversight can society fully realize the benefits of synthetic biology while minimizing its potential risks.

第 24 題

【題組共用題幹】
The rise of synthetic biology in recent decades has sparked intense debate regarding its potential risks and benefits to global health. Advancements in genetic engineering have allowed scientists to ____(21) entirely new strands of DNA, a capability that was once deemed scientifically impossible. This breakthrough, ____(22) a dramatic reduction in the cost of gene sequencing, has accelerated the pace of medical research. However, ethicists warn that the absolute autonomy given to private laboratories could be ____(23) by unregulated entities. Today, a significant portion of genetic research is funded by corporate venture capital. The critical dilemma now centers on whether the ____(24) of biological manufacturing justifies the danger of losing traditional ecological oversight. Regulators must act swiftly to establish international frameworks before these manufactured organisms are permanently ____(25) into our natural ecosystems. Only through effective international cooperation and robust regulatory oversight can society fully realize the benefits of synthetic biology while minimizing its potential risks.

第 25 題

【題組共用題幹】
It seems that most universities began contending with the topic of artificial intelligence in a transactional way following the general release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022. First, it was student use of AI that ____(26) the still-lingering furor over "cheating on assignments." Many educators came to realize early on that the cheating concern was less about learners' academic integrity than it was about the ____(27) of teaching and assessment employed by faculty.

Higher education institutions came to understand that the advent of AI in higher education required them to ____(28) the rapidly changing realities of the present as well as the future in their methods and practices. They could not ignore the emerging technologies that are becoming the foundation of workplace tools and techniques when designing their classes. Their students recognized this before many faculty members did. It is incumbent on higher education institutions to fully integrate the current and emerging tools, techniques, and practices into their ____(29). These tools and practices should be relevant to the workplaces that learners will enter after leaving the university. This responsibility ____(30) learners graduating with either a baccalaureate degree or a certificate in professional and continuing education.

第 26 題

【題組共用題幹】
It seems that most universities began contending with the topic of artificial intelligence in a transactional way following the general release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022. First, it was student use of AI that ____(26) the still-lingering furor over "cheating on assignments." Many educators came to realize early on that the cheating concern was less about learners' academic integrity than it was about the ____(27) of teaching and assessment employed by faculty.

Higher education institutions came to understand that the advent of AI in higher education required them to ____(28) the rapidly changing realities of the present as well as the future in their methods and practices. They could not ignore the emerging technologies that are becoming the foundation of workplace tools and techniques when designing their classes. Their students recognized this before many faculty members did. It is incumbent on higher education institutions to fully integrate the current and emerging tools, techniques, and practices into their ____(29). These tools and practices should be relevant to the workplaces that learners will enter after leaving the university. This responsibility ____(30) learners graduating with either a baccalaureate degree or a certificate in professional and continuing education.

第 27 題

【題組共用題幹】
It seems that most universities began contending with the topic of artificial intelligence in a transactional way following the general release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022. First, it was student use of AI that ____(26) the still-lingering furor over "cheating on assignments." Many educators came to realize early on that the cheating concern was less about learners' academic integrity than it was about the ____(27) of teaching and assessment employed by faculty.

Higher education institutions came to understand that the advent of AI in higher education required them to ____(28) the rapidly changing realities of the present as well as the future in their methods and practices. They could not ignore the emerging technologies that are becoming the foundation of workplace tools and techniques when designing their classes. Their students recognized this before many faculty members did. It is incumbent on higher education institutions to fully integrate the current and emerging tools, techniques, and practices into their ____(29). These tools and practices should be relevant to the workplaces that learners will enter after leaving the university. This responsibility ____(30) learners graduating with either a baccalaureate degree or a certificate in professional and continuing education.

第 28 題

【題組共用題幹】
It seems that most universities began contending with the topic of artificial intelligence in a transactional way following the general release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022. First, it was student use of AI that ____(26) the still-lingering furor over "cheating on assignments." Many educators came to realize early on that the cheating concern was less about learners' academic integrity than it was about the ____(27) of teaching and assessment employed by faculty.

Higher education institutions came to understand that the advent of AI in higher education required them to ____(28) the rapidly changing realities of the present as well as the future in their methods and practices. They could not ignore the emerging technologies that are becoming the foundation of workplace tools and techniques when designing their classes. Their students recognized this before many faculty members did. It is incumbent on higher education institutions to fully integrate the current and emerging tools, techniques, and practices into their ____(29). These tools and practices should be relevant to the workplaces that learners will enter after leaving the university. This responsibility ____(30) learners graduating with either a baccalaureate degree or a certificate in professional and continuing education.

第 29 題

【題組共用題幹】
It seems that most universities began contending with the topic of artificial intelligence in a transactional way following the general release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022. First, it was student use of AI that ____(26) the still-lingering furor over "cheating on assignments." Many educators came to realize early on that the cheating concern was less about learners' academic integrity than it was about the ____(27) of teaching and assessment employed by faculty.

