中國醫藥大學 108 年 《英文》

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第 1 題2 分

Although the brain ____ only 2 percent of our body mass, it consumes approximately 25 percent of all energy required to run our body every day.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「高階動詞字彙語意」以及「數據/比例的英語搭配用法」。
題幹呈現生物學經典事實——人體大腦與能量消耗的對比關係。考生需掌握動詞在描述「數值所佔之比例或份額」時的精準用法,並能區辨動詞受詞搭配與語意邏輯。


解題方法

  1. 結構與語意定位:
  • 題幹前半句為由連接詞 Although 引導的讓步狀語子句:
    “Although the brain ____ only 2 percent of our body mass...”
    (雖然大腦只____我們體重的 2%2\%……)
  • 後半句為主要子句:
    “...it consumes approximately 25 percent of all energy required to run our body every day.”
    (……它卻消耗了每天維持身體運作所需總能量的約 25%25\%。)
  • 前後形成強烈對比:大腦在整體體重中所佔的比例極小(僅 2%2\%),但其耗能比例極高(達 25%25\%)。
  1. 動詞語意與搭配搭配詞(Collocation)判斷:
    空格需填入一個及物動詞,主詞為 the brain,受詞為 only 2 percent of our body mass(比例/數據)。在英文中,動詞 represent 常作及物動詞,用以表示「等於、相當於、佔(某比例或數量)」(to be equal to or amount to something, especially a proportion or part of a whole),完全契合題意。

選項分析

  • (A) ignites:錯誤。
  • 字義:點燃、使燃燒(v.v.)。
  • 剖析:主詞為大腦,受詞為「體重的 2%2\%」,大腦不可能「點燃」體重比例,語意完全不合邏輯。
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第 2 題2 分

Japanese military personnel ____ a lone fisherman who they said had unlawfully cast a net from the shore.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查動詞語意搭配(Collocation & Contextual Vocabulary)與句子邏輯情境判斷。
題幹描述執法人員(軍事/海上自衛隊人員)面對涉及違規行為(非法撒網捕魚)的民眾,考驗考生能否依據主詞(軍法人員)、受詞(違法捕魚者)及後方關係代名詞子句的情境脈絡,選出符合「執法對質、盤查、當面對質」意義的及物動詞。


解題方法

1. 關鍵句型結構與語境定位

  • 原文:

Japanese military personnel ____ a lone fisherman who they said had unlawfully cast a net from the shore.

  • 結構分析:
  • 主詞(S):Japanese military personnel(日本軍方人員)
  • 動詞(V):空格處(需為過去式及物動詞,後接單一受詞)
  • 受詞(O):a lone fisherman(一名落單的漁民)
  • 關係代名詞子句(修飾受詞):who they said had unlawfully cast a net from the shore(據軍方所稱,該漁民違法從岸邊撒網)。其中 they said 為插入語。
  • 中文完整翻譯:
    日本軍方人員當面對質/盤查了一名落單的漁民,據軍方表示,該漁民涉嫌違法從岸邊撒網捕魚。

2. 邏輯與搭配推導

  • 主詞為「執法/軍事人員(military personnel)」,受詞為涉嫌違法行為的對象(a fisherman who had unlawfully cast a net)。
  • 兩者之間的行為互動,最合理且符合情境的動作是「當面質問、上前盤查、迎面攔阻(confront)」。其餘選項之語意在邏輯上皆無法合理銜接「軍事人員」對「違法者」的動作。

選項分析

  • (A) extended
  • 字義:延長、擴展;給予/提供(邀請、慰問、協助等,常搭配 extend an invitation / extend help)。
  • 錯誤原因:若解為「延長、展開」,受詞為「人(fisherman)」語意完全不通;若解為「提供、給予」,此處語境為違規執法事件,軍方不可能對違法撒網者「給予」某種恩惠,與情境不符。
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第 3 題2 分

Concepts such as joy, team, and happiness are general notions of entities, objects, behaviors, actions, or states of being that share similar ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「認知心理學/語言學範疇中的抽象名詞詞彙搭配與精確語意辨析」。題幹探討「概念(Concepts)」的本質定義——即如何將各類實體、對象、行為或存在狀態歸納為某一通稱概念。在定義或分類事物時,通常是基於其具有共通的「特徵、屬性(attributes / characteristics / features)」。


題幹定位與翻譯

  • 原文引導:
    "Concepts such as joy, team, and happiness are general notions of entities, objects, behaviors, actions, or states of being that share similar attributes."
  • 中文翻譯:
    「諸如喜悅、團隊與幸福等概念,是指共享相似**屬性(特徵)**的實體、物體、行為、行動或存在狀態的普遍概念。」

關鍵單字與片語解析

  • concept [n.]:概念、觀念
  • notion [n.]:概念、見解、看法
  • entity [n.]:實體、獨立存在體
  • state of being [n. phr.]:存在狀態
  • share [v.]:共享、共有
  • attribute [n.]:屬性、特徵、特質(此處為名詞複數;作動詞時為 attribute A to B,意為「把 A 歸因於 B」)

解題方法

  1. 文法結構分析:
    空格位於形容詞 similar(相似的)之後,需填入可被形容詞修飾且能作為關係代名詞子句受詞的「複數名詞」或「不可數名詞」。
  2. 語意與搭配詞(Collocation)切入:
    關係代名詞子句 that share similar ____ 修飾先前的列舉名詞(entities, objects, behaviors, actions, or states of being)。在邏輯分類中,將不同事物歸納為同一個「概念(concept)」或「範疇(category)」,是因為這些事物具備共通、相似的「性質/特徵/屬性」,英文中最標準且精準的用詞即為 share similar attributes(擁有相似屬性)。

選項分析

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第 4 題2 分

E. M. Forster’s story, “The Machine Stops”, has been acknowledged as a precursor of later dystopian fictions, and thus has been regarded as a ____ portrayal of late twentieth-century cyber networks.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」。空格位於:

has thus been regarded as a ____ portrayal of late twentieth-century cyber networks.

句意是:這部小說被視為對二十世紀後期網路系統的一種「具有預見性的描寫」。

關鍵在於前半句指出《The Machine Stops》是後來反烏托邦小說的先驅,表示作品早在網路科技普及前,便描寫了日後可能出現的科技社會。因此空格應填 prescient,表示「有先見之明的、預言性的」。

題幹定位句

E. M. Forster’s story, “The Machine Stops”, has been acknowledged as a precursor of later dystopian fictions, and thus has been regarded as a prescient portrayal of late twentieth-century cyber networks.

翻譯:

E. M. Forster 的小說〈機器停止運轉〉被公認為後來反烏托邦小說的先驅,因此也被視為對二十世紀後期網路系統具有先見之明的描寫。

關鍵單字與片語

  • story:故事、小說
  • be acknowledged as:被公認為、被承認是
  • precursor:先驅、先導
  • dystopian fiction:反烏托邦小說
  • thus:因此、於是
  • be regarded as:被視為、被認為是
  • portrayal:描寫、刻畫
  • cyber network:網路系統、電腦網絡
  • prescient:有先見之明的、能預見未來的

文法與語意重點

空格前有冠詞 a,空格後接名詞 portrayal,因此空格應填形容詞,形成:

a + 形容詞 + 名詞
a prescient portrayal

然而,本題不能只依詞性作答,還必須判斷形容詞與 portrayal 及整個句意是否搭配。

前句的 precursor of later dystopian fictions 已提供重要線索:作品是後來相關作品的先驅,具備超前時代的觀察。因此 prescient portrayal 意為「具有預見性的描寫」,與上下文完全一致。

選項分析

(A) prescient

prescient 意為「有先見之明的、能預見未來的」。小說描述了高度依賴機器、透過網路交流,以及人類生活受科技系統支配的社會,與後來的網路科技及反烏托邦作品有相似之處。

因此:

a prescient portrayal
一種具有先見之明的描寫

符合 precursor 與 thus 所建立的因果關係,為正確答案。

(B) privileged

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第 5 題2 分

Stronger together, Ruth Bader Ginsburg teams up with her husband, Martin Ginsburg, to fight the legal case that ____ her into one of the most important public figures of our time.

