國立清華大學 111 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Felicity has been particularly ____ about washing her hands before touching food.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查形容詞的字義辨析，以及固定搭配：
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Felicity has been particularly ____ about washing her hands before touching food.
在 COVID-19 疫情期間，Felicity 對於在接觸食物前洗手這件事格外講究。
句型為：
空格需要填入能表示「非常講究、極度注重細節」的形容詞。選項中只有 fastidious 符合語意。
解題方法
先觀察關鍵語境：
- washing her hands before touching food：在接觸食物前洗手
- particularly：特別地、格外地
- be ... about：對某事很在意、很講究
整句要表達的是：疫情期間，Felicity 對衛生習慣特別嚴謹、講究。因此選擇表示「一絲不苟、非常講究細節」的 fastidious。
選項分析
(A) facetious：滑稽的；愛開玩笑的
Facetious 指言語或態度「戲謔的、故意開玩笑的」，常帶有不嚴肅的意味。
若填入句中：
Felicity has been particularly facetious about washing her hands.
意思會變成「Felicity 對洗手這件事特別愛開玩笑」，與疫情期間重視衛生的語境不符，因此錯誤。
(B) factitious：人為製造的；不自然的；虛假的
Factitious 指「人工製造的」或「刻意造成的」，也可表示不自然、虛假的事物。此字與 fact 有字形聯想，但與「講究衛生」沒有關係。
Felicity has been particularly factitious about washing her hands.
語意變成「Felicity 對洗手這件事特別人為製造或虛假」，不合乎句意，因此錯誤。
(C) fallacious：謬誤的；不合邏輯的
第 2 題2 分
An official investigation of last month’s terrorist attack ____ the city council from any blame.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「單字詞義辨析」與「動詞搭配」。句型為：
An official investigation of last month’s terrorist attack ____ the city council from any blame.
主詞是單數名詞片語 An official investigation，因此空格應填過去式動詞。判斷關鍵在於：
- exonerate A from blame：證明 A 無罪、免除 A 的責任
- blame：責任、過錯
句意需要表達「調查證明市議會不需為此事負責」，因此選 exonerated。
解題方法
先掌握句子的基本結構：
- An official investigation：主詞，官方調查
- of last month’s terrorist attack：介系詞片語，修飾 investigation
- ____：謂語動詞
- the city council：受詞，市議會
- from any blame：表示從責任或指責中被免除
題幹定位答案的句子如下：
An official investigation of last month’s terrorist attack exonerated the city council from any blame.
翻譯為：
對上個月恐怖攻擊事件的官方調查，證明市議會不必為此承擔任何責任。
「市議會」是被調查結果證明沒有責任的一方，因此需要選擇具有「洗清責任、證明無罪」意義的動詞。
選項分析
(A) exacerbated
exacerbate 意為「使惡化、使加劇」，常見搭配為：
- exacerbate a problem：使問題惡化
- exacerbate tensions：加劇緊張情勢
- exacerbate the situation：使情況更加糟糕
若填入此字，句意會變成「官方調查使市議會免於任何責任」，動詞意義與 from any blame 不合；調查可以揭露或釐清責任，卻不能用 exacerbate 表示「免除責任」。故錯誤。
(B) excoriated
excориate 意為「嚴厲抨擊、痛斥、猛烈譴責」。例如：
- excoriate the government：嚴厲抨擊政府
- excoriate someone for negligence：因疏忽而痛斥某人
此字表示強烈責備，與「使某人免於責任」的語意相反。若填入句中，意思會接近「調查嚴厲抨擊市議會免於任何責任」，語意不通。故錯誤。
(C) excruciated
第 3 題2 分
The suspect ____ an alibi to get away with the murder.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 動詞字義辨析
- 動詞與受詞的搭配
- 語境判斷
句中關鍵結構為：
The suspect ____ an alibi to get away with the murder.
其中，an alibi 是「不在場證明」，能與之自然搭配、表示「捏造不在場證明」的動詞是 concoct。
to get away with ... 表示「逃避……的責任／懲罰」，此處指嫌疑犯想藉由製造假證據來逃脫謀殺罪責。
解題方法
先判斷句意：
嫌疑犯＿＿一份不在場證明，以逃避這起謀殺案的罪責。
空格後面的受詞是 an alibi，因此需要一個能表示「編造、捏造」且可直接接受詞的及物動詞。
concoct 的核心意思是「捏造、編造」，常用於：
- concoct an alibi：捏造不在場證明
- concoct a story：編造故事
- concoct an excuse：編造藉口
- concoct a plan：策劃、炮製計畫
因此填入過去式 concocted：
The suspect concocted an alibi to get away with the murder.
嫌疑犯捏造了一份不在場證明，以逃避這起謀殺案的罪責。
選項分析
(A) compounded
compound 主要有以下意思：
- 混合、調製
- compound chemicals：調製化學物質
- 使問題惡化、加重
- compound the problem：使問題更加嚴重
- 以複利計算
- compound interest：複利
compound an alibi 並不是自然的英文搭配。即使 compound 可作及物動詞，也不表示「捏造不在場證明」，因此錯誤。
(B) concocted
concoct 表示「編造、捏造、炮製」，尤其常指為了掩飾真相而虛構故事、藉口或證據。
concocted an alibi 是自然且符合語境的搭配，表示「捏造不在場證明」。
本句主詞 The suspect 是單數，且事件發生在過去，因此使用過去式 concocted，文法與語意皆正確。
(C) concurred
第 4 題2 分
The apartheid state invested significant energy in ____ racial discrimination by projecting the idea that the codification of racism was not only acceptable but also just.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「介系詞後接動名詞」：
invest energy in + V-ing：投入精力做某事。by + V-ing：藉由……的方式。legitimize：使……合法化、正當化。racial discrimination：種族歧視。codification of racism：將種族主義編纂、明文化為法律或制度。acceptable and just：可接受且正義的。
題幹描述南非種族隔離政權，藉由宣稱「將種族主義明文化不僅可以接受，而且是正義的」，來使種族歧視取得正當性。因此空格應填入表示「使……合法化、正當化」的 legitimizing。
解題方法
先觀察句型：
The apartheid state invested significant energy in ____ racial discrimination by projecting the idea that ...
in 是介系詞，後面應接名詞或動名詞，因此空格須填入 V-ing 形式。五個選項中形式上皆可能接在 in 後，但必須進一步判斷語意。
關鍵線索是：
projecting the idea that the codification of racism was not only acceptable but also just
意思是「宣揚將種族主義明文化不僅是可以接受的，而且是正義的」。這種做法是在替種族歧視尋找法律與道德上的正當性，也就是：
legitimizing racial discrimination
使種族歧視合法化／正當化
因此完整句意為：
種族隔離政權投入大量精力，藉由宣揚「將種族主義明文化不僅可以接受，而且是正義的」這種觀念，來使種族歧視合法化。
題幹定位句與翻譯
定位答案的關鍵句為：
The apartheid state invested significant energy in ____ racial discrimination by projecting the idea that the codification of racism was not only acceptable but also just.
翻譯：
種族隔離政權投入大量精力，藉由宣揚「將種族主義明文化不僅是可以接受的，而且是正義的」這種觀念，來使種族歧視正當化。
acceptable 與 just 明確呈現「替種族歧視辯護、賦予其正當性」的語意，因此答案是 legitimizing。
選項分析
(A) debunking
第 5 題2 分
With the Delta variant dominant and hospitals under strain, the government ____ this week that only critically ill or high-risk patients would be admitted to hospitals. Others must recover at home.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是「動詞字義與語境搭配」。句意描述 Delta 變異株流行、醫院承受壓力，因此政府發布正式規定：只有病情危重或屬高風險的病人才能住院，其他人必須在家康復。
空格後接完整的名詞子句：
the government ____ this week that only critically ill or high-risk patients would be admitted to hospitals
此處需要一個能表示「正式宣布、下令、頒布規定」的及物動詞，並可接 that 子句說明政府所發布的內容。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為：
With the Delta variant dominant and hospitals under strain, the government ____ this week that only critically ill or high-risk patients would be admitted to hospitals.
翻譯：
由於 Delta 變異株占主導地位，且醫院承受壓力，政府本週正式宣布，只有病情危重或屬於高風險的病人才能入住醫院。
後一句：
Others must recover at home.
翻譯：
其他人必須在家康復。
「政府正式宣布住院條件」與 decreed 的語意完全吻合。
解題方法
先抓語境主軸：
- hospitals under strain 表示醫院負荷過重。
- 政府因此限制住院對象。
- 空格後的 that 子句 是政府宣布或規定的內容。
- 需要具有「以官方權力發布命令或規定」之意的動詞。
因此答案為 decreed，意思是「正式下令、頒布法令、正式宣布」。
句型為：
The government decreed that + 子句
政府正式下令／宣布……
完整句：
The government decreed this week that only critically ill or high-risk patients would be admitted to hospitals.
選項分析
(A) decreed：正式下令；頒布法令；正式宣布
正確。decree 作動詞時，表示以官方或權威身分正式發布命令、規定或決定，常用於政府、法院、君主等主體。
本句中政府因醫院容量有限，正式規定只有危重症或高風險患者能住院，符合 decreed 的語意與搭配。
(B) taunted：嘲弄；奚落
錯誤。taunt 指以侮辱、挑釁的言語嘲笑某人，通常搭配人或對手，例如：
第 6 題2 分
In Wanderlust: A History of Walking, Rebecca Solnit brings out how, in Austen’s England, new kinds of walking came together with other ____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨析
- 語意搭配
- 上下文邏輯
- 名詞與限定詞
other的搭配
句中結構為：
new kinds of walking came together with other ____.
其中，other 後面需要接複數可數名詞；空格所填的字也必須符合「A 與其他某些變化同時出現」的語意。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為：
In Wanderlust: A History of Walking, Rebecca Solnit brings out how, in Austen’s England, new kinds of walking came together with other transformations.
翻譯：
在《Wanderlust: A History of Walking》一書中，Rebecca Solnit 揭示了在 Austen 所處的英格蘭，新型態的步行方式如何與其他變革同時發生。
句中主幹為：
new kinds of walking：新的步行形式came together with：與……同時出現、共同發生other transformations：其他變革
「新的步行方式」本身就是一種社會或文化變化，因此與「其他變革」共同發展，在語意上最自然。
解題方法
先判斷空格所需的詞性與語意。
1. 詞性判斷
other 後面需要接名詞。五個選項皆為名詞，因此不能只靠詞性排除，必須進一步判斷語意。
2. 語意判斷
句型：
new kinds of walking came together with other ______
可改寫為：
新的步行形式與其他某些「變化」一起出現。
因此空格應填入表示「變革、轉變」的名詞。
3. 搭配判斷
transformation 常與社會、文化、思想、制度等變化搭配，例如：
- social transformations：社會變革
- cultural transformations：文化轉變
- major transformations：重大變革
new kinds of walking 與 other transformations 形成語意上的同類並列，表示步行文化的改變與其他社會變革同步發生。
選項分析
(A) concentration
concentration：集中、專心、濃度
代入後：
new kinds of walking came together with other concentration
有兩個問題：
concentration通常是不可數名詞，不能自然地與other搭配成other concentration。- 「新的步行形式與其他集中」在語意上不通，步行方式的改變並非與「集中」共同發生。
因此錯誤。
(B) transformations
transformations：變革、轉變、改造
代入後：
第 7 題2 分
Because it is a new democracy tiptoeing into the free market, its policymakers are free to try ____ ideas without being burdened by the legacy of how things were done before.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「形容詞的語意判斷」，尤其是依據上下文選出最符合語境的單字。
句中關鍵結構為：
policymakers are free to try ____ ideas
政策制定者可以自由嘗試 ____ 的想法
空格後接名詞 ideas，需要填入能描述「想法或政策不受傳統束縛、不同於慣例」的形容詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
Because it is a new democracy tiptoeing into the free market, its policymakers are free to try unorthodox ideas without being burdened by the legacy of how things were done before.
翻譯：
由於這是一個正小心踏入自由市場的新興民主國家，其政策制定者可以自由嘗試非傳統的想法，而不必受到過去做事方式所留下的包袱影響。
其中，without being burdened by the legacy of how things were done before 表示「不受過去傳統做法的包袱束縛」。既然沒有舊有制度與慣例的限制，政策制定者便能嘗試創新、非傳統的理念，因此答案為 unorthodox。
解題方法
-
先判斷空格的詞性：
空格位於名詞 ideas 前方，因此需要填入形容詞。 -
再抓語意線索：
- a new democracy：新興民主國家
- free to try：可以自由嘗試
- without being burdened by the legacy：不受過去傳統的包袱限制
- 上述線索共同指向「不遵循傳統的、非正統的、創新的」概念，故選 unorthodox。
選項分析
(A) legendary
意為「傳奇的；著名的」。
legendary ideas 是「傳奇性的想法」，重點在於名聲或傳奇色彩，與題幹強調的「擺脫傳統、嘗試新作法」無關，因此不符合語境。
(B) fleeting
意為「短暫的；稍縱即逝的」。
fleeting ideas 可理解為「短暫出現的想法」，但題幹並未談及想法存在時間很短，而是強調政策理念是否受到舊有做法限制，因此不選。
(C) painful
第 8 題2 分
While he was repeatedly asked to return home and stop spending the principal of his inheritance, Charles Longfellow remained in Asia and never shied away from ____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與片語搭配：
- shy away from：逃避、躲避、不願面對
- never shy away from + 名詞／動名詞：從不避開……、一向不吝於……
- extravagance：奢侈、揮霍、鋪張浪費；也可指奢侈的行為
判斷答案時，須將空格放回上下文，觀察 Charles Longfellow 的行為與前文「不斷被要求回家、停止花用遺產本金」之間的關係。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為：
While he was repeatedly asked to return home and stop spending the principal of his inheritance, Charles Longfellow remained in Asia and never shied away from ____.
翻譯：
儘管他一再被要求回家，並停止花用遺產的本金，Charles Longfellow 仍留在亞洲，從不避諱＿＿＿＿。
前半句指出他持續花用遺產本金，後半句則說他「從不逃避」某種行為。能與「花用遺產本金」直接形成語意連結的，是 extravagance（揮霍、奢侈）。
填入後：
never shied away from extravagance
意為：
從不避諱奢侈揮霍；毫不節制地揮霍
因此選 (B) extravagance。
選項分析
(A) responsibility（責任）
never shied away from responsibility 是合乎英文搭配的片語，意思是「從不逃避責任」。但題幹描述 Longfellow 被要求停止花用遺產本金，重點在他的揮霍行為，而不是勇於承擔責任。語意與上下文不符。
(B) extravagance（奢侈、揮霍）
正確。題幹提到他持續留在亞洲，並被要求停止花用遺產本金，顯示他有奢侈、揮霍的行為。
第 9 題2 分
Anti-work, which has roots in anarchist and socialist economic critique, argues that the bulk of today’s jobs aren’t necessary; instead, they enforce wage slavery and ____ workers of the full value of their output.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與固定搭配，關鍵句型為：
they enforce wage slavery and ____ workers of the full value of their output.
它們強制實施工資奴役，並且使勞工無法取得其勞動產出的全部價值。
空格後接：
deprive + 人 + of + 事物
剝奪某人某物；使某人失去某物
句中是「剝奪勞工勞動成果的全部價值」，因此應填 deprive。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的受詞結構：
____ workers of the full value
能自然搭配「workers + of + 某項權益／事物」的動詞，應具有「剝奪、使失去」的意思。
完整句為：
they enforce wage slavery and deprive workers of the full value of their output.
翻譯為：
它們強制實施工資奴役，並剝奪勞工勞動產出的全部價值。
前半句指出工作制度具有壓迫性，後半句應延續負面語意，說明工作使勞工無法獲得自己創造的完整價值。語意與搭配均符合 deprive。
題幹關鍵單字與片語
- anti-work：反工作思想；反工作的理念
- have roots in：根源於
- anarchist：無政府主義的
- socialist：社會主義的
- economic critique：經濟批判
- argue that...：主張……
- the bulk of...：大部分的……
- necessary：必要的
- enforce：強制實施；強迫執行
- wage slavery：工資奴役
- worker：勞工
- full value：全部價值
- output：產出；生產成果
題幹開頭指出：
Anti-work, which has roots in anarchist and socialist economic critique, argues that the bulk of today’s jobs aren’t necessary.
意思是：
反工作思想源自無政府主義與社會主義的經濟批判，主張現今大部分的工作並非必要。
接著以 instead 引出對現代工作的批判：
instead, they enforce wage slavery and deprive workers of the full value of their output.
其中 instead 表示「反而」，說明這些工作不但不是必要的，反而造成工資奴役，並剝奪勞工應得的勞動成果。
文法與語意重點
句中的 enforce 與 deprive 由 and 連接，形成平行結構：
they enforce wage slavery and deprive workers of the full value of their output.
兩者都是由主詞 they 所支配的動詞：
- they enforce...
- they deprive...
deprive 的典型句型是：
deprive + 人 + of + 事物
第 10 題2 分
In the case of type 1 diabetes, scientists are particularly keen to study exactly what happens after beta cells become infected with SARS-CoV-2 to see if there is a way to prevent their destruction. “Understanding the link between viral infection and type 1 diabetes might ____ early diagnosis and prevention,” says Shuibing Chen, a stem cell biologist at Weill Cornell Medicine.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 動詞字義辨析。
- 動詞與受詞的語意搭配。
- 由上下文判斷正、負向語意。
空格位於：
Understanding the link between viral infection and type 1 diabetes might ____ early diagnosis and prevention.
句意為：「了解病毒感染與第一型糖尿病之間的關聯，可能會＿＿早期診斷與預防。」
能與 early diagnosis and prevention 搭配，且符合「了解機制有助於醫療進展」的動詞，應選 facilitate。
解題方法
先判斷句子的整體語意：
科學家研究 SARS-CoV-2 感染胰臟 細胞後的變化，是希望找出防止細胞被破壞的方法。若能了解病毒感染與第一型糖尿病的關聯，便可能使早期診斷與預防更加容易。
因此空格需要「促進、使……更容易」的正向動詞。
句型為：
might + 原形動詞 + 受詞
因此四個動詞形式上都可接在 might 後面，但必須進一步判斷語意與搭配。facilitate 正好表示「促進、便利、使……更容易」。
關鍵句定位與翻譯
題幹中的關鍵句是：
Understanding the link between viral infection and type 1 diabetes might ____ early diagnosis and prevention.
翻譯為：
了解病毒感染與第一型糖尿病之間的關聯，可能會促進早期診斷與預防。
其中：
- understanding the link between A and B：了解 A 與 B 之間的關聯
- early diagnosis：早期診斷
- prevention：預防
- might facilitate：可能促進、可能使……更容易
研究出疾病形成的機制，能幫助醫師及早辨識疾病，也有助於發展預防方法，因此 facilitate 最符合上下文。
選項分析
(A) forestall
- forestall：預先阻止、防止某事發生。
- 通常用於阻止某種不良事件，例如：
- forestall an attack：預先阻止攻擊
- forestall a crisis：防止危機發生
若填入：
Understanding the link ... might forestall early diagnosis and prevention.