Higher education institutions came to understand that the advent of AI in higher education required them to ____(28) the rapidly changing realities of the present as well as the future in their methods and practices. They could not ignore the emerging technologies that are becoming the foundation of workplace tools and techniques when designing their classes. Their students recognized this before many faculty members did. It is incumbent on higher education institutions to fully integrate the current and emerging tools, techniques, and practices into their ____(29). These tools and practices should be relevant to the workplaces that learners will enter after leaving the university. This responsibility ____(30) learners graduating with either a baccalaureate degree or a certificate in professional and continuing education.

第 30 題

【題組共用題幹】
Tourette's syndrome, a mental disorder that usually begins in childhood, is thought to affect millions of people. There remains a lot of ____(31) about this condition, partly because of the way it has been depicted in media and movies. The typical image of a Tourette's sufferer is someone who is weird and not ____(32) because he or she is constantly yelling and using foul language. However, swearing is actually a rare symptom. Much more common signs are physical movements such as arm or head jerking, shoulder shrugging and blinking. These movements are known as tics. Vocal tics include clearing the throat, repeating what people say and, in some cases, shouting. What exactly ____(33) these tics remains unknown. While Tourette's Syndrome can be ____(34) for some, others are not particularly concerned by it. For people who are ____(35) by severe tics, psychotherapy may help.

第 31 題

【題組共用題幹】
Tourette's syndrome, a mental disorder that usually begins in childhood, is thought to affect millions of people. There remains a lot of ____(31) about this condition, partly because of the way it has been depicted in media and movies. The typical image of a Tourette's sufferer is someone who is weird and not ____(32) because he or she is constantly yelling and using foul language. However, swearing is actually a rare symptom. Much more common signs are physical movements such as arm or head jerking, shoulder shrugging and blinking. These movements are known as tics. Vocal tics include clearing the throat, repeating what people say and, in some cases, shouting. What exactly ____(33) these tics remains unknown. While Tourette's Syndrome can be ____(34) for some, others are not particularly concerned by it. For people who are ____(35) by severe tics, psychotherapy may help.

第 32 題

【題組共用題幹】
Tourette's syndrome, a mental disorder that usually begins in childhood, is thought to affect millions of people. There remains a lot of ____(31) about this condition, partly because of the way it has been depicted in media and movies. The typical image of a Tourette's sufferer is someone who is weird and not ____(32) because he or she is constantly yelling and using foul language. However, swearing is actually a rare symptom. Much more common signs are physical movements such as arm or head jerking, shoulder shrugging and blinking. These movements are known as tics. Vocal tics include clearing the throat, repeating what people say and, in some cases, shouting. What exactly ____(33) these tics remains unknown. While Tourette's Syndrome can be ____(34) for some, others are not particularly concerned by it. For people who are ____(35) by severe tics, psychotherapy may help.

第 33 題

【題組共用題幹】
Tourette's syndrome, a mental disorder that usually begins in childhood, is thought to affect millions of people. There remains a lot of ____(31) about this condition, partly because of the way it has been depicted in media and movies. The typical image of a Tourette's sufferer is someone who is weird and not ____(32) because he or she is constantly yelling and using foul language. However, swearing is actually a rare symptom. Much more common signs are physical movements such as arm or head jerking, shoulder shrugging and blinking. These movements are known as tics. Vocal tics include clearing the throat, repeating what people say and, in some cases, shouting. What exactly ____(33) these tics remains unknown. While Tourette's Syndrome can be ____(34) for some, others are not particularly concerned by it. For people who are ____(35) by severe tics, psychotherapy may help.

第 34 題

【題組共用題幹】
Tourette's syndrome, a mental disorder that usually begins in childhood, is thought to affect millions of people. There remains a lot of ____(31) about this condition, partly because of the way it has been depicted in media and movies. The typical image of a Tourette's sufferer is someone who is weird and not ____(32) because he or she is constantly yelling and using foul language. However, swearing is actually a rare symptom. Much more common signs are physical movements such as arm or head jerking, shoulder shrugging and blinking. These movements are known as tics. Vocal tics include clearing the throat, repeating what people say and, in some cases, shouting. What exactly ____(33) these tics remains unknown. While Tourette's Syndrome can be ____(34) for some, others are not particularly concerned by it. For people who are ____(35) by severe tics, psychotherapy may help.

第 35 題

【題組共用題幹】
The Mediterranean diet, modeled after the traditional dietary patterns of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, has garnered widespread acclaim within the scientific community for its profound health benefits. Rather than enforcing a rigid regimen of caloric restriction, this nutritional framework emphasizes the holistic consumption of nutrient-dense, whole foods. Central to the diet is the abundant intake of plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. Crucially, olive oil serves as the primary source of monounsaturated fats, replacing heavily processed oils and saturated fats, which are systematically minimized. Moderate consumption of fish and poultry provides lean protein, while red meat and refined sugars are strictly limited, reserved only for infrequent occasions.

Sociological and epidemiological studies suggest that the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet extends beyond its macro- and micro-nutrient profiles. It is intrinsically tied to a broader cultural lifestyle that prioritizes physical activity, mindful eating, and regular social engagement during meals. This communal approach to dining reduces psychological stress, which synergistically enhances cardiovascular health. From a biochemical perspective, the diet is exceptionally rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids. These compounds actively mitigate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, two primary physiological drivers of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive decline.