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核心觀念

本題考「動詞語意」與「固定搭配」。句型為:

the legal case that ____ her into one of the most important public figures of our time

關係代名詞 that 代替前面的 the legal case,在關係子句中作主詞;空格需要填入一個能與 her into... 搭配,並表達「使她迅速成為重要公眾人物」的及物動詞。


解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句是:

the legal case that catapults her into one of the most important public figures of our time.

翻譯為:

這宗法律案件使她一躍成為我們這個時代最重要的公眾人物之一。

catapult 原意是「彈射器」;作動詞時表示「將某人或某物快速推向某種地位、狀態」,常用結構為:

catapult somebody into something
使某人迅速進入某種地位或狀態

此處法律案件是主詞,her 是受詞,into one of the most important public figures 表示被推向「最重要公眾人物之一」的地位,因此 catapults 最符合語意與搭配。

此外,主詞 the legal case 為單數,故動詞使用第三人稱單數 catapults。


選項分析

(A) segregates

segregate 意為「隔離、分開、使分離」。常見搭配為:

segregate A from B
將 A 與 B 隔離

若填入本句,意思會變成:

這宗法律案件把她隔離成我們這個時代最重要的公眾人物之一。

「隔離」與「成為重要公眾人物」的語意不合,且 segregate her into... 不是本句適當的搭配,因此錯誤。

(B) integrates

integrate 意為「整合、使融入」。常見搭配為:

integrate A into B
將 A 融入 B

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第 6 題2 分

The limitation in working memory capacity suggests that people learn more easily through instructional methods that avoid overloading it with ____ information.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「語境字義判斷」與教育心理學中的 working memory(工作記憶)、**cognitive load(認知負荷)**概念。

工作記憶的容量有限。教學內容若加入過多與學習目標無關的資訊,會增加不必要的認知負荷,使學習者難以處理核心內容。因此,較有效的教學方法應避免以過多的 superfluous information 使工作記憶超載。

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹關鍵句:

The limitation in working memory capacity suggests that people learn more easily through instructional methods that avoid overloading it with ____ information.

翻譯:

工作記憶容量的限制顯示,人們透過避免以 ____ 資訊使工作記憶超載的教學方法,能更容易學習。

空格前有 overloading it with,意為「以某種資訊使它超載」。其中:

  • it:指前面的 working memory
  • overload A with B:以 B 使 A 負荷過重、超載
  • 空格修飾 information,需要填入能表達「多餘、不必要」的形容詞

依語意,應選 superfluous。

解題方法

先抓句子的因果關係:

  1. 工作記憶容量有限。
  2. 教學內容若塞入過多不必要資訊,會造成超載。
  3. 因此,有效的教學方法應避免加入這類資訊。

「使工作記憶超載」本身已暗示空格中的資訊具有負面特徵,並且是教學目標之外的多餘內容。故選擇表示「不必要、多餘」的 superfluous。

完整句意為:

工作記憶容量有限,因此人們透過避免以多餘資訊使工作記憶超載的教學方法,能更容易學習。

選項分析

(A) justifiable

  • justifiable:合理的、正當的、可辯解的
  • justifiable information:合理的資訊
  • 「避免以合理資訊使工作記憶超載」在文法上可以成立,但與題幹的教育心理學語意不合。
  • 題幹強調應避免造成工作記憶負荷過重的資訊,並非避免「合理的資訊」。

因此錯誤。

(B) superfluous

  • superfluous:多餘的、不必要的、過剩的
  • superfluous information:多餘資訊、不必要資訊
  • 額外且與學習目標無關的資訊會佔用有限的工作記憶容量,增加認知負荷,妨礙理解與學習。
  • 放入句中後語意完整、邏輯正確。

因此選 B。

(C) ostentatious

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第 7 題2 分

This professor’s lecture successfully aroused my curiosity about Middle Eastern history.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「近義詞辨識」與固定搭配。題幹中的 aroused my curiosity 意為「引起我的好奇心」,其中 arouse 是「激起、引發」之意。能替換 aroused 的答案,必須同時符合:

  1. 語意上表示「引起、激發」。
  2. 文法上能作及物動詞,直接接受詞 my curiosity。
  3. 能與 curiosity 形成自然搭配。

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹原文:

This professor’s lecture successfully aroused my curiosity about Middle Eastern history.

翻譯:

這位教授的講課成功地引起了我對中東歷史的好奇心。

關鍵片語是 aroused my curiosity,可改寫為 piqued my curiosity,兩者皆表示「激起我的好奇心」。

解題方法

先抓住受詞 my curiosity。空格中的動詞必須表示「使我的好奇心受到激發」,因此優先選擇與 curiosity 常搭配的動詞。

常見搭配如下:

  • arouse curiosity:引起好奇心
  • pique curiosity:激起好奇心
  • satisfy curiosity:滿足好奇心
  • spark curiosity:點燃好奇心

因此,aroused 的最佳同義替換為 piqued。

句子改寫為:

This professor’s lecture successfully piqued my curiosity about Middle Eastern history.

意思仍是:

這位教授的講課成功地激起了我對中東歷史的好奇心。

選項分析

(A) piqued

pique 作動詞時有「激起、引發」之意,尤其常用於:

  • pique someone’s curiosity:激起某人的好奇心
  • pique someone’s interest:引起某人的興趣

piqued my curiosity 與題幹的 aroused my curiosity 意思相同,文法與語意皆正確。

(B) aligned

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第 8 題2 分

This year has tested the financial industry’s ability to weather recession.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞語意與搭配」,關鍵在於片語 weather recession。

  • weather 作動詞時,意為「經受住、安然度過」。
  • recession 意為「經濟衰退、不景氣」。
  • withstand 意為「抵抗、承受、經受住」,與 weather 在本句中語意相近。

題幹中的 ability to weather recession,就是「經受經濟衰退的能力」。


題幹定位與翻譯

This year has tested the financial industry’s ability to weather recession.

翻譯為:

今年考驗了金融業經受經濟衰退的能力。

句中 weather recession 表示「撐過經濟衰退」,因此可改寫為:

This year has tested the financial industry’s ability to withstand recession.