意思變成「了解這項關聯可能會阻止早期診斷與預防」，與科學研究的目的及正向語意相反。研究成果應該是促進診斷與預防，而不是阻礙它們，因此錯誤。
(B) gloat
- gloat：幸災樂禍、洋洋得意。
- 通常表示某人因他人的失敗或不幸而得意，例如：
- gloat over someone’s failure：對某人的失敗幸災樂禍
「了解病毒感染與糖尿病的關聯可能會幸災樂禍於早期診斷與預防」語意完全不通，且 gloat 不適合以 early diagnosis and prevention 作為受詞，因此錯誤。
(C) facilitate
第 11 題2 分
Marian Baird, professor of gender and employment relations at the University of Sydney, cautions that bearing the brunt of job losses during the COVID-19 pandemic, women’s longer-term financial independence may be in peril.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「分詞片語的修飾對象」與「懸垂修飾語（dangling modifier）」。
句中：
bearing the brunt of job losses during the COVID-19 pandemic
是現在分詞片語，通常用來修飾後面主要子句的主詞。分詞片語的邏輯主詞，必須與主要子句主詞一致。
原句的主要子句為：
women’s longer-term financial independence may be in peril.
主詞是 women’s longer-term financial independence（女性較長期的經濟獨立），但「承受失業損失最嚴重衝擊」的應是 women，而不是「女性的經濟獨立」。因此 bearing the brunt 產生懸垂修飾，造成文法與語意不當。
解題方法
先找出分詞片語的邏輯主詞，再找主要子句的真正主詞。
原句結構如下：
Marian Baird cautions that bearing the brunt of job losses, women’s longer-term financial independence may be in peril.
- 分詞片語的邏輯主詞：女性（women）
- 主要子句主詞：女性較長期的經濟獨立（women’s longer-term financial independence）
兩者不一致，導致「經濟獨立承受失業損失衝擊」的荒謬語意。因此官方答案 B bearing the brunt 正確。
較自然的改法包括：
Marian Baird cautions that women, who are bearing the brunt of job losses during the COVID-19 pandemic, may see their longer-term financial independence put in peril.
或：
Marian Baird cautions that because women are bearing the brunt of job losses during the COVID-19 pandemic, their longer-term financial independence may be in peril.
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為：
Marian Baird, professor of gender and employment relations at the University of Sydney, cautions that bearing the brunt of job losses during the COVID-19 pandemic, women’s longer-term financial independence may be in peril.
翻譯：
雪梨大學性別與僱傭關係教授 Marian Baird 警告，由於女性在 COVID-19 疫情期間承受了失業損失最嚴重的衝擊，女性較長期的經濟獨立可能陷入危機。
語意上確實是「女性」承受失業衝擊，而不是「女性的經濟獨立」承受衝擊；問題正出在 bearing the brunt 與後方主詞搭配不當。
選項分析
(A) cautions
- caution 可作及物動詞，表示「警告、告誡」。
- 常見句型為：
caution that + 子句
- 本句的：
第 12 題2 分
Currently the most abundant type of litter in the ocean, plastic debris impacts most visibly on the ingestion, suffocation and entanglement of hundreds of marine species, most of them die of starvation as their stomachs become filled with plastic while also suffering from lacerations, infections, reduced ability to swim and internal injuries.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 分詞片語與獨立子句的辨識
- 關係代名詞與代名詞的使用
- 逗號連接兩個完整句子的錯誤（comma splice）
- 片語與語意判斷
題幹中，逗號後的 most of them die of starvation 本身具有完整主詞與動詞：
- 主詞：most of them
- 動詞：die
因此它是完整的獨立子句，不能只用逗號直接接在前一個完整句子後面。
定位答案的關鍵句
plastic debris impacts most visibly on the ingestion, suffocation and entanglement of hundreds of marine species, most of them die of starvation as their stomachs become filled with plastic while also suffering from lacerations, infections, reduced ability to swim and internal injuries.
翻譯：
塑膠碎片最明顯地造成數百種海洋生物遭到吞食、窒息與纏繞；其中大多數因胃部被塑膠填滿而死於飢餓，同時還承受撕裂傷、感染、游泳能力降低及內部損傷。
逗號前的 plastic debris impacts... 是完整句子；逗號後的 most of them die... 也是完整句子。兩個獨立子句僅以逗號相連，形成文法錯誤，因此錯誤在 (C) most of them。
解題方法
先找出主要動詞與句子結構：
- plastic debris impacts ...：第一個完整子句
- most of them die ...：第二個完整子句
兩個完整子句之間必須使用適當的連接方式，例如：
- 加上對等連接詞：
..., and most of them die of starvation... - 使用分號：
... species; most of them die of starvation... - 使用關係代名詞，使後半段成為修飾語：
... species, most of which die of starvation...
原句的 most of them 是普通代名詞片語，無法把後面的完整子句正確接入前句，因此選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) impacts
impact on 表示「對……造成影響」，此處：
plastic debris impacts most visibly on ...
可理解為「塑膠碎片最明顯地影響……」。
impact 作動詞時可搭配介系詞 on，文法上成立，因此不是錯誤所在。
補充：
- impact on something：對某事物造成影響
- have an impact on something：對某事物產生影響
(B) species
species 的單數與複數形式相同：
- one species：一個物種
- hundreds of marine species：數百種海洋生物／海洋物種
此處前面有 hundreds of，使用 species 作複數名詞完全正確，因此不是答案。
關鍵單字：
- marine：海洋的
- species：物種
- hundreds of：數百個、數百種
(C) most of them
此選項錯誤。
most of them 是代名詞片語，意思是「其中大多數」。問題不在其本身的意思，而在於它後面接了完整子句：
第 13 題2 分
Based on real-life events in Hsinchu County’s Beipu Township, Gold Leaf follows Chang Yi-hsin, a Hakka tea tycoon’s daughter, who faced the family business decline during Taiwan’s period of hyperinflation in the 1950s and, notwithstanding the financial crisis, turned the tide with her indomitable will in her negotiation with foreign companies to win orders, promoted “Peng Fend Tea” on the international stage.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「關係子句中的動詞平行結構」與「分詞片語」。
關鍵主詞是 Chang Yi-hsin，由關係代名詞 who 引導後面的關係子句：
who faced the family business decline ... and ... turned the tide ..., promoted ...
其中：
- faced：面對
- turned：扭轉局勢
- promoted：推廣
若 promoted 作為與 faced、turned 並列的主要動詞，必須有適當的連接詞；原句在逗號後直接使用過去式 promoted，造成動詞結構不平行。因此應改為現在分詞 promoting，形成補充說明的分詞片語。
解題方法
先找出全句的主要架構：
Gold Leaf follows Chang Yi-hsin, who faced ... and turned ... , promoting ...
可整理為：
- who faced ...：她面對家族事業衰退。
- and turned ...：她扭轉局勢。
- promoting ...：並藉此推廣某種茶，補充說明她的行動。
完整修正句為：
Based on real-life events in Hsinchu County’s Beipu Township, Gold Leaf follows Chang Yi-hsin, a Hakka tea tycoon’s daughter, who faced the family business decline during Taiwan’s period of hyperinflation in the 1950s and, notwithstanding the financial crisis, turned the tide with her indomitable will in her negotiation with foreign companies to win orders, promoting “Peng Fend Tea” on the international stage.
此處 promoting “Peng Fend Tea” 是現在分詞片語，修飾前面主詞 Chang Yi-hsin，表示她在扭轉局勢的同時，也推廣「膨風茶」。
題幹定位與翻譯
定位答案的句子是：
who faced the family business decline during Taiwan’s period of hyperinflation in the 1950s and, notwithstanding the financial crisis, turned the tide with her indomitable will in her negotiation with foreign companies to win orders, promoting “Peng Fend Tea” on the international stage.
翻譯：
她在臺灣 1950 年代通貨膨脹期間面對家族事業衰退；儘管遭逢財務危機，她仍憑藉堅定不屈的意志，在與外國公司協商以爭取訂單的過程中扭轉局勢，並將「膨風茶」推向國際舞臺。
選項分析
(A) Based
Based on real-life events in Hsinchu County’s Beipu Township, Gold Leaf follows ...
Based on ... 是過去分詞片語，表示「以……為背景／根據……改編」。
第 14 題2 分
The difficulty of finding that balance has led some governments to radically rethink their sector-by-sector, statute-by-statute regulatory strategies, replacing them with a more coordinated decision-made process known as coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP).
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是「文法錯誤辨識」題，主要考：
-
lead + 受詞 + to V 結構
lead some governments to rethink...表示「導致某些政府重新思考……」。 -
replace A with B 搭配
表示「以 B 取代 A」，不可任意省略或改變介系詞。 -
decision-making 複合形容詞
表示「決策的、進行決策的」；decision-made並非此處應有的正確表達。 -
分號（semicolon） 的使用
分號通常用來連接兩個可獨立成句的分句，不能放在動詞片語與其必要補語之間。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為：
The difficulty of finding that balance has led some governments to radically rethink their sector-by-sector, statute-by-statute regulatory strategies, replacing them with a more coordinated decision-made process known as coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP).
翻譯如下：
尋找這種平衡的困難，已導致一些政府徹底重新思考其逐部門、逐法規制定的管制策略，並以一種更協調的決策過程取代這些策略；這種過程稱為沿海與海洋空間規劃（CMSP）。
其中，replacing them with... 是現在分詞片語，補充說明前面的 some governments 所進行的行動：
them指的是前面的regulatory strategiesreplace A with B= 以 B 取代 A- 因此應為：
replacing them with a more coordinated decision-making process
解題方法
先找句子的主要骨架：
The difficulty ... has led some governments to radically rethink their regulatory strategies, replacing them with a more coordinated process.
主要結構是：
也就是：
has led some governments to rethink...
後面的 replacing them with... 則是分詞片語，說明政府重新思考策略後，進一步「以新的流程取代原有策略」。
判斷錯誤時，應檢查：
- 動詞搭配是否正確；
- 代名詞指涉是否清楚；
- 介系詞搭配是否完整；
- 複合形容詞是否符合語意；
- 標點是否破壞句子結構。
依此判斷，錯誤集中在選項 E。
選項分析
(A) has led some governments
lead 可用以下結構：
lead + 受詞 + to V
題句中的：
has led some governments to radically rethink...
表示「已導致一些政府重新思考……」，文法正確。
此外，主詞是單數名詞片語：
The difficulty of finding that balance
核心名詞為單數的 difficulty，因此使用單數動詞 has led 正確。
(B) radically
radically 是副詞，修飾後面的動詞 rethink：
radically rethink
表示「徹底地重新思考」。
副詞放在不定詞 to radically rethink 中間，是常見的分裂不定詞用法，並不構成錯誤。即使改成較傳統的：
to rethink ... radically
語意仍可成立，但原句的用法本身正確。
(C) rethink
第 15 題2 分
Without public policy intervention to alter this calculus and spread the costs of reproducing the labor force more widely, parents are left shouldering significant burdens of time and expense and find their ability to reap emotional rewards from children and family life limited as a result.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為英文錯誤辨識題，重點在：
- 副詞與動詞的搭配及語意精確性。
spread the costs的正確語意。leave + 受詞 + V-ing與find + 受詞 + 受詞補語的句型。- 分詞片語與平行結構。
題幹句子：
Without public policy intervention to alter this calculus and spread the costs of reproducing the labor force more widely, parents are left shouldering significant burdens of time and expense and find their ability to reap emotional rewards from children and family life limited as a result.
翻譯：
如果沒有公共政策介入來改變這種計算方式，並且更廣泛地分攤再生產勞動力的成本，父母便只能承擔大量的時間與費用負擔，因此，他們從子女及家庭生活中獲得情感回饋的能力也受到限制。
解題方法
先判斷句子的主要結構：
Without public policy intervention ...：介系詞片語，表示「如果沒有公共政策介入」。to alter ... and spread ...：不定詞片語，修飾intervention。parents are left shouldering ...：leave + 受詞 + V-ing，表示「使某人一直處於某種狀態」。and find their ability ... limited：與前面的are left shouldering並列。find + O + OC：find their ability limited，表示「發現／結果使他們的能力受到限制」。
依官方答案，本題應挑出 (B) more widely。命題者認為此處要表達的是「更公平、更平均地分攤成本」，因此應使用 more evenly，而不是 more widely。
選項分析
(A) Without public policy intervention to
without + 名詞 的結構正確，表示「如果沒有……」。後面的 to alter 是不定詞，修飾 intervention：
public policy intervention to alter this calculus
改變這種計算方式的公共政策介入
因此 (A) 沒有錯誤。
(B) more widely
widely 是副詞，可以修飾 spread；單就文法而言，spread the costs more widely 並非完全不合文法。
但是依本題語境，政策的目的在於讓「養育與維持勞動力的成本」不再主要由父母承擔，而是由社會、雇主與政府等共同分攤。因此此處應強調「平均、公平地分攤」，較適合使用：
spread the costs more evenly
more widely 側重「擴大分布範圍」，意思接近「讓更多人承擔」；more evenly 則側重「分配得更平均」。官方答案將此處視為語意搭配不精確，故選 (B)。
第 16 題2 分
Paris first earned the moniker “City of Lights” thanks to its association with Enlightenment thought during the eighteenth century. The designation took on a literally meaning in the mid-nineteenth century (before Haussmannization), when newly installed gaslighting made the city “exceptionally brightly and beautifully lit.”
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 片語搭配與語意
take on：呈現、獲得、具有某種特徵或意義。take on a meaning：獲得某種意義，文法上成立。
- 形容詞與副詞的詞性
literal是形容詞，意為「字面上的、實際的」。literally是副詞，意為「照字面地、確實地」。meaning是名詞，前面應使用形容詞修飾，因此應為a literal meaning，不能寫成a literally meaning。
- 語境判讀
- 前文的 “City of Lights” 原本是象徵巴黎與啟蒙思想的關聯。
- 十九世紀裝設煤氣燈後，這個稱號才取得「實際上明亮的城市」這層字面意義。
解題方法
定位關鍵句：
The designation took on a literally meaning in the mid-nineteenth century ...
翻譯為：
這個稱號在十九世紀中葉取得了一個字面上的意義……
依照句意，meaning 前面需要形容詞修飾，因此正確搭配應為：
a literal meaning
原句的 literally 是副詞，不能直接修飾名詞 meaning。因此句子應改為：
The designation took on a literal meaning in the mid-nineteenth century.
就英文文法而言，最直接的錯誤位置是 (D) 的 literally；但題目官方答案指定為 (C)，以下依官方答案作答，並說明其爭議。
選項分析
(A) Paris first earned the moniker
moniker 為名詞，意為「綽號、稱號」。
earn the moniker 表示「贏得某個稱號」，搭配自然。
句意為：
巴黎最初因……而獲得「光之城」的稱號。
first earned 也符合文章所述的歷史先後順序，因此 (A) 正確。
(B) thanks to its association
thanks to 表示「由於、歸功於」，後面接名詞或名詞片語。
its association with Enlightenment thought 意為「它與啟蒙思想的關聯」。
整段意思是：
由於巴黎與十八世紀啟蒙思想有所關聯。
語意與文法皆成立，因此 (B) 正確。
(C) took on
take on 可表示「呈現、具有、獲得某種特徵或意義」，例如：
- The word took on a new meaning.
這個字獲得了新的意義。 - The issue took on greater importance.
這個議題變得更加重要。
就一般英文用法而言，took on a meaning 是正確且常見的搭配。可是本題官方答案指定 (C)，因此考試作答時應選 (C)。
若依官方修正方向，可將原句改寫為：
第 17 題2 分
This country suffers from poisonous gender politics. Many young men regard women’s advancement as a threat to their financial security, amid a bleak job market and rising living costs, especially they have to serve mandatory military service in addition.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「副詞與子句的連接」以及「因果語意」。
句中：
Many young men regard women’s advancement as a threat to their financial security, amid a bleak job market and rising living costs, especially they have to serve mandatory military service in addition.
後半段想表達「由於年輕男性還必須服兵役，經濟壓力更加嚴重」，因此 especially 後面必須接能引導原因子句的連接詞，例如：
especially because they have to...especially since they have to...particularly as they have to...
單獨使用 especially they have to...，無法正確連接前後兩個子句。
關鍵單字與片語
suffer from：遭受；受……之苦poisonous：有毒的；此處指「有害的」gender politics：性別政治advancement：進步；提升；發展regard A as B：將 A 視為 Ba threat to：對……的威脅financial security：財務安全；經濟保障amid：在……之中；面對……bleak：黯淡的；不樂觀的job market：就業市場rising living costs：不斷上升的生活成本mandatory：強制的；義務性的military service：兵役in addition：此外；另外
定位答案的原文與翻譯
關鍵錯誤位於：
especially they have to serve mandatory military service in addition
依語意應翻譯為：
尤其是因為他們還必須服義務役。
其中「因為」的語意必須由 because、since 或 as 等從屬連接詞表達，因此應改為：
especially because they have to serve mandatory military service in addition
完整句意為：
這個國家深受有害的性別政治之苦。在黯淡的就業市場與不斷上升的生活成本之下，許多年輕男性將女性的發展視為對自身經濟保障的威脅，尤其是因為他們還必須服義務役。
選項分析
(A) This country suffers from
suffer from 是正確片語，表示「遭受、受到……之苦」。
句型為：
主詞 + suffer from + 名詞
例如：
Many people suffer from financial pressure.
意為「許多人承受經濟壓力」。
因此：
This country suffers from poisonous gender politics.
文法結構完整，poisonous gender politics 作為介系詞 from 的受詞，(A) 正確。
(B) Many young men regard
regard 可用於以下句型：
regard A as B
將 A 視為 B
本句的主詞為 Many young men，動詞為 regard，後面接受詞 women’s advancement，結構尚未在此選項結束，但與後面的 as 合併後形成完整句型：
Many young men regard women’s advancement as...
因此 (B) 本身沒有錯誤。
(C) women’s advancement as
第 18 題2 分
If Shakespeare was born a landed noblewoman, with a father who believed in educating his daughters, she might have written and published classical tragedies—not unlike Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra and Julius Caesar—and even performed and acted in them, but only in private performances for family and friends.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是「與過去事實相反的假設語氣」以及條件句的時態呼應。
句中主要結構為：
If Shakespeare ___, she might have written and published classical tragedies ...
主要子句使用 might have + 過去分詞，表示「過去可能會做某事，但事實上並未如此」。因此，If 子句應使用過去完成式：
本句應改為：
If Shakespeare had been born a landed noblewoman, she might have written and published classical tragedies ...
意思是：「假如莎士比亞出生時是一位擁有土地的貴族女性，她或許會寫作並出版古典悲劇。」
解題方法
先找出主要子句的動詞：
she might have written and published
might have + p.p. 表示對過去未發生情況的假設結果。因此，前面的 If 子句必須配合「過去完成式」，表示更早的假設條件：
If Shakespeare had been born ...
原句的：
If Shakespeare was born ...
使用的是過去式，與後面的 might have written and published 時態不一致。這是本題唯一需要修改的地方，因此答案為 (A)。
定位答案的關鍵句
If Shakespeare was born a landed noblewoman, with a father who believed in educating his daughters, she might have written and published classical tragedies—not unlike Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra and *Julius Caesar—and even performed and acted in them, but only in private performances for family and friends.
