中國醫藥大學 102 年 《英文》

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第 1 題2 分

Mr. Johnson was _____ as the principal of this school three years ago.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「職務任命」的字義與搭配,並結合被動語態。

題幹結構為:

Mr. Johnson was _____ as the principal of this school three years ago.
Johnson 先生三年前被任命為本校校長。

主詞 Mr. Johnson 是「接受任命的人」,因此使用被動語態:

was + 過去分詞

能表達「被任命為……」的是 appointed。

常見搭配為:

  • appoint A as B:任命 A 為 B
  • be appointed as B:被任命為 B

因此:

Mr. Johnson was appointed as the principal of this school three years ago.
Johnson 先生三年前被任命為本校校長。

解題方法

先觀察句意:「某人三年前成為學校校長」且句子採被動語態,空格需要填入表示「任命」的過去分詞。

句型可還原為主動語態:

The school appointed Mr. Johnson as the principal three years ago.
學校三年前任命 Johnson 先生為校長。

改為被動語態後:

Mr. Johnson was appointed as the principal three years ago.

故選 appointed。

選項分析

(A) appointed:任命;委派

正確。 appoint 表示正式任命某人擔任職務,常用句型為:

appoint someone as+職位

本句使用被動語態 was appointed as the principal,意思是「被任命為校長」,符合句意與文法。

(B) transformed:轉變;改造

錯誤。 transform 表示「使某人或某物改變成另一種形式」,常見搭配為:

  • transform A into B:把 A 轉變成 B
  • be transformed into B:被轉變成 B

例如:

The old building was transformed into a museum.
那棟老建築被改建成博物館。

人可以 undergo transformation,但 was transformed as the principal 並不表示「被任命為校長」,與職務任命的語意不符。

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第 2 題2 分

A _____ friend is always around and renders help in times of trouble.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查形容詞的字義辨析與語意搭配。空格後接名詞 friend,四個選項在文法上都能作為形容詞修飾 friend,因此關鍵在於判斷哪個形容詞符合題幹的正面語意。

題幹描述的朋友具備兩項特徵:

  • is always around:總是在身邊、隨時都在。
  • renders help in times of trouble:在困難時刻提供幫助。

這種可靠、忠誠、患難與共的朋友,就是 faithful friend。

解題方法

先定位題幹中的語意線索:

A _____ friend is always around and renders help in times of trouble.
一位 _____ 的朋友總是在身邊,並在困難時刻提供幫助。

always around 與 renders help 都帶有正面意義,表示這位朋友值得信賴、忠心不渝。因此空格應填入表示「忠誠的、可靠的」之形容詞。

faithful 的核心意思是「忠實的、忠誠的、可靠的」,與 friend 搭配成 a faithful friend,完全符合題幹描述。

關鍵單字與片語

  • faithful:忠實的、忠誠的、可靠的
  • friend:朋友
  • always around:總是在身邊、隨時可以找到
  • render help:提供幫助
    render 在此相當於 provide 或 give。
  • in times of trouble:在困難時刻、遇到麻煩時
  • despondent:沮喪的、意志消沉的
  • false:虛假的、不忠實的
  • treacherous:背叛的、奸詐的、危險的
  • legitimate:合法的、正當的、合理的

選項分析

(A) despondent

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第 3 題2 分

The theatergoers were _____ by the actor’s powerhouse performance as Romeo.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 動詞過去分詞作被動語態的用法。
  2. 字彙的語意判斷。
  3. 介系詞片語 be exhilarated by+原因 的搭配。

題幹為:

The theatergoers were _____ by the actor’s powerhouse performance as Romeo.

意思是:

觀眾因為那位演員飾演羅密歐時極具震撼力的演出而感到___。

其中 powerhouse performance 指「充滿力量、極具感染力的演出」。演出帶給觀眾的合理反應應是「興奮、欣喜、振奮」。

解題方法

主詞 the theatergoers 指「看戲的觀眾」,在句中是接受動作或感受的對象;were+過去分詞形成被動語態。判斷重點在於:

  • 哪個選項能表示觀眾因精彩演出而產生正面、強烈的情緒?
  • 哪個選項能自然地與 by the actor’s performance 搭配?

exhilarate 是「使人極度興奮、振奮、欣喜」的及物動詞,因此:

  • 主動:The performance exhilarated the theatergoers.
  • 被動:The theatergoers were exhilarated by the performance.

所以空格應填 exhilarated。

選項分析

(A) retreated

retreat 是「撤退、退卻」。
retreated 通常是不及物動詞,表示人主動退開,例如:

The soldiers retreated.

題目語境是觀眾因精彩演出而產生情緒反應,並非觀眾「撤退」,且 were retreated by 也不符合自然的英文搭配,因此錯誤。

(B) prevailed

prevail 是「獲勝、盛行、占優勢」。
它通常是不及物動詞,例如:

Justice prevailed.

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第 4 題2 分

The old man has developed a _____ cough which cannot be cured completely in a short time.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學英文單字辨義」與「語境判斷」。空格位於名詞 cough(咳嗽)前,需填入能描述咳嗽持續時間或病程的形容詞。

題幹關鍵線索為:

cannot be cured completely in a short time
無法在短時間內完全治癒

這表示老人的咳嗽具有持續時間長、難以迅速痊癒的特徵,因此應選 chronic。


解題方法

先分析句意:

The old man has developed a _____ cough which cannot be cured completely in a short time.
這位老人出現了一種無法在短時間內完全治癒的咳嗽。

其中 which cannot be cured completely in a short time 是關係子句,修飾前面的 cough,補充說明這種咳嗽的特徵。

「持續很久、難以在短期內治癒」對應 chronic,意為「慢性的、長期的」。因此完整句意為:

這位老人出現了慢性咳嗽,無法在短時間內完全治癒。


選項分析

(A) chronic 慢性的;長期的

chronic 用來形容持續時間長、反覆發生或不易迅速治癒的疾病與症狀,例如:

  • chronic cough:慢性咳嗽
  • chronic disease:慢性疾病
  • chronic pain:慢性疼痛

題幹明確指出咳嗽「無法在短時間內完全治癒」,正是 chronic 的語意,因此本選項正確。

(B) productive 有痰的;能產生痰液的

productive cough 是醫學上常見的搭配,指「有痰咳嗽」,也就是咳嗽時會咳出痰液;相對詞為 nonproductive cough 或 dry cough,分別指無痰咳嗽、乾咳。

本選項在文法與搭配上都能修飾 cough,但 productive 著重「是否產生痰液」,與題幹強調的「短時間內無法治癒、病程持續」無關。因此不符合本題語境。

(C) flexible 有彈性的;靈活的

flexible 通常形容人、態度、制度、材料或身體活動的靈活性,例如:

  • a flexible schedule:彈性的時間表
  • flexible rules:有彈性的規則
  • a flexible body:柔軟的身體

咳嗽不是具有「彈性」的事物,flexible cough 也不是自然或常見的英文搭配,因此錯誤。

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第 5 題2 分

Argentina is a country of startling _____, both in the varied origins of its people and in the diversity of its landscape.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」。空格位於:

Argentina is a country of startling _____, both in the varied origins of its people and in the diversity of its landscape.

句意是:阿根廷是一個具有驚人「____」的國家,這不僅表現在人民多元的來源,也表現在景觀的多樣性。

關鍵線索是:

  • both A and B:A 與 B 兩者都……
  • varied origins:多樣的起源、不同的族裔來源
  • diversity of its landscape:景觀的多樣性

人民來源與自然景觀都呈現出差異、多元與相對對比,因此空格應填 contrasts。

解題方法

先觀察片語 a country of startling _____。空格需要填入名詞,且該名詞必須能同時概括:

  1. 人民來源的多樣性;
  2. 國土景觀的多樣性。

contrast 的意思是「對比、差異」,複數 contrasts 可表示一個國家內部存在許多鮮明的差異與對照。阿根廷的人口組成與地理景觀各具不同特色,因此 startling contrasts 在語意上最通順。

題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:

both in the varied origins of its people and in the diversity of its landscape

翻譯為:

不僅在於其人民多樣的來源,也在於其景觀的多樣性。

這個 both A and B 結構明確指出,空格所填的名詞必須能同時適用於「人民來源」與「景觀」兩個面向。只有 contrasts 能自然表達兩者之間或各自內部的顯著差異。

選項分析

(A) disguises

  • disguise 是「偽裝、掩飾」。
  • disguises 是複數名詞,表示「偽裝物」或「掩飾」。
  • 「阿根廷是一個具有驚人偽裝的國家」與人民來源、景觀多樣性完全不合,語意不成立。

(B) previews

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第 6 題2 分

The rising tensions between North Korea and South Korea caused all the embassies and business offices to _____ their personnel.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 重要單字辨析
  2. cause + 受詞 + to V 的使役結構
  3. 依上下文判斷動詞語意與搭配

題幹中的關鍵結構為:

The rising tensions between North Korea and South Korea caused all the embassies and business offices to _____ their personnel.
北韓與南韓之間日益升高的緊張情勢,導致所有大使館與商務辦事處撤離其人員。

句型為:

cause + 人/事物 + to + 原形動詞

因此空格必須填入能接 their personnel,且語意上符合「因局勢緊張而撤離人員」的動詞。


解題方法

先看語意:

  • rising tensions:日益升高的緊張情勢
  • embassies and business offices:大使館與商務辦事處
  • their personnel:其人員

當國際情勢惡化時,大使館及辦事處通常會將工作人員撤出危險地區。因此空格應填入表示「撤離」的及物動詞。

evacuate 的意思是「撤離、疏散」,可直接接受詞:

evacuate their personnel
撤離其人員

代入後:

The rising tensions ... caused all the embassies and business offices to evacuate their personnel.

語意完整、文法正確,故選 (E)。


選項分析

(A) occupy

occupy 意為「佔據、占用、佔領」。

例如:

The army occupied the city.
軍隊佔領了這座城市。

occupy their personnel 會變成「佔用他們的人員」,不符合緊張局勢下大使館撤出人員的語意,因此錯誤。


(B) depart

depart 意為「離開、出發」,通常是不及物動詞,不能直接接受詞 their personnel。

正確用法為:

The personnel departed.
人員離開了。

若要表達「使人員離開」,可使用:

cause their personnel to depart

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第 7 題2 分

In the 1950s, scientists and technologists _____ that by now the world would be free from disease, traversed by cars, and fueled by minerals from distant planets.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「動詞搭配」。句意是:1950 年代,科學家與科技專家曾經______,到了現在,世界應已沒有疾病、到處都有汽車通行,能源則來自遙遠星球的礦物。

空格後接完整的名詞子句:

that by now the world would be free from disease...

此處需要一個能表示「想像、預見、預測未來情況」的及物動詞。答案為 envisaged。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句:

In the 1950s, scientists and technologists envisaged that by now the world would be free from disease, traversed by cars, and fueled by minerals from distant planets.

翻譯:

在 1950 年代,科學家與科技專家曾預想,到了現在,世界應該已經沒有疾病,到處都有汽車通行,能源則由來自遙遠星球的礦物提供。

其中:

  • envisage:想像、設想、預想
  • by now:到現在為止、截至目前
  • be free from disease:免於疾病、沒有疾病
  • traversed by cars:由汽車穿越、到處有汽車通行
  • fueled by minerals from distant planets:由來自遙遠星球的礦物提供燃料

解題方法

先觀察句意中的時間與語氣:

  • In the 1950s 表示這是過去的人對未來的想像。
  • by now 表示「以當時的預測來看,到了現在應該會發生的事」。
  • 後面的內容是對未來世界的整體藍圖,包括消除疾病、汽車普及、使用外星礦物作為能源。

因此,空格需要表示「預想未來景象」的動詞。envisage 正好可接名詞子句,形成:

envisage that + 子句
預想、設想……

本句使用過去式 envisaged,因為主句時間在 1950 年代。

選項分析

(A) enhanced

enhance 意為「增強、提升、改善」,例如:

enhance the quality
提升品質

enhanced that... 不表示「預想某件事」,也無法合理描述科學家對未來世界的預測,因此錯誤。

(B) enrolled

enroll 意為「使加入、註冊、入學」,例如:

enroll in a course
註冊一門課程

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第 8 題2 分

A recent _____ of jellyfish could threaten not only marine biodiversity, but also the health of tourists in beach resorts around the Mediterranean and Black Sea.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「名詞的語意與搭配」,尤其是:

  • a proliferation of + 複數名詞:大量增加、迅速繁殖
  • a bloom of + 生物:某種生物族群突然大量出現,屬於生態學用語
  • 根據後文 could threaten... 判斷空格應填入具有「數量增加、造成威脅」意義的名詞。

句型結構為:

A recent _____ of jellyfish could threaten not only marine biodiversity, but also the health of tourists...

A recent _____ of jellyfish 是主詞,could threaten 是主要動詞;空格必須填入可與 of jellyfish 搭配的名詞。

題幹定位與翻譯

A recent proliferation of jellyfish could threaten not only marine biodiversity, but also the health of tourists in beach resorts around the Mediterranean and Black Sea.