Despite its documented benefits, contemporary globalization poses a significant threat to the preservation of this dietary tradition. The proliferation of ultra-processed convenience foods has led to a noticeable nutritional shift even within Mediterranean regions, a phenomenon researchers term "Westernization." Consequently, public health organizations face the dual challenge of promoting this paradigm globally while safeguarding it locally. Transitioning to a Mediterranean dietary pattern requires comprehensive behavioral modifications, including careful label reading and a shift toward home-cooked meals. Ultimately, the Mediterranean diet serves as a compelling testament to the idea that long-term longevity and disease prevention are best achieved not through isolated dietary restrictions, but through a balanced, sustainable, and lifestyle-oriented approach to nutrition.

36. The word "mitigate" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ____.

【題組共用題幹】
The Mediterranean diet, modeled after the traditional dietary patterns of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, has garnered widespread acclaim within the scientific community for its profound health benefits. Rather than enforcing a rigid regimen of caloric restriction, this nutritional framework emphasizes the holistic consumption of nutrient-dense, whole foods. Central to the diet is the abundant intake of plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. Crucially, olive oil serves as the primary source of monounsaturated fats, replacing heavily processed oils and saturated fats, which are systematically minimized. Moderate consumption of fish and poultry provides lean protein, while red meat and refined sugars are strictly limited, reserved only for infrequent occasions.

Sociological and epidemiological studies suggest that the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet extends beyond its macro- and micro-nutrient profiles. It is intrinsically tied to a broader cultural lifestyle that prioritizes physical activity, mindful eating, and regular social engagement during meals. This communal approach to dining reduces psychological stress, which synergistically enhances cardiovascular health. From a biochemical perspective, the diet is exceptionally rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids. These compounds actively mitigate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, two primary physiological drivers of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive decline.

Despite its documented benefits, contemporary globalization poses a significant threat to the preservation of this dietary tradition. The proliferation of ultra-processed convenience foods has led to a noticeable nutritional shift even within Mediterranean regions, a phenomenon researchers term "Westernization." Consequently, public health organizations face the dual challenge of promoting this paradigm globally while safeguarding it locally. Transitioning to a Mediterranean dietary pattern requires comprehensive behavioral modifications, including careful label reading and a shift toward home-cooked meals. Ultimately, the Mediterranean diet serves as a compelling testament to the idea that long-term longevity and disease prevention are best achieved not through isolated dietary restrictions, but through a balanced, sustainable, and lifestyle-oriented approach to nutrition.

37. Which of the following is true of the Mediterranean diet?

【題組共用題幹】
The Mediterranean diet, modeled after the traditional dietary patterns of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, has garnered widespread acclaim within the scientific community for its profound health benefits. Rather than enforcing a rigid regimen of caloric restriction, this nutritional framework emphasizes the holistic consumption of nutrient-dense, whole foods. Central to the diet is the abundant intake of plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. Crucially, olive oil serves as the primary source of monounsaturated fats, replacing heavily processed oils and saturated fats, which are systematically minimized. Moderate consumption of fish and poultry provides lean protein, while red meat and refined sugars are strictly limited, reserved only for infrequent occasions.

Sociological and epidemiological studies suggest that the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet extends beyond its macro- and micro-nutrient profiles. It is intrinsically tied to a broader cultural lifestyle that prioritizes physical activity, mindful eating, and regular social engagement during meals. This communal approach to dining reduces psychological stress, which synergistically enhances cardiovascular health. From a biochemical perspective, the diet is exceptionally rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids. These compounds actively mitigate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, two primary physiological drivers of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive decline.

Despite its documented benefits, contemporary globalization poses a significant threat to the preservation of this dietary tradition. The proliferation of ultra-processed convenience foods has led to a noticeable nutritional shift even within Mediterranean regions, a phenomenon researchers term "Westernization." Consequently, public health organizations face the dual challenge of promoting this paradigm globally while safeguarding it locally. Transitioning to a Mediterranean dietary pattern requires comprehensive behavioral modifications, including careful label reading and a shift toward home-cooked meals. Ultimately, the Mediterranean diet serves as a compelling testament to the idea that long-term longevity and disease prevention are best achieved not through isolated dietary restrictions, but through a balanced, sustainable, and lifestyle-oriented approach to nutrition.

38. Which of the following non-dietary factor contributes to the success of the Mediterranean diet?

【題組共用題幹】
The Mediterranean diet, modeled after the traditional dietary patterns of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, has garnered widespread acclaim within the scientific community for its profound health benefits. Rather than enforcing a rigid regimen of caloric restriction, this nutritional framework emphasizes the holistic consumption of nutrient-dense, whole foods. Central to the diet is the abundant intake of plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. Crucially, olive oil serves as the primary source of monounsaturated fats, replacing heavily processed oils and saturated fats, which are systematically minimized. Moderate consumption of fish and poultry provides lean protein, while red meat and refined sugars are strictly limited, reserved only for infrequent occasions.