翻譯：
假如莎士比亞出生時是一位擁有土地的貴族女性，且父親相信應該教育女兒，她或許會寫作並出版古典悲劇，例如莎士比亞的《安東尼與克莉奧佩特拉》和《尤利烏斯・凱撒》；她甚至可能會在其中演出及扮演角色，只是演出場合僅限於家人和朋友之間的私人表演。
句中的結果是對過去的假設：
she might have written and published
所以條件句應為：
If Shakespeare had been born ...
選項分析
(A) was born a landed
錯誤。此處是與過去事實相反的假設，應使用過去完成式：
If Shakespeare had been born a landed noblewoman ...
was born 是一般過去式，不能與後面的 might have written and published 正確呼應。
補充而言，born + 身分名詞 是合法結構，例如：
He was born a prince.
他出生時是一名王子。
landed 是形容詞，表示「擁有土地的」；a landed noblewoman 表示「一位擁有土地的貴族女性」，本身並非文法錯誤。
(B) educating his daughters
正確。believed in + V-ing 表示「相信做某事是正確或重要的」，因此：
believed in educating his daughters
意為「相信應該教育他的女兒們」。
his 指前面的 a father，而 daughters 是 father 的女兒，代名詞使用正確。
第 19 題2 分
Although the Queen is the only person allowed to eat a swan in the UK, she does not eat it for her Christmas dinner. Royal expert and editor at Dailybreak Kelly Lynch said: “Although I am familiar with the annual swan upping, I’ve seen no evidence of the royals dining on swans. I know that the Queen has rather simple palette when it comes to food, and since she owns all of the mute swans in England and Wales, I find it hard to believe she’d eat them.”
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查「易混淆字辨識」與「語境判斷」，重點在於分辨：
- palate：味覺；口味；品味
- palette：調色盤；色彩搭配
題目談論女王的飲食習慣，因此應使用與「味覺、口味」相關的 palate，不能使用表示「調色盤、色彩組合」的 palette。
定位答案的關鍵句
I know that the Queen has rather simple palette when it comes to food.
翻譯為：
我知道女王在飲食方面的口味相當簡單。
句中 when it comes to food 表示「談到食物／在飲食方面」，明確顯示空格後的名詞必須與飲食、味覺、口味有關。因此應改為：
I know that the Queen has rather simple palate when it comes to food.
較自然的寫法是：
I know that the Queen has a rather simple palate when it comes to food.
意思是「我知道女王的飲食口味相當簡單」。
解題方法
先逐一檢查各選項在句中的詞性與語意，再特別注意拼字相近、意義不同的字。
本題的錯誤位於名詞 palette：
- palette 的意思是「調色盤」，也可引申為「色彩的組合」。
- palate 的意思是「上顎」，也可指「味覺、口味、品味」。
句子討論女王「吃什麼」，屬於飲食語境，故應使用 palate。因此選項 D 錯誤。
選項分析
(A) allowed to eat a swan
此片語正確。
句型為：
be allowed to + 原形動詞
表示「被允許做某事」。句中的：
the only person allowed to eat a swan
是省略關係子句的分詞片語，完整形式為：
the only person who is allowed to eat a swan
意思是「唯一被允許吃天鵝的人」。文法與語意皆成立。
(B) Royal expert and editor at Dailybreak
此片語正確。
句子為：
Royal expert and editor at Dailybreak Kelly Lynch said ...
其中 Royal expert and editor at Dailybreak 是 Kelly Lynch 的同位語，用來補充說明她的身分：
第 20 題2 分
Gasoline-powered, internal-combustion-engine-propelled vehicles had been around for more than a quarter-century by the start of the 1920s, but not until that decade they became a central factor in the everyday lives of ordinary Americans. Mass production, together with innovations in design, engineering, manufacture, and sales brought a new or used car, truck, or tractor within the reach of most people.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念：否定／限制副詞片語置於句首時的倒裝
本題考查句型：
Not until + 時間／事件 + 助動詞 + 主詞 + 原形動詞
當 not until... 置於句首，表示「直到……才……」時，主句必須使用部分倒裝，亦即將助動詞置於主詞之前。
原句：
but not until that decade they became a central factor in the everyday lives of ordinary Americans.
正確應改為：
but not until that decade did they become a central factor in the everyday lives of ordinary Americans.
其中：
- not until that decade：直到那個年代才
- did：因為原句使用過去式 became，倒裝時以助動詞 did 表示過去時
- they：主詞
- become：使用原形動詞，不可再用 became
解題方法
先觀察句子的轉折結構：
vehicles had been around for more than a quarter-century by the start of the 1920s, but not until that decade...
前半句說汽油車在 1920 年代開始前已存在超過 25 年；後半句要表達「直到 1920 年代，汽油車才成為一般美國人日常生活中的核心因素」。
若將時間片語放在句尾，句型可寫成：
They did not become a central factor ... until that decade.
當 not until that decade 被移至句首強調時，必須倒裝：
Not until that decade did they become a central factor ...
因此錯誤位於 (C)。
定位答案的關鍵句
but not until that decade they became a central factor in the everyday lives of ordinary Americans.
翻譯：
但是直到那個年代，它們才成為一般美國人日常生活中的重要因素。
本句的 not until that decade 位於句首，依文法必須改成：
but not until that decade did they become a central factor...
選項分析
(A) had been
Gasoline-powered, internal-combustion-engine-propelled vehicles had been around for more than a quarter-century by the start of the 1920s
此選項正確。
had been 是過去完成式，表示「在過去某一時間點以前，某件事已經持續存在」。句中的時間基準是：
by the start of the 1920s
到 1920 年代開始時
汽油車在 1920 年代開始前已存在超過 25 年，因此使用過去完成式 had been 合乎時序。
be around 是片語，意為「存在、流行、問世」。
(B) a quarter-century
此選項正確。
a quarter-century 意為「四分之一世紀」，即 25 年：
句中的：
had been around for more than a quarter-century
表示「已經存在超過 25 年」。介系詞 for 後面接一段持續時間，使用此名詞片語正確。
(C) they became
此選項錯誤，為本題答案。
錯誤原因是 not until that decade 位於句首，主句必須倒裝。原句的：
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Tom Brady announced his retirement Tuesday, bringing an end to the most remarkable playing career the National Football League has ever seen. After 22 seasons during which Brady racked up five Super Bowl wins, three MVP awards, 15 Pro Bowl selections and a slew of career records that may never be broken, the legendary quarterback’s resume and accomplishments speak for themselves.
But beyond the numbers, his unparalleled flair for late-game heroics and overcoming impossible obstacles also produced countless unforgettable memories. Many of those seemingly impossible obstacles weren’t just built by an opposing defense or a dwindling game clock, but by Mother Nature.
The legend of Brady’s playoff heroics began during his very first playoff game. In the very last game ever played at Foxboro Stadium in 2002, heavy snowfall blanketed the field and all but shrouded any view of the field. After the Patriots’ offense struggled to move the ball in the first half, Brady orchestrated two scoring drives in the fourth quarter to dig New England out of a 13-3 deficit and tie the game with 27 seconds left. While Patriots’ kicker Adam Vinatieri had to kick away the snow to find a patch of grass for his kick, TV viewers at home couldn’t even see the ball go through the uprights because the snow was falling so heavily.
In overtime, Brady led the offense on a masterful eight-minute drive that concluded with another clutch Vinatieri game-winning field goal. And, oh yeah, and there was also that Tuck Rule controversy.
In another wintry AFC Divisional Playoff game, the Patriots hosted the Tennessee Titans in the coldest game ever played at Gillette Stadium in 2009. Along with temperatures topping out at 4 degrees Fahrenheit at kickoff, a persistently frigid wind sent AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperatures below zero. The first 10,000 fans in attendance were given free hand-warmers while the stadium played a video of a roaring fire on the scoreboard in a bid to create some virtual warmth. But on the field, Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold. Maybe it was because he had ice in his veins.
He completed 21 passes for more than 200 yards to go with a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, he once again marched the offense down the field to set up a game-winning Vinatieri field goal, propelling New England toward yet another Super Bowl.
In the first paragraph of the article, it says that Tom Brady had “a slew of career records that may never be broken.” What does that mean?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「片語語意判斷」，重點是根據上下文理解 a slew of 的意思，而不是只依賴單一字面的解釋。
句中：
- a slew of：大量的、許多的
- career records：職業生涯紀錄
- may never be broken：可能永遠不會被打破
- resume：履歷；此處指球員的職業生涯成就
- accomplishments：成就
- speak for themselves：事實俱在，不言自明
因此，a slew of career records 就是「大量的職業生涯紀錄」。
解題方法
定位第一段的關鍵句：
After 22 seasons during which Brady racked up five Super Bowl wins, three MVP awards, 15 Pro Bowl selections and a slew of career records that may never be broken, the legendary quarterback’s resume and accomplishments speak for themselves.
翻譯：
在長達 22 個球季的生涯中，Brady 贏得 5 次超級盃、3 次最有價值球員獎、15 次職業盃入選，以及大量可能永遠無法被打破的職業生涯紀錄；這位傳奇四分衛的履歷與成就已經足以說明一切。
前文列出許多具體成就：
- five Super Bowl wins：5 次超級盃勝利
- three MVP awards：3 座最有價值球員獎
- 15 Pro Bowl selections：15 次職業盃入選
- a slew of career records：大量生涯紀錄
這些項目都在說明 Brady 的職業生涯非常成功，因此正確選項應表達「他的 NFL 生涯創下許多驚人紀錄」。
選項分析
(A) His records became instant hits on the Billboard Hot 100 back in 2021.
他的紀錄在 2021 年登上 Billboard Hot 100，成為熱門歌曲。
錯誤。records 在本文中是「紀錄」，不是唱片；a slew of 也不是音樂排行榜相關用語。
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Tom Brady announced his retirement Tuesday, bringing an end to the most remarkable playing career the National Football League has ever seen. After 22 seasons during which Brady racked up five Super Bowl wins, three MVP awards, 15 Pro Bowl selections and a slew of career records that may never be broken, the legendary quarterback’s resume and accomplishments speak for themselves.
But beyond the numbers, his unparalleled flair for late-game heroics and overcoming impossible obstacles also produced countless unforgettable memories. Many of those seemingly impossible obstacles weren’t just built by an opposing defense or a dwindling game clock, but by Mother Nature.
The legend of Brady’s playoff heroics began during his very first playoff game. In the very last game ever played at Foxboro Stadium in 2002, heavy snowfall blanketed the field and all but shrouded any view of the field. After the Patriots’ offense struggled to move the ball in the first half, Brady orchestrated two scoring drives in the fourth quarter to dig New England out of a 13-3 deficit and tie the game with 27 seconds left. While Patriots’ kicker Adam Vinatieri had to kick away the snow to find a patch of grass for his kick, TV viewers at home couldn’t even see the ball go through the uprights because the snow was falling so heavily.
In overtime, Brady led the offense on a masterful eight-minute drive that concluded with another clutch Vinatieri game-winning field goal. And, oh yeah, and there was also that Tuck Rule controversy.
In another wintry AFC Divisional Playoff game, the Patriots hosted the Tennessee Titans in the coldest game ever played at Gillette Stadium in 2009. Along with temperatures topping out at 4 degrees Fahrenheit at kickoff, a persistently frigid wind sent AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperatures below zero. The first 10,000 fans in attendance were given free hand-warmers while the stadium played a video of a roaring fire on the scoreboard in a bid to create some virtual warmth. But on the field, Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold. Maybe it was because he had ice in his veins.
He completed 21 passes for more than 200 yards to go with a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, he once again marched the offense down the field to set up a game-winning Vinatieri field goal, propelling New England toward yet another Super Bowl.
According to the article, Mother Nature got in the way of some of Tom Brady’s important games. How so?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解，考查考生能否：
- 找出題幹中對問題的直接描述。
- 理解 Mother Nature 的擬人化用法。
- 根據文章內容判斷天候如何影響 Tom Brady 的重要比賽。
- 排除文章未提及或與內容不符的敘述。
文中的 Mother Nature 並非指特定人物，而是擬人化地表示「大自然、天候因素」。文章提到 Brady 的許多困難不只是來自對手防守或比賽時間不足，也來自大自然，例如大雪與極度低溫。
解題方法
本題應直接回到文章中尋找「天候如何造成比賽困難」的句子。關鍵句為：
“heavy snowfall blanketed the field and all but shrouded any view of the field.”
意思是：「大雪覆蓋了球場，幾乎遮蔽了所有觀看球場的視線。」
文章接著說：
“After the Patriots’ offense struggled to move the ball in the first half...”
意思是：「愛國者隊的進攻在上半場難以推進。」
由此可知，大雪使球場能見度變差，也使球隊的傳球、跑動及整體進攻推進受到影響。因此，最符合文章內容的是 (C)。
關鍵單字與片語
- retirement：退休
- remarkable：非凡的、傑出的
- rack up：累積、取得
- accomplishment：成就
- speak for themselves：不言自明，成就本身已足以證明一切
- unparalleled：無與倫比的
- late-game heroics：比賽後段的英雄式表現
- overcome obstacles：克服障礙
- Mother Nature：大自然、天候因素
- heavy snowfall：大雪
- blanket the field：覆蓋球場
- shroud：遮蔽、籠罩
- struggle to move the ball：難以推進進攻
- snowstorm：暴風雪
- passing：傳球
- running：跑動、跑陣
- frigid：極寒的
- ice in his veins：冷靜沉著；字面為「血管裡有冰」
其中 struggle to + 原形動詞 表示「努力做某事，但做得很困難」，例如 struggled to move the ball 即「難以推進球」。
選項分析
(A) The weather was so cold that the football stadium was forced to be shut down.
天氣太冷，因此足球場被迫關閉。
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Tom Brady announced his retirement Tuesday, bringing an end to the most remarkable playing career the National Football League has ever seen. After 22 seasons during which Brady racked up five Super Bowl wins, three MVP awards, 15 Pro Bowl selections and a slew of career records that may never be broken, the legendary quarterback’s resume and accomplishments speak for themselves.
But beyond the numbers, his unparalleled flair for late-game heroics and overcoming impossible obstacles also produced countless unforgettable memories. Many of those seemingly impossible obstacles weren’t just built by an opposing defense or a dwindling game clock, but by Mother Nature.
The legend of Brady’s playoff heroics began during his very first playoff game. In the very last game ever played at Foxboro Stadium in 2002, heavy snowfall blanketed the field and all but shrouded any view of the field. After the Patriots’ offense struggled to move the ball in the first half, Brady orchestrated two scoring drives in the fourth quarter to dig New England out of a 13-3 deficit and tie the game with 27 seconds left. While Patriots’ kicker Adam Vinatieri had to kick away the snow to find a patch of grass for his kick, TV viewers at home couldn’t even see the ball go through the uprights because the snow was falling so heavily.
In overtime, Brady led the offense on a masterful eight-minute drive that concluded with another clutch Vinatieri game-winning field goal. And, oh yeah, and there was also that Tuck Rule controversy.
In another wintry AFC Divisional Playoff game, the Patriots hosted the Tennessee Titans in the coldest game ever played at Gillette Stadium in 2009. Along with temperatures topping out at 4 degrees Fahrenheit at kickoff, a persistently frigid wind sent AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperatures below zero. The first 10,000 fans in attendance were given free hand-warmers while the stadium played a video of a roaring fire on the scoreboard in a bid to create some virtual warmth. But on the field, Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold. Maybe it was because he had ice in his veins.
He completed 21 passes for more than 200 yards to go with a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, he once again marched the offense down the field to set up a game-winning Vinatieri field goal, propelling New England toward yet another Super Bowl.
What scenario could be described as “the legend of Brady’s playoff heroics”?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解與語意判斷，考查考生能否：
- 根據文章中的關鍵敘述定位答案。
- 判斷選項是否符合文章內容。
- 理解片語 late-game heroics 的意思。
late-game heroics 指「比賽後段的英雄式表現」，文中具體指 Brady 在第四節帶領球隊反攻、製造得分機會，甚至促成致勝踢球。
解題方法
題目問：
What scenario could be described as “the legend of Brady’s playoff heroics”?
哪一種情境可以被描述為「Brady 季後賽英雄事蹟的傳奇」？
解題關鍵在於尋找文章中與「比賽後段的英雄表現」直接相關的描述。文中多次提到 Brady 在第四節帶領進攻、追平比分或製造致勝得分機會：
After the Patriots’ offense struggled to move the ball in the first half, Brady orchestrated two scoring drives in the fourth quarter to dig New England out of a 13-3 deficit and tie the game with 27 seconds left.
翻譯：愛國者隊進攻在上半場陷入困境後，Brady 在第四節策動兩次得分進攻，讓新英格蘭隊從 13 比 3 落後的局面中追趕回來，並在比賽剩下 27 秒時追平比分。
文中另一次明確寫道：
In the fourth quarter, he once again marched the offense down the field to set up a game-winning Vinatieri field goal.
翻譯：第四節時，他再次帶領進攻一路推進，為 Vinatieri 踢進致勝球奠定了條件。
因此，文章所說的 Brady 季後賽英雄事蹟，核心就是「在比賽最後階段帶領進攻，創造致勝得分機會」。
正確答案：A
Setting up a winning drive in the last quarter
在最後一節策動致勝攻勢
選項中的 set up 是「促成、安排、製造條件」；winning drive 是「導向勝利的進攻推進」；last quarter 在美式足球語境中即「第四節」。
此選項與文章中的：
in the fourth quarter ... set up a game-winning ... field goal
完全對應。Brady 在第四節帶領球隊推進，讓踢球員有機會踢進致勝球，正是文章所描述的「late-game heroics」。
選項分析
(A) Setting up a winning drive in the last quarter
正確。文章兩度描寫 Brady 在第四節展現關鍵作用：
- 第一次是在落後 13 比 3 的情況下，策動兩次得分進攻並追平比分。
- 第二次是在第四節帶領進攻推進，為致勝球創造機會。
因此，本選項準確概括文章內容。
(B) Going the whole quarter without using a time out
錯誤。此選項意為「整節比賽都沒有使用暫停」。文章沒有提到 Brady 是否使用暫停，也沒有把「不使用暫停」描述為他的英雄事蹟。
本題不能因文章提到「比賽剩下 27 秒」就推論整個第四節沒有使用暫停。選項內容缺乏文章依據。
(C) Abusing the Tuck Rule situation
錯誤。abuse 是「濫用、欺凌、不當利用」；此選項意為「濫用 Tuck Rule 的情況」。
文章只提到：
And, oh yeah, and there was also that Tuck Rule controversy.
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Tom Brady announced his retirement Tuesday, bringing an end to the most remarkable playing career the National Football League has ever seen. After 22 seasons during which Brady racked up five Super Bowl wins, three MVP awards, 15 Pro Bowl selections and a slew of career records that may never be broken, the legendary quarterback’s resume and accomplishments speak for themselves.
But beyond the numbers, his unparalleled flair for late-game heroics and overcoming impossible obstacles also produced countless unforgettable memories. Many of those seemingly impossible obstacles weren’t just built by an opposing defense or a dwindling game clock, but by Mother Nature.