句意完整且自然,故選 (C) withstand。


解題方法

先鎖定 weather 的詞性與語意:

weather+名詞=經受住、度過某種困境\text{weather} + \text{名詞} = \text{經受住、度過某種困境}

本句的受詞為 recession,指金融業必須承受的經濟困境。四個選項中,只有 withstand 具有「承受、抵抗不利情況」的意思,能直接替換 weather。

此外,句型為:

ability to+原形動詞\text{ability to} + \text{原形動詞}

因此 withstand 的形式也符合 ability to withstand recession 的文法結構。


選項分析

(A) involve

involve 意為「涉及、包含、使參與」。

  • involve recession:涉及經濟衰退
  • ability to involve recession:經濟衰退的涉及能力

本句要表達的是金融業「承受」經濟衰退,而不是「涉及」經濟衰退,因此語意不合。


(B) delineate

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第 9 題2 分

The lawyer tried to address the clients’ problems, but he found them keeping going off on a tangent and couldn’t understand what their true complaints were.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「片語搭配」與「語意判斷」,核心片語為:

  • go off on a tangent:離題、偏離原本討論主題
  • wander off:逐漸偏離、漫無目的地扯開
  • address a problem:處理、設法解決問題
  • true complaints:真正的抱怨/問題所在
  • client:客戶、委託人
  • lawyer:律師

題幹描述律師想處理客戶的問題,但客戶不斷離題,導致律師無法理解他們真正抱怨的事情。因此空格需要填入表示「漫無目的地偏離、離題」的字。


解題方法

定位關鍵語意:

he found them ______ off on a tangent

其中 off on a tangent 已經明確表示「離題、扯到不相關的方向」。能與 off 搭配,且符合「不斷離題」語意的動詞是 wander。

填入 A 的變化形式後:

he found them wandering off on a tangent

此處為 find + 受詞 + V-ing 結構:

  • found:謂語動詞
  • them:受詞
  • wandering:受詞補語,表示「發現他們正在……」

全句可翻譯為:

The lawyer tried to address the clients’ problems, but he found them wandering off on a tangent and couldn’t understand what their true complaints were.

律師試圖處理客戶的問題,但他發現客戶一直離題,因而無法理解他們真正抱怨的是什麼。


選項分析

(A) wandering

wander 是「漫無目的地走動、徘徊;談話離題、思緒飄移」之意。
wander off 表示「逐漸偏離原路或原主題」,與 go off on a tangent 的語意完全相符。

wandering off on a tangent
漫無目的地離題、越扯越遠

此外,find + 受詞 + V-ing 可表示「發現某人正在進行某動作」,因此:

found them wandering off on a tangent

文法與語意皆成立。故選 A。

(B) withdrawing

withdraw 是「撤回、退出、收回;退縮」之意。
withdrawing off on a tangent 並非自然的英文搭配,也無法表達客戶「談話離題」的意思。客戶若是沉默、退出談話,可以說 withdraw from the conversation,不能用本選項放入此句。

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第 10 題2 分

It is a mistake to stint the quantity of heat piping, since it is far more economical and better for the plants to have a larger surface heated moderately than a smaller surface heated excessively.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考單字 stint 的語意,以及上下文的邏輯判讀。

stint 作動詞時,意為「節省使用、吝惜給予、限制數量」,常見搭配為:

  • stint on something:節省某物、吝惜使用某物
  • stint something:限制、削減某物的數量或供應

題幹中的 stint the quantity of heat piping,就是「限制暖氣管線的數量、在暖氣管線上過度節省」。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句是:

It is a mistake to stint the quantity of heat piping, since it is far more economical and better for the plants to have a larger surface heated moderately than a smaller surface heated excessively.

翻譯:

限制暖氣管線的數量是一項錯誤,因為對植物而言,較大的加熱表面採取適度加熱,比較小的表面接受過度加熱,經濟效益更高,效果也更好。

後半句指出:

  • a larger surface heated moderately:較大的表面適度加熱
  • a smaller surface heated excessively:較小的表面過度加熱

作者認為應該使用較多、較大的暖氣管線,使熱量分散且溫和。因此,前面的 stint 必須表示「過度節省、限制數量」,與 be too sparing with 意思相符。

句型替換如下:

It is a mistake to be too sparing with the quantity of heat piping.

意思是:

過度節省暖氣管線的數量是錯誤的。

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第 11 題2 分

These researchers started to isolate variables of interest by matching participants in each of the groups on all relevant variables except for the one ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗重點為慣用介系詞片語的語意辨析與學術研究語境的修飾搭配。
在學術與科學實驗語境中,後位修飾名詞以表達「討論中的」、「該項(正被探討的)」之固定慣用語為 in question。本題需透過前後文的控制變因邏輯,選出最精確指涉「當前正在被研究/探討的該變因」之介系詞片語。


解題方法

  1. 分析句子結構與語意邏輯:
  • 題幹:「These researchers started to isolate variables of interest by matching participants in each of the groups on all relevant variables except for the one ____.」
  • 文法結構:
  • 主要子句主詞為 These researchers,動詞為 started to isolate,受詞為 variables of interest(研究人員感興趣的變因)。
  • 手段片語 by matching participants... on all relevant variables 表示研究者藉由「讓各組受試者在所有相關變因上皆匹配(條件一致)」來控制混淆變因。
  • 排他片語 except for the one ____ 中,代名詞 the one 代表「單一變因(the one variable)」。
  • 空格需填入一個可作為後位修飾語(postmodifier)的介系詞片語,用以修飾 the one。
  1. 鎖定科學實驗邏輯:
  • 科學實驗中的「控制變因法(matching/controlling variables)」之核心原則是:除了**正在被研究/受檢驗的那一個變因(the variable in question / under study)**保持不同之外,其餘所有相關變因(all relevant variables)都必須配對控制以維持一致。
  • 因此,此處修飾 the one 的片語必須具有「正被討論/正在探究的(being discussed / considered)」之語意,故選 (B) in question。
  1. 句意完整翻譯:
    「這些研究人員藉由讓各組的受試者在所有相關變因上都互相匹配——除了正被研究的那一個變因之外——來著手分離出他們感興趣的變因。」

選項分析

  • (A) at will:【錯誤】
  • 字義:隨心所欲地、任意地(as one pleases; whenever or however one wishes)。
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第 12 題2 分

Only after these issues are addressed ____ this option.

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這一題的完整詳解

題幹翻譯與解析

題幹原文:
Only after these issues are addressed ______ this option.

中文翻譯:
唯有在這些問題被處理之後,我才會考慮這個選項。

關鍵單字與片語:

  • address(動詞):處理、因應、解決(deal with / tackle)。句中以被動語態 are addressed 呈現。
  • issue(名詞):議題、問題。
  • option(名詞):選項、選擇。
  • Only after...(連接詞片語):唯有在……之後。

核心觀念:否定與限制副詞片語/子句置於句首之「倒裝句(Inversion)」

在英文文法中,當含有 Only + 副詞/介系詞片語/副詞子句 置於句首修飾主要子句時,主要子句必須形成倒裝(部分倒裝,Partial Inversion)。

  1. 倒裝句公式:
    Only +副詞子句/片語+[助動詞 / be 動詞 / have]+主詞+原形動詞/分詞…\text{Only } + \text{副詞子句/片語} + [\text{助動詞 / be 動詞 / have}] + \text{主詞} + \text{原形動詞/分詞}\dots
  2. 時態呼應:
  • 題幹中的副詞子句 after these issues are addressed 為現在式(條件與時間副詞子句以現在式代表未來可能發生的前提)。
  • 當前提於未來達成時,主要子句的動作才會發生,因此主要子句應使用未來式(will+V\text{will} + V)。
  • 套用倒裝公式:will(助動詞)置於主詞 I 之前,後接原形動詞 consider,形成 will I consider。

解題方法

  1. 掃描句首結構:句首由 Only after 引導時間副詞子句(Only after these issues are addressed)。
  2. 辨識主從關係:逗號前為修飾語(從屬子句),空格處為主要子句。
  3. 確認倒裝規則:「Only + 時間副詞子句」移至句首,主要子句必須倒裝。
  4. 檢查時態與語態:條件子句用現在式表示未來前提,主要子句須用未來式 will + V;
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第 13 題2 分

____ we want to explore whether children’s exposure to the Internet increases their verbal behaviors, we should conduct an empirical study.