翻譯:

最近水母數量的大量增加,不僅可能威脅海洋生物多樣性,也可能危害地中海與黑海周邊海灘度假勝地遊客的健康。

其中 could threaten 表示「可能威脅」,與前面的 proliferation 在語意上形成合理因果:水母大量繁殖,因而威脅生態與遊客安全。

解題方法

先看空格前後:

A recent _____ of jellyfish

recent 修飾名詞,of jellyfish 說明這個名詞涉及的對象是水母。再看後文:

could threaten marine biodiversity
could threaten the health of tourists

既然水母會同時威脅海洋生態與遊客健康,空格應表達「水母數量急遽增加」的現象。

proliferation 的核心意思是「大量繁殖、迅速增生、激增」,最符合整句語意:

a recent proliferation of jellyfish
最近水母的大量增加

因此依官方答案選擇 (D) proliferation。

選項分析

(A) downgrade

downgrade 是「降級、降低評等、貶低」。例如:

  • a credit downgrade:信用評等下調
  • a software downgrade:軟體降版

a recent downgrade of jellyfish 會變成「最近對水母的降級」,語意無法解釋水母為何會威脅生態與遊客,因此錯誤。

(B) magnificence

magnificence 是「壯麗、宏偉、華美」,用來描述景色、建築或事物的雄偉程度。例如:

  • the magnificence of the palace:宮殿的宏偉
  • the magnificence of nature:大自然的壯麗

a recent magnificence of jellyfish 意為「最近水母的壯麗」,不符合水母造成威脅的語境,因此錯誤。

(C) bloom

bloom 作名詞可指「開花」,也可在生態學中表示某種生物族群的「大量繁殖、暴增」。常見搭配包括:

  • an algal bloom:藻華、藻類大量繁殖
  • a bacterial bloom:細菌大量增生
  • a jellyfish bloom:水母大量聚集或暴增

因此,bloom 放入本句在英文語意上確實可以成立,這是本題最值得注意的爭議點。不過在一般升學考試的字義辨識中,proliferation 是「大量繁殖、迅速增加」的直接對應字,且與 of jellyfish 搭配自然,故依官方公布答案選 (D)。

(D) proliferation

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第 9 題2 分

Tokyo is notorious for its earthquakes.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查同義字與語意判斷。關鍵字是 notorious,意指「因負面原因而廣為人知的、聲名狼藉的、臭名昭彰的」。

句中:

Tokyo is notorious for its earthquakes.
東京因地震而惡名遠播/廣為人知。

地震對城市而言通常不是值得稱讚的事,因此應選具有負面語氣、且能表示「惡名昭彰」的字。

解題方法

先判斷句子的語氣:

  • Tokyo(東京)是主詞。
  • is notorious for ... 表示「因……而聲名遠播」,通常用於負面或令人不愉快的事物。
  • earthquakes(地震)屬於災害,因此需要具有負面評價的形容詞。

四個選項中,只有 infamous 與 notorious 意義最接近,皆可表示「臭名昭彰的、聲名狼藉的」。

選項分析

(A) honorable:值得尊敬的、光榮的。

  • honorable 是正面評價,表示因高尚、正直或值得敬佩的行為而受到尊重。
  • 與 notorious 的負面語氣相反,因此錯誤。

(B) mirthful:歡樂的、愉快的。

  • mirthful 形容充滿歡笑或喜悅的狀態,例如 a mirthful gathering(歡樂的聚會)。
  • 地震與「歡樂」沒有語意上的關聯,不能替代 notorious,因此錯誤。

(C) colossal:巨大的、龐大的。

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第 10 題2 分

Police officers take an oath to uphold the law and to protect the public.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查動詞 uphold 的字義辨析,以及警察宣誓內容所形成的語意搭配。

  • uphold:維護、支持;遵守並捍衛(法律、原則、判決等)
  • maintain:維持、保持;主張、堅稱
  • perish:死亡;毀滅
  • disdain:鄙視;蔑視
  • violate:違反;侵犯
  • amplify:放大;擴大;增強

題幹中的 uphold the law 是固定且正式的搭配,意思是「維護法律、捍衛法律的權威」。依官方答案,與 maintain 的「維持」語意最接近。

解題方法

先抓出題幹的關鍵片語:

Police officers take an oath to uphold the law and to protect the public.
警察宣誓要維護法律並保護大眾。

警察的職責是維護法律、保護人民,因此空格若要替換 uphold,必須選擇具有「維持、維護」正面意義的動詞。

在所有選項中,只有 maintain 能表達「維持法律的效力、秩序與權威」之意。句中的 to uphold 與 to protect 並列,兩者都是警察宣誓履行的正面職責,也排除帶有死亡、鄙視、違反或放大的選項。

文法上,to uphold 與 to protect 形成平行結構:

to uphold the lawandto protect the public\text{to uphold the law} \quad \text{and} \quad \text{to protect the public}

若以 maintain 替換,句型仍為:

Police officers take an oath to maintain the law and to protect the public.

句意為「警察宣誓要維持法律並保護大眾」,語法與語意均可成立。

選項分析

(A) perish

perish 意為「死亡、毀滅、消滅」,通常用於人、動植物或事物的滅亡。

  • perish in the fire:在火災中喪生
  • perish from hunger:因飢餓而死亡

perish the law 不符合語意,也無法表達警察維護法律的職責,故錯誤。

(B) disdain

disdain 意為「鄙視、蔑視」,表示對某人或某事物缺乏尊重。

  • disdain dishonesty:鄙視不誠實
  • treat someone with disdain:輕蔑地對待某人
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第 11 題2 分

At the eye of the political storm is the prime minister whose despotic governance is undermining Turkish democracy and stripping away freedoms.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「上下文語意判讀」。關鍵字是 despotic,意為「專制的、暴虐的」,形容統治方式缺乏民主與權力制衡。選項中與此義最接近的是 autocratic,意為「獨裁的、專制的」。

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹關鍵句:

At the eye of the political storm is the prime minister whose despotic governance is undermining Turkish democracy and stripping away freedoms.

翻譯:

位於政治風暴核心的是那位首相;他的專制統治正在削弱土耳其的民主,並剝奪人民的自由。

其中:

  • at the eye of the political storm:處於政治風暴的核心
  • prime minister:首相
  • despotic governance:專制統治
  • undermine:削弱、破壞、逐漸損害
  • Turkish democracy:土耳其民主制度
  • strip away freedoms:剝奪自由

「削弱民主」與「剝奪自由」呈現負面的政治統治方式,因此空格應選表示「獨裁、專制」的形容詞。

解題方法

將選項代入文意,尋找與 despotic 同義或語意最接近的字:

  • despotic governance = 專制統治
  • autocratic governance = 獨裁統治、專制統治

兩者皆可形容由個人或少數權力者專斷行使權力的統治模式,且與後方的 undermining democracy、stripping away freedoms 完全一致,因此選 (B) autocratic。

選項分析

(A) republican

republican 意為「共和的、共和制度的」,也可指「共和黨的」。共和制度通常強調公共事務、代議政治與制度治理,與 despotic 所表示的專制、暴虐統治相反。

  • republican governance:共和式治理
  • despotic governance:專制統治

放入題幹後,無法合理解釋為何該統治正在削弱民主、剝奪自由,因此錯誤。

(B) autocratic

autocratic 意為「獨裁的、專制的」,指權力集中於單一統治者或少數人,決策缺乏民主參與與制衡。

  • autocrat:獨裁者
  • autocracy:獨裁政治、專制政體
  • autocratic governance:專制統治
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第 12 題2 分

The etiquette expert was celebrated for her absolutely impeccable manners.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義辨析,重點是理解形容詞 impeccable 的意思,並選出與其語意最接近的選項。

  • impeccable:無可挑剔的;完美無瑕的
  • manners:禮貌;禮儀;舉止
  • absolutely:絕對地;完全地,用來加強語氣
  • be celebrated for...:因……而聞名/受到讚譽

題幹翻譯與定位

The etiquette expert was celebrated for her absolutely impeccable manners.

這位禮儀專家因為她完美無瑕的禮儀而受到讚譽。

句中的關鍵片語是 absolutely impeccable manners,意思是「絕對無可挑剔的禮儀」。因此答案應選擇表示「完美無瑕」的形容詞。

解題方法

先判斷 impeccable 的正面語氣。題幹使用 celebrated for,表示「因某項優點而受到稱讚」,後面接的內容應是值得讚美的特質。

impeccable 源自拉丁文,具有「沒有瑕疵、沒有錯誤」的意思,因此可理解為:

  • flawless
  • perfect
  • faultless

選項中只有 flawless 與其意思相同。

選項分析

  • (A) flawless:正確。意思是「完美無瑕的;毫無缺點的」,與 impeccable 同義。
    flawless manners 即「無可挑剔的禮儀」。

  • (B) culpable:錯誤。意思是「有罪的;應受責備的」。
    這是負面語意,與題幹中受到讚譽的情境不合。culpable manners 也不表示「完美的禮儀」。

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第 13 題2 分

Three years ago, the shoe factory was heralded as a symbol of the positive impact that NATO troops and their battles in Afghanistan were having in local economy.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」,重點在判斷 heralded 在句中的意思,以及選項中哪個字最接近其語意。

題幹中的關鍵片語是:

was heralded as a symbol of the positive impact
被宣稱/視為正面影響的象徵

herald 的基本語意是「預告、預示」,也可引申為「宣揚、讚揚」。在本句的被動結構 be heralded as... 中,意思是「被譽為、被視為……的象徵」。

選項 prefigure 的意思是「預示、預兆、預示將來會發生的事」,與 herald 的核心概念「預告、預示」最接近。因此依官方答案選 E。

題幹關鍵句與翻譯

Three years ago, the shoe factory was heralded as a symbol of the positive impact that NATO troops and their battles in Afghanistan were having in local economy.

三年前,這家鞋廠被譽為北約部隊及其在阿富汗的作戰行動對當地經濟所帶來正面影響的象徵。

其中:

  • three years ago:三年前
  • shoe factory:鞋廠
  • be heralded as:被譽為、被視為
  • a symbol of:……的象徵
  • positive impact:正面影響
  • NATO troops:北約部隊
  • local economy:當地經濟

解題方法

先判斷題目考的是字義替換,再觀察 heralded 的語意。

  1. herald 可作動詞,表示「預示、宣告即將發生的事」。
  2. prefigure 表示「預示、預兆」,語意最接近。
  3. 其他選項分別表示「促進、強加、執行、估計」,都與「預示/宣告」無關。
  4. 因此依官方答案選 E. prefigured。

需要注意的是,題目呈現的句子中沒有明確標示空格;依選項形式判斷,本題應是將 heralded 當作考點,要求選出最接近的字義。

選項分析

(A) boosted:促進、提高

boost 表示「提升、促進、增加」,例如:

The policy boosted the local economy.
這項政策促進了當地經濟。

它描述的是實際造成某種成長或提升的行為,不是「預示」或「宣告」。因此與 heralded 的語意不符。

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第 14 題2 分

The party was once again facing its quadrennial predicament: the candidate sufficiently liberal to win the nomination would be too liberal for the general election.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「字義辨識」與「語境判斷」。空格前有所有格形容詞 its,後接名詞,且冒號後說明政黨所面臨的兩難情況:

  • 候選人若足夠自由派,能贏得黨內提名;
  • 但同一位候選人對全國大選而言又過於自由派。

這種「兩個選擇都各有利弊、難以取捨的困境」就是 dilemma。

題幹關鍵句與翻譯

The party was once again facing its quadrennial predicament: the candidate sufficiently liberal to win the nomination would be too liberal for the general election.

翻譯:

該政黨再度面臨每四年一次的困境:一位自由派程度足以贏得黨內提名的候選人,對全國大選而言卻會過於自由派。

其中冒號後的內容是對 predicament 的具體說明,也就是政黨同時面臨「贏得黨內提名」與「贏得全國大選」之間的衝突。

解題方法

先判斷詞性,再依語境選字。

空格位於:

its ______

因此需要填入名詞。四個選項雖然多為名詞,但必須符合「困境、進退兩難」的語意。

句中 quadrennial predicament 已提示事件具有週期性且令人為難:

  • quadrennial:每四年一次的
  • predicament:困境、窘境

冒號後的句子進一步解釋這個困境的內容:候選人必須在「足夠自由派以取得提名」和「不能過度自由派以贏得大選」之間取得平衡。因此最精確的同義概念是 dilemma。

關鍵單字與片語

  • party:政黨;政黨組織
  • once again:再一次
  • face:面臨
  • quadrennial:每四年一次的
  • predicament:困境、窘境
  • candidate:候選人
  • sufficiently:充分地、足夠地
  • liberal:自由派的;主張改革的
  • win the nomination:贏得黨內提名
  • nomination:提名
  • general election:全國大選;普選
  • too liberal:過於自由派
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第 15 題2 分

It is a mystery why some humans were willing to make difficult explorations which might jeopardize their reputation, fortune, or even life.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「同義字辨識」與字義判斷。題幹中的關鍵字是 jeopardize,意思是「危及、使……陷入危險」。選項中與其意思相同的是 imperil。

定位答案的關鍵句:

which might jeopardize their reputation, fortune, or even life
這可能危及他們的名聲、財富,甚至生命。

其中 jeopardize 與 imperil 都表示「使某人或某事面臨危險、受到威脅」。

解題方法

先抓住題幹的核心語意:

  • difficult explorations:艱難的探索
  • jeopardize their reputation:危及他們的名聲
  • jeopardize their fortune:危及他們的財富
  • jeopardize their life:危及他們的生命

能與 reputation、fortune、life 搭配,且表示「使……陷入危險」的動詞,就是 imperil。

句意可理解為:有些人竟願意從事艱難的探索,而這些探索可能危及他們的名聲、財富,甚至生命。故選 (C) imperil。

選項分析

(A) embark:開始從事,登上(船隻)

常見片語為 embark on/upon something,表示「開始從事某事」。例如:

  • embark on an exploration:開始一項探索

此字可描述「開始探索」的動作,但沒有「危及、置於危險中」的意思,因此不符合 jeopardize。

(B) accomplish:完成,達成

通常用於任務、目標、成就等,例如:

  • accomplish a difficult task:完成艱難的任務
  • accomplish a goal:達成目標

此字表示成功完成某事,與「使名聲、財富或生命陷入危險」的語意無關,故錯誤。

(C) imperil:危及,使陷入危險

imperil 是正式用字,意思是「使……處於危險中」,與 jeopardize 完全相符。例如:

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第 16 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. It is caused by a member of the coronaviruses, a virus family which can cause the common cold. Infection with the SARS virus causes severe breathing difficulty and sometimes death.

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you 16 _____. The SARS virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours 17 _____. While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets have touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has even been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days. The virus 18 _____ for months or years when the temperature is below freezing.

With other coronaviruses, 19 _____ is common. This may also be the case with SARS. Symptoms usually occur about 2 to 10 days after coming in contact with the virus. There have been some cases 20 _____. People with active symptoms of illness are contagious, but it is not known for how long a person may be contagious before or after symptoms appear.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的:

  • 語意銜接:前文描述患者咳嗽、打噴嚏時,帶病毒的飛沫會散入空氣。
  • 文法結構:if + 主詞 + 動詞 表示「如果……」的條件句。
  • 動詞搭配:breathe in 表示「吸入」;touch 表示「接觸」。

空格前為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

因此空格後方必須接一個完整的動詞片語,說明「如何感染 SARS 病毒」。


解題方法

先觀察條件句結構:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

if 後已有主詞 you,空格應填入與 you 搭配的動詞。依前文「infected droplets spray into the air」可知,感染方式包括:

  1. 吸入含病毒的飛沫;
  2. 接觸這些飛沫或其附著的物體。

選項 C:

breathe in or touch these particles

代入後為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

句意為:

如果你吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

句法完整、語意也承接前文,因此選 C。


題幹定位句

關鍵句為:

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

翻譯:

SARS 患者咳嗽或打噴嚏時,帶有病毒的飛沫會噴散到空氣中。如果吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

前一句的 infected droplets 對應後一句的 these particles,形成明確的語意連貫。


選項分析

(A) becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection)
意思是「受到感染後又再次生病(再感染)」。

此選項是動名詞片語,適合放在第 19 格:

With other coronaviruses, becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection) is common.