The legend of Brady’s playoff heroics began during his very first playoff game. In the very last game ever played at Foxboro Stadium in 2002, heavy snowfall blanketed the field and all but shrouded any view of the field. After the Patriots’ offense struggled to move the ball in the first half, Brady orchestrated two scoring drives in the fourth quarter to dig New England out of a 13-3 deficit and tie the game with 27 seconds left. While Patriots’ kicker Adam Vinatieri had to kick away the snow to find a patch of grass for his kick, TV viewers at home couldn’t even see the ball go through the uprights because the snow was falling so heavily.
In overtime, Brady led the offense on a masterful eight-minute drive that concluded with another clutch Vinatieri game-winning field goal. And, oh yeah, and there was also that Tuck Rule controversy.
In another wintry AFC Divisional Playoff game, the Patriots hosted the Tennessee Titans in the coldest game ever played at Gillette Stadium in 2009. Along with temperatures topping out at 4 degrees Fahrenheit at kickoff, a persistently frigid wind sent AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperatures below zero. The first 10,000 fans in attendance were given free hand-warmers while the stadium played a video of a roaring fire on the scoreboard in a bid to create some virtual warmth. But on the field, Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold. Maybe it was because he had ice in his veins.
He completed 21 passes for more than 200 yards to go with a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, he once again marched the offense down the field to set up a game-winning Vinatieri field goal, propelling New England toward yet another Super Bowl.
If we use “unparalleled flair” to describe someone’s action, it means that someone
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查文章語境中的片語理解與字義判斷。
關鍵片語為：
- unparalleled：無與倫比的、空前的
- flair：天分、才華；特殊而出色的表現風格
- late-game heroics：比賽末段的英雄式表現、關鍵時刻的精彩演出
- overcoming impossible obstacles：克服看似不可能的障礙
- speak for themselves：事實充分，不需多加解釋
- playoff heroics：季後賽中的英雄式表現
- clutch：關鍵時刻發揮穩定且有效的
- propel A toward B：推動 A 朝向 B 前進
題幹中的 unparalleled flair 是名詞片語，指某人具備「無人能比的特殊才華與出色表現能力」。
定位答案的原文
But beyond the numbers, his unparalleled flair for late-game heroics and overcoming impossible obstacles also produced countless unforgettable memories.
翻譯：
然而，除了這些數據之外，他在比賽末段展現英雄式表現，以及克服看似不可能障礙方面的無與倫比才華，也創造了無數令人難忘的回憶。
文中後續舉出 Brady 在大雪、低溫與比分落後的情況下，仍帶領球隊逆轉並踢進致勝球，正是對 unparalleled flair 的具體說明。因此，這裡的意思是「極具天分、表現非凡」。
解題方法
先拆解片語：
再觀察後面的修飾語：
表示「在比賽末段展現英雄式表現的才華」。
文章描述 Brady 多次在比賽最後關頭帶領球隊得分、逆轉戰局，這些行為顯示他具有極高超、極出色的能力。因此，最接近的選項是 is extremely gifted，意為「極具天分」。
選項分析
(A) is remarkably dull
意為「非常枯燥、乏味」。
dull 表示遲鈍、無趣、乏味，與 flair 所表示的才華、風格與突出表現完全相反，錯誤。
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Tom Brady announced his retirement Tuesday, bringing an end to the most remarkable playing career the National Football League has ever seen. After 22 seasons during which Brady racked up five Super Bowl wins, three MVP awards, 15 Pro Bowl selections and a slew of career records that may never be broken, the legendary quarterback’s resume and accomplishments speak for themselves.
But beyond the numbers, his unparalleled flair for late-game heroics and overcoming impossible obstacles also produced countless unforgettable memories. Many of those seemingly impossible obstacles weren’t just built by an opposing defense or a dwindling game clock, but by Mother Nature.
The legend of Brady’s playoff heroics began during his very first playoff game. In the very last game ever played at Foxboro Stadium in 2002, heavy snowfall blanketed the field and all but shrouded any view of the field. After the Patriots’ offense struggled to move the ball in the first half, Brady orchestrated two scoring drives in the fourth quarter to dig New England out of a 13-3 deficit and tie the game with 27 seconds left. While Patriots’ kicker Adam Vinatieri had to kick away the snow to find a patch of grass for his kick, TV viewers at home couldn’t even see the ball go through the uprights because the snow was falling so heavily.
In overtime, Brady led the offense on a masterful eight-minute drive that concluded with another clutch Vinatieri game-winning field goal. And, oh yeah, and there was also that Tuck Rule controversy.
In another wintry AFC Divisional Playoff game, the Patriots hosted the Tennessee Titans in the coldest game ever played at Gillette Stadium in 2009. Along with temperatures topping out at 4 degrees Fahrenheit at kickoff, a persistently frigid wind sent AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperatures below zero. The first 10,000 fans in attendance were given free hand-warmers while the stadium played a video of a roaring fire on the scoreboard in a bid to create some virtual warmth. But on the field, Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold. Maybe it was because he had ice in his veins.
He completed 21 passes for more than 200 yards to go with a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, he once again marched the offense down the field to set up a game-winning Vinatieri field goal, propelling New England toward yet another Super Bowl.
The reporter suggested that Brady seemed to have ice in his veins. It was probably because
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 文章語意與上下文推論
- 慣用語（idiom）的理解
- 轉喻與比喻用法
文中提到：
“But on the field, Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold. Maybe it was because he had ice in his veins.”
意思是：「但是在場上，Brady 似乎完全沒有注意到寒冷。也許是因為他的血管裡有冰。」
其中 have ice in one’s veins 並非指血管真的結冰，而是比喻一個人在極大壓力或困難環境下，仍能保持冷靜、沉著，不受外在環境影響。
因此，正確答案為「他在嚴寒的冬季天氣中仍保持冷靜、不受影響」。
解題方法
先定位關鍵句：
“Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold.”
文中明確指出 Brady「似乎沒有注意到寒冷」，說明他的表現與一般人在極度低溫下的反應不同。
接著理解片語：
“he had ice in his veins”
此處以 ice（冰） 作為比喻，呼應前文的寒冷天氣，同時凸顯 Brady 在比賽中的冷靜與穩定。下文也提到他完成 21 次傳球、推進超過 200 碼，並在第四節再次帶領球隊製造致勝射門機會，顯示他並未因低溫而失常。
所以句意可整理為：
「Brady 在極寒環境中仍能正常甚至出色地比賽，因為他十分冷靜沉著，不受寒冷天候影響。」
文法與語意重點
- because 引導原因副詞子句
“It was probably because he had ice in his veins.”
because 表示「因為」，後面接完整子句：
- he：主詞
- had：動詞
- ice in his veins：受詞及其修飾語
全句表示「這大概是因為……」。
- didn’t seem to + 原形動詞
“Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold.”
seem to V 表示「似乎……」。
否定形式為 didn’t seem to notice，意為「似乎沒有注意到」。
- ice in one’s veins
此片語是比喻用法，表示：
- 冷靜沉著
- 臨危不亂
- 面對壓力仍能穩定表現
本題以字面上的「寒冷」設計干擾，但正確理解必須掌握其慣用語意。
關鍵單字與片語
- retirement：退休
- remarkable：非凡的、引人注目的
- playing career：運動生涯
- rack up：累積、創下
- MVP awards：最有價值球員獎
- a slew of：大量的、許多的
- accomplishment：成就
- speak for themselves：不言自明、足以證明一切
- unparalleled：無與倫比的
- flair：天分、特色、風采
- heroics：英勇表現、英雄式演出
- obstacle：障礙
- Mother Nature：大自然
- blanket：覆蓋
- shroud：遮蔽、籠罩
- orchestrate：精心策畫、組織
- deficit：落後的分數、赤字
- uprights：球門柱
- overtime：延長賽
- masterful：高超的、精湛的
- clutch：關鍵時刻發揮作用的
- wintry：冬季的、寒冷的
- kickoff：開球
- persistently：持續地
- frigid：極寒的
第 26 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Tom Brady announced his retirement Tuesday, bringing an end to the most remarkable playing career the National Football League has ever seen. After 22 seasons during which Brady racked up five Super Bowl wins, three MVP awards, 15 Pro Bowl selections and a slew of career records that may never be broken, the legendary quarterback’s resume and accomplishments speak for themselves.
But beyond the numbers, his unparalleled flair for late-game heroics and overcoming impossible obstacles also produced countless unforgettable memories. Many of those seemingly impossible obstacles weren’t just built by an opposing defense or a dwindling game clock, but by Mother Nature.
The legend of Brady’s playoff heroics began during his very first playoff game. In the very last game ever played at Foxboro Stadium in 2002, heavy snowfall blanketed the field and all but shrouded any view of the field. After the Patriots’ offense struggled to move the ball in the first half, Brady orchestrated two scoring drives in the fourth quarter to dig New England out of a 13-3 deficit and tie the game with 27 seconds left. While Patriots’ kicker Adam Vinatieri had to kick away the snow to find a patch of grass for his kick, TV viewers at home couldn’t even see the ball go through the uprights because the snow was falling so heavily.
In overtime, Brady led the offense on a masterful eight-minute drive that concluded with another clutch Vinatieri game-winning field goal. And, oh yeah, and there was also that Tuck Rule controversy.
In another wintry AFC Divisional Playoff game, the Patriots hosted the Tennessee Titans in the coldest game ever played at Gillette Stadium in 2009. Along with temperatures topping out at 4 degrees Fahrenheit at kickoff, a persistently frigid wind sent AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperatures below zero. The first 10,000 fans in attendance were given free hand-warmers while the stadium played a video of a roaring fire on the scoreboard in a bid to create some virtual warmth. But on the field, Brady didn’t seem to notice the cold. Maybe it was because he had ice in his veins.
He completed 21 passes for more than 200 yards to go with a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, he once again marched the offense down the field to set up a game-winning Vinatieri field goal, propelling New England toward yet another Super Bowl.
The stadium played a video of a roaring fire on the scoreboard in a bid to create some virtual warmth. What does “in a bid to do something” mean?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查英文片語 in a bid to do something 的語意。
- bid：嘗試、努力；也可指出價、競標
- in a bid to + 原形動詞：試圖……、為了達成……而努力
- create some virtual warmth：創造一些虛擬的溫暖感
- roaring fire：熊熊燃燒的火
- scoreboard：記分板
因此，in a bid to do something 等同於：
- in an attempt to do something
- in an effort to do something
- in order to try to do something
意思是「試圖做某事」或「為了達成某種效果而採取行動」。
解題方法
定位題幹中的關鍵句：
The stadium played a video of a roaring fire on the scoreboard in a bid to create some virtual warmth.
翻譯為：
球場在記分板上播放熊熊燃燒的火焰影片，試圖營造一些虛擬的溫暖感。
句中球場播放火焰影片的目的，是讓觀眾在極度寒冷的環境中感受到一點溫暖。因此，in a bid to create 表示「試圖創造」或「為了創造……而努力」。
所以正確答案為 (E) To attempt to achieve something or some effects。
選項分析
(A) To gamble away a lot of money
意為「賭掉大量金錢」。此處的 bid 並非「下注」或「競標出價」，句子也沒有涉及賭博或金錢，因此錯誤。
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all. In 2005, medical science was shaken by a paper with the provocative title “Why most published research findings are false.” Written by John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine at Stanford University, the paper didn’t actually show that any particular result was wrong. Instead, it showed that the statistics of reported positive findings was not consistent with how often one should expect to find them. As Ioannidis concluded more recently, “many published research findings are false or exaggerated, and an estimated 85 percent of research resources are wasted.”
It’s likely that some researchers are consciously cherry-picking data to get their work published. And some of the problems surely lie with journal publication policies. But the problems of false findings often begin with researchers unwittingly fooling themselves: they fall prey to cognitive biases, common modes of thinking that lure us toward wrong but convenient or attractive conclusions. “Seeing the reproducibility rates in psychology and other empirical science, we can safely say that something is not working out the way it should,” says Susann Fiedler, a behavioral economist at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods in Bonn, Germany. “Cognitive biases might be one reason for that.”
Psychologist Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia says that the most common and problematic bias in science is “motivated reasoning”: We interpret observations to fit a particular idea. Psychologists have shown that “most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization,” he says. In other words, we have already made the decision about what to do or to think, and our “explanation” of our reasoning is really a justification for doing what we wanted to do—or to believe—anyway. Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday thought—but how much is it, really?
Whereas the falsification model of the scientific method championed by philosopher Karl Popper posits that the scientist looks for ways to test and falsify her theories—to ask “How am I wrong?”—Nosek says that scientists usually ask instead “How am I right?” (or equally, to ask “How are you wrong?”). When facts come up that suggest we might, in fact, not be right after all, we are inclined to dismiss them as irrelevant, if not indeed mistaken. The now infamous “cold fusion” episode in the late 1980s, instigated by the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, was full of such ad hoc brush-offs. For example, when it was pointed out to Fleischmann and Pons that their energy spectrum of the gamma rays from their claimed fusion reaction had its spike at the wrong energy, they simply moved it, muttering something ambiguous about calibration.
Why does the author say “sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all” in the first paragraph?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解中的「指代前文、掌握段落主旨」能力。第一段先提出疑問：既然科學研究中有大量錯誤或誇大的結果，科學竟然仍能正常運作，實在令人驚訝。
關鍵資訊包括：
- published research findings：已發表的研究發現
- false：錯誤的、不實的
- exaggerated：誇大的
- cognitive biases：認知偏誤
- motivated reasoning：動機性推理，依照自己想相信的結論解讀資料
- cherry-picking data：挑選有利於自身結論的資料
- reproducibility：可再現性、可重複驗證性
- at all：竟然、到底，用於加強語氣
- inconsistent with：與……不一致
- fall prey to：受……影響而陷入
- dismiss ... as irrelevant：將……視為不相關而排除
文法上，第一句的結構為：
Sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all.
其中 it 是形式主詞，真正主詞是後面的 that science functions at all。句意是「有時候，科學竟然能運作，似乎令人驚訝」。
解題方法
題目問：
Why does the author say “sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all” in the first paragraph?
作者為什麼說「有時候科學竟然能運作，似乎令人驚訝」？
應直接回到第一段尋找這句話後面的解釋。文章指出：
“many published research findings are false or exaggerated, and an estimated 85 percent of research resources are wasted.”
翻譯為：
「許多已發表的研究發現是錯誤的或遭到誇大，而且估計有 85% 的研究資源被浪費。」
因此，作者認為科學研究中有大量不可靠的研究結果，甚至造成研究資源浪費；在這種情況下，科學仍能產生可信成果並持續運作，才顯得令人驚訝。
最直接對應的是 (E)：「已發表的科學研究中，有大量研究發現並不可靠。」
選項分析
(A) There exists a surprisingly large number of unexpected findings in published science research.
已發表的科學研究中存在數量驚人的意外發現。
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all. In 2005, medical science was shaken by a paper with the provocative title “Why most published research findings are false.” Written by John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine at Stanford University, the paper didn’t actually show that any particular result was wrong. Instead, it showed that the statistics of reported positive findings was not consistent with how often one should expect to find them. As Ioannidis concluded more recently, “many published research findings are false or exaggerated, and an estimated 85 percent of research resources are wasted.”
It’s likely that some researchers are consciously cherry-picking data to get their work published. And some of the problems surely lie with journal publication policies. But the problems of false findings often begin with researchers unwittingly fooling themselves: they fall prey to cognitive biases, common modes of thinking that lure us toward wrong but convenient or attractive conclusions. “Seeing the reproducibility rates in psychology and other empirical science, we can safely say that something is not working out the way it should,” says Susann Fiedler, a behavioral economist at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods in Bonn, Germany. “Cognitive biases might be one reason for that.”
Psychologist Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia says that the most common and problematic bias in science is “motivated reasoning”: We interpret observations to fit a particular idea. Psychologists have shown that “most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization,” he says. In other words, we have already made the decision about what to do or to think, and our “explanation” of our reasoning is really a justification for doing what we wanted to do—or to believe—anyway. Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday thought—but how much is it, really?
Whereas the falsification model of the scientific method championed by philosopher Karl Popper posits that the scientist looks for ways to test and falsify her theories—to ask “How am I wrong?”—Nosek says that scientists usually ask instead “How am I right?” (or equally, to ask “How are you wrong?”). When facts come up that suggest we might, in fact, not be right after all, we are inclined to dismiss them as irrelevant, if not indeed mistaken. The now infamous “cold fusion” episode in the late 1980s, instigated by the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, was full of such ad hoc brush-offs. For example, when it was pointed out to Fleischmann and Pons that their energy spectrum of the gamma rays from their claimed fusion reaction had its spike at the wrong energy, they simply moved it, muttering something ambiguous about calibration.
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “cherry-picking” in the second paragraph?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查英文片語的語意判讀，重點是根據上下文判斷 cherry-picking 的意思。
cherry-pick 原指「挑選最好的櫻桃」，引申為：
- 刻意挑選對自己有利、符合期待的資料
- 只選擇支持某種主張的證據
- 忽略不利於自身立場的資訊
文中談到研究者可能為了發表論文而「選擇性地挑資料」，因此 cherry-picking data 可理解為「挑選最合適、最有利的資料」。
解題方法
定位第二段關鍵句：
It’s likely that some researchers are consciously cherry-picking data to get their work published.
翻譯為：
有些研究人員很可能會刻意挑選資料，以便讓自己的研究得以發表。
句中的 consciously 表示「有意識地、刻意地」，而 to get their work published 表示「為了讓研究成果被刊登」。由此可知，研究者不是隨機選資料，而是挑選最符合自己研究目的、最有利於發表的資料。
因此，cherry-picking 最接近 selecting the most suitable，即「選擇最合適的」。
選項分析
(A) Creating the most sensational
意思是「創造最聳動的內容」。
- sensational 是「聳人聽聞的、轟動的」。
- cherry-picking 的重點在於「選擇資料」，不是「創造」內容。
- 文中也沒有表示研究者一定要製造最轟動的結果。
因此錯誤。
(B) Selecting the most suitable
意思是「選擇最合適的」。
- selecting 與 cherry-picking 的「挑選」概念相符。
- the most suitable 表示挑出最適合特定目的的資料；在本文中，就是挑選最有利於研究發表的資料。
- 雖然 cherry-picking 更精確的語意是「選擇對自己有利的資料」，但在所有選項中，B 最接近原意。
因此正確。
(C) Omitting the most important
意思是「省略最重要的內容」。
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all. In 2005, medical science was shaken by a paper with the provocative title “Why most published research findings are false.” Written by John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine at Stanford University, the paper didn’t actually show that any particular result was wrong. Instead, it showed that the statistics of reported positive findings was not consistent with how often one should expect to find them. As Ioannidis concluded more recently, “many published research findings are false or exaggerated, and an estimated 85 percent of research resources are wasted.”
It’s likely that some researchers are consciously cherry-picking data to get their work published. And some of the problems surely lie with journal publication policies. But the problems of false findings often begin with researchers unwittingly fooling themselves: they fall prey to cognitive biases, common modes of thinking that lure us toward wrong but convenient or attractive conclusions. “Seeing the reproducibility rates in psychology and other empirical science, we can safely say that something is not working out the way it should,” says Susann Fiedler, a behavioral economist at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods in Bonn, Germany. “Cognitive biases might be one reason for that.”