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這一題的完整詳解

題幹翻譯與語意定位

原文:Suppose we want to explore whether children’s exposure to the Internet increases their verbal behaviors, we should conduct an empirical study.
中譯:假使/如果我們想探討兒童接觸網路是否會增加他們的言語表達行為,我們應該進行一項實證研究。


核心觀念

  1. 條件連接詞的轉化用法(Supposing / Suppose as Conjunctions):
  • 在現代英文文法中,動詞 suppose 的原形動詞形式 Suppose (that)... 與現在分詞形式 Supposing (that)... 皆可轉化為從屬連接詞(subordinating conjunction),等同於 If... 或 Assuming (that)...,用以引導表「假設、條件」的副詞子句。
  1. 句型結構剖析:
  • 題幹為典型「條件副詞子句 + 主要子句」結構:
    [Suppose (that) S1+V1… ]⏟條件副詞子句,[S2+V2… ]⏟主要子句.\underbrace{[\text{Suppose (that) } S_1 + V_1 \dots]}_{\text{條件副詞子句}},\quad \underbrace{[S_2 + V_2 \dots]}_{\text{主要子句}}.
  • 副詞子句連接詞後方的引導詞 that 在口語與一般書面語中常省略。

解題方法

  1. 檢查子句結構與動詞數量:
  • 逗點前包含完整子句的主詞與動詞:S1S_1(we)++ V1V_1(want)。
  • 逗點後為主要子句:S2S_2(we)++ V2V_2(should conduct)。
  • 一個句子出現兩組獨立的主詞動詞,兩者之間必須存在連接詞(Conjunction)以銜接兩子句。
  1. 比對具備連接詞功能的選項:
  • 句意為「如果/假使我們想要……,我們應該……」,語意上需要一個具備條件假設涵義的連接詞。
  • 在各選項中,Suppose (that) 是標準且道地的條件副詞連接詞用法,功能等同於 If,可無縫引導後方子句。

選項分析

  • (A) To suppose(錯誤):
  • 不定詞片語(To V)若置於句首,通常作為目的副詞(表「為了……」)或獨立不定詞(如 To be honest)。
  • 不定詞本身不是連接詞,後方不能直接接一個完整子句(we want to explore...)而不加任何受詞結構或連接詞,會造成嚴重的句法結構碎裂(sentence fragment)與連接錯誤。
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第 14 題2 分

This prominent scholar trained a great number of clinical psychologists, many of ____ established their own clinics or laboratories.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「非限定關係子句」與關係代名詞的格。

句中逗號後的 many of whom established... 是補充說明前面 clinical psychologists 的非限定關係子句。先行詞 clinical psychologists 指人,因此須使用指人的關係代名詞;又因為關係代名詞位於介系詞 of 之後,須使用受格 whom。

基本結構為:

many of whom + 動詞

其中:

  • many 是關係子句中的主詞核心,表示「其中許多人」。
  • whom 受介系詞 of 支配,形成 many of whom。
  • established 是動詞,表示「成立、設立」。

解題方法

先找出先行詞:

a great number of clinical psychologists

先行詞是 clinical psychologists,指人。

再觀察空格前後:

many of ____ established their own clinics or laboratories

空格前有介系詞 of,因此空格中的關係代名詞須採受格形式,且先行詞是人,故使用 whom:

many of whom established their own clinics or laboratories

整句結構可理解為:

Many of the clinical psychologists established their own clinics or laboratories.
其中許多臨床心理學家成立了自己的診所或實驗室。

將 the clinical psychologists 改寫成關係代名詞後,即為:

many of whom established their own clinics or laboratories


定位答案的關鍵句

題幹關鍵部分為:

many of whom established their own clinics or laboratories

翻譯為:

其中許多人成立了自己的診所或實驗室。

完整句意為:

這位傑出的學者訓練了大量的臨床心理學家,其中許多人後來成立了自己的診所或實驗室。


選項分析

(A) which

which 通常指事物,不能用來指前面的 clinical psychologists。本句先行詞是人,因此不合適。

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第 15 題2 分

With small, sharp strokes—working blindly, because of the blood and the poor light—I cut down through the overlying fat and tissue until I felt the blade ____ against the bony cartilage.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:感官動詞 ++ 受詞 ++ 原形動詞

本題考「感官動詞的受詞補語」:

feel ++ 受詞 ++ 原形動詞

當主詞透過感覺器官察覺「受詞完成或發生某個動作」時,動作用原形動詞表示。

例:

  • I saw him cross the street.
    我看見他穿越馬路。
  • She heard the door open.
    她聽見門打開。
  • He felt the ground shake.
    他感覺到地面震動。

題幹中的主要結構是:

I felt the blade scrape against the bony cartilage.

其中:

  • felt:感覺到
  • the blade:刀刃,感官動詞的受詞
  • scrape:刀刃擦過,作受詞補語
  • against:抵著、碰觸著
  • the bony cartilage:骨性軟骨

因此空格應填原形動詞 scrape。


題幹關鍵句與翻譯

With small, sharp strokes—working blindly, because of the blood and the poor light—I cut down through the overlying fat and tissue until I felt the blade scrape against the bony cartilage.

翻譯:

我以細小而俐落的動作,在血液與昏暗光線的影響下摸黑工作,向下切過覆蓋在上方的脂肪與組織,直到我感覺到刀刃擦過骨性軟骨。

句中的 until 引導時間副詞子句,表示「直到……為止」。
主要句型為:

I felt the blade scrape against the bony cartilage.\text{I felt the blade scrape against the bony cartilage.}

即:

感官動詞+受詞+原形動詞\text{感官動詞}+\text{受詞}+\text{原形動詞}

選項分析

(A) to scrape

錯誤。感官動詞 feel 後面接受詞時,通常使用:

feel+受詞+原形動詞\text{feel}+\text{受詞}+\text{原形動詞}

不能在此結構中使用不定詞:

felt the blade to scrape

正確形式應為:

felt the blade scrape

若要使用不定詞,需改成不同句型,例如:

I expected the blade to scrape against the cartilage.
我預期刀刃會擦過軟骨。

但 feel 不採用此處的 ++ 受詞 ++ to V 結構。


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第 16 題2 分

Which of the following is grammatically accurate?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 句子完整性:是否具備完整的主詞、動詞與主要子句。
  2. 動詞時態一致:條件句與主要子句的時態是否相互配合。
  3. 分詞形容詞:-ed 表示「感到……的」,-ing 表示「令人……的」。
  4. 代名詞與所有格:his 是否能在句中正確作為所有格代名詞使用。
  5. 介系詞片語與名詞子句:例如 contrary to what... 的結構。

解題方法

逐一檢查各選項的:

  • 主詞與動詞是否完整;
  • 子句之間的連接是否合理;
  • 時態是否一致;
  • 代名詞是否具備正確的語法功能;
  • 形容詞的語意是否符合主詞。

題目要求選出「文法正確」的句子,因此只要句中出現主要動詞缺漏、時態搭配錯誤、分詞形容詞誤用或代名詞結構不完整,即可排除。


選項分析

(A) 正確

Contrary to what many people believe, copyright and patents are two different things.

翻譯:

與許多人所相信的相反,著作權與專利是兩種不同的事物。

句型分析:

  • Contrary to ...:與……相反
  • what many people believe:許多人所相信的事情,what 引導名詞子句
  • copyright and patents:並列主詞,為複數
  • are two different things:複數主詞搭配 are

copyright 是「著作權」,保護原創表達,例如文章、音樂、影像;patent 是「專利」,保護符合專利要件的發明或技術。句子的主詞、動詞、連接結構與語意皆正確。

其中,定位答案的關鍵句是:

copyright and patents are two different things

主詞 copyright and patents 為複數,因此使用 are,構成正確的主詞動詞一致。


(B) 錯誤

The application of copyright to wording only, and is therefore automatic on publication.