意思是「對其他冠狀病毒而言,再感染相當常見。」

放入第 16 格後:

You can catch the SARS virus if you becoming infected...

if you 後須接原形動詞,不能接 becoming,因此文法錯誤。


(B) where the illness started sooner or later after first contact
意思是「疾病在第一次接觸後較早或較晚開始的地方」,語意與文法皆不適合第 16 格。

此選項可對應第 20 格:

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第 17 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. It is caused by a member of the coronaviruses, a virus family which can cause the common cold. Infection with the SARS virus causes severe breathing difficulty and sometimes death.

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you 16 _____. The SARS virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours 17 _____. While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets have touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has even been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days. The virus 18 _____ for months or years when the temperature is below freezing.

With other coronaviruses, 19 _____ is common. This may also be the case with SARS. Symptoms usually occur about 2 to 10 days after coming in contact with the virus. There have been some cases 20 _____. People with active symptoms of illness are contagious, but it is not known for how long a person may be contagious before or after symptoms appear.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的:

  • 語意銜接:前文描述患者咳嗽、打噴嚏時,帶病毒的飛沫會散入空氣。
  • 文法結構:if + 主詞 + 動詞 表示「如果……」的條件句。
  • 動詞搭配:breathe in 表示「吸入」;touch 表示「接觸」。

空格前為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

因此空格後方必須接一個完整的動詞片語,說明「如何感染 SARS 病毒」。


解題方法

先觀察條件句結構:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

if 後已有主詞 you,空格應填入與 you 搭配的動詞。依前文「infected droplets spray into the air」可知,感染方式包括:

  1. 吸入含病毒的飛沫;
  2. 接觸這些飛沫或其附著的物體。

選項 C:

breathe in or touch these particles

代入後為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

句意為:

如果你吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

句法完整、語意也承接前文,因此選 C。


題幹定位句

關鍵句為:

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

翻譯:

SARS 患者咳嗽或打噴嚏時,帶有病毒的飛沫會噴散到空氣中。如果吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

前一句的 infected droplets 對應後一句的 these particles,形成明確的語意連貫。


選項分析

(A) becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection)
意思是「受到感染後又再次生病(再感染)」。

此選項是動名詞片語,適合放在第 19 格:

With other coronaviruses, becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection) is common.

意思是「對其他冠狀病毒而言,再感染相當常見。」

放入第 16 格後:

You can catch the SARS virus if you becoming infected...

if you 後須接原形動詞,不能接 becoming,因此文法錯誤。


(B) where the illness started sooner or later after first contact
意思是「疾病在第一次接觸後較早或較晚開始的地方」,語意與文法皆不適合第 16 格。

此選項可對應第 20 格:

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第 18 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. It is caused by a member of the coronaviruses, a virus family which can cause the common cold. Infection with the SARS virus causes severe breathing difficulty and sometimes death.

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you 16 _____. The SARS virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours 17 _____. While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets have touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has even been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days. The virus 18 _____ for months or years when the temperature is below freezing.

With other coronaviruses, 19 _____ is common. This may also be the case with SARS. Symptoms usually occur about 2 to 10 days after coming in contact with the virus. There have been some cases 20 _____. People with active symptoms of illness are contagious, but it is not known for how long a person may be contagious before or after symptoms appear.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的:

  • 語意銜接:前文描述患者咳嗽、打噴嚏時,帶病毒的飛沫會散入空氣。
  • 文法結構:if + 主詞 + 動詞 表示「如果……」的條件句。
  • 動詞搭配:breathe in 表示「吸入」;touch 表示「接觸」。

空格前為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

因此空格後方必須接一個完整的動詞片語,說明「如何感染 SARS 病毒」。


解題方法

先觀察條件句結構:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

if 後已有主詞 you,空格應填入與 you 搭配的動詞。依前文「infected droplets spray into the air」可知,感染方式包括:

  1. 吸入含病毒的飛沫;
  2. 接觸這些飛沫或其附著的物體。

選項 C:

breathe in or touch these particles

代入後為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

句意為:

如果你吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

句法完整、語意也承接前文,因此選 C。


題幹定位句

關鍵句為:

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

翻譯:

SARS 患者咳嗽或打噴嚏時,帶有病毒的飛沫會噴散到空氣中。如果吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

前一句的 infected droplets 對應後一句的 these particles,形成明確的語意連貫。


選項分析

(A) becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection)
意思是「受到感染後又再次生病(再感染)」。

此選項是動名詞片語,適合放在第 19 格:

With other coronaviruses, becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection) is common.

意思是「對其他冠狀病毒而言,再感染相當常見。」

放入第 16 格後:

You can catch the SARS virus if you becoming infected...

if you 後須接原形動詞,不能接 becoming,因此文法錯誤。


(B) where the illness started sooner or later after first contact
意思是「疾病在第一次接觸後較早或較晚開始的地方」,語意與文法皆不適合第 16 格。

此選項可對應第 20 格:

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第 19 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. It is caused by a member of the coronaviruses, a virus family which can cause the common cold. Infection with the SARS virus causes severe breathing difficulty and sometimes death.

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you 16 _____. The SARS virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours 17 _____. While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets have touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has even been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days. The virus 18 _____ for months or years when the temperature is below freezing.

With other coronaviruses, 19 _____ is common. This may also be the case with SARS. Symptoms usually occur about 2 to 10 days after coming in contact with the virus. There have been some cases 20 _____. People with active symptoms of illness are contagious, but it is not known for how long a person may be contagious before or after symptoms appear.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的:

  • 語意銜接:前文描述患者咳嗽、打噴嚏時,帶病毒的飛沫會散入空氣。
  • 文法結構:if + 主詞 + 動詞 表示「如果……」的條件句。
  • 動詞搭配:breathe in 表示「吸入」;touch 表示「接觸」。

空格前為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

因此空格後方必須接一個完整的動詞片語,說明「如何感染 SARS 病毒」。


解題方法

先觀察條件句結構:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

if 後已有主詞 you,空格應填入與 you 搭配的動詞。依前文「infected droplets spray into the air」可知,感染方式包括:

  1. 吸入含病毒的飛沫;
  2. 接觸這些飛沫或其附著的物體。

選項 C:

breathe in or touch these particles

代入後為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

句意為:

如果你吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

句法完整、語意也承接前文,因此選 C。


題幹定位句

關鍵句為:

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

翻譯:

SARS 患者咳嗽或打噴嚏時,帶有病毒的飛沫會噴散到空氣中。如果吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

前一句的 infected droplets 對應後一句的 these particles,形成明確的語意連貫。


選項分析

(A) becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection)
意思是「受到感染後又再次生病(再感染)」。

此選項是動名詞片語,適合放在第 19 格:

With other coronaviruses, becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection) is common.

意思是「對其他冠狀病毒而言,再感染相當常見。」

放入第 16 格後:

You can catch the SARS virus if you becoming infected...

if you 後須接原形動詞,不能接 becoming,因此文法錯誤。


(B) where the illness started sooner or later after first contact
意思是「疾病在第一次接觸後較早或較晚開始的地方」,語意與文法皆不適合第 16 格。

此選項可對應第 20 格:

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第 20 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. It is caused by a member of the coronaviruses, a virus family which can cause the common cold. Infection with the SARS virus causes severe breathing difficulty and sometimes death.

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you 16 _____. The SARS virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours 17 _____. While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets have touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has even been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days. The virus 18 _____ for months or years when the temperature is below freezing.

With other coronaviruses, 19 _____ is common. This may also be the case with SARS. Symptoms usually occur about 2 to 10 days after coming in contact with the virus. There have been some cases 20 _____. People with active symptoms of illness are contagious, but it is not known for how long a person may be contagious before or after symptoms appear.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的:

  • 語意銜接:前文描述患者咳嗽、打噴嚏時,帶病毒的飛沫會散入空氣。
  • 文法結構:if + 主詞 + 動詞 表示「如果……」的條件句。
  • 動詞搭配:breathe in 表示「吸入」;touch 表示「接觸」。

空格前為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

因此空格後方必須接一個完整的動詞片語,說明「如何感染 SARS 病毒」。


解題方法

先觀察條件句結構:

You can catch the SARS virus if you _____.

if 後已有主詞 you,空格應填入與 you 搭配的動詞。依前文「infected droplets spray into the air」可知,感染方式包括:

  1. 吸入含病毒的飛沫;
  2. 接觸這些飛沫或其附著的物體。

選項 C:

breathe in or touch these particles

代入後為:

You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

句意為:

如果你吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

句法完整、語意也承接前文,因此選 C。


題幹定位句

關鍵句為:

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles.

翻譯:

SARS 患者咳嗽或打噴嚏時,帶有病毒的飛沫會噴散到空氣中。如果吸入或接觸這些微粒,就可能感染 SARS 病毒。

前一句的 infected droplets 對應後一句的 these particles,形成明確的語意連貫。


選項分析

(A) becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection)
意思是「受到感染後又再次生病(再感染)」。

此選項是動名詞片語,適合放在第 19 格:

With other coronaviruses, becoming infected and then getting sick again (re-infection) is common.

意思是「對其他冠狀病毒而言,再感染相當常見。」

放入第 16 格後:

You can catch the SARS virus if you becoming infected...

if you 後須接原形動詞,不能接 becoming,因此文法錯誤。


(B) where the illness started sooner or later after first contact
意思是「疾病在第一次接觸後較早或較晚開始的地方」,語意與文法皆不適合第 16 格。

此選項可對應第 20 格:

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第 21 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

There are 75,660 active patients waiting for a transplant in the U.S. Some will never make it to the top of the list. That was the worry of the parents of 10-year-old Sarah Murnaghan, 21 _____ of end-stage cystic fibrosis at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Murnaghan made headlines this week when her parents filed a lawsuit to change the existing transplant policy that says kids under 12 must wait for pediatric lungs to become available. On Wednesday, U.S. District Judge Michael Baylson ruled that Murnaghan should be 22 _____ on the adult waiting list for a lung.

The story highlighted the frustration of families waiting for organ transplants and the ethical issues involved with giving priority to certain patients. Dr. Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at New York University, worries the ruling sets a bad 23 _____ for patients to run to the court if they don’t like their spot on the waiting list. 24 _____ pleas from several Pennsylvania congressmen and heavy press, U.S. Health and Human Services refused to get involved in the case since there were many other kids in the same condition.

Due to the shortage of organ donors, many people are forced to wait months and even years for a chance at a transplant. 25 _____, they don’t survive that long. Even when they do, it’s not uncommon for their body to reject the new organ.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「分詞片語簡化關係子句」與「現在分詞表達主動、進行中的動作」。

題幹句子為:

That was the worry of the parents of 10-year-old Sarah Murnaghan, dying of end-stage cystic fibrosis at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

其中 dying of ... 修飾前面的 Sarah Murnaghan,相當於:

Sarah Murnaghan, who was dying of end-stage cystic fibrosis at the hospital, ...

意思是:「10 歲的 Sarah Murnaghan 當時因末期囊性纖維化,在費城兒童醫院逐漸瀕死。」

因為 Sarah 是「正在死亡、病情危急」的主動承受者,使用現在分詞 dying,故選 (C)。


解題方法

判斷空格時,先觀察空格前後的結構:

Sarah Murnaghan, _____ of end-stage cystic fibrosis ...

人名後以逗號隔開,後面接一個片語,通常是「分詞片語」,用來補充說明前面的名詞。

將分詞片語還原成完整關係子句:

Sarah Murnaghan, who was dying of end-stage cystic fibrosis ...

省略關係代名詞 who 與 be 動詞 was 後,留下現在分詞:

Sarah Murnaghan, dying of end-stage cystic fibrosis ...

因此答案是 dying。


定位答案的關鍵句

That was the worry of the parents of 10-year-old Sarah Murnaghan, dying of end-stage cystic fibrosis at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

翻譯:

這正是 10 歲 Sarah Murnaghan 的父母所擔心的事;當時她因末期囊性纖維化,在費城兒童醫院病危。

上下文提到她的父母為了改變肺臟移植政策而提起訴訟,後文又說法官裁定她應列入成人肺臟移植等候名單,顯示她當時正處於嚴重且持續惡化的病況,語意上符合 dying。


選項分析

(A) die

die 是原形動詞或現在式,表示「死亡」。

若填入:

Sarah Murnaghan, die of end-stage cystic fibrosis ...

逗號後不能直接接原形動詞來修飾前面的名詞,文法結構不完整。若要使用原形,必須有助動詞,例如:

Sarah may die ...

本句沒有助動詞,因此錯誤。


(B) died

died 是過去式,表示「已經死亡」。

填入後為:

Sarah Murnaghan, died of end-stage cystic fibrosis ...

逗號後直接接過去式動詞,形成錯誤的句型。若要表達完整子句,必須寫成:

Sarah Murnaghan, who died of end-stage cystic fibrosis, ...

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第 22 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

There are 75,660 active patients waiting for a transplant in the U.S. Some will never make it to the top of the list. That was the worry of the parents of 10-year-old Sarah Murnaghan, 21 _____ of end-stage cystic fibrosis at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Murnaghan made headlines this week when her parents filed a lawsuit to change the existing transplant policy that says kids under 12 must wait for pediatric lungs to become available. On Wednesday, U.S. District Judge Michael Baylson ruled that Murnaghan should be 22 _____ on the adult waiting list for a lung.

The story highlighted the frustration of families waiting for organ transplants and the ethical issues involved with giving priority to certain patients. Dr. Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at New York University, worries the ruling sets a bad 23 _____ for patients to run to the court if they don’t like their spot on the waiting list. 24 _____ pleas from several Pennsylvania congressmen and heavy press, U.S. Health and Human Services refused to get involved in the case since there were many other kids in the same condition.

Due to the shortage of organ donors, many people are forced to wait months and even years for a chance at a transplant. 25 _____, they don’t survive that long. Even when they do, it’s not uncommon for their body to reject the new organ.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 固定搭配與語意判斷
  2. 被動語態:should be + 過去分詞
  3. 字首 place- 相關動詞的辨義

關鍵句為:

On Wednesday, U.S. District Judge Michael Baylson ruled that Murnaghan should be placed on the adult waiting list for a lung.

翻譯:
星期三,美國地方法院法官 Michael Baylson 裁定,Murnaghan 應被列入成人肺臟移植等待名單。

句型結構如下:

Murnaghan should be placed on the adult waiting list.

其中:

  • should:應該、應當
  • be placed:被安置、被列入
  • on the waiting list:在等待名單上、列入等待名單
  • for a lung:等待一個肺臟移植器官

主詞 Murnaghan 是「被列入名單」的人,因此使用被動語態:

主詞+should be+過去分詞\text{主詞}+\text{should be}+\text{過去分詞}

解題方法

先觀察空格前後:

Murnaghan should be _____ on the adult waiting list for a lung.