Psychologist Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia says that the most common and problematic bias in science is “motivated reasoning”: We interpret observations to fit a particular idea. Psychologists have shown that “most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization,” he says. In other words, we have already made the decision about what to do or to think, and our “explanation” of our reasoning is really a justification for doing what we wanted to do—or to believe—anyway. Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday thought—but how much is it, really?
Whereas the falsification model of the scientific method championed by philosopher Karl Popper posits that the scientist looks for ways to test and falsify her theories—to ask “How am I wrong?”—Nosek says that scientists usually ask instead “How am I right?” (or equally, to ask “How are you wrong?”). When facts come up that suggest we might, in fact, not be right after all, we are inclined to dismiss them as irrelevant, if not indeed mistaken. The now infamous “cold fusion” episode in the late 1980s, instigated by the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, was full of such ad hoc brush-offs. For example, when it was pointed out to Fleischmann and Pons that their energy spectrum of the gamma rays from their claimed fusion reaction had its spike at the wrong energy, they simply moved it, muttering something ambiguous about calibration.
Which of the following would NOT illustrate “cognitive bias”?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「cognitive bias（認知偏誤）」的定義與判斷。文章指出，認知偏誤是人們在思考時，受到既有信念、初步印象或心理傾向影響，因而接受「錯誤但方便或吸引人的結論」。
關鍵句為：
they fall prey to cognitive biases, common modes of thinking that lure us toward wrong but convenient or attractive conclusions.
翻譯：研究者會陷入認知偏誤；認知偏誤是常見的思考模式，會引導我們走向錯誤但方便或吸引人的結論。
文章又以 motivated reasoning（動機性推理） 為例：
We interpret observations to fit a particular idea.
翻譯：我們會詮釋觀察結果，使其符合某個特定想法。
因此，凡是「先有立場，再選擇性接受資訊」的行為，都屬於認知偏誤。
解題方法
逐一判斷各選項是否具有下列特徵：
- 是否受到既有信念或先入印象影響？
- 是否選擇性接受支持自己的資訊？
- 是否排斥反駁自身立場的證據？
- 是否因此導向缺乏充分根據的結論？
符合上述特徵者屬於 cognitive bias；若只是依據合理的專業證據判斷，則不能直接視為認知偏誤。
選項分析
(A) Listening more often to information that confirms our existing beliefs.
聽取較多支持既有信念的資訊。
本選項描述 confirmation bias（確認偏誤）：人們偏好接收能支持原有看法的資訊，忽略其他資料。這正是選擇性接受證據的認知偏誤，故本項屬於 cognitive bias。
(B) Disproving evidence that questions our beliefs.
否定質疑我們信念的證據。
此處的 disproving 作動詞，意為「證明……為錯誤、否定」；整句指拒絕或否定會動搖自身信念的證據。文章明確指出：
When facts come up that suggest we might, in fact, not be right after all, we are inclined to dismiss them as irrelevant, if not indeed mistaken.
翻譯：當事實顯示我們也許並不正確時，我們傾向於把這些事實視為無關緊要，甚至認定它們本身就是錯的。
這與本選項完全相符，屬於認知偏誤，故本項錯。
(C) Letting an initial impression of a person influence what we think of them overall.
讓對某人的初步印象影響我們對其整體的看法。
本選項是 halo effect（光環效應） 或先入印象偏誤。人們僅因初次印象，就把某項特徵延伸到對該人的整體評價，判斷因此受到非充分資訊影響，屬於認知偏誤，故本項錯。
(D) Claiming that something must be true because it is backed up by an authoritative figure on the subject.
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all. In 2005, medical science was shaken by a paper with the provocative title “Why most published research findings are false.” Written by John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine at Stanford University, the paper didn’t actually show that any particular result was wrong. Instead, it showed that the statistics of reported positive findings was not consistent with how often one should expect to find them. As Ioannidis concluded more recently, “many published research findings are false or exaggerated, and an estimated 85 percent of research resources are wasted.”
It’s likely that some researchers are consciously cherry-picking data to get their work published. And some of the problems surely lie with journal publication policies. But the problems of false findings often begin with researchers unwittingly fooling themselves: they fall prey to cognitive biases, common modes of thinking that lure us toward wrong but convenient or attractive conclusions. “Seeing the reproducibility rates in psychology and other empirical science, we can safely say that something is not working out the way it should,” says Susann Fiedler, a behavioral economist at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods in Bonn, Germany. “Cognitive biases might be one reason for that.”
Psychologist Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia says that the most common and problematic bias in science is “motivated reasoning”: We interpret observations to fit a particular idea. Psychologists have shown that “most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization,” he says. In other words, we have already made the decision about what to do or to think, and our “explanation” of our reasoning is really a justification for doing what we wanted to do—or to believe—anyway. Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday thought—but how much is it, really?
Whereas the falsification model of the scientific method championed by philosopher Karl Popper posits that the scientist looks for ways to test and falsify her theories—to ask “How am I wrong?”—Nosek says that scientists usually ask instead “How am I right?” (or equally, to ask “How are you wrong?”). When facts come up that suggest we might, in fact, not be right after all, we are inclined to dismiss them as irrelevant, if not indeed mistaken. The now infamous “cold fusion” episode in the late 1980s, instigated by the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, was full of such ad hoc brush-offs. For example, when it was pointed out to Fleischmann and Pons that their energy spectrum of the gamma rays from their claimed fusion reaction had its spike at the wrong energy, they simply moved it, muttering something ambiguous about calibration.
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的：
- 作者觀點與語氣判讀
- 細節是否被選項過度延伸
- 因果關係與範圍判斷
- 科學方法與認知偏誤的概念
文章主旨是：科學研究中的錯誤結果，常源自研究者受到 cognitive biases（認知偏誤） 影響，尤其是 motivated reasoning（動機性推理），將觀察結果解釋成符合原先信念的樣子。
但文章也強調，科學的理想應該比日常思考更加客觀、懷疑，因此不能把「推理常被合理化」直接等同於「科學推理就是合理化」。
關鍵單字與片語
- function 運作；發揮功能
- published research findings 已發表的研究發現
- provoke 引發；挑起
- consistent with 與……一致
- consciously 有意識地
- cherry-pick data 挑選對自己有利的資料
- unwittingly 不自覺地；無意間地
- fall prey to 成為……的受害者；受到……影響
- cognitive bias 認知偏誤
- lure 引誘；使人傾向於
- motivated reasoning 動機性推理
- interpret 解釋；詮釋
- fit 符合
- rationalization 合理化
- justification 正當化的理由
- falsification 證偽
- champion 擁護；提倡
- posit 假定；主張
- falsify 證偽；證明為錯
- dismiss 不予理會；駁斥
- ad hoc 臨時提出的；特設的
- calibration 校準；校正
解題方法
題目問的是 NOT true（不正確者），因此要逐項回到文章確認：
- 選項是否符合原文？
- 是否把原文的「部分、傾向、可能原因」擴大成「全部、必然、唯一原因」？
- 是否忽略文章中的轉折語氣？
本題最重要的定位句是：
“Psychologists have shown that ‘most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization,’ he says.”
翻譯：
他表示，心理學家已經證明，「我們大多數的推理事實上都是合理化」。
然而，前後文並不是說「科學中的推理必然就是合理化」，而是在說人類普遍的推理容易受到既有信念影響；科學方法的理想則是更加客觀、懷疑。
另一個關鍵句是：
“Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday thought—but how much is it, really?”
翻譯：
科學當然應該比日常思考更加客觀且懷疑，但實際上究竟有多客觀呢？
這句顯示文章正在比較「科學應有的理想」與「研究者實際可能出現的偏誤」，並非直接宣稱科學推理等同於合理化。
選項分析
(A) To reason in science is to rationalize what we believe in and justify what we want to do.
在科學中進行推理，就是合理化我們所相信的事，並為我們想做的事找理由。
錯誤。
此選項把文章中的描述過度擴大：
- most of our reasoning 是「我們大多數的推理」，並非特指「科學中的所有推理」。
- is to rationalize 將現象說成定義，彷彿科學推理本質上就是合理化。
- 文章明確指出，科學的目標是比日常思考更加客觀與懷疑。
原文只說研究者常受到動機性推理影響，不能推論「科學推理就是合理化信念與行動」。因此依官方答案，(A) 是不正確的敘述。
(B) Scientists should test their theories by examining possible mistakes and negative findings.
科學家應透過檢驗可能的錯誤與否定性發現來測試理論。
正確。
定位句為：
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all. In 2005, medical science was shaken by a paper with the provocative title “Why most published research findings are false.” Written by John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine at Stanford University, the paper didn’t actually show that any particular result was wrong. Instead, it showed that the statistics of reported positive findings was not consistent with how often one should expect to find them. As Ioannidis concluded more recently, “many published research findings are false or exaggerated, and an estimated 85 percent of research resources are wasted.”
It’s likely that some researchers are consciously cherry-picking data to get their work published. And some of the problems surely lie with journal publication policies. But the problems of false findings often begin with researchers unwittingly fooling themselves: they fall prey to cognitive biases, common modes of thinking that lure us toward wrong but convenient or attractive conclusions. “Seeing the reproducibility rates in psychology and other empirical science, we can safely say that something is not working out the way it should,” says Susann Fiedler, a behavioral economist at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods in Bonn, Germany. “Cognitive biases might be one reason for that.”
Psychologist Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia says that the most common and problematic bias in science is “motivated reasoning”: We interpret observations to fit a particular idea. Psychologists have shown that “most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization,” he says. In other words, we have already made the decision about what to do or to think, and our “explanation” of our reasoning is really a justification for doing what we wanted to do—or to believe—anyway. Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday thought—but how much is it, really?
Whereas the falsification model of the scientific method championed by philosopher Karl Popper posits that the scientist looks for ways to test and falsify her theories—to ask “How am I wrong?”—Nosek says that scientists usually ask instead “How am I right?” (or equally, to ask “How are you wrong?”). When facts come up that suggest we might, in fact, not be right after all, we are inclined to dismiss them as irrelevant, if not indeed mistaken. The now infamous “cold fusion” episode in the late 1980s, instigated by the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, was full of such ad hoc brush-offs. For example, when it was pointed out to Fleischmann and Pons that their energy spectrum of the gamma rays from their claimed fusion reaction had its spike at the wrong energy, they simply moved it, muttering something ambiguous about calibration.
The cold fusion episode mentioned in the final paragraph of the passage …
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「段落功能判斷」與「語意推論」，核心概念是 motivated reasoning（動機性推理）：人們先決定自己想相信的結論，再選擇性解釋資料，使資料看起來支持原本的想法。
文章指出，科學家也可能受到認知偏誤影響，面對不支持自己理論的證據時，傾向於：
- 忽略不利資料；
- 認為反證不重要；
- 將資料解釋成符合原先主張的形式；
- 甚至修改資料的解讀方式。
最後一段的 cold fusion（冷融合）事件，就是上述現象的具體例子。
解題方法
本題問：
The cold fusion episode mentioned in the final paragraph of the passage …
意思是：「文章最後一段提到的冷融合事件……」
解題關鍵在於找出冷融合事件被用來說明什麼。定位答案的原文是：
“When facts come up that suggest we might, in fact, not be right after all, we are inclined to dismiss them as irrelevant, if not indeed mistaken.”
翻譯：
「當出現一些事實，顯示我們實際上可能並不正確時，我們往往傾向於把這些事實斥為無關緊要，甚至認為它們是錯誤的。」
接著文章以冷融合事件舉例：
“When it was pointed out to Fleischmann and Pons that their energy spectrum of the gamma rays from their claimed fusion reaction had its spike at the wrong energy, they simply moved it, muttering something ambiguous about calibration.”
翻譯：
「當有人指出 Fleischmann 與 Pons 所宣稱的融合反應，其伽馬射線能譜的峰值出現在錯誤的能量位置時，他們只是把峰值移動到別處，含糊地說那與校準有關。」
兩位科學家沒有正面處理「能譜峰值位置錯誤」這項不利證據，反而直接移動峰值並提出模糊解釋。因此，冷融合事件是「科學家忽視削弱自身主張的資料」的實例。
關鍵單字與片語
- cold fusion：冷融合
- episode：事件；一段經過
- motivated reasoning：動機性推理；為支持既定立場而進行的推理
- falsification：證偽
- scientific method：科學方法
- posit：假定；主張
- theory：理論
- dismiss A as B：將 A 視為 B 而不予理會
- irrelevant：不相關的
- mistaken：錯誤的
- point out：指出
- energy spectrum：能量光譜；能譜
- gamma rays：伽馬射線
- claimed fusion reaction：所宣稱的融合反應
- spike：尖峰；峰值
- at the wrong energy：位於錯誤的能量位置
- move it：將其移動
- calibration：校準
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Sometimes it seems surprising that science functions at all. In 2005, medical science was shaken by a paper with the provocative title “Why most published research findings are false.” Written by John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine at Stanford University, the paper didn’t actually show that any particular result was wrong. Instead, it showed that the statistics of reported positive findings was not consistent with how often one should expect to find them. As Ioannidis concluded more recently, “many published research findings are false or exaggerated, and an estimated 85 percent of research resources are wasted.”
It’s likely that some researchers are consciously cherry-picking data to get their work published. And some of the problems surely lie with journal publication policies. But the problems of false findings often begin with researchers unwittingly fooling themselves: they fall prey to cognitive biases, common modes of thinking that lure us toward wrong but convenient or attractive conclusions. “Seeing the reproducibility rates in psychology and other empirical science, we can safely say that something is not working out the way it should,” says Susann Fiedler, a behavioral economist at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods in Bonn, Germany. “Cognitive biases might be one reason for that.”
Psychologist Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia says that the most common and problematic bias in science is “motivated reasoning”: We interpret observations to fit a particular idea. Psychologists have shown that “most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization,” he says. In other words, we have already made the decision about what to do or to think, and our “explanation” of our reasoning is really a justification for doing what we wanted to do—or to believe—anyway. Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday thought—but how much is it, really?
Whereas the falsification model of the scientific method championed by philosopher Karl Popper posits that the scientist looks for ways to test and falsify her theories—to ask “How am I wrong?”—Nosek says that scientists usually ask instead “How am I right?” (or equally, to ask “How are you wrong?”). When facts come up that suggest we might, in fact, not be right after all, we are inclined to dismiss them as irrelevant, if not indeed mistaken. The now infamous “cold fusion” episode in the late 1980s, instigated by the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, was full of such ad hoc brush-offs. For example, when it was pointed out to Fleischmann and Pons that their energy spectrum of the gamma rays from their claimed fusion reaction had its spike at the wrong energy, they simply moved it, muttering something ambiguous about calibration.
Which of the following will be the most suitable set of keywords for this passage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查「文章主旨與關鍵字判斷」。選擇最適合的 keywords 時，必須同時涵蓋：
- 文章討論的核心問題。
- 作者用來解釋問題的主要概念。
- 文章中的重要對比、理論或科學方法。
本文主旨是：科學研究中的錯誤結果，常源自研究者受到認知偏誤影響，尤其是「動機式推理」；這種現象也違反科學應有的「證偽」精神。
因此，最能代表全文的三個關鍵字是：
- Cognitive bias：認知偏誤
- Falsification：證偽、否證
- Science：科學
故答案為 (B)。
解題方法
一、先找文章反覆出現的核心概念
第二段直接指出：
researchers unwittingly fooling themselves: they fall prey to cognitive biases
意為：「研究者在不知不覺中欺騙自己：他們成為認知偏誤的受害者。」
第三段進一步說明最常見的偏誤是：
“motivated reasoning”: We interpret observations to fit a particular idea.
意為：「動機式推理」：人們會解讀觀察結果，使其符合某個特定想法。
這顯示 cognitive bias 是全文的主要問題。
二、找文章討論的科學原則
第四段介紹 Karl Popper 所提倡的科學方法：
the falsification model of the scientific method
意為：「科學方法中的證偽模型。」
依照證偽模型，科學家應該尋找足以推翻自己理論的證據，思考：
“How am I wrong?”
意為：「我是錯在哪裡？」
但實際上，科學家常問的是：
“How am I right?”
意為：「我是如何正確的？」
這段形成全文的重要對比，也使 falsification 成為不可忽略的關鍵字。
三、確認全文的討論範圍
文章從已發表研究結果失真的問題談起，接著討論研究者的認知偏誤，最後以冷融合事件說明科學研究未能遵守客觀、證偽的原則。
因此，文章的整體範圍是 science，而不是單純的 psychology 或個別研究者的推理方式。
文章語意與結構重點
第一段：科學研究結果可能失真
文章以 John Ioannidis 的研究開頭，指出許多已發表的研究結果並不可靠，甚至有誇大情形。
關鍵句為：
“many published research findings are false or exaggerated”
意為：「許多已發表的研究發現是錯誤的，或遭到誇大。」
這一段建立全文的問題背景：科學研究為何會產生大量錯誤或誇大的結論。
第二、三段：認知偏誤與合理化
研究者不一定是故意造假，也可能在無意間被自己的思考方式誤導。文章指出，人們常先決定自己想相信什麼，再為這個決定找理由。
關鍵句為：
“most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization”
意為：「我們大部分的推理，其實都是合理化。」
其中：
- reasoning：推理
- rationalization：合理化，替既定想法尋找看似合理的解釋
- motivated reasoning：動機式推理，為了支持特定立場而選擇性解讀資訊
- fit A to B：使 A 符合 B
第四段：科學應遵守證偽原則
科學理論不應只尋找支持自己的證據，也應主動尋找能推翻自己的證據。這就是 falsification 的核心概念。
- falsify：證偽、證明某理論為錯
- falsification：證偽、否證
- theory：理論
- dismiss：不予理會、駁回
- irrelevant：不相關的
- mistaken：錯誤的
文章最後以冷融合事件為例，說明研究者面對不符合自己理論的數據時，可能會把問題歸咎於校準錯誤，而不願承認理論本身有問題。
選項分析
(A) Cognitive bias, motivated reasoning, psychology
此選項包含兩個重要概念：cognitive bias 與 motivated reasoning，但以 psychology 作為第三個關鍵字，範圍過度偏向心理學。
本文雖然引用心理學家的研究，也討論合理化與動機式推理，但文章核心並非介紹心理學，而是探討：
- 科學研究為何會產生錯誤結果；
- 科學家如何受到認知偏誤影響；
- 科學實務如何偏離證偽原則。
此外，motivated reasoning 是 cognitive bias 的一種具體表現，兩者層次相近，無法像 falsification 一樣涵蓋文章後半段的科學方法討論。
因此，(A) 不如 (B) 全面。
(B) Cognitive bias, falsification, science
此選項正確。
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In an anthropological spirit, I propose the following definition of a nation: it is an imagined political community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. In fact, all communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact (and perhaps even these) are imagined. Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.
The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations. No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind. The most messianic nationalists do not dream of a day when all the members of the human race will join their nation in the way that it was possible, in certain epochs, for, say, Christians to dream of a wholly Christian planet.
It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical, dynastic realm. Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith’s ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.
Finally, it is imagined as a community, because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.