Sociological and epidemiological studies suggest that the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet extends beyond its macro- and micro-nutrient profiles. It is intrinsically tied to a broader cultural lifestyle that prioritizes physical activity, mindful eating, and regular social engagement during meals. This communal approach to dining reduces psychological stress, which synergistically enhances cardiovascular health. From a biochemical perspective, the diet is exceptionally rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids. These compounds actively mitigate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, two primary physiological drivers of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive decline.

Despite its documented benefits, contemporary globalization poses a significant threat to the preservation of this dietary tradition. The proliferation of ultra-processed convenience foods has led to a noticeable nutritional shift even within Mediterranean regions, a phenomenon researchers term "Westernization." Consequently, public health organizations face the dual challenge of promoting this paradigm globally while safeguarding it locally. Transitioning to a Mediterranean dietary pattern requires comprehensive behavioral modifications, including careful label reading and a shift toward home-cooked meals. Ultimately, the Mediterranean diet serves as a compelling testament to the idea that long-term longevity and disease prevention are best achieved not through isolated dietary restrictions, but through a balanced, sustainable, and lifestyle-oriented approach to nutrition.

39. The author mentions "Westernization" in paragraph 3 in order to ____.

【題組共用題幹】
The Mediterranean diet, modeled after the traditional dietary patterns of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, has garnered widespread acclaim within the scientific community for its profound health benefits. Rather than enforcing a rigid regimen of caloric restriction, this nutritional framework emphasizes the holistic consumption of nutrient-dense, whole foods. Central to the diet is the abundant intake of plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. Crucially, olive oil serves as the primary source of monounsaturated fats, replacing heavily processed oils and saturated fats, which are systematically minimized. Moderate consumption of fish and poultry provides lean protein, while red meat and refined sugars are strictly limited, reserved only for infrequent occasions.

Sociological and epidemiological studies suggest that the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet extends beyond its macro- and micro-nutrient profiles. It is intrinsically tied to a broader cultural lifestyle that prioritizes physical activity, mindful eating, and regular social engagement during meals. This communal approach to dining reduces psychological stress, which synergistically enhances cardiovascular health. From a biochemical perspective, the diet is exceptionally rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids. These compounds actively mitigate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, two primary physiological drivers of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive decline.

Despite its documented benefits, contemporary globalization poses a significant threat to the preservation of this dietary tradition. The proliferation of ultra-processed convenience foods has led to a noticeable nutritional shift even within Mediterranean regions, a phenomenon researchers term "Westernization." Consequently, public health organizations face the dual challenge of promoting this paradigm globally while safeguarding it locally. Transitioning to a Mediterranean dietary pattern requires comprehensive behavioral modifications, including careful label reading and a shift toward home-cooked meals. Ultimately, the Mediterranean diet serves as a compelling testament to the idea that long-term longevity and disease prevention are best achieved not through isolated dietary restrictions, but through a balanced, sustainable, and lifestyle-oriented approach to nutrition.

40. Which of the following statements best expresses the essential information in the last sentence in paragraph 3?

【題組共用題幹】
Many major supermarket chains have come under scrutiny over the past decade for a range of unethical practices. They have squandered tons of food, underpaid suppliers, and generated excessive plastic packaging, all of which have contributed to environmental degradation.

However, supermarkets and grocers are beginning to acknowledge these concerns. In response to mounting consumer backlash against the vast amount of plastic waste created by packaging, several of the UK's largest supermarket chains have signed a pact committing to transform packaging and reduce plastic waste. By pledging to reuse, recycle, or compost all plastic waste by 2025, they are beginning to accept greater responsibility for their environmental impact. One leading supermarket has even announced plans to eliminate plastic packaging from its own-brand products by 2023.

Supermarkets have also responded to criticism over food waste by donating part of their food surplus. Nevertheless, charities estimate that they receive only 2% of the total surplus, suggesting that this measure is far from sufficient. Critics argue that supermarkets are still not doing enough. Most retailers operate behind a veil of secrecy when asked to disclose precise figures on food waste. Without greater transparency, it remains difficult to develop a systematic strategy for reducing waste and redistributing surplus food.

Meanwhile, smaller companies are taking the initiative by offering consumers more sustainable alternatives. Stores such as Berlin's Original Unverpakt and London's Bulk Market operate without plastic packaging, encouraging customers to bring reusable containers or compostable bags. Online grocer Farmdrop dispenses with large warehouses and minimizes food surplus by delivering fresh produce directly from local farmers to customers each day using electric vehicles, while ensuring that farmers receive the lion's share of the retail price.

There is no doubt that substantial progress is still needed to reduce both food waste and plastic waste. Nevertheless, major supermarkets may draw inspiration from these smaller grocers and gradually move toward a more sustainable future for everyone.

41. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

【題組共用題幹】
Many major supermarket chains have come under scrutiny over the past decade for a range of unethical practices. They have squandered tons of food, underpaid suppliers, and generated excessive plastic packaging, all of which have contributed to environmental degradation.