空格前有 be,後面接介系詞片語 on the adult waiting list,表示某人「被安排、被列入」某個名單。

四個主要選項中,只有 placed 能與 on the waiting list 形成自然且正確的搭配:

be placed on a waiting list
被列入等待名單

文章前文提到,12 歲以下兒童原本必須等待兒童肺臟;Murnaghan 的父母提起訴訟,希望她能列入成人肺臟等待名單。法官最後裁定她「應被列入成人等待名單」,因此答案為 placed。

關鍵單字與片語

  • active patient:正在等待治療或移植的病人
  • transplant:移植;器官移植
  • make it to the top of the list:排到名單最前面
  • end-stage cystic fibrosis:末期囊腫性纖維化
  • file a lawsuit:提起訴訟
  • transplant policy:器官移植政策
  • become available:變得可取得、供應
  • rule that...:裁定……
  • adult waiting list:成人等待名單
  • highlight:凸顯、突顯
  • frustration:挫折、無奈
  • ethical issue:倫理議題
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第 23 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

There are 75,660 active patients waiting for a transplant in the U.S. Some will never make it to the top of the list. That was the worry of the parents of 10-year-old Sarah Murnaghan, 21 _____ of end-stage cystic fibrosis at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Murnaghan made headlines this week when her parents filed a lawsuit to change the existing transplant policy that says kids under 12 must wait for pediatric lungs to become available. On Wednesday, U.S. District Judge Michael Baylson ruled that Murnaghan should be 22 _____ on the adult waiting list for a lung.

The story highlighted the frustration of families waiting for organ transplants and the ethical issues involved with giving priority to certain patients. Dr. Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at New York University, worries the ruling sets a bad 23 _____ for patients to run to the court if they don’t like their spot on the waiting list. 24 _____ pleas from several Pennsylvania congressmen and heavy press, U.S. Health and Human Services refused to get involved in the case since there were many other kids in the same condition.

Due to the shortage of organ donors, many people are forced to wait months and even years for a chance at a transplant. 25 _____, they don’t survive that long. Even when they do, it’s not uncommon for their body to reject the new organ.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。

關鍵句為:

Dr. Arthur Caplan ... worries the ruling sets a bad 23 _____ for patients to run to the court if they don’t like their spot on the waiting list.

句意是:

紐約大學生物倫理學家 Arthur Caplan 擔心,這項裁決會為病人建立一個不良的先例,使他們在不滿意自己在等候名單上的順位時,便訴諸法院。

句中 set a precedent 是重要固定搭配,意為「樹立先例、開創先例」。因此 sets a bad precedent 就是「樹立不良先例」。

解題方法

先觀察空格前後:

  • sets a bad _____
  • for patients to run to the court

「法院裁決」會影響日後其他病人處理類似爭議的方式,因此此處需要表示「先例、前例」的名詞。

precedent 可作名詞,意為:

  • 先例
  • 前例
  • 可供日後援引的判決或做法

完整搭配為:

set a precedent for someone to do something
為某人做某事樹立先例

文章指出,若病人不滿意器官移植等候順位,便以訴訟方式爭取優先權,這項裁決就會成為日後其他病人仿效的「先例」,故選 precedent。

選項分析

(A) showcase

showcase 作名詞時意為「展示櫃、展示場所」;作動詞時意為「展示、凸顯」。

  • set a bad showcase:不符合英語慣用搭配。
  • 本句不是說裁決成為展示某種事物的場所,也不是「展示」患者訴訟行為。

因此錯誤。

(B) sample

sample 意為「樣本、樣品、例子」。

雖然 sample 有「例子」的意思,但:

  • set a bad sample 不是本句適用的固定搭配。
  • 本句強調的是一項法院裁決對未來類似案件的法律影響,應使用 precedent,而非一般性的「樣本」。

因此錯誤。

(C) inspiration

inspiration 意為「靈感、鼓舞人心的人事物」。

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第 24 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

There are 75,660 active patients waiting for a transplant in the U.S. Some will never make it to the top of the list. That was the worry of the parents of 10-year-old Sarah Murnaghan, 21 _____ of end-stage cystic fibrosis at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Murnaghan made headlines this week when her parents filed a lawsuit to change the existing transplant policy that says kids under 12 must wait for pediatric lungs to become available. On Wednesday, U.S. District Judge Michael Baylson ruled that Murnaghan should be 22 _____ on the adult waiting list for a lung.

The story highlighted the frustration of families waiting for organ transplants and the ethical issues involved with giving priority to certain patients. Dr. Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at New York University, worries the ruling sets a bad 23 _____ for patients to run to the court if they don’t like their spot on the waiting list. 24 _____ pleas from several Pennsylvania congressmen and heavy press, U.S. Health and Human Services refused to get involved in the case since there were many other kids in the same condition.

Due to the shortage of organ donors, many people are forced to wait months and even years for a chance at a transplant. 25 _____, they don’t survive that long. Even when they do, it’s not uncommon for their body to reject the new organ.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「介系詞片語的語意與上下文邏輯」,尤其是表示:

  • 讓步:「儘管……」
  • 原因:「因為……」
  • 排除:「除了……之外」
  • 附帶或同時:「和……一起」

空格後接名詞片語:

pleas from several Pennsylvania congressmen and heavy press

因此四個選項都可作介系詞片語的開頭,必須依文章前後文判斷正確語意。

關鍵單字與片語

  • active patients:正在等待治療的患者
  • transplant:器官移植
  • make it to the top of the list:排到等候名單前段、取得優先順位
  • end-stage cystic fibrosis:末期囊腫性纖維化
  • file a lawsuit:提起訴訟
  • existing transplant policy:現行器官移植政策
  • pediatric lungs:兒童肺臟
  • adult waiting list:成人等候名單
  • highlight:凸顯、突顯
  • frustration:挫折、苦惱
  • ethical issues:倫理議題
  • give priority to:給予……優先權
  • bioethicist:生物倫理學家
  • set a bad precedent:樹立不良先例
  • run to the court:訴諸法院
  • plea:請求、懇求
  • congressman:國會議員
  • heavy press:強大的媒體壓力或大量媒體關注
  • refuse to get involved:拒絕介入
  • be forced to:被迫……
  • reject the new organ:排斥新的器官

解題方法

定位空格所在的句子:

In spite of pleas from several Pennsylvania congressmen and heavy press, U.S. Health and Human Services refused to get involved in the case since there were many other kids in the same condition.

翻譯為:

儘管數名賓夕法尼亞州國會議員提出請求,加上媒體高度關注,美國衛生及公共服務部仍拒絕介入此案,因為還有許多其他兒童處於相同情況。

前文提到,Sarah Murnaghan 的父母提起訴訟,要求改變器官移植政策;而國會議員也出面請求,媒體則廣泛報導。然而,美國衛生及公共服務部仍然不願介入。這裡形成「外界施加壓力,但主管機關仍拒絕介入」的讓步關係,因此應使用表示「儘管」的 In spite of。

句型為:

In spite of + 名詞/名詞片語, 主詞 + 動詞……

選項分析

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第 25 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

There are 75,660 active patients waiting for a transplant in the U.S. Some will never make it to the top of the list. That was the worry of the parents of 10-year-old Sarah Murnaghan, 21 _____ of end-stage cystic fibrosis at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Murnaghan made headlines this week when her parents filed a lawsuit to change the existing transplant policy that says kids under 12 must wait for pediatric lungs to become available. On Wednesday, U.S. District Judge Michael Baylson ruled that Murnaghan should be 22 _____ on the adult waiting list for a lung.

The story highlighted the frustration of families waiting for organ transplants and the ethical issues involved with giving priority to certain patients. Dr. Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at New York University, worries the ruling sets a bad 23 _____ for patients to run to the court if they don’t like their spot on the waiting list. 24 _____ pleas from several Pennsylvania congressmen and heavy press, U.S. Health and Human Services refused to get involved in the case since there were many other kids in the same condition.

Due to the shortage of organ donors, many people are forced to wait months and even years for a chance at a transplant. 25 _____, they don’t survive that long. Even when they do, it’s not uncommon for their body to reject the new organ.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查克漏字中的「語意銜接」與「副詞片語辨識」。空格位於句首,後接逗號,再接完整句子:

Due to the shortage of organ donors, many people are forced to wait months and even years for a chance at a transplant. 25 _____, they don’t survive that long.
由於器官捐贈者不足,許多人被迫等待數月甚至數年,才有機會接受移植。太常發生的是,他們無法存活那麼久。

前句說明等待時間很長,後句指出許多患者在等到移植機會前便已死亡,因此最符合語意的是 Too often(太常、常常)。

解題方法

先判斷前後句的邏輯關係:

  • 前句:器官不足,患者必須長期等待。
  • 後句:患者無法存活那麼久。
  • 邏輯:長期等待造成患者常在等到器官前死亡。

因此空格需要一個表示「這種不幸情況經常發生」的副詞片語。Too often 放在句首,修飾整個後句,意思是「太常發生的是」。

此外,後文又說:

Even when they do, it’s not uncommon for their body to reject the new organ.
即使他們確實存活到接受移植,身體排斥新器官的情況也並不少見。

Even when they do 中的 do 指代前文的「survive that long」,形成兩種結果的對比:

  1. 很多人根本活不到接受移植的時候。
  2. 即使活到接受移植,仍可能發生器官排斥。

選項分析

(A) After all:畢竟;終究

此片語通常用來補充理由、提出說明或提醒已知事實。例如:He must be tired after all.(他畢竟一定很累。)本句需要表達「患者常常撐不到那個時候」,重點是發生頻率,而非補充理由,因此不如 Too often 精確。

(B) Too often:太常;常常

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第 26 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. Here is one way to think about what having OCD is like: Imagine that your mind got stuck on a certain thought or image. Then this thought or image got replayed in your mind over and over again. You don’t want these thoughts but it feels like an avalanche. Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system. 26 _____ On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true. When scientists compare pictures of the brains of groups of people with OCD, they can see that some areas of the brain are different from the brains of people who don’t have OCD.

27 _____ However, research suggests that differences in the brain and genes of those affected may play a role. OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. 28 _____ Pictures of the brain at work also show that in some people, the brain circuits involved in OCD become more normal with either serotonin medicines or cognitive behavior therapy.

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. 29 _____ No one really knows what other factors might be involved. Perhaps an illness or even ordinary life stresses may induce the activity of genes associated with the symptoms of OCD. Some experts think that OCD that begins in childhood may be different from the OCD that begins in adults. 30 _____

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是克漏字,主要考:

  1. 上下文語意銜接
  2. 代名詞與指示語的指涉
  3. 定義句與說明句的判斷
  4. 文章段落結構:先解釋 OCD 的焦慮,再說明腦部與基因因素

第 26 格前文說明:

Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

意思是:「伴隨這些想法而來的是強烈的焦慮感。焦慮是大腦的警報系統。」

因此下一句應接著解釋「警報系統」的功能,也就是焦慮會促使人反應、自我保護並採取行動。


解題方法

先觀察空格前的關鍵句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

這是一個概念定義,下一句通常會補充說明這個「警報系統」如何運作。選項(C):

It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

其中 It 指前一句的 Anxiety,語意是:

焦慮是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

前後形成完整的解釋:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動的情緒。

文法上,It 為第三人稱單數代名詞,與前句的 Anxiety 相互對應;that tells you... 是關係子句,修飾 an emotion。句意與上下文皆能自然銜接。


定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹定位句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.
It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

接下來的句子是:

On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true.

翻譯:

一方面,你可能知道這種恐懼並不合理;然而,它感覺起來仍然非常真實、強烈,而且令人深信不疑。

這正是在說明 OCD 患者即使知道恐懼不合理,焦慮警報仍會產生強烈而真實的感受,因此(C)在語意上最完整。


選項分析

(A)These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

翻譯:

這些腦部結構使用一種稱為血清素的化學傳訊物質。

此句中的 These brain structures 必須先有明確的複數腦部結構作為指涉對象。然而第 26 格前文只提到 your brain’s warning system,尚未介紹具體的腦部結構,因此放在第 26 格會出現指涉不明。

此外,(A)適合放在後文:

OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

因此(A)不是第 26 格答案。

(B)Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

翻譯:

不幸的是,我們仍然不知道 OCD 的確切原因。

此句是在總結「OCD 的成因尚未完全明瞭」,適合放在段落開始、引出腦部與基因研究的地方:

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

第 26 格前文正在解釋焦慮的功能,尚未轉入 OCD 成因,因此主題銜接不當。

(C)It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

It 指前句的 Anxiety,而 an emotion 進一步說明焦慮的性質。後面的 that tells you... 修飾 an emotion,完整解釋焦慮作為大腦警報系統的作用。

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第 27 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. Here is one way to think about what having OCD is like: Imagine that your mind got stuck on a certain thought or image. Then this thought or image got replayed in your mind over and over again. You don’t want these thoughts but it feels like an avalanche. Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system. 26 _____ On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true. When scientists compare pictures of the brains of groups of people with OCD, they can see that some areas of the brain are different from the brains of people who don’t have OCD.

27 _____ However, research suggests that differences in the brain and genes of those affected may play a role. OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. 28 _____ Pictures of the brain at work also show that in some people, the brain circuits involved in OCD become more normal with either serotonin medicines or cognitive behavior therapy.

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. 29 _____ No one really knows what other factors might be involved. Perhaps an illness or even ordinary life stresses may induce the activity of genes associated with the symptoms of OCD. Some experts think that OCD that begins in childhood may be different from the OCD that begins in adults. 30 _____

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是克漏字,主要考:

  1. 上下文語意銜接
  2. 代名詞與指示語的指涉
  3. 定義句與說明句的判斷
  4. 文章段落結構:先解釋 OCD 的焦慮,再說明腦部與基因因素

第 26 格前文說明:

Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

意思是:「伴隨這些想法而來的是強烈的焦慮感。焦慮是大腦的警報系統。」

因此下一句應接著解釋「警報系統」的功能,也就是焦慮會促使人反應、自我保護並採取行動。


解題方法

先觀察空格前的關鍵句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

這是一個概念定義,下一句通常會補充說明這個「警報系統」如何運作。選項(C):

It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

其中 It 指前一句的 Anxiety,語意是:

焦慮是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

前後形成完整的解釋:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動的情緒。

文法上,It 為第三人稱單數代名詞,與前句的 Anxiety 相互對應;that tells you... 是關係子句,修飾 an emotion。句意與上下文皆能自然銜接。


定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹定位句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.
It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

接下來的句子是:

On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true.