此句缺少完整的主要動詞,句型結構不完整。

The application of copyright to wording only 是一個名詞片語,其中:

  • application:適用、應用
  • copyright:著作權
  • wording:措辭、文字表達
  • only:僅僅

但名詞片語後直接接 and is therefore automatic...,前面沒有適當的動詞,導致句子結構斷裂。

若要表達完整意思,可改為:

Copyright applies to wording only and is therefore automatic on publication.

意為:

著作權只適用於文字表達,因此在出版時便自動產生。

也可寫成:

The application of copyright to wording is automatic on publication.

原句的主要問題是 The application ... only 後缺少 is,使 and is 的連接失去正確結構。


(C) 錯誤

If I came up with a new way of teaching a language, and someone presented it as their own, there won’t be much I could do.

此句的條件句時態不一致。

If I came up with... 與 someone presented... 使用過去式,表示假設性或非事實情況。這類第二類條件句的主要子句應使用:

would + 原形動詞

因此應改為:

If I came up with a new way of teaching a language, and someone presented it as their own, there wouldn’t be much I could do.

翻譯:

如果我想出一種新的語言教學方法,而有人把它當成自己的成果發表,我也沒什麼辦法可做。

原句的 there won’t be 是未來式,與前面的過去式假設 came up with、presented 不相配。

若使用真實、開放性的未來條件,則應改成:

If I come up with a new way of teaching a language and someone presents it as their own, there won’t be much I can do.

相關片語:

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第 17 題2 分

Which of the following is grammatically accurate?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題主要考:

  1. 分詞構句與修飾語的邏輯主詞
  2. 關係副詞與關係子句的正確使用
  3. 句子結構是否完整
  4. 代名詞與先行詞的一致
  5. 固定搭配與介系詞用法
  6. 英文語意是否合乎上下文

判斷這類題目時,不能只看單一字詞是否「似乎可以使用」,還要檢查整句的主詞、修飾關係、代名詞指涉及語意邏輯。


解題方法

先逐項檢查三個層次:

  • 文法結構:句子是否有完整主詞與動詞?分詞是否修飾正確對象?
  • 搭配用法:介系詞、關係詞、動詞與名詞是否符合固定用法?
  • 語意邏輯:前後句意是否合理,代名詞是否能清楚指涉先行詞?

本題中,只有選項 E 在上述三方面都成立。

題目中定位答案的句子為:

In her poetry, the speaker—appropriating and reversing cultural stereotypes—transforms London’s landscape by virtue of her robust physical, verbal, and cultural presence.

翻譯:

在她的詩作中,詩中的說話者挪用並顛覆文化刻板印象,憑藉其強健而鮮明的身體、語言與文化存在,改變了倫敦的景觀。

其中主句主詞為 the speaker,主要動詞為 transforms;中間的 appropriating and reversing cultural stereotypes 是現在分詞片語,正確修飾主詞 the speaker,結構完整且語意合理。


選項分析

(A) Born and raised in British Guiana, Grace Nichols is working as a freelance journalist after receiving a diploma in communications from the University of Guyana in 1977.

翻譯:

Grace Nichols 出生並成長於英屬圭亞那;她在 1977 年取得圭亞那大學的傳播學文憑後,正從事自由記者工作。

Born and raised in British Guiana 是過去分詞片語,修飾主詞 Grace Nichols,這部分本身沒有問題。

主要問題在於 is working ... after receiving ... in 1977 的時間與語意搭配不自然。is working 是現在進行式,通常表示目前正在進行或暫時性的工作;但 after receiving a diploma ... in 1977 指向一個距今很久的過去事件,使整句呈現出不自然的時間關係。若要描述她取得學位後從事自由記者工作,宜使用過去式,例如:

Grace Nichols worked as a freelance journalist after receiving a diploma in communications in 1977.

若要表達她目前的職業,則可寫:

Grace Nichols is a freelance journalist.

因此,依本題命題標準,A 的時態與語意搭配不當。

關鍵字詞:

  • be born and raised:出生並成長
  • freelance journalist:自由記者
  • diploma:文憑
  • communications:傳播學、通訊

(B) In her poems, Nichols memorializes the uprooting of Africans and their languages where slavery brought those peoples to the West Indies, when a new tongue grew “from the root of the old one.”

翻譯:

在她的詩中,Nichols 追念非洲人及其語言被連根拔起的歷史;奴隸制度把那些人民帶到西印度群島時,一種新的語言便「從舊語言的根部」生長出來。

本句有兩個主要問題。

第一,where 是關係副詞,通常修飾表示「地點」的先行詞,例如:

the place where they lived

但本句中 where 緊接在 their languages 之後,無法自然地指向一個地點。若要表達「奴隸制度把那些人民帶到西印度群島」,應直接寫:

when slavery brought those peoples to the West Indies

或將地點另組成正確的關係子句。

第二,when a new tongue grew 的時間副詞子句指涉不清。新的語言並非單純在奴隸制度把人民帶到西印度群島的「同一時間」自然產生,而是經過語言接觸與融合後形成。此處使用 when 使語意關係不夠正確。

關鍵字詞:

  • memorialize:追念、紀念
  • uprooting:連根拔起;此處指被迫離開故土
  • slavery:奴隸制度
  • West Indies:西印度群島
  • tongue:語言
  • from the root of the old one:從舊語言的根部

(C) The new tongues melding English with African and European languages, Nichols celebrates it with a vibrant medium for literature.

翻譯:

這些將英語與非洲及歐洲語言融合的新語言,Nichols 以一種充滿活力的文學媒介來歌頌它。

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第 18 題2 分

Which of the following is grammatically accurate?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  • 主詞與動詞的數一致
  • 冠詞與名詞單複數搭配
  • 關係子句中的動詞形式
  • 平行結構
  • 介系詞與動名詞搭配
  • 及物動詞的用法

題目問的是「文法上正確」的句子,因此優先檢查主詞、動詞、名詞單複數,以及固定搭配。

解題方法

逐一找出各句的主要結構:

  1. 確認主詞是單數還是複數。
  2. 檢查動詞是否與主詞一致。
  3. 檢查冠詞、名詞的單複數搭配。
  4. 檢查介系詞後方的詞性。
  5. 檢查並列成分是否保持相同形式。

本題中,只有選項 B 的句型、動詞形式與並列結構皆正確。

選項分析

(A) 錯誤

The papers in this issue adopt a broad and diverse approaches to teach scientific thinking.

錯誤在於 a 與名詞單複數不一致。

  • a 只能修飾單數可數名詞。
  • approaches 是複數,不能與 a 並用。

應改為:

The papers in this issue adopt a broad and diverse approach to teaching scientific thinking.

或:

The papers in this issue adopt broad and diverse approaches to teaching scientific thinking.

另外,approach to 後面通常接名詞或動名詞,因此 to teaching 比 to teach 更自然。

關鍵字:

  • paper:論文
  • issue:期刊的一期;議題
  • adopt:採用
  • broad:廣泛的
  • diverse:多樣的
  • approach:方法;途徑
  • scientific thinking:科學思考

(B) 正確

Lilienfeld discussed 50 psychological and psychiatric terms that were inaccurate, commonly misused, or both.