What does the author intend to do in this passage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「文章主旨與作者寫作目的」。判斷重點不是只找某一段的細節，而是掌握全文反覆說明的核心概念。
本文以人類學角度界定 nation，主張「國家／民族是一個被想像的政治共同體」，並進一步說明這個共同體具有三項特徵：
- imagined：成員彼此不可能全部認識，卻在心中形成共同體的想像。
- limited：每個國家都有有限的疆界，疆界之外存在其他國家。
- sovereign：國家追求自主與主權，不再接受神授王權或王朝體制的支配。
- community：即使社會中存在不平等與剝削，國家仍被想像成具有平等情誼的共同體。
因此，全文的主要目的，是解釋「國家作為被想像的共同體」這個概念及其內涵。
解題方法
先找文章開頭的定義句，再觀察後文如何逐項解釋。
文章第一段直接指出：
“I propose the following definition of a nation: it is an imagined political community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign.”
意思是：
「我提出以下對 nation 的定義：它是一個被想像的政治共同體，而且被想像成天生具有界限並享有主權。」
後文依序說明：
- 為什麼 nation 是 imagined；
- 為什麼 nation 是 limited；
- 為什麼 nation 是 sovereign；
- 為什麼 nation 是 community。
所以，作者不是在反駁這個概念，也不只是列出幾種想像方式，而是在完整解釋「nation 作為 imagined community」的概念。
定位答案的關鍵句
最能直接定位答案的是第一段的主旨句：
“I propose the following definition of a nation: it is an imagined political community…”
翻譯為：
「我提出以下對 nation 的定義：它是一個被想像的政治共同體。」
此外，最後一段再次強調：
“Finally, it is imagined as a community…”
翻譯為：
「最後，它被想像成一個共同體……」
首尾均圍繞「imagined community」展開，故作者的寫作目的就是解釋這個概念。
選項分析
(A) To debunk the myth of nations being limited and sovereign.
「揭穿國家具有界限與主權這項迷思。」
錯誤。debunk 意為「揭穿、駁斥」，表示作者認為某個觀念是錯誤的。然而本文並未否定 nation 的 limited 或 sovereign 特質，反而分別說明國家為何被想像成有限且具有主權。作者是在解釋，不是在反駁。
(B) To illustrate the anthropological nature of a nation.
「說明國家的人類學本質。」
錯誤。文章開頭的 “In an anthropological spirit” 只是表示作者採取人類學的觀點，但全文的焦點不是泛泛說明「人類學本質」，而是提出並解釋 nation 作為 imagined political community 的定義。此選項過於籠統，沒有抓到文章最核心的概念。
(C) To demonstrate the different ways a nationhood can be imagined.
「展示民族性可以被想像的不同方式。」
錯誤。本文確實提到 nation 被想像成：
- 有限的；
- 具主權的；
- 一個共同體。
但這些不是作者要比較的「不同想像方式」，而是用來共同解釋 nation 這個概念的構成面向。文章目的在於說明一個完整定義，而非展示各種不同的 nationhood。
(D) To explain the concept of a nation as an imagined community.
「解釋國家作為被想像共同體的概念。」
正確。此選項完整涵蓋全文主旨。文章先提出 nation 的定義，接著依序解釋 imagined、limited、sovereign 以及 community 的意義，正是對「nation as an imagined communi
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In an anthropological spirit, I propose the following definition of a nation: it is an imagined political community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. In fact, all communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact (and perhaps even these) are imagined. Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.
The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations. No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind. The most messianic nationalists do not dream of a day when all the members of the human race will join their nation in the way that it was possible, in certain epochs, for, say, Christians to dream of a wholly Christian planet.
It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical, dynastic realm. Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith’s ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.
Finally, it is imagined as a community, because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.
What does the expression “in the minds of each lives the image of their communion” mean in the first paragraph?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的語意判斷」，重點在於根據上下文解讀句中抽象概念，而非逐字翻譯。
關鍵句為：
“...yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion.”
可翻譯為：
「然而，在每一個人的心中，都存在著他們彼此共同體的想像。」
其中：
- in the minds of each：在每一個人的心中
- lives：存在、活在
- the image of：對……的想像、心中的形象
- communion：共同體意識、彼此連結與共享關係
本段的核心論點是：國家是一種「想像的政治共同體」。即使國民彼此不認識、不曾見面，也能在心中想像自己與其他國民同屬一個共同體。
文法與語意重點
句子 “in the minds of each lives the image of their communion” 使用倒裝句。
正常語序可改寫為：
“The image of their communion lives in the minds of each.”
主詞是 the image of their communion，並非 each。作者強調的是：共同體的形象存在於每一個成員的心中。
此外，前文指出：
“the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members...”
意思是，即使是最小的國家，多數成員也不會認識其他國民；但他們仍能在心理上形成「我們屬於同一個共同體」的意識。因此，答案應表達「共同身分」與「歸屬感」。
解題方法
先抓住題幹中的對比關係：
- 國民彼此大多不認識。
- 即使如此，每個人心中仍有對共同體的想像。
- 這種共同體想像使人產生「我們是同一群人」的身分認同與歸屬感。
因此，最符合文意的選項是 “They share a sense of identity and belonging.”
選項分析
(A) They all remember the community they belong to.
他們都記得自己所屬的共同體。
錯誤。句中重點不是「回憶」或「記得」共同體，而是每個人心中都形成對共同體的想像與認同。remember 偏向回想過去的經驗，與本文的抽象心理認同不符。
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In an anthropological spirit, I propose the following definition of a nation: it is an imagined political community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. In fact, all communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact (and perhaps even these) are imagined. Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.
The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations. No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind. The most messianic nationalists do not dream of a day when all the members of the human race will join their nation in the way that it was possible, in certain epochs, for, say, Christians to dream of a wholly Christian planet.
It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical, dynastic realm. Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith’s ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.
Finally, it is imagined as a community, because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.
What does “this freedom” refer to in the sentence “the gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state”?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「代名詞指涉」與「上下文語意判讀」。解題關鍵是判斷句中 this freedom 所指的具體內容，而不能只看 freedom 一字自行推論。
關鍵句為：
nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.
翻譯為：
各個民族都夢想獲得自由；即使是在上帝之下，也希望是直接地受上帝支配。這種自由的標誌與象徵，就是主權國家。
其中 this freedom 的 this 指向前一句的 being free；而 being free 的具體內容，則須回到前文：
Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical, dynastic realm.
翻譯為：
啟蒙運動與革命正在摧毀「神所授予、階級分明、由王朝統治的領域」之正當性。
因此，文章所說的自由，主要是指擺脫神授的階級式王朝統治，建立由民族自身掌握主權的國家。
解題方法
可採用「代名詞回指＋因果脈絡」兩步判讀法：
- 先找 this freedom 的直接指涉
this 通常回指前文剛提到的概念。前一句的核心是：
nations dream of being free
因此，this freedom 指的是民族所夢想的「自由」。
- 再找自由的歷史背景與具體對象
本段說明民族概念誕生於啟蒙與革命時代。這些運動正在削弱傳統的：
divinely-ordained, hierarchical, dynastic realm
也就是神授王權、階級制度與王朝統治。因此，民族追求的自由，是不再受這類舊式王朝政體支配。
後句：
The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.
意思是「主權國家」是這種自由的保證或象徵。由此可知，主權國家是自由的結果與象徵，而不是 this freedom 本身的定義。
關鍵單字與片語
- anthropological：人類學的
- imagined political community：想像的政治共同體
- inherently：本質上地
- limited：有限的；有疆界的
- sovereign：具有主權的
- communion：共同體；親密聯結
- primordial：原始的；最初的
- distinguish A by B：以 B 區分 A
- coterminous with：與……具有相同的疆界；完全涵蓋
- messianic：救世主式的；帶有救世理想的
- legitimacy：正當性
- divinely-ordained：神所授予的；神授的
- hierarchical：階級分明的
- dynastic realm：王朝統治的領域
- adherent：信徒；支持者
- inescapably：不可避免地
- pluralism：多元並存
- ontological claims：本體論主張；關於終極存在的主張
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In an anthropological spirit, I propose the following definition of a nation: it is an imagined political community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. In fact, all communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact (and perhaps even these) are imagined. Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.
The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations. No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind. The most messianic nationalists do not dream of a day when all the members of the human race will join their nation in the way that it was possible, in certain epochs, for, say, Christians to dream of a wholly Christian planet.
It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical, dynastic realm. Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith’s ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.
Finally, it is imagined as a community, because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.
Which of the following is NOT true?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解，核心在於掌握作者對 nation（國族／民族）的定義，以及 imagined、limited、sovereign、community 四個概念：
- imagined political community：想像的政治共同體。此處的 imagined 並非「虛假、不存在」，而是指共同體成員彼此通常不認識，卻在心中共享「我們屬於同一群體」的意識。
- limited：有界限的。每個國族都有有限、雖可伸縮的疆界，疆界之外還有其他國族。
- sovereign：具有主權的。國族追求自由與自主，並以 sovereign state（主權國家）作為自由的象徵。
- community：共同體。即使國族內部存在不平等與剝削，成員仍被想像成具有深厚情感的水平兄弟情誼。
題目問 Which of the following is NOT true?，必須找出與文章內容不符的選項。
解題方法
先定位文章中直接說明 nation「為何被想像成 limited」的句子：
The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them ... has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations.
翻譯：
國族之所以被想像成「有限的」，是因為即使是最大的國族，也具有有限的、雖然可以伸縮的疆界，而疆界之外還有其他國族。
文章的因果關係是：
並不是：
因此，選項 C 將 limited 錯解為「想像力受到限制」，與原文不符，故為答案。
文章定位與語意重點
文章開頭指出：
It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members... yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion.
翻譯：
它之所以是被想像的，是因為即使是最小的國族，其成員也永遠不會認識大多數其他成員、不會與他們見面，甚至不會聽聞他們；然而，每個人的心中都存在著他們共同體的形象。
這裡的 because 引導原因，說明 imagined 的原因是「成員彼此大多不認識，但仍在心中形成共同體意象」。
文章也明確說明：
Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.
翻譯：
區分不同共同體的標準，不在於它們是虛假還是真實，而在於它們被想像的方式。
此句排除「imagined 等於 fake」的理解。not A but B 表示「不是 A，而是 B」。
選項分析
(A) Imagined communities are real, not fake, communities.
想像的共同體是真實的，而非虛假的共同體。
正確。文章明確指出，共同體不應依據 falsity/genuineness（虛假／真實）來區分。Imagined 並不表示共同體不存在，而是表示成員雖未必彼此認識，仍共享共同體的認同與想像。
(B) The author sees nations as imaginary constructs.
作者將國族視為想像建構。
正確。文章第一句即提出：
It is an imagined political community.
其中 imagined 是過去分詞，作為形容詞修飾 political community，意思是「被想像出來的政治共同體」。因此，作者確實將 nation 視為一種由共同想像、認同與情感所形成的建構。
但必須注意，imaginary 常有「虛構、不真實」的負面意味；本文使用 imagined，重點是「透過心智形成共同體意識」，不等於「假的」。
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In an anthropological spirit, I propose the following definition of a nation: it is an imagined political community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. In fact, all communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact (and perhaps even these) are imagined. Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.
The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations. No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind. The most messianic nationalists do not dream of a day when all the members of the human race will join their nation in the way that it was possible, in certain epochs, for, say, Christians to dream of a wholly Christian planet.
It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical, dynastic realm. Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith’s ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.
Finally, it is imagined as a community, because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.
Which of the following is correct about the “inequality and exploitation” mentioned in the final paragraph of the passage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指代關係」與「語意判讀」，關鍵在於理解最後一段中：
- inequality：不平等
- exploitation：剝削
- regardless of：不論、儘管
- actual：實際存在的
- conceive：構想、想像
- deep, horizontal comradeship：深厚而平等的同袍情誼
- willingly die for：甘願為……犧牲生命
文章主旨是：民族是一種「想像的政治共同體」，但「想像」不代表虛假，也不代表其中的社會問題不存在。
解題方法
定位最後一段的關鍵句：
Finally, it is imagined as a community, because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship.
翻譯：
最後，民族之所以被想像成一個共同體，是因為不論每個民族中實際存在著多少不平等與剝削，民族始終被構想成一種深厚、水平而平等的同袍情誼。
句中的 regardless of 表示「儘管、不論」，連接兩個並存的概念：
- 民族內部實際上可能存在不平等與剝削。
- 民族仍被想像成平等、團結的共同體。
因此，inequality and exploitation 並沒有因為民族是 imagined community 而消失；它們與 comradeship 同時存在。
選項分析
(A) They coexist with comradeship in a nation.
正確。
文章明確指出，即使民族內部存在「actual inequality and exploitation」，民族仍被想像成「deep, horizontal comradeship」。因此，不平等與剝削和同袍情誼在民族中並存。
(B) They exist in imagination.
錯誤。
文章使用 actual inequality and exploitation，表示不平等與剝削是實際存在的社會現象；被想像的是民族作為共同體的形式與情誼，不是不平等與剝削本身。
(C) They are non-existent in an imagined community.
錯誤。
這與原文的 regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation 相反。民族是想像的共同體，並不代表其中沒有真實的不平等與剝削。
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In an anthropological spirit, I propose the following definition of a nation: it is an imagined political community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. In fact, all communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact (and perhaps even these) are imagined. Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.
The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations. No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind. The most messianic nationalists do not dream of a day when all the members of the human race will join their nation in the way that it was possible, in certain epochs, for, say, Christians to dream of a wholly Christian planet.
It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical, dynastic realm. Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith’s ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so. The gage and emblem of this freedom is the sovereign state.
Finally, it is imagined as a community, because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.
Which of the following best captures the meaning of “fraternity” in the final sentence of the passage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「語境判斷」與同義字辨識。關鍵在於根據上下文判斷 fraternity 在本文中的抽象意義，而非只依字面翻譯。
fraternity 原意為「兄弟情誼、兄弟會」，在本文中指國家成員之間具有平等、團結與互助精神的「兄弟情誼、團結一致」。
文章將 nation 定義為一種「想像的政治共同體」，並指出即使國家內部存在不平等與剝削，人民仍將國家想像成：
“a deep, horizontal comradeship”
意即「深厚而平等的同志情誼」。因此，最後一句的 fraternity 與前文的 comradeship 意義相近，皆指成員之間的團結與共同體認同。
解題方法
定位最後一句：
“Ultimately, it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.”
翻譯為：
「最終，正是這種兄弟情誼，使得過去兩百年來，數以百萬計的人不只是去殺人，更願意為了這些有限的想像而犧牲生命。」
句中的 this fraternity 指回前一句的：
“the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship.”
其中 comradeship 是「同志情誼、同伴之間的團結」，所以 fraternity 在此應選擇表示「團結、互相支持、共同承擔」的 Solidarity。
此外，作者說這種 fraternity 使人民願意「為國家而死」，顯示其核心是群體成員間的團結與情感連結，而非單純的個人承諾或想像能力。
關鍵單字與片語
- anthropological：人類學的
- political community：政治共同體
- inherently：本質上地
- sovereign：具有主權的
- communion：共同體感、相互融合
- primordial：原始的、最初的
- face-to-face contact：面對面接觸
- falsity：虛假
- genuineness：真實性、真誠
- coterminous with：與……具有相同邊界
- messianic nationalist：救世主式的民族主義者
- Enlightenment：啟蒙運動
- divinely-ordained：神授的、由神所安排的
- dynastic realm：王朝領域
- pluralism：多元並存
- ontological claims：本體論主張
- territorial stretch：領土延伸範圍
- comradeship：同志情誼、同伴情誼
- fraternity：兄弟情誼、手足情誼、團結
- willingly：自願地、甘願地
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In analyzing the representation of white ethnic groups, it has been customary to use a framework I term responsive pluralism, which emphasizes the response of political elites to newly mobilized political forces that are demanding recognition. A key tenet of responsive pluralism is that all votes are equal and fungible. In other words, political elites—those with power—will entertain the possibility of a coalition with any group that possesses votes. In return for these votes, the elites will make available a stream of public goods in the form of patronage, symbolic recognition, and social services.
But for minorities, the situation is more complex and considerably less flattering to America’s preferred conception of its political traditions. Simply put, minorities have often faced constraints on their participation in the American polity due to their social and legal status. This situation has resulted in what I term stratified pluralism. As members of racial or other categories, they have often been defined out of the realm of full citizenship as it is usually understood in a democracy.
Blacks in particular could not vote for a long time so candidates for office were not feasible. It was not until the democratic rights of citizenship were formally recognized by the polity that racial minorities could even compete as players in the electoral arena. Moreover, racism further hampered minority advancement even after the vote had been granted. In some cases, white voters simply refused to vote for minority candidates; in others, the elites themselves made it clear that they wished to limit or prevent minority representation. Minority votes were considered less desirable than white votes, and they were therefore less fungible as a commodity to be exchanged for public goods. Minorities were often incorporated into a dominant coalition only if a race-oriented agenda was abandoned by the minority leaders. As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule in U.S. history.
A group trying to elect representatives to office must use the electoral process to convert its demographic raw materials into positions of authority in government: in effect, the group tries to translate numbers into power. There is nothing automatic or mechanical about this process of conversion. It is conditioned by at least five distinct factors, each of which can intervene to prevent a group from being represented in office in relation to its proportion of the population: enfranchisement, mobilization, spatial concentration, favorable districts, and coalitions.
Which of the following is most likely to be considered by the author as in line with “America’s preferred conception of its political traditions”?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指涉判斷」與「對比論證」。
文章以兩種政治多元主義作對比：
- responsive pluralism（回應式多元主義）：政治菁英會回應新興政治力量；只要團體擁有選票，菁英便可能與其結盟，並以政治恩惠、象徵性認同及社會服務交換選票。
- stratified pluralism（分層式多元主義）：少數族群受到種族與法律身分限制，政治參與不平等；即使取得投票權，也可能因種族歧視而難以取得政治代表權。
題目問哪一項符合「America’s preferred conception of its political traditions」，關鍵在於找出作者所說的美國政治傳統中「理想上偏好的觀念」，而不是找現實中少數族群遭遇的困境。
關鍵單字與片語
- representation：代表；政治代表
- ethnic groups：族群
- responsive pluralism：回應式多元主義
- political elites：政治菁英
- newly mobilized political forces：新近動員起來的政治力量
- recognition：認可；承認
- tenet：核心信念；基本原則
- equal and fungible：平等且可互換的
- entertain the possibility of：考慮……的可能性
- in return for：作為……的交換
- public goods：公共財；公共利益
- patronage：政治恩惠；政治分贓
- polity：政治共同體
- enfranchisement：取得投票權
- mobilization：動員
- spatial concentration：空間集中
- coalition：聯盟
解題方法
先定位題幹中的關鍵語句：
“But for minorities, the situation is more complex and considerably less flattering to America’s preferred conception of its political traditions.”
翻譯為：
「然而，對少數族群而言，情況更加複雜，也大幅偏離美國所偏好的政治傳統觀念。」
接著往前找「America’s preferred conception」所指的內容。前段明確說明：
“A key tenet of responsive pluralism is that all votes are equal and fungible.”
翻譯為：
「回應式多元主義的一項核心原則是，所有選票都具有同等價值，且可以互相替換。」
因此，「美國所偏好的政治傳統觀念」就是理想上的政治平等：所有選票都同樣重要，政治菁英會平等看待各團體的選票。選項中直接重現此概念的是 (D)。
選項分析
(A) Minorities have often faced constraints on their participation in the American polity.