However, supermarkets and grocers are beginning to acknowledge these concerns. In response to mounting consumer backlash against the vast amount of plastic waste created by packaging, several of the UK's largest supermarket chains have signed a pact committing to transform packaging and reduce plastic waste. By pledging to reuse, recycle, or compost all plastic waste by 2025, they are beginning to accept greater responsibility for their environmental impact. One leading supermarket has even announced plans to eliminate plastic packaging from its own-brand products by 2023.

Supermarkets have also responded to criticism over food waste by donating part of their food surplus. Nevertheless, charities estimate that they receive only 2% of the total surplus, suggesting that this measure is far from sufficient. Critics argue that supermarkets are still not doing enough. Most retailers operate behind a veil of secrecy when asked to disclose precise figures on food waste. Without greater transparency, it remains difficult to develop a systematic strategy for reducing waste and redistributing surplus food.

Meanwhile, smaller companies are taking the initiative by offering consumers more sustainable alternatives. Stores such as Berlin's Original Unverpakt and London's Bulk Market operate without plastic packaging, encouraging customers to bring reusable containers or compostable bags. Online grocer Farmdrop dispenses with large warehouses and minimizes food surplus by delivering fresh produce directly from local farmers to customers each day using electric vehicles, while ensuring that farmers receive the lion's share of the retail price.

There is no doubt that substantial progress is still needed to reduce both food waste and plastic waste. Nevertheless, major supermarkets may draw inspiration from these smaller grocers and gradually move toward a more sustainable future for everyone.

42. According to the passage, what is one reason critics believe supermarkets are still not doing enough to reduce food waste?

【題組共用題幹】
Many major supermarket chains have come under scrutiny over the past decade for a range of unethical practices. They have squandered tons of food, underpaid suppliers, and generated excessive plastic packaging, all of which have contributed to environmental degradation.

However, supermarkets and grocers are beginning to acknowledge these concerns. In response to mounting consumer backlash against the vast amount of plastic waste created by packaging, several of the UK's largest supermarket chains have signed a pact committing to transform packaging and reduce plastic waste. By pledging to reuse, recycle, or compost all plastic waste by 2025, they are beginning to accept greater responsibility for their environmental impact. One leading supermarket has even announced plans to eliminate plastic packaging from its own-brand products by 2023.

Supermarkets have also responded to criticism over food waste by donating part of their food surplus. Nevertheless, charities estimate that they receive only 2% of the total surplus, suggesting that this measure is far from sufficient. Critics argue that supermarkets are still not doing enough. Most retailers operate behind a veil of secrecy when asked to disclose precise figures on food waste. Without greater transparency, it remains difficult to develop a systematic strategy for reducing waste and redistributing surplus food.

Meanwhile, smaller companies are taking the initiative by offering consumers more sustainable alternatives. Stores such as Berlin's Original Unverpakt and London's Bulk Market operate without plastic packaging, encouraging customers to bring reusable containers or compostable bags. Online grocer Farmdrop dispenses with large warehouses and minimizes food surplus by delivering fresh produce directly from local farmers to customers each day using electric vehicles, while ensuring that farmers receive the lion's share of the retail price.

There is no doubt that substantial progress is still needed to reduce both food waste and plastic waste. Nevertheless, major supermarkets may draw inspiration from these smaller grocers and gradually move toward a more sustainable future for everyone.

43. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

【題組共用題幹】
Many major supermarket chains have come under scrutiny over the past decade for a range of unethical practices. They have squandered tons of food, underpaid suppliers, and generated excessive plastic packaging, all of which have contributed to environmental degradation.

However, supermarkets and grocers are beginning to acknowledge these concerns. In response to mounting consumer backlash against the vast amount of plastic waste created by packaging, several of the UK's largest supermarket chains have signed a pact committing to transform packaging and reduce plastic waste. By pledging to reuse, recycle, or compost all plastic waste by 2025, they are beginning to accept greater responsibility for their environmental impact. One leading supermarket has even announced plans to eliminate plastic packaging from its own-brand products by 2023.

Supermarkets have also responded to criticism over food waste by donating part of their food surplus. Nevertheless, charities estimate that they receive only 2% of the total surplus, suggesting that this measure is far from sufficient. Critics argue that supermarkets are still not doing enough. Most retailers operate behind a veil of secrecy when asked to disclose precise figures on food waste. Without greater transparency, it remains difficult to develop a systematic strategy for reducing waste and redistributing surplus food.

Meanwhile, smaller companies are taking the initiative by offering consumers more sustainable alternatives. Stores such as Berlin's Original Unverpakt and London's Bulk Market operate without plastic packaging, encouraging customers to bring reusable containers or compostable bags. Online grocer Farmdrop dispenses with large warehouses and minimizes food surplus by delivering fresh produce directly from local farmers to customers each day using electric vehicles, while ensuring that farmers receive the lion's share of the retail price.

There is no doubt that substantial progress is still needed to reduce both food waste and plastic waste. Nevertheless, major supermarkets may draw inspiration from these smaller grocers and gradually move toward a more sustainable future for everyone.