此句文法正確。

句型結構如下:

  • Lilienfeld:主詞
  • discussed:過去式動詞
  • 50 psychological and psychiatric terms:受詞
  • that were inaccurate, commonly misused, or both:修飾 terms 的關係子句

關係代名詞 that 指的是複數名詞 terms,因此使用複數動詞 were,完全符合主詞動詞一致。

並列結構:

  • inaccurate:不準確的
  • commonly misused:常被誤用的
  • or both:上述兩種情況皆有

定位答案的原句:

Lilienfeld discussed 50 psychological and psychiatric terms that were inaccurate, commonly misused, or both.

翻譯:

Lilienfeld 討論了 50 個心理學與精神醫學術語,這些術語有些不準確、有些經常被誤用,有些則兩種情況兼具。

關鍵字與片語:

  • psychological:心理學的;心理的
  • psychiatric:精神醫學的
  • term:術語
  • inaccurate:不準確的
  • misuse:誤用
  • commonly misused:經常被誤用的
  • or both:兩者皆是

語意上,嚴格而言「不準確」也可能是指術語的定義或使用方式不準確,但題目考的是文法;就句法而言,本句沒有錯誤。

(C) 錯誤

They discussed why these terms were often used incorrectly, and was providing students and instructors alike with strategies to correct misconceptions of the terms.

主要錯誤是主詞與動詞不一致。

主詞是 They,為複數,因此不能使用單數動詞 was providing,應改為:

They discussed why these terms were often used incorrectly, and were providing students and instr

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第 19 題2 分

All of the following are grammatically accurate EXCEPT which one?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「句子結構與平行對稱(parallelism)」以及動詞搭配。判斷重點是:

  • 情態助動詞 can 後接原形動詞。
  • 同一結構中的並列動詞,詞性與形式應保持一致。
  • 比較句、關係子句、名詞子句及固定片語的使用。

解題方法

先找各選項的主要動詞與連接詞,確認:

  1. 助動詞後的動詞是否為原形。
  2. and 連接的成分是否形式一致。
  3. 句意與字詞搭配是否合理。

本題定位答案的關鍵句為:

By greening our cities with street trees, urban parks, and community and rooftop gardens, we can keep ourselves cooled, and fostering happiness and social connection.

翻譯為:

透過以行道樹、都市公園、社區花園及屋頂花園綠化城市,我們能使自己保持涼爽,並促進幸福感與社會連結。

句中 can 後面應並列兩個原形動詞:

  • can keep ... and foster ...

但原句寫成:

  • can keep ... and fostering ...

keep 是原形動詞,fostering 卻是現在分詞/動名詞,形式不一致,因此文法錯誤。

選項分析

(A) 正確

The current ecological crisis demands a radical redesign of how we live and organize our societies.

翻譯:

當前的生態危機要求我們徹底重新設計生活方式及組織社會的方式。

文法結構:

  • demand + 名詞:要求、需要某事。
  • how we live and organize our societies 是名詞子句,作為 redesign 的介系詞 of 之受詞。
  • live 與 organize 由 and 連接,皆為原形動詞,形成正確的平行結構。

關鍵字詞:

  • current:目前的、當前的
  • ecological crisis:生態危機
  • demand:要求、迫切需要
  • radical:徹底的、根本的
  • redesign:重新設計
  • organize a society:組織社會

(B) 正確

These changes are in urgent need and thus have to be implemented immediately.

翻譯:

這些變革迫切需要推行,因此必須立即實施。

文法結構:

  • be in need:有需要、需要某事。
  • urgent 修飾 need,表示「迫切的需要」。
  • thus:因此,連接前後因果。
  • have to + 原形動詞:必須……
  • 主詞 These changes 為複數,因此使用 have to 正確。
  • be implemented 是被動語態,表示「被實施」。

關鍵字詞:

  • change:改變、變革
  • in urgent need:迫切需要
  • thus:因此
  • have to:必須
  • implement:實施、執行
  • immediately:立即地

此句若追求更自然的英文,可改為 These changes are urgently needed 或 These changes are in urgent need of implementation。但原句的基本文法結構仍可成立,並非本題錯誤選項。

(C) 錯誤

By greening our cities with street trees, urban parks, and community and rooftop gardens, we can keep ourselves cooled, and fostering happiness and social connection.

錯誤位於:

keep ... and fostering ...

can 是情態助動詞,後方所連接的動詞必須使用原形。句中第一個動詞 keep 為原形,第二個動詞卻使用 fostering,造成平行結構錯誤。

正確改法:

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第 20 題2 分

All of the following are grammatically accurate EXCEPT which one?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 間接問句的語序:名詞片語後的 what 子句須採「主詞+動詞」語序。
  2. 主詞與動詞的一致:authenticity 是不可數、單數名詞,搭配 is,不能搭配 are。
  3. 抽象名詞與固定搭配:notions of what authenticity is 表示「對何謂真實性的觀念」。

解題方法

先找出各選項的主要句型,再檢查:

  • 主詞與動詞是否一致;
  • 子句語序是否正確;
  • 被動語態、連接詞、關係子句是否完整。

本題定位答案的原文是:

Some societies have quite different notions of what are authenticity.

翻譯為:

有些社會對何謂真實性有相當不同的觀念。

其中 what are authenticity 同時出現兩項錯誤:

  • 間接問句不應使用疑問句的倒裝語序;
  • authenticity 為單數不可數名詞,應搭配 is。

正確寫法為:

Some societies have quite different notions of what authenticity is.


選項分析

(A) The destruction of Saint Patrick Cathedral is lamentable.

句意:

聖派翠克大教堂的毀壞令人惋惜。

  • The destruction of ... 是名詞片語作主詞。
  • destruction 為不可數名詞,搭配單數動詞 is 正確。
  • lamentable 意為「令人惋惜的、令人遺憾的」,作主詞補語正確。

因此就文法結構而言,本句可接受。

補充:正式專有名稱常寫作 Saint Patrick's Cathedral,若嚴格討論教堂名稱,Saint Patrick Cathedral 有名稱寫法上的爭議;但本題官方答案將此視為可接受表達,考點不在專有名詞的所有格寫法。


(B) This historical building has been largely destroyed by fire; however, we should not despair.

句意:

這座歷史建築大部分已被火災摧毀;然而,我們不應感到絕望。

  • has been destroyed 是現在完成式被動語態,結構為:
has/have+been+過去分詞\text{has/have}+\text{been}+\text{過去分詞}
  • 主詞 This historical building 是單數,因此使用 has 正確。
  • by fire 表示「被火災」,搭配自然。
  • 分號後接 however,用來連接兩個具有轉折關係的獨立子句,標點與語法均正確。
  • despair 可作動詞,意為「絕望」,should not despair 意為「不應絕望」。

本句正確。


(C) We are immersed in a Western way of thinking that equates authenticity with preserving the original, natural materials used to create an object or building.

句意:

我們沉浸在一種西方思維中,這種思維把真實性等同於保存創造物品或建築時所使用的原始天然材料。

  • be immersed in 意為「沉浸於、深陷於」。
  • a Western way of thinking 是介系詞 in 的受詞。
  • that equates ... with ... 是修飾 a Western way of thinking 的關係子句。
  • equate A with B 意為「把 A 等同於 B」。
  • preserving ... materials 是動名詞片語,與 authenticity 形成正確的搭配。
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第 21 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Automakers typically display dozens of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles every year at the Washington Auto Show. But the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) at the car show would only 21 their deep unpopularity with American people. Despite EVs’ crucial role in reducing air pollution, they only take up just around 2% of car sales in the US last year. In stark contrast, gas-guzzling SUVs, sedans, and trucks make up more than 70% of the market. So why American consumers generally do not find EVs 22? A recent research shows that Americans’ lack of interest in EVs can be attributed to the 23 of reliable sources of information they trust about how EVs can improve the environment. Environmental psychologists 24 that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision.