意思是：「少數族群經常受到參與美國政治共同體的限制。」
文章確實提到少數族群受到社會地位、法律身分與種族歧視的限制，但這正是作者認為「不符合」美國理想政治傳統的現實情況。選項描述的是 stratified pluralism，不是美國偏好的政治觀念，因此錯誤。
(B) Widespread and efficacious officeholding has remained difficult for white ethnic groups.
意思是：「廣泛且有效的白人族群參政一直很困難。」
文章第一句指出，作者正在分析白人族群時，採用的是 responsive pluralism；後文則明確說：
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In analyzing the representation of white ethnic groups, it has been customary to use a framework I term responsive pluralism, which emphasizes the response of political elites to newly mobilized political forces that are demanding recognition. A key tenet of responsive pluralism is that all votes are equal and fungible. In other words, political elites—those with power—will entertain the possibility of a coalition with any group that possesses votes. In return for these votes, the elites will make available a stream of public goods in the form of patronage, symbolic recognition, and social services.
But for minorities, the situation is more complex and considerably less flattering to America’s preferred conception of its political traditions. Simply put, minorities have often faced constraints on their participation in the American polity due to their social and legal status. This situation has resulted in what I term stratified pluralism. As members of racial or other categories, they have often been defined out of the realm of full citizenship as it is usually understood in a democracy.
Blacks in particular could not vote for a long time so candidates for office were not feasible. It was not until the democratic rights of citizenship were formally recognized by the polity that racial minorities could even compete as players in the electoral arena. Moreover, racism further hampered minority advancement even after the vote had been granted. In some cases, white voters simply refused to vote for minority candidates; in others, the elites themselves made it clear that they wished to limit or prevent minority representation. Minority votes were considered less desirable than white votes, and they were therefore less fungible as a commodity to be exchanged for public goods. Minorities were often incorporated into a dominant coalition only if a race-oriented agenda was abandoned by the minority leaders. As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule in U.S. history.
A group trying to elect representatives to office must use the electoral process to convert its demographic raw materials into positions of authority in government: in effect, the group tries to translate numbers into power. There is nothing automatic or mechanical about this process of conversion. It is conditioned by at least five distinct factors, each of which can intervene to prevent a group from being represented in office in relation to its proportion of the population: enfranchisement, mobilization, spatial concentration, favorable districts, and coalitions.
Why does the author start talking about the political situation of blacks in the third paragraph?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「閱讀測驗中的段落功能與作者寫作目的」。解題重點不是只看第三段的個別內容，而是要觀察：
- 第二段提出「stratified pluralism」的概念。
- 第三段以黑人在美國政治史上的處境作為具體例證。
- 這個例證用來說明少數族群如何被排除在完整公民權之外，以及即使取得投票權後，仍受到種族歧視與政治菁英限制。
因此，第三段的功能是「舉例說明前文提出的少數族群公民權受限現象」。
文章結構與定位
第一段介紹作者所稱的 responsive pluralism：
- 政治菁英會回應新興政治力量。
- 只要某個團體擁有選票，就可能與其結盟。
- 團體以選票交換政治資源，例如公共建設、象徵性認可與社會服務。
第二段轉折，指出少數族群的情況更加複雜，並提出 stratified pluralism：
“As members of racial or other categories, they have often been defined out of the realm of full citizenship as it is usually understood in a democracy.”
翻譯：
「身為種族或其他類別的成員，他們往往被排除在民主制度通常所理解的完整公民身分之外。」
第三段接著以黑人為例：
“Blacks in particular could not vote for a long time so candidates for office were not feasible.”
翻譯：
「尤其是黑人長期無法投票，因此黑人候選人根本不具備參選公職的可行性。」
這句直接說明黑人曾長期被剝奪投票權，因而無法有效參與選舉及取得政治職位，正好具體呈現第二段所說的「被排除在完整公民身分之外」。
解題方法
先判斷題目問的是：
Why does the author start talking about the political situation of blacks in the third paragraph?
關鍵字是 why 與 start talking about，問題在問作者引入黑人政治處境的「寫作目的」，不是單純詢問第三段描述了什麼。
判斷步驟如下：
- 找出第三段主題：黑人長期無法投票，後來即使取得投票權，仍受到白人選民與政治菁英的歧視。
- 回看前一段的核心概念：少數族群因社會與法律地位受限，被排除於完整公民身分之外。
- 比對兩者關係：黑人歷史正是前述概念的具體歷史案例。
- 選擇能表達「以黑人為例，證明少數族群曾遭否定完整公民權」的選項。
關鍵單字與片語
- representation：代表；政治代表性
- ethnic groups：族裔團體
- responsive pluralism：回應式多元主義
- political elites：政治菁英
- mobilized political forces：組織動員起來的政治力量
- recognition：承認；認可
- tenet：基本信念；核心原則
- fungible：可互換的；可替代的
- coalition：聯盟
- patronage：政治酬庸；政治恩惠
- symbolic recognition：象徵性認可
- social services：社會服務
- stratified pluralism：分層式多元主義
- constraint：限制；約束
- participation：參與
- polity：政治共同體；國家政治體制
- full citizenship：完整公民身分
- democratic rights of citizenship：民主性的公民權利
- electoral arena：選舉場域
- hamper：妨礙；阻撓
- minority advancement：少數族群的發展與政治提升
- officeholding：擔任公職
- enfranchisement：取得選舉權
- mobilization：動員
- spatial concentration：人口空間集中
- favorable districts：有利的選區
- translate numbers into power：將人口數量轉化為政治權力
語意與文法重點
- It was not until... that...
“It was not until the democratic rights of citizenship were formally recognized by the polity that racial minorities could even compete as players in the electoral arena.”
句型 It was not until A that B 表示「直到 A，B 才發生」。
翻譯：
「直到政治共同體正式承認民主性的公民權利，種族少數族群才終於能以選舉場域中的參與者身分競爭。」
此句強調：在公民權尚未被正式承認以前，少數族群根本沒有公平參與選舉的資格。
- even after...
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In analyzing the representation of white ethnic groups, it has been customary to use a framework I term responsive pluralism, which emphasizes the response of political elites to newly mobilized political forces that are demanding recognition. A key tenet of responsive pluralism is that all votes are equal and fungible. In other words, political elites—those with power—will entertain the possibility of a coalition with any group that possesses votes. In return for these votes, the elites will make available a stream of public goods in the form of patronage, symbolic recognition, and social services.
But for minorities, the situation is more complex and considerably less flattering to America’s preferred conception of its political traditions. Simply put, minorities have often faced constraints on their participation in the American polity due to their social and legal status. This situation has resulted in what I term stratified pluralism. As members of racial or other categories, they have often been defined out of the realm of full citizenship as it is usually understood in a democracy.
Blacks in particular could not vote for a long time so candidates for office were not feasible. It was not until the democratic rights of citizenship were formally recognized by the polity that racial minorities could even compete as players in the electoral arena. Moreover, racism further hampered minority advancement even after the vote had been granted. In some cases, white voters simply refused to vote for minority candidates; in others, the elites themselves made it clear that they wished to limit or prevent minority representation. Minority votes were considered less desirable than white votes, and they were therefore less fungible as a commodity to be exchanged for public goods. Minorities were often incorporated into a dominant coalition only if a race-oriented agenda was abandoned by the minority leaders. As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule in U.S. history.
A group trying to elect representatives to office must use the electoral process to convert its demographic raw materials into positions of authority in government: in effect, the group tries to translate numbers into power. There is nothing automatic or mechanical about this process of conversion. It is conditioned by at least five distinct factors, each of which can intervene to prevent a group from being represented in office in relation to its proportion of the population: enfranchisement, mobilization, spatial concentration, favorable districts, and coalitions.
The author points out five factors which can intervene to prevent a group from being represented in office in relation to its proportion of the population. Which one of these factors refers to the right of suffrage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查政治與選舉相關字彙的語意判讀，重點是辨認文章最後列出的五項因素中，哪一項代表「投票權／選舉權」。
文章指出，一個群體要將人口數量轉化為政治權力，會受到五項因素影響：
- enfranchisement：賦予公民投票權；選舉權、參政權
- mobilization：動員，使群體積極參與政治或選舉
- spatial concentration：空間集中，人口集中於特定地區
- favorable districts：有利的選區劃分
- coalitions：政治聯盟、結盟
其中，enfranchisement 的核心意義就是「取得投票權」，因此答案為 A。
解題方法
先抓題目中的關鍵定義：
Which one of these factors refers to the right of suffrage?
其中 the right of suffrage 意為「投票權、選舉權」。因此只要在五個選項中找出表示「被賦予投票權」的字即可。
定位文章列舉五項因素的句子：
It is conditioned by at least five distinct factors, each of which can intervene to prevent a group from being represented in office in relation to its proportion of the population: enfranchisement, mobilization, spatial concentration, favorable districts, and coalitions.
翻譯：
這個過程至少受到五項不同因素的制約；每一項因素都可能介入，使某個群體無法按照其人口比例在政府中取得代表席次：選舉權、政治動員、空間集中、有利的選區，以及政治聯盟。
其中 enfranchisement 是由 enfranchise 加上名詞字尾 -ment 形成的名詞，意思是「授予投票權」或「使某人取得參政資格」。因此與題目所問的 the right of suffrage 完全相符。
選項分析
(A) Enfranchisement
正確。Enfranchisement 指法律上賦予人民投票權或參政權。文章前文提到：
It was not until the democratic rights of citizenship were formally recognized by the polity that racial minorities could even compete as players in the electoral arena.
翻譯：
直到公民的民主權利正式受到政治體制承認，少數族群才有可能以參與者的身分進入選舉競爭場域。
這裡的「正式承認民主公民權」正是 enfranchisement 所代表的概念。
(B) Mobilization
錯誤。Mobilization 是「動員」，指組織或鼓動群體參與政治、投票、抗議或選舉活動。它描述的是人民如何被組織起來參與政治，不是法律上是否擁有投票權。
例如，一個群體即使已經獲得投票權，仍可能因缺乏組織、資源或政治意願而未能有效動員。
(C) Spatial concentration
錯誤。Spatial concentration 是「空間集中」或「地理集中」，指某個族群是否集中居住在特定地區。人口若集中於某些區域，較容易形成具有影響力的選區；
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In analyzing the representation of white ethnic groups, it has been customary to use a framework I term responsive pluralism, which emphasizes the response of political elites to newly mobilized political forces that are demanding recognition. A key tenet of responsive pluralism is that all votes are equal and fungible. In other words, political elites—those with power—will entertain the possibility of a coalition with any group that possesses votes. In return for these votes, the elites will make available a stream of public goods in the form of patronage, symbolic recognition, and social services.
But for minorities, the situation is more complex and considerably less flattering to America’s preferred conception of its political traditions. Simply put, minorities have often faced constraints on their participation in the American polity due to their social and legal status. This situation has resulted in what I term stratified pluralism. As members of racial or other categories, they have often been defined out of the realm of full citizenship as it is usually understood in a democracy.
Blacks in particular could not vote for a long time so candidates for office were not feasible. It was not until the democratic rights of citizenship were formally recognized by the polity that racial minorities could even compete as players in the electoral arena. Moreover, racism further hampered minority advancement even after the vote had been granted. In some cases, white voters simply refused to vote for minority candidates; in others, the elites themselves made it clear that they wished to limit or prevent minority representation. Minority votes were considered less desirable than white votes, and they were therefore less fungible as a commodity to be exchanged for public goods. Minorities were often incorporated into a dominant coalition only if a race-oriented agenda was abandoned by the minority leaders. As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule in U.S. history.
A group trying to elect representatives to office must use the electoral process to convert its demographic raw materials into positions of authority in government: in effect, the group tries to translate numbers into power. There is nothing automatic or mechanical about this process of conversion. It is conditioned by at least five distinct factors, each of which can intervene to prevent a group from being represented in office in relation to its proportion of the population: enfranchisement, mobilization, spatial concentration, favorable districts, and coalitions.
Based upon the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解，考查作者對「少數族群政治代表性」與 stratified pluralism（分層多元主義） 的看法。
文章先比較兩種政治運作模式：
- Responsive pluralism（回應式多元主義）：政治菁英會回應新興政治力量。只要某團體擁有選票，政治菁英便可能與其結盟，並以政治資源交換選票。
- Stratified pluralism（分層多元主義）：少數族群因種族、法律地位與社會地位受到限制，即使取得投票權，仍可能遭遇種族歧視、選民拒投及政治菁英阻撓，因此難以獲得與人口比例相稱的政治代表性。
本題要找的是「作者最可能同意」的敘述，關鍵在於辨認文章的主要論點與因果關係。
定位答案的關鍵原文
文章明確指出：
“Moreover, racism further hampered minority advancement even after the vote had been granted.”
翻譯：此外，即使少數族群已獲得投票權，種族主義仍進一步阻礙了少數族群的發展。
文章又指出：
“As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule in U.S. history.”
翻譯：由於分層多元主義的結果，少數族群廣泛且有效地擔任公職，在美國歷史上一直是例外，而不是常態。
這兩句直接支持：分層多元主義阻礙少數族群取得公職與政治代表性。
解題方法
先判斷每個選項是否符合文章明確陳述，再特別注意下列語意陷阱：
- always、even if、ever since 等絕對或過度延伸的表達。
- 選項是否把作者的批判性描述，錯誤改寫成肯定性描述。
- 選項是否顛倒文章的因果關係。
文章的中心邏輯是：
因此，與「stratified pluralism 阻礙少數族群擔任公職」一致的選項即為正確答案。
選項分析
(A) Responsive pluralism is a proper framework for an analysis of political representation in the United States.
回應式多元主義是分析美國政治代表性的適當架構。
錯誤。作者表示，分析白人族群時，使用 responsive pluralism 是慣例：
“it has been customary to use a framework I term responsive pluralism”
但文章接著強調，少數族群的情況更複雜，不能單純以所有選票等值、政治菁英會回應任何有選票團體的模式加以解釋。少數族群受到額外的法律與社會限制，因此必須以 stratified pluralism 說明。選項把一部分敘述擴大成適用於整個美國政治代表性的普遍架構，與文章重點不符。
(B) Minority advancement in officeholding has been hampered by stratified pluralism.
少數族群在擔任公職方面的發展，受到分層多元主義的阻礙。
正確。文章明確指出，少數族群受到社會與法律地位限制，曾被排除在完整公民身分之外；即使取得投票權，仍受到種族歧視、白人選民拒投，以及政治菁英阻止少數族群代表參政等因素影響。
尤其原文直接說：
“As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule”
這表示少數族群廣泛且有效擔任公職並不普遍，正是分層多元主義造成的結果。因此本選項完整概括作者的主要論點。
(C) Political elites have always been willing to form a coalition with any group possessing votes.
政治菁英一直都願意與任何擁有選票的團體組成聯盟。
錯誤。此敘述過度絕對化，關鍵錯在 always。
文章對 responsive pluralism 的描述是：政治菁英會考慮與任何擁有選票的團體結盟。但談到少數族群時，文章明確指出：
“the elites themselves made it clear that they wished to limit or prevent minority representation”
翻譯：政治菁英本身明確表示，他們希望限制或阻止少數族群的代表性。
因此，政治菁英並非「一直」願意與所有有選票的團體結盟，少數族群正是受到排斥的對象。
(D) Even if the democratic rights of citizenship were not formally recognized by the polity, racial minorities were still able to compete as players in the electoral arena.
即使政治體制未正式承認民主公民權，少數族群仍能在選舉場域中以參與者身分競爭。
錯誤。文章的意思完全相反：
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In analyzing the representation of white ethnic groups, it has been customary to use a framework I term responsive pluralism, which emphasizes the response of political elites to newly mobilized political forces that are demanding recognition. A key tenet of responsive pluralism is that all votes are equal and fungible. In other words, political elites—those with power—will entertain the possibility of a coalition with any group that possesses votes. In return for these votes, the elites will make available a stream of public goods in the form of patronage, symbolic recognition, and social services.
But for minorities, the situation is more complex and considerably less flattering to America’s preferred conception of its political traditions. Simply put, minorities have often faced constraints on their participation in the American polity due to their social and legal status. This situation has resulted in what I term stratified pluralism. As members of racial or other categories, they have often been defined out of the realm of full citizenship as it is usually understood in a democracy.
Blacks in particular could not vote for a long time so candidates for office were not feasible. It was not until the democratic rights of citizenship were formally recognized by the polity that racial minorities could even compete as players in the electoral arena. Moreover, racism further hampered minority advancement even after the vote had been granted. In some cases, white voters simply refused to vote for minority candidates; in others, the elites themselves made it clear that they wished to limit or prevent minority representation. Minority votes were considered less desirable than white votes, and they were therefore less fungible as a commodity to be exchanged for public goods. Minorities were often incorporated into a dominant coalition only if a race-oriented agenda was abandoned by the minority leaders. As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule in U.S. history.
A group trying to elect representatives to office must use the electoral process to convert its demographic raw materials into positions of authority in government: in effect, the group tries to translate numbers into power. There is nothing automatic or mechanical about this process of conversion. It is conditioned by at least five distinct factors, each of which can intervene to prevent a group from being represented in office in relation to its proportion of the population: enfranchisement, mobilization, spatial concentration, favorable districts, and coalitions.
Which of the following does NOT agree with the author’s observation of political representation in the U.S.?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者觀點判讀」，重點在於辨認文章對美國少數族群政治代表性的評價。
文中比較兩種政治多元主義：
- responsive pluralism：回應式多元主義。政治菁英會回應新興政治力量；只要團體擁有選票，就可能與其結盟，並以政治恩惠、象徵性認同及社會服務作為交換。
- stratified pluralism：分層式多元主義。少數族群因種族、法律地位及社會地位受到限制，無法像白人族群一樣平等參與政治，因此其選票的政治價值也較低。
本題問：
Which of the following does NOT agree with the author’s observation of political representation in the U.S.?
下列何者不符合作者對美國政治代表性的觀察？
因此，必須找出與文章內容相反的選項。
文章定位句與翻譯
本題答案直接出現在第三段最後一句：
As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule in U.S. history.
翻譯：
因此，在美國歷史中，少數族群廣泛且有效地擔任公職，一直是例外，而不是常態。
關鍵在於：
- exception rather than the rule：例外，而非常態
- widespread and efficacious minority officeholding：少數族群廣泛且有效地擔任公職
這句明確表示少數族群擔任公職並不普遍，故凡是說「分層式多元主義造成廣泛且有效的少數族群任官」的敘述，皆與作者觀點相反。
關鍵單字與片語
- representation：代表；政治代表性
- political elites：政治菁英
- newly mobilized political forces：新近動員起來的政治力量
- recognition：承認；認可
- coalition：聯盟
- fungible：可互換的；可等值交換的
- public goods：公共財
- patronage：政治恩惠；政治酬庸
- symbolic recognition：象徵性的認同
- social services：社會服務
- minority：少數族群
- constraint：限制；約束
- participation：參與
- polity：政治共同體；國家政治體制
- citizenship：公民身分
- electoral arena：選舉場域
- hamper：妨礙；阻礙
- advancement：發展；進步
- officeholding：擔任公職
- enfranchisement：參政權的取得，尤其指投票權
- mobilization：動員
- spatial concentration：空間集中
- favorable districts：有利的選區
- demographic raw materials：人口統計上的基本條件
- translate numbers into power：將人口數量轉化為政治權力
- exception rather than the rule：例外而非常態
解題方法
本題採用「逐項對照文章」的方法：
- 先找出作者對少數族群政治代表性的總結。
- 注意題目中的 does NOT agree，要找「不符合」而非找正確敘述。
- 將每個選項與文中明示的觀點比對。
- 尤其注意肯定、否定及程度副詞，例如：
- still refused：仍然拒絕
- more fungible and more desirable：更具可交換性且更受歡迎
- restrictions：限制
- different：不同
- widespread：廣泛的
文章整體主旨是：白人族群在政治參與上較容易被納入，而少數族群受到制度與種族因素限制，因此少數族群的政治代表性並不普遍。
選項分析
(A) Some white voters still refused to vote for minority candidates.