翻譯:

一方面,你可能知道這種恐懼並不合理;然而,它感覺起來仍然非常真實、強烈,而且令人深信不疑。

這正是在說明 OCD 患者即使知道恐懼不合理,焦慮警報仍會產生強烈而真實的感受,因此(C)在語意上最完整。


選項分析

(A)These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

翻譯:

這些腦部結構使用一種稱為血清素的化學傳訊物質。

此句中的 These brain structures 必須先有明確的複數腦部結構作為指涉對象。然而第 26 格前文只提到 your brain’s warning system,尚未介紹具體的腦部結構,因此放在第 26 格會出現指涉不明。

此外,(A)適合放在後文:

OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

因此(A)不是第 26 格答案。

(B)Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

翻譯:

不幸的是,我們仍然不知道 OCD 的確切原因。

此句是在總結「OCD 的成因尚未完全明瞭」,適合放在段落開始、引出腦部與基因研究的地方:

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

第 26 格前文正在解釋焦慮的功能,尚未轉入 OCD 成因,因此主題銜接不當。

(C)It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

It 指前句的 Anxiety,而 an emotion 進一步說明焦慮的性質。後面的 that tells you... 修飾 an emotion,完整解釋焦慮作為大腦警報系統的作用。

🔒

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第 28 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. Here is one way to think about what having OCD is like: Imagine that your mind got stuck on a certain thought or image. Then this thought or image got replayed in your mind over and over again. You don’t want these thoughts but it feels like an avalanche. Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system. 26 _____ On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true. When scientists compare pictures of the brains of groups of people with OCD, they can see that some areas of the brain are different from the brains of people who don’t have OCD.

27 _____ However, research suggests that differences in the brain and genes of those affected may play a role. OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. 28 _____ Pictures of the brain at work also show that in some people, the brain circuits involved in OCD become more normal with either serotonin medicines or cognitive behavior therapy.

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. 29 _____ No one really knows what other factors might be involved. Perhaps an illness or even ordinary life stresses may induce the activity of genes associated with the symptoms of OCD. Some experts think that OCD that begins in childhood may be different from the OCD that begins in adults. 30 _____

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是克漏字,主要考:

  1. 上下文語意銜接
  2. 代名詞與指示語的指涉
  3. 定義句與說明句的判斷
  4. 文章段落結構:先解釋 OCD 的焦慮,再說明腦部與基因因素

第 26 格前文說明:

Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

意思是:「伴隨這些想法而來的是強烈的焦慮感。焦慮是大腦的警報系統。」

因此下一句應接著解釋「警報系統」的功能,也就是焦慮會促使人反應、自我保護並採取行動。


解題方法

先觀察空格前的關鍵句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

這是一個概念定義,下一句通常會補充說明這個「警報系統」如何運作。選項(C):

It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

其中 It 指前一句的 Anxiety,語意是:

焦慮是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

前後形成完整的解釋:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動的情緒。

文法上,It 為第三人稱單數代名詞,與前句的 Anxiety 相互對應;that tells you... 是關係子句,修飾 an emotion。句意與上下文皆能自然銜接。


定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹定位句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.
It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

接下來的句子是:

On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true.

翻譯:

一方面,你可能知道這種恐懼並不合理;然而,它感覺起來仍然非常真實、強烈,而且令人深信不疑。

這正是在說明 OCD 患者即使知道恐懼不合理,焦慮警報仍會產生強烈而真實的感受,因此(C)在語意上最完整。


選項分析

(A)These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

翻譯:

這些腦部結構使用一種稱為血清素的化學傳訊物質。

此句中的 These brain structures 必須先有明確的複數腦部結構作為指涉對象。然而第 26 格前文只提到 your brain’s warning system,尚未介紹具體的腦部結構,因此放在第 26 格會出現指涉不明。

此外,(A)適合放在後文:

OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

因此(A)不是第 26 格答案。

(B)Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

翻譯:

不幸的是,我們仍然不知道 OCD 的確切原因。

此句是在總結「OCD 的成因尚未完全明瞭」,適合放在段落開始、引出腦部與基因研究的地方:

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

第 26 格前文正在解釋焦慮的功能,尚未轉入 OCD 成因,因此主題銜接不當。

(C)It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

It 指前句的 Anxiety,而 an emotion 進一步說明焦慮的性質。後面的 that tells you... 修飾 an emotion,完整解釋焦慮作為大腦警報系統的作用。

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第 29 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. Here is one way to think about what having OCD is like: Imagine that your mind got stuck on a certain thought or image. Then this thought or image got replayed in your mind over and over again. You don’t want these thoughts but it feels like an avalanche. Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system. 26 _____ On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true. When scientists compare pictures of the brains of groups of people with OCD, they can see that some areas of the brain are different from the brains of people who don’t have OCD.

27 _____ However, research suggests that differences in the brain and genes of those affected may play a role. OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. 28 _____ Pictures of the brain at work also show that in some people, the brain circuits involved in OCD become more normal with either serotonin medicines or cognitive behavior therapy.

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. 29 _____ No one really knows what other factors might be involved. Perhaps an illness or even ordinary life stresses may induce the activity of genes associated with the symptoms of OCD. Some experts think that OCD that begins in childhood may be different from the OCD that begins in adults. 30 _____

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是克漏字,主要考:

  1. 上下文語意銜接
  2. 代名詞與指示語的指涉
  3. 定義句與說明句的判斷
  4. 文章段落結構:先解釋 OCD 的焦慮,再說明腦部與基因因素

第 26 格前文說明:

Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

意思是:「伴隨這些想法而來的是強烈的焦慮感。焦慮是大腦的警報系統。」

因此下一句應接著解釋「警報系統」的功能,也就是焦慮會促使人反應、自我保護並採取行動。


解題方法

先觀察空格前的關鍵句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

這是一個概念定義,下一句通常會補充說明這個「警報系統」如何運作。選項(C):

It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

其中 It 指前一句的 Anxiety,語意是:

焦慮是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

前後形成完整的解釋:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動的情緒。

文法上,It 為第三人稱單數代名詞,與前句的 Anxiety 相互對應;that tells you... 是關係子句,修飾 an emotion。句意與上下文皆能自然銜接。


定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹定位句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.
It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

接下來的句子是:

On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true.

翻譯:

一方面,你可能知道這種恐懼並不合理;然而,它感覺起來仍然非常真實、強烈,而且令人深信不疑。

這正是在說明 OCD 患者即使知道恐懼不合理,焦慮警報仍會產生強烈而真實的感受,因此(C)在語意上最完整。


選項分析

(A)These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

翻譯:

這些腦部結構使用一種稱為血清素的化學傳訊物質。

此句中的 These brain structures 必須先有明確的複數腦部結構作為指涉對象。然而第 26 格前文只提到 your brain’s warning system,尚未介紹具體的腦部結構,因此放在第 26 格會出現指涉不明。

此外,(A)適合放在後文:

OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

因此(A)不是第 26 格答案。

(B)Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

翻譯:

不幸的是,我們仍然不知道 OCD 的確切原因。

此句是在總結「OCD 的成因尚未完全明瞭」,適合放在段落開始、引出腦部與基因研究的地方:

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

第 26 格前文正在解釋焦慮的功能,尚未轉入 OCD 成因,因此主題銜接不當。

(C)It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

It 指前句的 Anxiety,而 an emotion 進一步說明焦慮的性質。後面的 that tells you... 修飾 an emotion,完整解釋焦慮作為大腦警報系統的作用。

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第 30 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. Here is one way to think about what having OCD is like: Imagine that your mind got stuck on a certain thought or image. Then this thought or image got replayed in your mind over and over again. You don’t want these thoughts but it feels like an avalanche. Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system. 26 _____ On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true. When scientists compare pictures of the brains of groups of people with OCD, they can see that some areas of the brain are different from the brains of people who don’t have OCD.

27 _____ However, research suggests that differences in the brain and genes of those affected may play a role. OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. 28 _____ Pictures of the brain at work also show that in some people, the brain circuits involved in OCD become more normal with either serotonin medicines or cognitive behavior therapy.

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. 29 _____ No one really knows what other factors might be involved. Perhaps an illness or even ordinary life stresses may induce the activity of genes associated with the symptoms of OCD. Some experts think that OCD that begins in childhood may be different from the OCD that begins in adults. 30 _____

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是克漏字,主要考:

  1. 上下文語意銜接
  2. 代名詞與指示語的指涉
  3. 定義句與說明句的判斷
  4. 文章段落結構:先解釋 OCD 的焦慮,再說明腦部與基因因素

第 26 格前文說明:

Along with the thoughts come intense feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

意思是:「伴隨這些想法而來的是強烈的焦慮感。焦慮是大腦的警報系統。」

因此下一句應接著解釋「警報系統」的功能,也就是焦慮會促使人反應、自我保護並採取行動。


解題方法

先觀察空格前的關鍵句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.

這是一個概念定義,下一句通常會補充說明這個「警報系統」如何運作。選項(C):

It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

其中 It 指前一句的 Anxiety,語意是:

焦慮是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

前後形成完整的解釋:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動的情緒。

文法上,It 為第三人稱單數代名詞,與前句的 Anxiety 相互對應;that tells you... 是關係子句,修飾 an emotion。句意與上下文皆能自然銜接。


定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹定位句:

Anxiety is your brain’s warning system.
It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

焦慮是大腦的警報系統。它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

接下來的句子是:

On the one hand, you might recognize that the fear doesn’t make sense; yet it still feels very real, intense, and true.

翻譯:

一方面,你可能知道這種恐懼並不合理;然而,它感覺起來仍然非常真實、強烈,而且令人深信不疑。

這正是在說明 OCD 患者即使知道恐懼不合理,焦慮警報仍會產生強烈而真實的感受,因此(C)在語意上最完整。


選項分析

(A)These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

翻譯:

這些腦部結構使用一種稱為血清素的化學傳訊物質。

此句中的 These brain structures 必須先有明確的複數腦部結構作為指涉對象。然而第 26 格前文只提到 your brain’s warning system,尚未介紹具體的腦部結構,因此放在第 26 格會出現指涉不明。

此外,(A)適合放在後文:

OCD involves problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures. These brain structures use a chemical messenger called serotonin.

因此(A)不是第 26 格答案。

(B)Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

翻譯:

不幸的是,我們仍然不知道 OCD 的確切原因。

此句是在總結「OCD 的成因尚未完全明瞭」,適合放在段落開始、引出腦部與基因研究的地方:

Some research shows that OCD does run in families. Unfortunately we still do not know the exact cause or causes of OCD.

第 26 格前文正在解釋焦慮的功能,尚未轉入 OCD 成因,因此主題銜接不當。

(C)It is an emotion that tells you to respond, react, protect yourself, and do something.

翻譯:

它是一種情緒,會告訴你要回應、反應、保護自己並採取行動。

It 指前句的 Anxiety,而 an emotion 進一步說明焦慮的性質。後面的 that tells you... 修飾 an emotion,完整解釋焦慮作為大腦警報系統的作用。

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第 31 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The water has receded. One year after northeastern Japan was battered by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and 130-ft. tsunami waves, the haunting images of devastation are gone. Cars no longer dangle on the upper floors. The twisted hulls of wrecked fishing trawlers have been hauled from downtown streets.

The extraordinary resilience and cohesion of Japanese society helped the nation cope with the unprecedented multiple disaster—quake, tsunami, and crippled nuclear reactors. At least 20,000 people died, with countless homes and livelihoods destroyed, many never to be rebuilt again. Naoto Kan, the then Prime Minister, rightly described the March 11, 2011, shocks as Japan’s greatest crisis since its defeat in World War II.

Japan has repeatedly rebounded from adversity, often to become more vital than before. Many thoughtful Japanese (and non-Japanese) believed last year’s calamities would inspire the country not only to revive the ravaged northeast but also to shake off decades of social and economic malaise. What’s most remarkable about postcrisis Japan is how much it resembles precrisis Japan. The new normal is a lot like the old normal. What’s terrific about Japan—the orderliness of its cities, the sophistication of its technology, the refinement of its culture—remains. But so do the weaknesses. Japan’s political system is as dysfunctional as ever and its economy still anemic.

Even more worrying: postcrisis Japan seems no more willing than precrisis Japan to confront three deep-rooted and interrelated challenges that pose a far greater threat to the nation’s welfare than any natural disaster.

First, Japan’s workforce is aging faster than any other society’s. The number of children born per Japanese woman is 1.39, far below the replacement ratio. By 2060, Japan’s 128 million population will shrink by a third, with more than 4 in 10 Japanese at least 64 years old.

Second, women are marginalized. Japan’s failure to integrate women into the workplace, fused with its aversion to immigration, compounds the economic consequences of a shrinking labor force. Only 65% of college-educated women are employed. If the figure could be boosted to match the 80% rate for men, Japan would add 8.2 million workers.

Finally, Japan’s youth are too insular. Japan’s biggest corporations once sent their best recruits to top U.S. universities for M.B.A.s. Hardly any do so now. The number of Japanese students in the U.S. has declined sharply recently.

What does the word shocks in paragraph 2 refer to?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:代名詞與指涉判斷

本題考查閱讀理解中的「字詞指涉」:判斷某個名詞在文章中所代表的對象,必須依據前文的語意、文法與上下文邏輯。

關鍵字 shocks 是名詞,意為「震撼事件、衝擊、災變」,此處使用複數,指一連串發生的重大災難。

解題方法

定位第二段的關鍵句:

Naoto Kan, the then Prime Minister, rightly described the March 11, 2011, shocks as Japan’s greatest crisis since its defeat in World War II.

翻譯:

當時的首相菅直人正確地將 2011 年 3 月 11 日的這些災變,描述為日本自二次世界大戰戰敗以來最嚴重的危機。

句中的 the March 11, 2011, shocks 指的是前文所述 2011 年 3 月 11 日發生的複合災害。第二段開頭已明確說明:

The extraordinary resilience and cohesion of Japanese society helped the nation cope with the unprecedented multiple disaster—quake, tsunami, and crippled nuclear reactors.

翻譯:

日本社會非凡的韌性與團結,幫助國家應對這場前所未有的複合災害——地震、海嘯,以及受損的核反應爐。

因此,shocks 指的就是這場災難,包含地震、海嘯與核災危機。

重要單字與片語

  • recede:退去、消退
  • be battered by:遭受猛烈襲擊
  • devastation:毀滅、災情
  • resilience:韌性、復原力
  • cohesion:凝聚力、團結
  • cope with:應付、處理
  • unprecedented:前所未有的
  • crippled nuclear reactors:受損、癱瘓的核反應爐
  • adversity:逆境、困境
  • malaise:不安、病態;此處指社會與經濟的長期低迷
  • shock:震撼、衝擊;此處作名詞,指重大災變
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第 32 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The water has receded. One year after northeastern Japan was battered by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and 130-ft. tsunami waves, the haunting images of devastation are gone. Cars no longer dangle on the upper floors. The twisted hulls of wrecked fishing trawlers have been hauled from downtown streets.

The extraordinary resilience and cohesion of Japanese society helped the nation cope with the unprecedented multiple disaster—quake, tsunami, and crippled nuclear reactors. At least 20,000 people died, with countless homes and livelihoods destroyed, many never to be rebuilt again. Naoto Kan, the then Prime Minister, rightly described the March 11, 2011, shocks as Japan’s greatest crisis since its defeat in World War II.