Prospective consumers may not care too much about how EVs can minimize greenhouse gas 25, but they would definitely respond to possibilities about how EVs will save them big bucks in the future.

  1. Automakers typically display dozens of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles every year at the Washington Auto Show. But the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) at the car show would only ____ their deep unpopularity with American people.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「進階動詞字彙辨析」與「克漏字前後文邏輯對比(Contrast)」。解題關鍵在於掌握句首轉折連接詞 But 所引導的語意反差,以及句中主詞與受詞之間的修辭關係(車展的大量展示與現實中不普及的對比)。


解題方法

  1. 定位關鍵句與語境線索:
  • 前一句敘述:「Automakers typically display dozens of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles every year at the Washington Auto Show.」(汽車製造商每年通常會在華盛頓車展上展示數十款插電式油電混合車與電動車。)
  • 題幹句:「But the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) at the car show would only 21 their deep unpopularity with American people.」(但是在車展上隨處可見的電動車,只會更加____它們在美國人心中有多不受歡迎。)
  • 後續補充:「...they only take up just around 2% of car sales in the US last year. In stark contrast, gas-guzzling SUVs, sedans, and trucks make up more than 70% of the market.」(去年電動車僅佔全美汽車銷量約 2%,強烈對比之下,耗油的休旅車、轎車與卡車卻佔據了超過 70% 的市場。)
  1. 語意邏輯推導:
  • 轉折詞 But 提示「車展上的盛況(prevalence)」與「現實市場的冷淡(deep unpopularity)」構成強烈對比。
  • 副詞 only 帶出反諷或凸顯的效果:車展上電動車擺得越多、越普及,反而越「突顯、強調」出它們在真實世界中根本賣不好的事實。
  • 此處需要一個及物動詞,受詞為 their deep unpopularity,語意應為「凸顯、突顯、強調」,故選 (D) underscore。

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第 22 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Automakers typically display dozens of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles every year at the Washington Auto Show. But the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) at the car show would only 21 their deep unpopularity with American people. Despite EVs’ crucial role in reducing air pollution, they only take up just around 2% of car sales in the US last year. In stark contrast, gas-guzzling SUVs, sedans, and trucks make up more than 70% of the market. So why American consumers generally do not find EVs 22? A recent research shows that Americans’ lack of interest in EVs can be attributed to the 23 of reliable sources of information they trust about how EVs can improve the environment. Environmental psychologists 24 that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision.

Prospective consumers may not care too much about how EVs can minimize greenhouse gas 25, but they would definitely respond to possibilities about how EVs will save them big bucks in the future.

  1. So why do American consumers generally not find EVs ____?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「克漏字前後文語意對比與照應」以及「五大形容詞詞義辨析與受詞補語句型搭配」。
在句型結構上,本句使用「find+受詞 (O)+受詞補語 (OC)\text{find} + \text{受詞 (O)} + \text{受詞補語 (OC)}」結構,意為「覺得/認為某事物具備某種特質」。考生必須掌握前文「deep unpopularity(極不受歡迎)」與後文「lack of interest(缺乏興趣)」的文脈線索,推論出此處是在探討「為什麼美國消費者普遍不覺得電動車是『令人喜愛/討人喜歡的』」。


解題方法

  1. 文意定位與上下文對照:
  • 定位句:"So why American consumers generally do not find EVs 22?"
    (中譯:那麼,為什麼美國消費者普遍不覺得電動車是______的?)
  • 前文線索:前句提到電動車面臨 "deep unpopularity with American people"(在美國人之中極不受歡迎),且僅佔汽車銷售的 2%,對比耗油大車佔比超過 70%。
  • 後文線索:下句緊接著指出 "Americans’ lack of interest in EVs"(美國人對電動車缺乏興趣)。
  1. 語意邏輯推導:
  • 句子帶有否定詞 "not"(do not find EVs ______)。
  • 前有 "unpopularity",後有 "lack of interest",兩者均指向負面評價與缺乏吸引力。
  • 因為句中已有 "not",空格必須填入正面、代表「討喜的、受歡迎的、令人青睞的」形容詞,才能形成「not favorable = unpopular / unappealing」的邏輯同義對應。

選項分析

  • (A) responsible(負責任的;作為原因的)
  • 錯誤。常用於人(a responsible person)或搭配片語 be responsible for。形容電動車本身並不符合「消費者不覺得電動車具有責任感」的邏輯,且無法對應前文的「受歡迎度(unpopularity)」。
  • (B) favorable(令人喜愛的、討喜的、贊同的、有利的)
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第 23 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Automakers typically display dozens of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles every year at the Washington Auto Show. But the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) at the car show would only 21 their deep unpopularity with American people. Despite EVs’ crucial role in reducing air pollution, they only take up just around 2% of car sales in the US last year. In stark contrast, gas-guzzling SUVs, sedans, and trucks make up more than 70% of the market. So why American consumers generally do not find EVs 22? A recent research shows that Americans’ lack of interest in EVs can be attributed to the 23 of reliable sources of information they trust about how EVs can improve the environment. Environmental psychologists 24 that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision.

Prospective consumers may not care too much about how EVs can minimize greenhouse gas 25, but they would definitely respond to possibilities about how EVs will save them big bucks in the future.

  1. A recent research shows that Americans’ lack of interest in EVs can be attributed to the ____ of reliable sources of information they trust about how EVs can improve the environment.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為標準的「克漏字語境搭配與進階單字測驗」,重點在於理解因果結構動詞片語 be attributed to(歸因於……)與前後文語意的邏輯關聯,並準確辨析 GRE / 後中醫高頻字彙 paucity(匱乏、缺乏)之字義與搭配用法。


解題方法

  1. 定位關鍵句與結構分析:
  • 原文句子:

"A recent research shows that Americans’ lack of interest in EVs can be attributed to the 23 of reliable sources of information they trust about how EVs can improve the environment."

  • 中文翻譯:
    「一項近期的研究顯示,美國人對電動車缺乏興趣,可歸因於他們所信任、關於電動車如何改善環境的可靠資訊來源極度匱乏。」
  • 邏輯關係推導:
    句首提到結果是「缺乏興趣」(Americans’ lack of interest in EVs),透過 can be attributed to(歸因於)帶出原因。既然結果是負面的「缺乏興趣」,其原因必然是資訊的「不足/短缺」,而非豐富或過多。
  1. 後文線索驗證(雙重驗證):
  • 下一句提到:

"Environmental psychologists [speculate] that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision."
(環境心理學家指出,如果美國人在做決定時能獲得**充足的(sufficient)**可靠資訊,就會購買更多電動車。)

  • 條件句中的 sufficient(充足的)正好與第 23 題空格形成強烈的正反對比,坐實了目前問題正是出在資訊「不足、短缺」,空格處必須填入表「缺乏、匱乏」之意涵的詞彙,故 paucity 為唯一正解。

選項分析

  • (A) paucity (n.) 匱乏、缺乏、少量【正確】
    源自拉丁文 paucus(少),常用片語為 a/the paucity of sth,等同於 scarcity、dearth、shortage 或 lack。
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第 24 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Automakers typically display dozens of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles every year at the Washington Auto Show. But the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) at the car show would only 21 their deep unpopularity with American people. Despite EVs’ crucial role in reducing air pollution, they only take up just around 2% of car sales in the US last year. In stark contrast, gas-guzzling SUVs, sedans, and trucks make up more than 70% of the market. So why American consumers generally do not find EVs 22? A recent research shows that Americans’ lack of interest in EVs can be attributed to the 23 of reliable sources of information they trust about how EVs can improve the environment. Environmental psychologists 24 that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision.