44. What can be inferred from the passage?

【題組共用題幹】
Many major supermarket chains have come under scrutiny over the past decade for a range of unethical practices. They have squandered tons of food, underpaid suppliers, and generated excessive plastic packaging, all of which have contributed to environmental degradation.

However, supermarkets and grocers are beginning to acknowledge these concerns. In response to mounting consumer backlash against the vast amount of plastic waste created by packaging, several of the UK's largest supermarket chains have signed a pact committing to transform packaging and reduce plastic waste. By pledging to reuse, recycle, or compost all plastic waste by 2025, they are beginning to accept greater responsibility for their environmental impact. One leading supermarket has even announced plans to eliminate plastic packaging from its own-brand products by 2023.

Supermarkets have also responded to criticism over food waste by donating part of their food surplus. Nevertheless, charities estimate that they receive only 2% of the total surplus, suggesting that this measure is far from sufficient. Critics argue that supermarkets are still not doing enough. Most retailers operate behind a veil of secrecy when asked to disclose precise figures on food waste. Without greater transparency, it remains difficult to develop a systematic strategy for reducing waste and redistributing surplus food.

Meanwhile, smaller companies are taking the initiative by offering consumers more sustainable alternatives. Stores such as Berlin's Original Unverpakt and London's Bulk Market operate without plastic packaging, encouraging customers to bring reusable containers or compostable bags. Online grocer Farmdrop dispenses with large warehouses and minimizes food surplus by delivering fresh produce directly from local farmers to customers each day using electric vehicles, while ensuring that farmers receive the lion's share of the retail price.

There is no doubt that substantial progress is still needed to reduce both food waste and plastic waste. Nevertheless, major supermarkets may draw inspiration from these smaller grocers and gradually move toward a more sustainable future for everyone.

45. Which of the following sentences would serve as the best concluding sentence for the passage?

【題組共用題幹】
For centuries, human civilization has been fascinated by the nocturnal theater of the mind: dreams. While ancient cultures often viewed dreams as prophetic messages from the gods or windows into alternate realities, modern neuroscience and psychology approach them as complex biological and cognitive processes. Despite decades of empirical research, dreams remain one of the most elusive phenomena in cognitive science. However, contemporary theories have illuminated several critical functions that dreaming may serve, particularly concerning memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and evolutionary survival mechanisms.

Physiologically, dreaming occurs most vividly during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, a distinct phase characterized by high brain activity, rapid saccadic eye movements, and temporary muscle paralysis. During REM sleep, the brain's metabolic activity in certain regions, such as the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, equals or exceeds waking levels. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for executive function, logical reasoning, and working memory, shows drastically reduced activity. This neurological asymmetry explains the bizarre, nonlinear narratives and the lack of critical awareness typical of most dream experiences.

One of the leading contemporary frameworks for understanding dreams is the Information Processing Theory, which posits that dreaming is crucial for memory consolidation. According to this view, the brain acts like a biological computer during sleep, sorting through the vast influx of sensory information gathered throughout the day. REM sleep provides an optimal environment for the brain to integrate new memories into existing cognitive networks. Studies show that when individuals are deprived of REM sleep, their performance on complex learning tasks deteriorates significantly, suggesting that the dream state is essential for synthesizing information and transferring short-term experiences into long-term storage.

Simultaneously, psychologists emphasize the role of dreams in emotional regulation, often describing dreaming as a form of nocturnal therapy. The "Sleep to Forget, Sleep to Remember" hypothesis suggests that REM sleep allows the brain to process highly charged emotional experiences in a neurochemically calm environment. During REM sleep, the brain is completely devoid of norepinephrine, a key anxiety-triggered chemical. By replaying stressful memories without the accompanying physiological stress response, the brain can successfully detach the painful emotional sting from the actual factual memory, helping individuals adapt to psychological trauma and daily stressors.

From an evolutionary perspective, the Threat Simulation Theory (TST) suggests that dreaming evolved as a biological defense mechanism. According to TST, the dream world serves as a safe virtual reality simulator where the brain replicates potential real-life dangers, such as predator encounters or social confrontations. By repeatedly practicing threat perception and avoidance behaviors in a low-risk environment, early humans enhanced their neurocognitive mechanisms for efficient threat identification and reaction. This evolutionary advantage likely increased their chances of survival in a hostile physical environment. Ultimately, whether viewed as a byproduct of neural housekeeping or a sophisticated survival tool, dreaming remains a vital component of human cognition.

46. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

【題組共用題幹】
For centuries, human civilization has been fascinated by the nocturnal theater of the mind: dreams. While ancient cultures often viewed dreams as prophetic messages from the gods or windows into alternate realities, modern neuroscience and psychology approach them as complex biological and cognitive processes. Despite decades of empirical research, dreams remain one of the most elusive phenomena in cognitive science. However, contemporary theories have illuminated several critical functions that dreaming may serve, particularly concerning memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and evolutionary survival mechanisms.