Japan has repeatedly rebounded from adversity, often to become more vital than before. Many thoughtful Japanese (and non-Japanese) believed last year’s calamities would inspire the country not only to revive the ravaged northeast but also to shake off decades of social and economic malaise. What’s most remarkable about postcrisis Japan is how much it resembles precrisis Japan. The new normal is a lot like the old normal. What’s terrific about Japan—the orderliness of its cities, the sophistication of its technology, the refinement of its culture—remains. But so do the weaknesses. Japan’s political system is as dysfunctional as ever and its economy still anemic.

Even more worrying: postcrisis Japan seems no more willing than precrisis Japan to confront three deep-rooted and interrelated challenges that pose a far greater threat to the nation’s welfare than any natural disaster.

First, Japan’s workforce is aging faster than any other society’s. The number of children born per Japanese woman is 1.39, far below the replacement ratio. By 2060, Japan’s 128 million population will shrink by a third, with more than 4 in 10 Japanese at least 64 years old.

Second, women are marginalized. Japan’s failure to integrate women into the workplace, fused with its aversion to immigration, compounds the economic consequences of a shrinking labor force. Only 65% of college-educated women are employed. If the figure could be boosted to match the 80% rate for men, Japan would add 8.2 million workers.

Finally, Japan’s youth are too insular. Japan’s biggest corporations once sent their best recruits to top U.S. universities for M.B.A.s. Hardly any do so now. The number of Japanese students in the U.S. has declined sharply recently.

What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀測驗中的「段落主旨判斷」,重點不是尋找段落中單一的細節,而是掌握:

  1. 段落開頭提出的背景或期待。
  2. 段落中後段的轉折。
  3. 作者最後真正強調的結論。

第三段先說日本過去常能從困境中復原,許多人也期待 311 災難能促使日本在社會與經濟上重新振作;但接著以 What’s most remarkable 引出真正主旨,指出災後日本與災前日本非常相似,原有的優點與缺點都大致保留。因此,段落核心是「災難後日本並未產生根本性的改變」。

解題方法

閱讀段落時應特別注意轉折與結論句:

What’s most remarkable about postcrisis Japan is how much it resembles precrisis Japan.
最值得注意的是,危機後的日本與危機前的日本竟然如此相似。

接著作者進一步說明:

The new normal is a lot like the old normal.
所謂新的常態,與過去的常態非常相像。

這兩句直接指出:災難雖然極為嚴重,但日本整體的社會、政治與經濟狀態並未出現根本改變。最後又補充:

But so do the weaknesses. Japan’s political system is as dysfunctional as ever and its economy still anemic.
但原有的弱點也同樣存在。日本的政治制度依然像過去一樣失靈,經濟也仍然疲弱。

因此,正確答案應概括為「311 災難最後並未使日本產生太多根本性的變化」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • repeatedly:一再地、反覆地
  • rebound from adversity:從逆境中復原
  • adversity:逆境、困境
  • calamity:災難、不幸事件
  • inspire:激勵、促使
  • revive:復興、恢復活力
  • ravaged:遭受嚴重破壞的
  • northeast:東北部
  • resemble:類似、像
  • postcrisis:危機後的
  • precrisis:危機前的
  • the new normal:新的常態
  • orderliness:井然有序
  • sophistication:成熟精密、先進
  • refinement:精緻、優雅
  • dysfunctional:功能失常的、失靈的
  • anemic:貧弱的、無活力的;此處指經濟疲弱,並非指人罹患貧血

文法與語意重點

  1. how much + 子句

how much it resembles precrisis Japan 是名詞子句,作為介系詞 about 的受詞,意思是「它有多麼像危機前的日本」。

  1. as ... as ever

as dysfunctional as ever 表示「一如以往地失靈」,強調情況沒有改善。

  1. still + 形容詞

its economy still anemic 中的 still 表示「仍然」,再次強調日本經濟的疲弱狀態延續至災難之後。

  1. But so do the weaknesses

前文說日本的優點仍然存在,so do the weaknesses 是倒裝句,完整語意為:

The weaknesses do so, too.

意思是「弱點也同樣保留」。這是段落中非常重要的對比訊號。

選項分析

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第 33 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The water has receded. One year after northeastern Japan was battered by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and 130-ft. tsunami waves, the haunting images of devastation are gone. Cars no longer dangle on the upper floors. The twisted hulls of wrecked fishing trawlers have been hauled from downtown streets.

The extraordinary resilience and cohesion of Japanese society helped the nation cope with the unprecedented multiple disaster—quake, tsunami, and crippled nuclear reactors. At least 20,000 people died, with countless homes and livelihoods destroyed, many never to be rebuilt again. Naoto Kan, the then Prime Minister, rightly described the March 11, 2011, shocks as Japan’s greatest crisis since its defeat in World War II.

Japan has repeatedly rebounded from adversity, often to become more vital than before. Many thoughtful Japanese (and non-Japanese) believed last year’s calamities would inspire the country not only to revive the ravaged northeast but also to shake off decades of social and economic malaise. What’s most remarkable about postcrisis Japan is how much it resembles precrisis Japan. The new normal is a lot like the old normal. What’s terrific about Japan—the orderliness of its cities, the sophistication of its technology, the refinement of its culture—remains. But so do the weaknesses. Japan’s political system is as dysfunctional as ever and its economy still anemic.

Even more worrying: postcrisis Japan seems no more willing than precrisis Japan to confront three deep-rooted and interrelated challenges that pose a far greater threat to the nation’s welfare than any natural disaster.

First, Japan’s workforce is aging faster than any other society’s. The number of children born per Japanese woman is 1.39, far below the replacement ratio. By 2060, Japan’s 128 million population will shrink by a third, with more than 4 in 10 Japanese at least 64 years old.

Second, women are marginalized. Japan’s failure to integrate women into the workplace, fused with its aversion to immigration, compounds the economic consequences of a shrinking labor force. Only 65% of college-educated women are employed. If the figure could be boosted to match the 80% rate for men, Japan would add 8.2 million workers.

Finally, Japan’s youth are too insular. Japan’s biggest corporations once sent their best recruits to top U.S. universities for M.B.A.s. Hardly any do so now. The number of Japanese students in the U.S. has declined sharply recently.

Which of the following is NOT something Japan can be proud of?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章主旨定位」與「正負評價判讀」。

題目問:

Which of the following is NOT something Japan can be proud of?
下列何者不是日本值得自豪的事物?

解題關鍵是找出文章中對日本的正面評價,再排除這些正面事物,剩下的負面描述即為答案。

文章明確指出,日本值得肯定之處包括:

What’s terrific about Japan—the orderliness of its cities, the sophistication of its technology, the refinement of its culture—remains.
日本最令人稱道的特色——城市的井然有序、科技的精良,以及文化的優雅精緻——依然存在。

同時,文章也提到:

The extraordinary resilience and cohesion of Japanese society helped the nation cope with the unprecedented multiple disaster.
日本社會非凡的復原力與凝聚力,幫助這個國家應對前所未有的複合式災難。

因此,resilience、technology、culture、orderliness 都是正面評價;political system 則被描述為功能失常,並非日本值得自豪之處。


解題方法

先從題幹的關鍵字 NOT 著手。本題不是問「日本有哪些優點」,而是問「哪一項不是優點」。

文章中可分成兩類資訊:

  1. 正面特色:
  • resilience:復原力
  • orderliness:井然有序
  • technology:科技
  • culture:文化
  1. 負面問題:
  • political system is dysfunctional:政治制度功能失常
  • economy still anemic:經濟依然疲弱
  • workforce aging:勞動力老化
  • women are marginalized:女性被邊緣化
  • youth are too insular:年輕人過於封閉

選項中只有 political system 明確屬於負面描述,因此選 E。


定位答案的關鍵句

文章先說:

Japan has repeatedly rebounded from adversity, often to become more vital than before.
日本一再從逆境中復甦,且往往變得比以前更有活力。

這句支持選項 (A) Its resilience。

接著文章明確列出日本的優點:

What’s terrific about Japan—the orderliness of its cities, the sophistication of its technology, the refinement of its culture—remains.
日本最令人稱道的特色——城市的井然有序、科技的精良,以及文化的優雅精緻——依然存在。

這句直接支持:

  • (B) Its technology
  • (C) Its culture
  • (D) Its orderliness

但文章緊接著指出:

But so do the weaknesses. Japan’s political system is as dysfunctional as ever and its economy still anemic.
但弱點也依然存在。日本的政治制度一如以往地功能失常,經濟也仍然疲弱。

其中 dysfunctional 是「功能失常的、運作不良的」,明顯是負面評價。因此政治制度不是日本值得自豪之處。


選項分析

(A) Its resilience.
其復原力。

正確描述文章內容,但不是本題答案。文章以 extraordinary resilience 稱讚日本社會的復原力,並指出日本曾多次從逆境中重新振作。因此 resilience 是日本值得自豪的特質。

(B) Its technology.
其科技。

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第 34 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The water has receded. One year after northeastern Japan was battered by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and 130-ft. tsunami waves, the haunting images of devastation are gone. Cars no longer dangle on the upper floors. The twisted hulls of wrecked fishing trawlers have been hauled from downtown streets.

The extraordinary resilience and cohesion of Japanese society helped the nation cope with the unprecedented multiple disaster—quake, tsunami, and crippled nuclear reactors. At least 20,000 people died, with countless homes and livelihoods destroyed, many never to be rebuilt again. Naoto Kan, the then Prime Minister, rightly described the March 11, 2011, shocks as Japan’s greatest crisis since its defeat in World War II.

Japan has repeatedly rebounded from adversity, often to become more vital than before. Many thoughtful Japanese (and non-Japanese) believed last year’s calamities would inspire the country not only to revive the ravaged northeast but also to shake off decades of social and economic malaise. What’s most remarkable about postcrisis Japan is how much it resembles precrisis Japan. The new normal is a lot like the old normal. What’s terrific about Japan—the orderliness of its cities, the sophistication of its technology, the refinement of its culture—remains. But so do the weaknesses. Japan’s political system is as dysfunctional as ever and its economy still anemic.

Even more worrying: postcrisis Japan seems no more willing than precrisis Japan to confront three deep-rooted and interrelated challenges that pose a far greater threat to the nation’s welfare than any natural disaster.

First, Japan’s workforce is aging faster than any other society’s. The number of children born per Japanese woman is 1.39, far below the replacement ratio. By 2060, Japan’s 128 million population will shrink by a third, with more than 4 in 10 Japanese at least 64 years old.

Second, women are marginalized. Japan’s failure to integrate women into the workplace, fused with its aversion to immigration, compounds the economic consequences of a shrinking labor force. Only 65% of college-educated women are employed. If the figure could be boosted to match the 80% rate for men, Japan would add 8.2 million workers.

Finally, Japan’s youth are too insular. Japan’s biggest corporations once sent their best recruits to top U.S. universities for M.B.A.s. Hardly any do so now. The number of Japanese students in the U.S. has declined sharply recently.

Which of the following is considered as a bigger threat than the others?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與「比較對象判斷」。解題關鍵是找出文章明確表示「比自然災害更大的威脅」之處,再對照選項。

文章指出,日本面臨三項深層且彼此相關的問題:

  1. 勞動人口老化。
  2. 女性在職場中受到邊緣化。
  3. 年輕人過度封閉、缺乏國際性。

這三項問題被作者認為比地震、海嘯等自然災害更嚴重;其中選項中只有「aging labor force」直接對應第一項問題。

定位答案的原文

題幹關鍵句為:

Even more worrying: postcrisis Japan seems no more willing than precrisis Japan to confront three deep-rooted and interrelated challenges that pose a far greater threat to the nation’s welfare than any natural disaster.

翻譯:

更令人擔憂的是,危機後的日本似乎和危機前一樣,不願面對三項根深蒂固且彼此相關的挑戰;這些挑戰對國家福祉所造成的威脅,遠大於任何自然災害。

接著文章列出的第一項挑戰是:

First, Japan’s workforce is aging faster than any other society’s.

翻譯:

第一,日本的勞動力老化速度比其他任何社會都快。

因此,選項中的 aging labor force 正是文章所列出的重大威脅之一。

解題方法

先辨認題目中的比較語意:

  • a bigger threat than the others:比其他選項更大的威脅。
  • 文章使用 far greater threat than any natural disaster,表示作者將某些社會問題與自然災害比較,並認為前者威脅更大。

文章前段提到地震、海嘯與核災,但這些屬於已發生的災害。後文則明確指出,日本真正更需要面對的是三項長期社會問題。四個自然災害或社會問題相關選項中,只有 aging labor force 被文章直接列為這三項挑戰之一。

選項分析

(A) Tsunami(海嘯)

錯誤。海嘯是文章前段描述的自然災害之一,屬於日本在 2011 年遭遇的重大災難。文章明確表示,後文所提到的深層社會問題對國家福祉的威脅「遠大於任何自然災害」,因此海嘯不是本題所問的更大威脅。

(B) Typhoons(颱風)

錯誤。文章全文未將颱風列入日本目前最嚴重的三項挑戰,也沒有將颱風與人口、女性就業或青年封閉問題進行比較。雖然颱風也是自然災害,但不符合文章的明確論述。

(C) Earthquakes(地震)

錯誤。地震是文章開頭提到的 9.0 級災害,與海嘯及核反應爐事故共同構成日本的複合災難。然而作者後來指出,真正更值得憂慮的是長期而根深蒂固的社會問題,因此地震並非正確答案。

(D) Aging labor force(勞動力老化)

正確。文章以 First 開始列出三項重大挑戰,第一項就是日本勞動力快速老化。出生率偏低、人口將大幅減少,以及高齡人口比例上升,都會造成勞動力萎縮與經濟負擔,符合題目所問的「比其他選項更大的威脅」。

(E) Social welfare system(社會福利制度)

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第 35 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The water has receded. One year after northeastern Japan was battered by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and 130-ft. tsunami waves, the haunting images of devastation are gone. Cars no longer dangle on the upper floors. The twisted hulls of wrecked fishing trawlers have been hauled from downtown streets.

The extraordinary resilience and cohesion of Japanese society helped the nation cope with the unprecedented multiple disaster—quake, tsunami, and crippled nuclear reactors. At least 20,000 people died, with countless homes and livelihoods destroyed, many never to be rebuilt again. Naoto Kan, the then Prime Minister, rightly described the March 11, 2011, shocks as Japan’s greatest crisis since its defeat in World War II.

Japan has repeatedly rebounded from adversity, often to become more vital than before. Many thoughtful Japanese (and non-Japanese) believed last year’s calamities would inspire the country not only to revive the ravaged northeast but also to shake off decades of social and economic malaise. What’s most remarkable about postcrisis Japan is how much it resembles precrisis Japan. The new normal is a lot like the old normal. What’s terrific about Japan—the orderliness of its cities, the sophistication of its technology, the refinement of its culture—remains. But so do the weaknesses. Japan’s political system is as dysfunctional as ever and its economy still anemic.