有些白人選民仍然拒絕投票給少數族群候選人。
正確。文章第三段提到：
In some cases, white voters simply refused to vote for minority candidates.
翻譯：
在某些情況下，白人選民乾脆拒絕投票給少數族群候選人。
選項幾乎是原文的直接改寫，符合作者觀察。
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In analyzing the representation of white ethnic groups, it has been customary to use a framework I term responsive pluralism, which emphasizes the response of political elites to newly mobilized political forces that are demanding recognition. A key tenet of responsive pluralism is that all votes are equal and fungible. In other words, political elites—those with power—will entertain the possibility of a coalition with any group that possesses votes. In return for these votes, the elites will make available a stream of public goods in the form of patronage, symbolic recognition, and social services.
But for minorities, the situation is more complex and considerably less flattering to America’s preferred conception of its political traditions. Simply put, minorities have often faced constraints on their participation in the American polity due to their social and legal status. This situation has resulted in what I term stratified pluralism. As members of racial or other categories, they have often been defined out of the realm of full citizenship as it is usually understood in a democracy.
Blacks in particular could not vote for a long time so candidates for office were not feasible. It was not until the democratic rights of citizenship were formally recognized by the polity that racial minorities could even compete as players in the electoral arena. Moreover, racism further hampered minority advancement even after the vote had been granted. In some cases, white voters simply refused to vote for minority candidates; in others, the elites themselves made it clear that they wished to limit or prevent minority representation. Minority votes were considered less desirable than white votes, and they were therefore less fungible as a commodity to be exchanged for public goods. Minorities were often incorporated into a dominant coalition only if a race-oriented agenda was abandoned by the minority leaders. As a consequence of stratified pluralism, widespread and efficacious minority officeholding has been the exception rather than the rule in U.S. history.
A group trying to elect representatives to office must use the electoral process to convert its demographic raw materials into positions of authority in government: in effect, the group tries to translate numbers into power. There is nothing automatic or mechanical about this process of conversion. It is conditioned by at least five distinct factors, each of which can intervene to prevent a group from being represented in office in relation to its proportion of the population: enfranchisement, mobilization, spatial concentration, favorable districts, and coalitions.
Which of the following best captures the meaning of “coalition” in paragraph 1?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查字彙辨義與文章語境判讀，重點是根據上下文判斷 coalition 的正確意思。
文中第一段說明：
“political elites—those with power—will entertain the possibility of a coalition with any group that possesses votes.”
意思是：「政治菁英，也就是掌握權力的人，會考慮與任何擁有選票的團體組成某種合作關係。」
因此，coalition 是指為了共同目的而結合的「聯盟、同盟」，最接近 alliance。
解題方法
判斷字義時，應觀察前後文的邏輯：
- 政治菁英需要選票。
- 擁有選票的團體可以與政治菁英合作。
- 政治菁英則以公共利益、政治認可及社會服務作為交換。
這種「不同團體為共同政治利益而合作」的關係，就是 coalition。
定位句：
“political elites ... will entertain the possibility of a coalition with any group that possesses votes.”
翻譯：
「政治菁英會考慮與任何擁有選票的團體組成聯盟。」
此外，文章後文提到：
“Minorities were often incorporated into a dominant coalition only if a race-oriented agenda was abandoned by the minority leaders.”
翻譯：
「少數族群通常只有在其領袖放棄以種族為導向的議程時，才會被納入主導聯盟。」
此處 coalition 明確具有「政治聯盟」之意。
關鍵單字與片語
- representation：代表；政治代表
- ethnic groups：族群
- responsive pluralism：回應式多元主義
- political elites：政治菁英
- mobilized political forces：組織動員起來的政治力量
- demand recognition：要求獲得認可
- tenet：信條；基本原則
- fungible：可互換的；可替代的
- entertain the possibility of：考慮……的可能性
- coalition：聯盟；同盟
- in return for：作為……的交換
- public goods：公共利益；公共財
- patronage：政治酬庸；恩庇
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
I. When addressing social justice, it is imperative to consider whether the attitudes and positions of persons, and persons themselves, are just or unjust.
II. Particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations, are not the primary subject of justice.
III. How fundamental duties and rights are assigned are important for the achievement of social justice.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與「細節判斷」。文章雖提到許多事物都可以被稱為 just 或 unjust，但作者明確將討論範圍限縮為 social justice（社會正義），其主要研究對象是社會的 basic structure（基本結構），尤其是：
- 社會主要制度如何分配基本權利與義務。
- 社會如何分配經濟利益與合作成果。
- 不同社會位置如何影響個人的人生機會。
文章的核心判準是：
For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation.
對我們而言，正義的主要對象是社會的基本結構；更精確地說，是主要社會制度分配基本權利與義務，以及決定社會合作利益如何分配的方式。
因此，判斷各敘述時，必須區分：
- 「一般而言，哪些事物可以被稱為正義或不正義」
- 「社會正義主要處理什麼問題」
關鍵單字與片語
- just / unjust：正義的／不正義的；公平的／不公平的
- social justice：社會正義
- primary subject：主要對象、首要議題
- basic structure of society：社會的基本結構
- major social institutions：主要社會制度
- distribute：分配
- fundamental rights and duties：基本權利與義務
- social cooperation：社會合作
- political constitution：政治憲政制度
- competitive markets：競爭性市場
- private property：私有財產
- means of production：生產工具、生產資料
- life prospects：人生前景、生活機會
- initial chances in life：人生起初的機會
- inequalities：不平等
- merit or desert：功績或應得性
- be assigned：被分配、被配置
- depend essentially on：主要取決於
文法與語意重點
- not only A but also B
文章開頭：
not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds
意思是「不僅是法律、制度與社會系統，也包括許多種類的個別行動」。
此結構用來表示兩類事物都可能被判斷為正義或不正義。
- however
Our topic, however, is that of social justice.
however 表示轉折，意為「然而」。作者先承認許多事物都涉及正義判斷，接著指出本文真正討論的是「社會正義」，不是所有形式的正義。
- primary subject
the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society
primary subject 是「主要討論對象」，並非指唯一能被稱為正義或不正義的事物。這是本題最重要的語意區別。
- 被動語態
fundamental rights and duties are assigned
are assigned 是被動語態，意為「基本權利與義務被分配」。文章最後再次指出，社會方案是否正義，取決於基本權利與義務如何分配。
解題方法
先找出文章對「social justice」的明確定義，再逐一比對三個敘述。
定位句包括：
Our topic, however, is that of social justice.
然而，我們的主題是社會正義。
以及：
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Based upon the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to reproduce what the author describes as “especially deep inequalities”?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「語意判斷」與「反向比較」。題目問的是：
哪一個選項「最不可能」造成作者所說的「尤其深刻的不平等」？
文章討論 John Rawls 的「社會正義」概念，核心在於：社會的基本結構，會透過政治制度、經濟制度與社會安排，分配人民的基本權利、義務、機會與生活前景。
作者特別指出，社會中的深層不平等具有三項特徵：
- 由社會制度造成，而非單純個人選擇。
- 從人生一開始就影響個人的機會與期待。
- 無法單純以「功績」或「應得性」合理化。
關鍵概念如下：
- social justice：社會正義
- basic structure of society：社會的基本結構
- major social institutions：主要社會制度
- fundamental rights and duties：基本權利與義務
- division of advantages from social cooperation：社會合作利益的分配
- life prospects：人生前景、生活機會
- initial chances in life：人生起始機會
- merit or desert：功績或應得性
- social inequalities：社會不平等
- political constitution：政治體制、政治憲制
- economic opportunities：經濟機會
- social conditions：社會條件
定位答案的關鍵句
文章指出：
“These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert.”
翻譯：
「這些是不平等中特別深刻的一類。它們不僅無所不在，也會影響人們人生最初的機會；然而，絕不可能訴諸功績或應得性等概念來為它們辯護。」
題目要求判斷哪些制度或觀念容易形成這種「從出生或社會地位開始，就大幅影響個人機會」的不平等。四個選項都屬於明顯的身分、階級、性別或種族差異；只有 meritocracy（功績主義） 的基本原則，是依照能力、表現或成就分配機會，因此最不符合作者所描述的深層不平等來源。
解題方法
本題採用「先抓定義，再逐項比對」的方法：
第一步，掌握題幹中 “especially deep inequalities” 的意義。它不是一般結果上的差異，而是由社會制度所造成，並且從人生起點便影響個人機會的不平等。
第二步，注意題目中的 LEAST likely。這表示要找「最不容易造成這種深層不平等」的選項，而不是找最能代表不平等的制度。
第三步，將各選項分類：
- 以種族、性別或出生階級決定待遇者，容易造成深層不平等。
- 以個人能力與成就作為分配標準者，較不符合「由出生位置決定人生機會」的描述。
因此，答案為 Meritocracy。
選項分析
(A) Racism（種族主義）
Racism 是依據種族對人進行歧視、排斥或差別待遇。種族通常是個人出生時即具有的身分，並非個人努力或選擇所造成。
種族主義可能影響教育、就業、居住、司法待遇與政治參與，直接改變一個人的「人生最初機會」。因此，它符合文章所說的：
“they affect men’s initial chances in life”
也就是「影響人們人生起始機會」的深層不平等。
所以 Racism 不是答案。
(B) Meritocracy（功績主義、才能主義）
Meritocracy 是依據個人的能力、努力、表現或成就分配教育、職位與社會資源，而不是依據出身、血統、性別或種族。
它與文章中的關鍵概念 “merit or desert” 直接相關。文章表示，深層不平等不能單純以功績或應得性來合理化；這反映出「功績」在正義討論中具有不同於血統特權的地位。
相較於封建制度或貴族制度，功績主義原則上允許不同出身的人透過能力與努力競爭，並不預先把固定的社會地位傳給特定群體。因此，它最不符合「出生位置決定人生機會」的深層不平等模式。
所以 Meritocracy 是正確答案。
需要注意的是，功績主義在現實中不一定完全公平。家庭資源、教育品質與社會背景可能影響一個人的成就，使功績主義仍產生階級差距。然而，依照題目選項的基本定義，功績主義仍是五者中最不可能直接複製作者所描述之深層不平等的制度。
(C) Feudalism（封建制度）
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
The monogamous family refers to the family which
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查字義與語意判讀，關鍵字是 monogamous family。
- monogamous：一夫一妻的；單偶制的
- monogamy：一夫一妻制；單偶制
- polygamy：一夫多妻或多夫多妻制；多偶制
- partner：伴侶、配偶
- at a time：一次；同一時間
因此，monogamous family 指的是建立在「同一時間只有一位伴侶或配偶」的家庭關係。
定位原文與翻譯
題幹提到：
“Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions.”
翻譯為：
因此，對思想自由與良心自由的法律保障、競爭市場、生產資料的私有財產制度，以及一夫一妻制家庭，都是主要社會制度的例子。
文章將 the monogamous family 列為一種主要社會制度，重點在於 monogamous 的字義，而不是家庭成員的族群、語言、居住地或性傾向。
解題方法
看到 monogamous，可拆解為：
- mono-：單一、單獨
- -gamous：與婚姻或配偶關係相關
所以 monogamous 的核心概念是「只有一位配偶或伴侶」。選項中與此定義完全相符的是「同一時間只有一位伴侶」。
題目選項使用 at a time，表示「一次只與一位伴侶建立關係」，並未表示一生只能有一段關係；此用語符合 monogamous 的基本語意。
選項分析
(A) is built upon a relationship with only one partner at a time.
建立在同一時間只有一位伴侶的關係上。
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Based on the passage, it could be inferred that a person’s outlook
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 閱讀理解中的「指涉與推論」。
- 關鍵字 outlook 的語意判斷。
- 文章主旨：社會的主要制度如何影響個人的生活前景與發展機會。
文中指出，社會的主要制度包括政治憲法、經濟制度、社會安排、法律保障、競爭市場、私有財產制度與一夫一妻制家庭。這些制度共同決定人民的權利、義務及生活前景。
關鍵單字與片語
- justice：正義；公平
- unjust：不正義的；不公平的
- social justice：社會正義
- basic structure of society：社會的基本結構
- major social institutions：主要社會制度
- fundamental rights and duties：基本權利與義務
- social cooperation：社會合作
- life prospects：生活前景；人生發展機會
- determine：決定；左右
- influence：影響
- political constitution：政治憲政體制
- economic and social circumstances：經濟與社會情況
- merit or desert：功績或應得性
- initial chances in life：人生最初的機會條件
- be born into different positions：出生於不同的社會位置
- be determined, in part, by：部分受到……決定
解題方法
題目問：
Based on the passage, it could be inferred that a person’s outlook
根據本文，可以推論一個人的前景……
解題關鍵在於找出文章中與 outlook 意義最接近的表達。文中直接提到：
“Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do.”
翻譯：
主要制度整體構成一個制度架構，界定人們的權利與義務，並影響他們的生活前景，也就是他們能期待成為什麼樣的人，以及希望能有多好的發展。
此句明確表示，major institutions（主要社會制度）會 influence their life prospects（影響人們的生活前景）。
題目中的 a person’s outlook 在此語境中應理解為「一個人的生活前景、發展展望」，而非單純的「對正義的態度」。因此可直接對應選項：
is influenced by the major social institutions
文法與語意重點
- be influenced by 是被動語態，表示「受到……影響」。
- 選項 C 的主幹為：
a person’s outlook is influenced by the major social institutions
意思是：
一個人的生活前景受到主要社會制度的影響。
- outlook 可表示「觀點、態度」，也可表示「前景、展望」。本題須依文章語境判斷。由於文章集中討論制度如何分配權利、義務與機會，並使用 life prospects 說明人生發展，因此此處應採「生活前景」之義。
選項分析
(A) has nothing to do with the basic structure of society.
「與社會的基本結構完全無關。」
錯誤。文章明確指出：
“The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Based upon the passage, it is most likely the author would agree with which of the following statements?
I. Inequalities produced by major social institutions are probably unavoidable.
II. The political system has profound effects on a person’s chances in life from the very beginning.
III. The principles of social justice must apply to the inequalities in the basic structure of society in the first instance.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與「細節判斷」。文章探討 John Rawls 的社會正義觀，核心概念包括：
- social justice：社會正義
- basic structure of society：社會基本結構
- major social institutions：主要社會制度
- fundamental rights and duties：基本權利與義務
- inequalities：不平等
- life prospects：人生前景、生活機會
作者主張：社會正義首先應關注社會基本結構，因為政治、經濟與社會制度會分配權利、義務與社會合作所產生的利益，並且從一個人出生起就深刻影響其人生機會。
解題方法
本題採「逐項回文定位」的方法。三個敘述都可以在文章中找到直接或近乎直接的對應句：
- 找出文章是否明確提到「不平等難以避免」。
- 找出文章是否指出「政治制度從一開始就影響人生機會」。
- 找出文章是否說明「社會正義原則首先適用於基本結構中的不平等」。
三項敘述皆符合文章內容，因此選擇包含 I、II、III 的選項。
文章定位與翻譯
I. Inequalities produced by major social institutions are probably unavoidable.
關鍵原文：
“These inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply.”
其中 presumably inevitable 意為「推定為不可避免的」。文章明確指出，任何社會的基本結構中，這些不平等大概都是無法避免的。
此外，前文也提到：
“In this way the institutions of society favor certain starting places over others.”
意思是：「社會制度會以這種方式使某些起始位置優於其他位置。」
因此，主要社會制度所造成的起點差異與不平等，符合敘述 I。
II. The political system has profound effects on a person’s chances in life from the very beginning.
關鍵原文：
“The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start.”
意思是：「基本結構是正義的首要對象，因為它的影響非常深遠，而且從一開始就存在。」
接著文章又說：
“men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances.”
意思是：「出生於不同位置的人，會有不同的人生期望；這些期望部分受到政治制度以及經濟、社會條件所決定。」
因此，政治制度確實會從人生一開始便深刻影響個人的人生機會，敘述 II 正確。
III. The principles of social justice must apply to the inequalities in the basic structure of society in the first instance.
關鍵原文：
“It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply.”
意思是：「社會正義原則首先必須適用於存在於任何社會基本結構中的這些不平等。」
片語 in the first instance 意為「首先、第一要務是」。這與敘述 III 幾乎是原文直接改寫，因此敘述 III 正確。
選項分析
(A) I only
錯誤。敘述 I 正確，但 II 與 III 也都符合文章內容，因此不能只選 I。
(B) II only
錯誤。敘述 II 正確，但 I、III 同樣受到文章明確支持，因此範圍不足。
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
According to the author, the justice of a social scheme primordially depends on which of the following?
I. the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties
II. advantages from social cooperation
III. the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與「指涉範圍判斷」。關鍵在於分辨：
- 文章前文介紹社會制度會分配哪些內容。
- 文章末句明確指出，社會制度的正義性「主要取決於」哪些因素。
題目問的是：
the justice of a social scheme primordially depends on which of the following?
其中 primordially 意為「首要地、根本上地」，等同於文章中的 essentially，因此答案應直接回到文章最後一句尋找。
解題方法
先定位與題目幾乎同義的原文：
The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
翻譯：
一個社會制度是否正義，根本上取決於基本權利與義務如何分配，以及社會各部門中的經濟機會與社會條件。
將這句拆成兩個並列結構：
- how fundamental rights and duties are assigned
基本權利與義務如何被分配 → 對應 I - the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society
各社會部門中的經濟機會與社會條件 → 對應 III
因此，符合題目所問「正義根本取決於哪些因素」的是 I 與 III。
選項分析
I. the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties
正確。
文章前面先界定社會正義的主要對象：
the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation
翻譯：
主要社會制度分配基本權利與義務，以及決定社會合作利益如何分配的方式。
而文章最後又明確指出：
how fundamental rights and duties are assigned
這與 I 的內容完全相符。關鍵概念是基本權利與義務的分配方式。
II. advantages from social cooperation
錯誤。
這個片語確實出現在文章前段：
determine the division of advantages from social cooperation
翻譯：
決定社會合作所產生的利益如何分配。
但這裡是說主要社會制度「會決定」社會合作利益的分配，屬於前文對社會制度功能的描述；文章最後真正回答「正義根本取決於什麼」時，列出的兩項是：
- 基本權利與義務如何分配；
- 各社會部門中的經濟機會與社會條件。
原文並未在最後的判定句中直接列出 advantages from social cooperation。因此，II 是利用前文關鍵字製造的干擾選項。