Physiologically, dreaming occurs most vividly during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, a distinct phase characterized by high brain activity, rapid saccadic eye movements, and temporary muscle paralysis. During REM sleep, the brain's metabolic activity in certain regions, such as the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, equals or exceeds waking levels. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for executive function, logical reasoning, and working memory, shows drastically reduced activity. This neurological asymmetry explains the bizarre, nonlinear narratives and the lack of critical awareness typical of most dream experiences.

One of the leading contemporary frameworks for understanding dreams is the Information Processing Theory, which posits that dreaming is crucial for memory consolidation. According to this view, the brain acts like a biological computer during sleep, sorting through the vast influx of sensory information gathered throughout the day. REM sleep provides an optimal environment for the brain to integrate new memories into existing cognitive networks. Studies show that when individuals are deprived of REM sleep, their performance on complex learning tasks deteriorates significantly, suggesting that the dream state is essential for synthesizing information and transferring short-term experiences into long-term storage.

Simultaneously, psychologists emphasize the role of dreams in emotional regulation, often describing dreaming as a form of nocturnal therapy. The "Sleep to Forget, Sleep to Remember" hypothesis suggests that REM sleep allows the brain to process highly charged emotional experiences in a neurochemically calm environment. During REM sleep, the brain is completely devoid of norepinephrine, a key anxiety-triggered chemical. By replaying stressful memories without the accompanying physiological stress response, the brain can successfully detach the painful emotional sting from the actual factual memory, helping individuals adapt to psychological trauma and daily stressors.

From an evolutionary perspective, the Threat Simulation Theory (TST) suggests that dreaming evolved as a biological defense mechanism. According to TST, the dream world serves as a safe virtual reality simulator where the brain replicates potential real-life dangers, such as predator encounters or social confrontations. By repeatedly practicing threat perception and avoidance behaviors in a low-risk environment, early humans enhanced their neurocognitive mechanisms for efficient threat identification and reaction. This evolutionary advantage likely increased their chances of survival in a hostile physical environment. Ultimately, whether viewed as a byproduct of neural housekeeping or a sophisticated survival tool, dreaming remains a vital component of human cognition.

47. Which of the following can be inferred from the article about individuals who do not get enough REM sleep?

【題組共用題幹】
For centuries, human civilization has been fascinated by the nocturnal theater of the mind: dreams. While ancient cultures often viewed dreams as prophetic messages from the gods or windows into alternate realities, modern neuroscience and psychology approach them as complex biological and cognitive processes. Despite decades of empirical research, dreams remain one of the most elusive phenomena in cognitive science. However, contemporary theories have illuminated several critical functions that dreaming may serve, particularly concerning memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and evolutionary survival mechanisms.

Physiologically, dreaming occurs most vividly during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, a distinct phase characterized by high brain activity, rapid saccadic eye movements, and temporary muscle paralysis. During REM sleep, the brain's metabolic activity in certain regions, such as the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, equals or exceeds waking levels. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for executive function, logical reasoning, and working memory, shows drastically reduced activity. This neurological asymmetry explains the bizarre, nonlinear narratives and the lack of critical awareness typical of most dream experiences.

One of the leading contemporary frameworks for understanding dreams is the Information Processing Theory, which posits that dreaming is crucial for memory consolidation. According to this view, the brain acts like a biological computer during sleep, sorting through the vast influx of sensory information gathered throughout the day. REM sleep provides an optimal environment for the brain to integrate new memories into existing cognitive networks. Studies show that when individuals are deprived of REM sleep, their performance on complex learning tasks deteriorates significantly, suggesting that the dream state is essential for synthesizing information and transferring short-term experiences into long-term storage.

Simultaneously, psychologists emphasize the role of dreams in emotional regulation, often describing dreaming as a form of nocturnal therapy. The "Sleep to Forget, Sleep to Remember" hypothesis suggests that REM sleep allows the brain to process highly charged emotional experiences in a neurochemically calm environment. During REM sleep, the brain is completely devoid of norepinephrine, a key anxiety-triggered chemical. By replaying stressful memories without the accompanying physiological stress response, the brain can successfully detach the painful emotional sting from the actual factual memory, helping individuals adapt to psychological trauma and daily stressors.

From an evolutionary perspective, the Threat Simulation Theory (TST) suggests that dreaming evolved as a biological defense mechanism. According to TST, the dream world serves as a safe virtual reality simulator where the brain replicates potential real-life dangers, such as predator encounters or social confrontations. By repeatedly practicing threat perception and avoidance behaviors in a low-risk environment, early humans enhanced their neurocognitive mechanisms for efficient threat identification and reaction. This evolutionary advantage likely increased their chances of survival in a hostile physical environment. Ultimately, whether viewed as a byproduct of neural housekeeping or a sophisticated survival tool, dreaming remains a vital component of human cognition.

48. According to the article, what explains the illogical and bizarre nature of dreams?

【題組共用題幹】
For centuries, human civilization has been fascinated by the nocturnal theater of the mind: dreams. While ancient cultures often viewed dreams as prophetic messages from the gods or windows into alternate realities, modern neuroscience and psychology approach them as complex biological and cognitive processes. Despite decades of empirical research, dreams remain one of the most elusive phenomena in cognitive science. However, contemporary theories have illuminated several critical functions that dreaming may serve, particularly concerning memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and evolutionary survival mechanisms.