Even more worrying: postcrisis Japan seems no more willing than precrisis Japan to confront three deep-rooted and interrelated challenges that pose a far greater threat to the nation’s welfare than any natural disaster.

First, Japan’s workforce is aging faster than any other society’s. The number of children born per Japanese woman is 1.39, far below the replacement ratio. By 2060, Japan’s 128 million population will shrink by a third, with more than 4 in 10 Japanese at least 64 years old.

Second, women are marginalized. Japan’s failure to integrate women into the workplace, fused with its aversion to immigration, compounds the economic consequences of a shrinking labor force. Only 65% of college-educated women are employed. If the figure could be boosted to match the 80% rate for men, Japan would add 8.2 million workers.

Finally, Japan’s youth are too insular. Japan’s biggest corporations once sent their best recruits to top U.S. universities for M.B.A.s. Hardly any do so now. The number of Japanese students in the U.S. has declined sharply recently.

What is the author’s attitude toward postcrisis Japan?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀測驗中的 作者態度(author’s attitude) 判斷。解題重點不是只看文章前段描述日本災後復原的正面內容,而是要掌握作者在全文結尾對「災後日本是否真正改善」的總體評價。

常見態度字義如下:

  • pessimistic:悲觀的
  • indifferent:漠不關心的
  • sarcastic:諷刺的、挖苦的
  • hopeful:抱持希望的、樂觀的
  • interested:感興趣的

作者態度題應以文章的主要論點、轉折語氣與結論為判斷依據。

解題方法

文章先承認日本具有正面特質:

“The extraordinary resilience and cohesion of Japanese society helped the nation cope with the unprecedented multiple disaster”

意思是:「日本社會非凡的韌性與團結,幫助這個國家應對前所未有的複合災難。」

此外,作者也指出日本城市井然有序、科技先進、文化精緻:

“What’s terrific about Japan—the orderliness of its cities, the sophistication of its technology, the refinement of its culture—remains.”

意思是:「日本令人稱道的地方——城市的井然有序、科技的高度發展及文化的精緻——依然存在。」

然而,這些正面描述只是讓步或背景鋪陳。文章真正的重點在於:災後日本並未藉此機會解決長期存在的問題。關鍵句是:

“What’s most remarkable about postcrisis Japan is how much it resembles precrisis Japan.”

意思是:「災後日本最令人驚訝之處,在於它與災前日本如此相像。」

接著作者明確指出:

“But so do the weaknesses. Japan’s political system is as dysfunctional as ever and its economy still anemic.”

意思是:「但日本的弱點也同樣存在。日本的政治制度一如以往地失靈,經濟也仍然疲弱。」

更直接的判斷出現在下一段:

“Even more worrying: postcrisis Japan seems no more willing than precrisis Japan to confront three deep-rooted and interrelated challenges”

意思是:「更令人憂心的是:與災前日本相比,災後日本似乎同樣不願面對三個根深蒂固且彼此相關的挑戰。」

這三項挑戰包括:

  1. 人口老化與出生率過低。
  2. 女性在職場中受到邊緣化。
  3. 年輕人過度封閉,國際交流減少。

因此,作者雖然承認日本具有復原力與優點,整體上仍認為日本沒有真正改革,且未積極處理攸關國家未來的重大問題,總體態度是悲觀的。

關鍵單字與片語

  • recede:退去;消退
  • battered by:遭受……重創
  • devastation:毀滅;嚴重破壞
  • resilience:韌性;復原力
  • cohesion:凝聚力;團結
  • cope with:應付;處理
  • unprecedented:前所未有的
  • livelihood:生計
  • rebound from adversity:從逆境中復原
  • calamity:災難
  • ravaged:遭受嚴重破壞的
  • malaise:不安;病態;長期低迷
  • dysfunctional:運作失常的
  • anemic:貧弱的;疲軟的
  • deep-rooted:根深蒂固的
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第 36 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Exploration of all sorts is rooted in the notion of taking risks. Risk underlies any journey into the unknown, whether it is a ship captain’s voyage into the uncharted seas, a scientist’s research on dangerous diseases, or an entrepreneur’s investment in a new venture. But what exactly pushed Christopher Columbus to embark on a voyage across the Atlantic, or Edward Jenner to test his theory for an early smallpox vaccine on a child, or Henry Ford to bet that automobiles could replace horses?

Many people willingly expose themselves to varying degrees of risk in their pursuit of certain goals, like financial reward, political gain, or saving lives. But as the danger increases, the number of people willing to go forward shrinks, until the only ones who remain are the extreme risk takers.

Scientists have begun to open up the neurological black box containing the mechanisms for risk-taking and tease out the biological factors that may prompt someone to become an explorer. Their research has centered on neurotransmitters, the chemicals that control communication in the brain. One neurotransmitter that is crucial to the risk-taking equation is dopamine, which helps control motor skills but also helps drive us to seek out and learn new things as well as process emotions such as anxiety and fear. People whose brains don’t produce enough dopamine, such as those who are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, often struggle with apathy and a lack of motivation.

On the opposite end of the spectrum, robust dopamine production holds one of the keys to understanding risk-taking, says Larry Zweifel, a neurobiologist at the University of Washington. “When you’re talking about someone who takes risks to accomplish something—climb a mountain, start a company, run for office, become a Navy SEAL—that’s driven by motivation, and motivation is driven by the dopamine system. That is what compels humans to move forward.”

Dopamine helps elicit a sense of satisfaction when we accomplish tasks: the riskier the task, the larger the hit of dopamine. Part of the reason we don’t all climb mountains or run for office is that we don’t have the same amount of dopamine. Molecules on the surface of nerve cells called autoreceptors control how much dopamine we make and use, essentially controlling our appetite for risk.

What is the best title for this passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」與「最佳標題選擇」。解題重點不是尋找文章中出現最多次的單字,而是判斷全文反覆圍繞的核心概念,以及各段之間的邏輯關係。

本文主旨為:神經傳導物質 dopamine 如何影響人類的動機、探索行為與冒險傾向。文章先以探險、科學研究及創業為例,引出 risk-taking;接著說明科學家研究冒險行為的生物機制,最後集中解釋 dopamine 與 autoreceptors 對風險偏好的影響。

因此,最能涵蓋全文的標題是 Dopamine and Risk-taking。


解題方法

判斷文章標題可採取三步驟:

  1. 觀察首段提出的主題:人類為何願意冒險探索未知。
  2. 找出中後段的核心轉折:文章從一般性的 risk-taking,進一步轉向神經科學研究。
  3. 比較各選項的涵蓋範圍:正確標題必須涵蓋全文主要內容,不能只抓住其中一個例子或細節。

文章的論述架構如下:

  • 第一、二段:說明人類會因各種目標而承擔風險。
  • 第三段:引入神經傳導物質,尤其是 dopamine。
  • 第四、五段:說明 dopamine 與 motivation、task accomplishment 及 risk-taking 的關係。
  • 最後補充 autoreceptors 如何調節 dopamine,進而影響冒險慾望。

全文真正的中心是 dopamine 與 risk-taking 的關係,而不是單獨討論 autoreceptors、Parkinson’s disease 或 dangerous diseases。


定位答案的關鍵原文

第三段指出:

“Scientists have begun to open up the neurological black box containing the mechanisms for risk-taking and tease out the biological factors that may prompt someone to become an explorer.”

翻譯:科學家開始揭開包含冒險行為機制的神經學黑箱,並探究可能促使人成為探險家的生物因素。

接著文章明確聚焦於 dopamine:

“One neurotransmitter that is crucial to the risk-taking equation is dopamine…”

翻譯:在冒險行為這個問題中,一種關鍵的神經傳導物質就是 dopamine。

第五段又直接總結:

“Molecules on the surface of nerve cells called autoreceptors control how much dopamine we make and use, essentially controlling our appetite for risk.”

翻譯:位於神經細胞表面的分子稱為 autoreceptors,它們控制人體製造及使用多少 dopamine,實際上也就控制了我們對風險的偏好程度。

這些句子共同顯示,文章的主軸是 dopamine 如何影響 risk-taking。


選項分析

(A) Dopamine and Risk-taking

正確。Dopamine 是文章後半部的核心概念,risk-taking 則是全文一開始提出、全篇持續探討的主題。文章說明 dopamine 會影響:

  • motivation
  • 尋求與學習新事物的傾向
  • 成功完成高風險任務時的滿足感
  • 個人對風險的接受程度

標題同時涵蓋「生物因素」與「冒險行為」兩大重點,範圍最完整,故選此項。

(B) Autoreceptors and Dopamine

錯誤。Autoreceptors 確實在最後一段出現,也確實會調節 dopamine 的製造與使用量;但它只是 dopamine 影響風險偏好的其中一項機制,並非全文主題。

若以此為標題,文章前面關於 exploration、motivation、Parkinson’s disease 及 dopamine 促進冒險行為的內容都無法完整涵蓋。因此此選項過於狹窄,屬於以細節代替主旨。

(C) Motivation and Human Nature

錯誤。文章確實提到 motivation,例如:

“That’s driven by motivation, and motivation is driven by the dopamine system.”

意思是:這些行為由動機驅動,而動機則由 dopamine system 驅動。

但 motivation 只是 dopamine 作用的一部分;human nature 也不是文章的主要分析對象。全文採用的是神經生物學角度,並非泛論人性或心理動機,因此此標題過於籠統。

(D) Exploration and Dangerous Diseases

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第 37 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Exploration of all sorts is rooted in the notion of taking risks. Risk underlies any journey into the unknown, whether it is a ship captain’s voyage into the uncharted seas, a scientist’s research on dangerous diseases, or an entrepreneur’s investment in a new venture. But what exactly pushed Christopher Columbus to embark on a voyage across the Atlantic, or Edward Jenner to test his theory for an early smallpox vaccine on a child, or Henry Ford to bet that automobiles could replace horses?

Many people willingly expose themselves to varying degrees of risk in their pursuit of certain goals, like financial reward, political gain, or saving lives. But as the danger increases, the number of people willing to go forward shrinks, until the only ones who remain are the extreme risk takers.

Scientists have begun to open up the neurological black box containing the mechanisms for risk-taking and tease out the biological factors that may prompt someone to become an explorer. Their research has centered on neurotransmitters, the chemicals that control communication in the brain. One neurotransmitter that is crucial to the risk-taking equation is dopamine, which helps control motor skills but also helps drive us to seek out and learn new things as well as process emotions such as anxiety and fear. People whose brains don’t produce enough dopamine, such as those who are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, often struggle with apathy and a lack of motivation.

On the opposite end of the spectrum, robust dopamine production holds one of the keys to understanding risk-taking, says Larry Zweifel, a neurobiologist at the University of Washington. “When you’re talking about someone who takes risks to accomplish something—climb a mountain, start a company, run for office, become a Navy SEAL—that’s driven by motivation, and motivation is driven by the dopamine system. That is what compels humans to move forward.”

Dopamine helps elicit a sense of satisfaction when we accomplish tasks: the riskier the task, the larger the hit of dopamine. Part of the reason we don’t all climb mountains or run for office is that we don’t have the same amount of dopamine. Molecules on the surface of nerve cells called autoreceptors control how much dopamine we make and use, essentially controlling our appetite for risk.

What do the words tease out in paragraph 3 mean?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查片語 tease out 的語意。
在文章中,科學家正在研究大腦中複雜的風險承擔機制,並試圖逐步解析其中促使人成為探險家的生物因素。

定位原文與翻譯

原文:

Scientists have begun to open up the neurological black box containing the mechanisms for risk-taking and tease out the biological factors that may prompt someone to become an explorer.

翻譯:

科學家開始揭開包含冒險機制的神經科學「黑箱」,並逐步解析可能促使某人成為探險家的生物因素。

句中 tease out 的受詞是 the biological factors,表示從複雜的神經機制中「抽絲剝繭地找出、解析」相關因素。

解題方法

判斷片語時,先觀察上下文:

  • open up the neurological black box:揭開神經科學的黑箱。
  • tease out the biological factors:進一步從複雜機制中找出其中的生物因素。

前後兩個動作具有承接關係:先打開複雜系統,再將其中的關鍵因素逐步拆解、辨識。因此,tease out 應解作「抽絲剝繭地解析、理出、找出」,最符合 unravel。

選項分析

  • (A) entangle:使纏結,使陷入困境。
    與文章要「釐清、解析」生物因素的方向相反,故錯誤。

  • (B) unravel:解開;解析;釐清複雜事物。
    tease out 常指從複雜、混亂或難以辨認的事物中逐步找出重要內容,與 unravel 意義最接近,故正確。

  • (C) weave:編織;編造;交織。
    表示把線或事物編在一起,不符合科學家拆解研究機制的語境,故錯誤。

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第 38 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Exploration of all sorts is rooted in the notion of taking risks. Risk underlies any journey into the unknown, whether it is a ship captain’s voyage into the uncharted seas, a scientist’s research on dangerous diseases, or an entrepreneur’s investment in a new venture. But what exactly pushed Christopher Columbus to embark on a voyage across the Atlantic, or Edward Jenner to test his theory for an early smallpox vaccine on a child, or Henry Ford to bet that automobiles could replace horses?

Many people willingly expose themselves to varying degrees of risk in their pursuit of certain goals, like financial reward, political gain, or saving lives. But as the danger increases, the number of people willing to go forward shrinks, until the only ones who remain are the extreme risk takers.

Scientists have begun to open up the neurological black box containing the mechanisms for risk-taking and tease out the biological factors that may prompt someone to become an explorer. Their research has centered on neurotransmitters, the chemicals that control communication in the brain. One neurotransmitter that is crucial to the risk-taking equation is dopamine, which helps control motor skills but also helps drive us to seek out and learn new things as well as process emotions such as anxiety and fear. People whose brains don’t produce enough dopamine, such as those who are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, often struggle with apathy and a lack of motivation.

On the opposite end of the spectrum, robust dopamine production holds one of the keys to understanding risk-taking, says Larry Zweifel, a neurobiologist at the University of Washington. “When you’re talking about someone who takes risks to accomplish something—climb a mountain, start a company, run for office, become a Navy SEAL—that’s driven by motivation, and motivation is driven by the dopamine system. That is what compels humans to move forward.”

Dopamine helps elicit a sense of satisfaction when we accomplish tasks: the riskier the task, the larger the hit of dopamine. Part of the reason we don’t all climb mountains or run for office is that we don’t have the same amount of dopamine. Molecules on the surface of nerve cells called autoreceptors control how much dopamine we make and use, essentially controlling our appetite for risk.

What can be inferred from the passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀理解中的推論題」。解題重點不是尋找逐字相同的句子,而是根據文章明確陳述的因果關係,判斷哪一個選項能由文意合理推出。

文章核心論點如下:

  • 探索未知必須承擔風險。
  • 人類是否願意接受挑戰,與動機有關。
  • 動機受到腦內神經傳導物質 dopamine(多巴胺)系統的驅動。
  • 多巴胺也會影響滿足感、冒險傾向與追求新事物的行為。
  • autoreceptors(自體受體)會控制多巴胺的製造與使用量,進而影響個人的冒險欲。

因此,文章支持的主要結論是:多巴胺系統在促使人類接受挑戰、採取冒險行動方面具有關鍵作用。


解題方法

先定位文章中的因果句,再將各選項與原文的方向、主體及程度逐一比對。

最關鍵的原文是:

“That’s driven by motivation, and motivation is driven by the dopamine system. That is what compels humans to move forward.”

翻譯:

「這是由動機所驅動,而動機則是由多巴胺系統所驅動。多巴胺系統促使人類向前邁進。」

其中:

  • bedrivenbybe driven by:受到……驅動
  • becompelledtoVbe compelled to V:被迫/受到促使而做某事
  • moveforwardmove forward:向前推進、繼續前進
  • takeriskstake risks:冒險、承擔風險
  • accomplishsomethingaccomplish something:完成某事
  • seekoutseek out:主動尋找
  • lackofmotivationlack of motivation:缺乏動機
  • ontheoppositeendofthespectrumon the opposite end of the spectrum:在光譜的另一端;相對地
  • appetiteforriskappetite for risk:冒險傾向、承擔風險的意願

原文使用「多巴胺系統驅動動機」以及「促使人類向前邁進」的因果關係,與選項 C 的意思完全一致。


選項分析

(A) The more dopamine we have, the more likely we will suffer from Parkinson’s disease.

多巴胺越多,我們越可能罹患帕金森氏症。

錯誤。文章指出:

“People whose brains don’t produce enough dopamine, such as those who are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, often struggle with apathy and a lack of motivation.”

翻譯:

「腦部無法製造足夠多巴胺的人,例如罹患帕金森氏症者,常會受到冷漠與缺乏動機的困擾。」

原文表達的是「多巴胺不足」與帕金森氏症及缺乏動機相關,選項卻改成「多巴胺越多,越容易罹患帕金森氏症」,不僅把 notenoughnot enough 誤解成「越多」,也顛倒了文章方向。


(B) Not everyone has the autoreceptors which control the amount of dopamine.

不是每個人都有能控制多巴胺量的自體受體。

錯誤。文章只說:

“Molecules on the surface of nerve cells called autoreceptors control how much dopamine we make and use…”

翻譯:

「位於神經細胞表面、稱為自體受體的分子,會控制我們製造及使用多少多巴胺……」

此句說明 autoreceptors 的功能,沒有表示只有部分人擁有,也沒有指出有人完全沒有這些受體。選項加入「Not everyone」的限定,屬於原文沒有提供依據的推論。

文法上,whichcontroltheamountofdopaminewhich control the amount of dopamine 是關係子句,修飾 theautoreceptorsthe autoreceptors;

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第 39 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Exploration of all sorts is rooted in the notion of taking risks. Risk underlies any journey into the unknown, whether it is a ship captain’s voyage into the uncharted seas, a scientist’s research on dangerous diseases, or an entrepreneur’s investment in a new venture. But what exactly pushed Christopher Columbus to embark on a voyage across the Atlantic, or Edward Jenner to test his theory for an early smallpox vaccine on a child, or Henry Ford to bet that automobiles could replace horses?

Many people willingly expose themselves to varying degrees of risk in their pursuit of certain goals, like financial reward, political gain, or saving lives. But as the danger increases, the number of people willing to go forward shrinks, until the only ones who remain are the extreme risk takers.

Scientists have begun to open up the neurological black box containing the mechanisms for risk-taking and tease out the biological factors that may prompt someone to become an explorer. Their research has centered on neurotransmitters, the chemicals that control communication in the brain. One neurotransmitter that is crucial to the risk-taking equation is dopamine, which helps control motor skills but also helps drive us to seek out and learn new things as well as process emotions such as anxiety and fear. People whose brains don’t produce enough dopamine, such as those who are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, often struggle with apathy and a lack of motivation.

On the opposite end of the spectrum, robust dopamine production holds one of the keys to understanding risk-taking, says Larry Zweifel, a neurobiologist at the University of Washington. “When you’re talking about someone who takes risks to accomplish something—climb a mountain, start a company, run for office, become a Navy SEAL—that’s driven by motivation, and motivation is driven by the dopamine system. That is what compels humans to move forward.”

Dopamine helps elicit a sense of satisfaction when we accomplish tasks: the riskier the task, the larger the hit of dopamine. Part of the reason we don’t all climb mountains or run for office is that we don’t have the same amount of dopamine. Molecules on the surface of nerve cells called autoreceptors control how much dopamine we make and use, essentially controlling our appetite for risk.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a function of dopamine?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章明確提及之功能」判斷。解題重點是回到第三段,找出文章對 dopamine(多巴胺)功能的直接描述,再逐一比對選項。

文章明確指出,多巴胺具有以下功能:

  • 控制動作能力(motor skills)
  • 促使人尋求並學習新事物
  • 協助處理情緒,例如焦慮與恐懼
  • 驅動動機,促使人採取行動
  • 完成任務時引發滿足感

解題方法

題目問:

Which of the following is NOT a function of dopamine?
下列何者「不是」多巴胺的功能?

關鍵定位句為:

One neurotransmitter that is crucial to the risk-taking equation is dopamine, which helps control motor skills but also helps drive us to seek out and learn new things as well as process emotions such as anxiety and fear.

翻譯:

多巴胺是風險承擔機制中相當重要的一種神經傳導物質;它有助於控制動作能力,也會促使我們尋求並學習新事物,以及處理焦慮與恐懼等情緒。

第四段及第五段又補充:

Motivation is driven by the dopamine system.
動機是由多巴胺系統所驅動的。

因此,A、B、D、E 都能在文章中找到直接或明確的依據;C 則把「控制多巴胺的分子」誤認為「多巴胺控制神經細胞」,不符合原文。

選項分析

(A) Dopamine helps us learn new things.
多巴胺有助於我們學習新事物。

正確。原文中的:

seek out and learn new things

直接提到多巴胺會促使人尋求並學習新事物,因此這是文章明確列出的功能。

(B) Dopamine helps us process emotions.
多巴胺有助於我們處理情緒。

正確。原文指出多巴胺能協助處理:

emotions such as anxiety and fear

也就是焦慮、恐懼等情緒。故此選項符合文章內容。

(C) Dopamine helps control nerve cells.
多巴胺有助於控制神經細胞。

錯誤,為本題答案。原文真正的意思是:

Molecules on the surface of nerve cells called autoreceptors control how much dopamine we make and use.

翻譯:

稱為 autoreceptors(自體受體)的分子位於神經細胞表面,能控制我們製造及使用多少多巴胺。

句子的主詞是 molecules,亦即「分子/自體受體」,動詞是 control;並不是 dopamine 去 control nerve cells。文章只說多巴胺會影響動作能力、學習、情緒與動機,沒有說多巴胺直接控制神經細胞。

(D) Dopamine helps enhance our motivation.
多巴胺有助於增強我們的動機。

正確。第四段明確指出:

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第 40 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Exploration of all sorts is rooted in the notion of taking risks. Risk underlies any journey into the unknown, whether it is a ship captain’s voyage into the uncharted seas, a scientist’s research on dangerous diseases, or an entrepreneur’s investment in a new venture. But what exactly pushed Christopher Columbus to embark on a voyage across the Atlantic, or Edward Jenner to test his theory for an early smallpox vaccine on a child, or Henry Ford to bet that automobiles could replace horses?

Many people willingly expose themselves to varying degrees of risk in their pursuit of certain goals, like financial reward, political gain, or saving lives. But as the danger increases, the number of people willing to go forward shrinks, until the only ones who remain are the extreme risk takers.

Scientists have begun to open up the neurological black box containing the mechanisms for risk-taking and tease out the biological factors that may prompt someone to become an explorer. Their research has centered on neurotransmitters, the chemicals that control communication in the brain. One neurotransmitter that is crucial to the risk-taking equation is dopamine, which helps control motor skills but also helps drive us to seek out and learn new things as well as process emotions such as anxiety and fear. People whose brains don’t produce enough dopamine, such as those who are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, often struggle with apathy and a lack of motivation.

On the opposite end of the spectrum, robust dopamine production holds one of the keys to understanding risk-taking, says Larry Zweifel, a neurobiologist at the University of Washington. “When you’re talking about someone who takes risks to accomplish something—climb a mountain, start a company, run for office, become a Navy SEAL—that’s driven by motivation, and motivation is driven by the dopamine system. That is what compels humans to move forward.”

Dopamine helps elicit a sense of satisfaction when we accomplish tasks: the riskier the task, the larger the hit of dopamine. Part of the reason we don’t all climb mountains or run for office is that we don’t have the same amount of dopamine. Molecules on the surface of nerve cells called autoreceptors control how much dopamine we make and use, essentially controlling our appetite for risk.

According to the passage, which of the following is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解與字義判斷,重點是:

  • 能否由文章中找出與題目直接相關的句子。
  • 能否掌握 Parkinson’s disease 與 dopamine 的關係。
  • 能否辨識 apathy 的字義,即「冷漠、缺乏興趣或動機」。

文章指出,多巴胺不足會使人出現冷漠與缺乏動機的狀態;帕金森氏症患者正屬於多巴胺分泌不足的例子。

解題方法

題目問:

According to the passage, which of the following is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease?
根據本文,下列何者是帕金森氏症的症狀?

解題關鍵是定位文章中直接提到 Parkinson’s disease 的句子:

People whose brains don’t produce enough dopamine, such as those who are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, often struggle with apathy and a lack of motivation.

翻譯:

腦部無法製造足夠多巴胺的人,例如罹患帕金森氏症者,通常會受到冷漠以及缺乏動機的困擾。

句中的 apathy 是「冷漠、缺乏興趣、無感」,而 a lack of motivation 是「缺乏動機」。因此,最符合的選項是「缺乏感受或興趣」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • symptom:症狀
  • Parkinson’s disease:帕金森氏症
  • dopamine:多巴胺
  • neurotransmitter:神經傳導物質
  • produce enough dopamine:產生足夠的多巴胺
  • be afflicted with:罹患、受到……所苦
  • struggle with:努力應付;受到……困擾
  • apathy:冷漠、缺乏興趣或感受
  • a lack of motivation:缺乏動機
  • seek out and learn new things:尋找並學習新事物
  • process emotions such as anxiety and fear:處理焦慮與恐懼等情緒

文法與語意重點

句型:

People whose brains don’t produce enough dopamine, such as those who are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, often struggle with apathy and a lack of motivation.

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第 作文 題20 分

Recently, hazardous additives have been identified in a great variety of foods in Taiwan. Write an essay of two paragraphs in 150-200 words discussing first why these substances were added and the consequences they have brought, and then what measures should be taken by the government, the industries, and the consumers.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「問題成因與影響+解決方案」型英文作文,重點不在描述單一事件,而在於有條理地分析:

  1. 食品中為何添加有害物質。
  2. 這些物質造成哪些健康與社會後果。
  3. 政府、食品業者與消費者各自應採取哪些措施。

題目明確要求寫成兩段:

  • 第一段:說明添加原因及其後果。
  • 第二段:分別討論政府、產業與消費者的責任。

文章應採正式、客觀的議論文語氣,避免只列舉例子而缺乏因果關係。

題幹與文法、語意重點

題幹關鍵句:

Write an essay of two paragraphs in 150-200 words discussing first why these substances were added and the consequences they have brought, and then what measures should be taken by the government, the industries, and the consumers.

翻譯:

請以兩段、150 至 200 字寫一篇文章,先討論這些物質為何被添加,以及它們帶來的後果;接著討論政府、產業與消費者應採取哪些措施。

重要文法與語意如下:

  • discussing first A, and then B:表示文章順序為先談 A,再談 B。
  • why these substances were added:why 引導名詞子句;were added 使用被動語態,因為有害添加物是「被加入」食品。
  • the consequences they have brought:they 指前面的 these substances;have brought 使用現在完成式,表示過去添加有害物質,影響延續至今。
  • measures should be taken:should be taken 為被動語態,意為「應採取哪些措施」。
  • by the government, the industries, and the consumers:指出執行措施的三個主體,三者都必須在第二段明確討論。

關鍵單字與片語

單字/片語中文意思
hazardous additives有害添加物
a great variety of foods各式各樣的食品
be identified in在……中被發現
be added to food被添加到食品中
extend shelf life延長保存期限
improve color or texture改善色澤或質地
raw materials原料
attractive and convenient products外觀吸引人且方便的產品
acute poisoning急性中毒
allergic reactions過敏反應
long-term damage長期傷害
undermine public confidence動搖大眾信心
safety standards安全標準
conduct regular inspections進行定期檢查
trace products追蹤產品流向
impose penalties處以懲罰
quality control品質管制
recall contaminated products召回受污染產品
reliable sources可靠來源
report violations舉報違規行為
make informed choices做出有充分資訊的選擇

解題方法

第一段採「原因 → 後果」的因果架構。

開頭先改寫題目背景,指出台灣食品中發現有害添加物。接著列出業者添加這些物質的常見原因,例如:

  • 成本較低。
  • 延長保存期限。
  • 改善食品外觀或口感。
  • 掩飾低品質原料。
  • 追求更高利潤。

之後以 However 或 As a result 轉折,說明後果。後果宜同時涵蓋個人健康與社會層面,例如中毒、過敏、器官損傷、消費者失去信任,以及醫療成本增加。

第二段採「三方責任」架構,依序討論:

  1. 政府:訂定標準、檢查、追蹤、處罰。
  2. 食品業者:使用合法原料、建立品管、誠實記錄、召回問題產品。
  3. 消費者:閱讀標示、選擇可靠商家、拒買可疑產品、舉報違規。

結尾用 Only when... can... 強調三方合作的重要性,使文章形成完整收束。

參考作文

In recent years, hazardous additives have been found in a wide range of foods in Taiwan. Some businesses add them because they are cheaper than safe ingredients, extend shelf life, improve color or texture, and increase profits. Others use them to disguise poor-quality raw materials or to meet consumers’ demand for attractive, convenient products. However, these substances may cause acute poisoning, allergic reactions, or long-term damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. They also undermine public confidence in the food industry and impose heavy medical and social costs.

To address this problem, the government should establish clear safety standards, conduct regular inspections, trace products from factories to stores, and impose serious penalties on violators. The food industry must choose appro

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其他考古題

102 年中國醫藥大學的其他科目

中國醫藥大學《英文》其他年度

其他學校的《英文》