Physiologically, dreaming occurs most vividly during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, a distinct phase characterized by high brain activity, rapid saccadic eye movements, and temporary muscle paralysis. During REM sleep, the brain's metabolic activity in certain regions, such as the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, equals or exceeds waking levels. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for executive function, logical reasoning, and working memory, shows drastically reduced activity. This neurological asymmetry explains the bizarre, nonlinear narratives and the lack of critical awareness typical of most dream experiences.

One of the leading contemporary frameworks for understanding dreams is the Information Processing Theory, which posits that dreaming is crucial for memory consolidation. According to this view, the brain acts like a biological computer during sleep, sorting through the vast influx of sensory information gathered throughout the day. REM sleep provides an optimal environment for the brain to integrate new memories into existing cognitive networks. Studies show that when individuals are deprived of REM sleep, their performance on complex learning tasks deteriorates significantly, suggesting that the dream state is essential for synthesizing information and transferring short-term experiences into long-term storage.

Simultaneously, psychologists emphasize the role of dreams in emotional regulation, often describing dreaming as a form of nocturnal therapy. The "Sleep to Forget, Sleep to Remember" hypothesis suggests that REM sleep allows the brain to process highly charged emotional experiences in a neurochemically calm environment. During REM sleep, the brain is completely devoid of norepinephrine, a key anxiety-triggered chemical. By replaying stressful memories without the accompanying physiological stress response, the brain can successfully detach the painful emotional sting from the actual factual memory, helping individuals adapt to psychological trauma and daily stressors.

From an evolutionary perspective, the Threat Simulation Theory (TST) suggests that dreaming evolved as a biological defense mechanism. According to TST, the dream world serves as a safe virtual reality simulator where the brain replicates potential real-life dangers, such as predator encounters or social confrontations. By repeatedly practicing threat perception and avoidance behaviors in a low-risk environment, early humans enhanced their neurocognitive mechanisms for efficient threat identification and reaction. This evolutionary advantage likely increased their chances of survival in a hostile physical environment. Ultimately, whether viewed as a byproduct of neural housekeeping or a sophisticated survival tool, dreaming remains a vital component of human cognition.

49. According to the Threat Simulation Theory, how did dreaming provide an evolutionary advantage to early humans?

【題組共用題幹】
For centuries, human civilization has been fascinated by the nocturnal theater of the mind: dreams. While ancient cultures often viewed dreams as prophetic messages from the gods or windows into alternate realities, modern neuroscience and psychology approach them as complex biological and cognitive processes. Despite decades of empirical research, dreams remain one of the most elusive phenomena in cognitive science. However, contemporary theories have illuminated several critical functions that dreaming may serve, particularly concerning memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and evolutionary survival mechanisms.

Physiologically, dreaming occurs most vividly during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, a distinct phase characterized by high brain activity, rapid saccadic eye movements, and temporary muscle paralysis. During REM sleep, the brain's metabolic activity in certain regions, such as the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, equals or exceeds waking levels. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for executive function, logical reasoning, and working memory, shows drastically reduced activity. This neurological asymmetry explains the bizarre, nonlinear narratives and the lack of critical awareness typical of most dream experiences.

One of the leading contemporary frameworks for understanding dreams is the Information Processing Theory, which posits that dreaming is crucial for memory consolidation. According to this view, the brain acts like a biological computer during sleep, sorting through the vast influx of sensory information gathered throughout the day. REM sleep provides an optimal environment for the brain to integrate new memories into existing cognitive networks. Studies show that when individuals are deprived of REM sleep, their performance on complex learning tasks deteriorates significantly, suggesting that the dream state is essential for synthesizing information and transferring short-term experiences into long-term storage.

Simultaneously, psychologists emphasize the role of dreams in emotional regulation, often describing dreaming as a form of nocturnal therapy. The "Sleep to Forget, Sleep to Remember" hypothesis suggests that REM sleep allows the brain to process highly charged emotional experiences in a neurochemically calm environment. During REM sleep, the brain is completely devoid of norepinephrine, a key anxiety-triggered chemical. By replaying stressful memories without the accompanying physiological stress response, the brain can successfully detach the painful emotional sting from the actual factual memory, helping individuals adapt to psychological trauma and daily stressors.

From an evolutionary perspective, the Threat Simulation Theory (TST) suggests that dreaming evolved as a biological defense mechanism. According to TST, the dream world serves as a safe virtual reality simulator where the brain replicates potential real-life dangers, such as predator encounters or social confrontations. By repeatedly practicing threat perception and avoidance behaviors in a low-risk environment, early humans enhanced their neurocognitive mechanisms for efficient threat identification and reaction. This evolutionary advantage likely increased their chances of survival in a hostile physical environment. Ultimately, whether viewed as a byproduct of neural housekeeping or a sophisticated survival tool, dreaming remains a vital component of human cognition.

50. The phrase "nocturnal therapy" in paragraph 4 refers to the idea that dreaming ____.