Prospective consumers may not care too much about how EVs can minimize greenhouse gas 25, but they would definitely respond to possibilities about how EVs will save them big bucks in the future.

  1. Environmental psychologists ____ that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞語意與搭配」,尤其是:

  • maintain that + 子句:主張、堅稱、認為……
  • 判斷動詞是否符合上下文的語意。
  • 依據前後文判斷主詞對某項研究結論所採取的立場。

句中主詞為 Environmental psychologists(環境心理學家),後面接:

that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision.

此處需要一個能表示「提出看法、主張某項結論」的動詞。


定位答案的關鍵句

Environmental psychologists maintain that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision.

翻譯:

環境心理學家主張,如果美國人在做決定時能獲得充分且可信的資訊,了解電動車的好處,就會有更多美國人購買電動車。

maintain that 是固定且常見的正式用法,意思是「主張、堅稱、認為」。放入句中後,語意與文章內容完全吻合:研究指出,美國人缺乏可信的電動車資訊;環境心理學家則進一步主張,若提供足夠資訊,購買意願便會提高。


解題方法

先觀察空格後的結構:

主詞+____+that 子句\text{主詞} + \_\_\_\_ + \text{that 子句}

that 子句內容是一項完整的研究推論:

更多美國人會購買電動車,前提是他們在決策時得到足夠可信的資訊。

因此,空格應填入表示「主張某種看法或結論」的動詞。

四個干擾選項雖然都是動詞,但語意分別是模仿、保留、娛樂、限制,均無法合理帶出環境心理學家的研究主張。只有 maintain 能自然搭配 that 子句,表示「主張……」。


選項分析

(A) imitate

imitate 意為「模仿、仿效」。

例如:

Children often imitate their parents.
小孩常常模仿父母。

本句並非描述環境心理學家模仿某種說法,而是表達他們對電動車購買行為的研究判斷。因此:

Environmental psychologists imitate that ...

不符合語意,也不是自然的英文搭配。若要表達「模仿某人的說法」,通常會說 imitate someone,不會直接接此處的 that 子句。


(B) retain

retain 意為「保留、維持、留住」。

例如:

The company hopes to retain its employees.
公司希望留住員工。

本句需要的是「提出主張」,不是「保留某項事物」。因此:

Environmental psychologists retain that ...

無法表達「環境心理學家主張……」的意思,且 retain that 並非此語境中的自然搭配。


(C) maintain

maintain 有多種意思:

  1. 維持、保養

maintain a healthy lifestyle
維持健康的生活方式

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第 25 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Automakers typically display dozens of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles every year at the Washington Auto Show. But the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) at the car show would only 21 their deep unpopularity with American people. Despite EVs’ crucial role in reducing air pollution, they only take up just around 2% of car sales in the US last year. In stark contrast, gas-guzzling SUVs, sedans, and trucks make up more than 70% of the market. So why American consumers generally do not find EVs 22? A recent research shows that Americans’ lack of interest in EVs can be attributed to the 23 of reliable sources of information they trust about how EVs can improve the environment. Environmental psychologists 24 that more Americans would purchase more EVs if they receive sufficient credible information about their benefits at the point of decision.

Prospective consumers may not care too much about how EVs can minimize greenhouse gas 25, but they would definitely respond to possibilities about how EVs will save them big bucks in the future.

  1. Prospective consumers may not care too much about how EVs can minimize greenhouse gas ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「固定搭配(collocation)」與「語意判斷」。句型為:

how EVs can minimize greenhouse gas ____
電動車如何減少溫室氣體的__

英文中最自然且固定的搭配是 greenhouse gas emissions,意為「溫室氣體排放」。電動車有助於降低汽車使用化石燃料所造成的溫室氣體排放,因此選 emissions。

解題方法

先由上下文判斷文章主題:

  • EVs 的重要功能是減少空氣污染。
  • 文章討論消費者是否會因環境效益而購買電動車。
  • 空格前有 greenhouse gas,後方需要一個能表示「排放物」的名詞。
  • 能與 greenhouse gas 形成標準搭配,且符合「減少」語意的選項,只有 emissions。

定位答案的關鍵句為:

Prospective consumers may not care too much about how EVs can minimize greenhouse gas emissions, but they would definitely respond to possibilities about how EVs will save them big bucks in the future.

翻譯:

潛在消費者也許不太在意電動車如何減少溫室氣體排放,但他們一定會對電動車未來能為自己省下大筆金錢的可能性有所反應。

其中 minimize 是「使減至最低、盡量減少」,其受詞應是某種能被減少的事物;greenhouse gas emissions 正是「溫室氣體排放」。

選項分析

(A) equivalents:等量物;相當物

greenhouse gas equivalents 不是本句要表達的標準搭配。環境科學中確實有 carbon dioxide equivalents(CO₂ equivalents),指「二氧化碳當量」,用來換算不同溫室氣體的暖化效應;但本句談的是電動車減少溫室氣體的「排放」,不是減少「當量」。因此不選。

(B) instruments:儀器;工具;手段

greenhouse gas instruments 意為「溫室氣體儀器」或「溫室氣體工具」,語意不通。儀器是用來測量或偵測溫室氣體的設備,不是電動車所能直接減少的對象。因此不選。

(C) measurements:測量;測量值

greenhouse gas measurements 是「溫室氣體的測量值/測量結果」,可用於科學測量語境,但電動車的環境效益並不是減少測量本身,而是減少溫室氣體排放量。

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第 26 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Two decades of analyses have produced rich insights as to how the law should be applied to regulate the Internet’s peculiar characteristics. But, in the meantime, Internet-related technology has not 26. The same public and private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have 27 a significant shift toward developing robotics. An article to be published in the upcoming issue of California Law Review discusses how cyber-law and policy should respond to the new transformative robotic technology. Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will 28 distinct legal issues. For instance, robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm; robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance; and robots increasingly 29 the line between person and instrument. Nonetheless, robotics, being automatic in nature, may still prove “exceptional” in the sense of 30 systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy.

  1. But, in the meantime, Internet-related technology has not ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考克漏字中的「片語辨識」與「上下文語意判斷」。

關鍵句為:

But, in the meantime, Internet-related technology has not stood still.

翻譯為:

然而,在此期間,網際網路相關科技並沒有停滯不前。

stand still 是固定片語,意思是「靜止不動、停滯不前」。
句中使用現在完成式:

has not stood still

表示「截至目前一直沒有停滯」,強調網路科技持續發展、變動快速。

文章前句提到,過去二十年的分析已經深入探討如何以法律規範網際網路;接著以 But 轉折,指出科技本身並未停下腳步。下一句又說,從軍方到搜尋引擎等機構,已經轉向發展機器人技術,正好具體說明網路科技與相關科技領域仍持續演進。

解題方法

判斷克漏字時,先觀察前後文的邏輯關係:

  1. But 表示轉折,後文應說明科技發展出現新的變化。
  2. 下一句提到各機構已經轉向發展 robotics。
  3. 因此空格需要表達「沒有停止發展」的意思。
  4. 能直接表示「停滯不前」且符合句法的片語是 stand still。

完整句意為:

法律如何規範網際網路,經過二十年的分析已累積豐富見解。然而,與此同時,網際網路相關科技並未停滯不前。

選項分析

(A) kicked off

kick off 意思是「開始、開球、啟動」。

例如:

The program kicked off last month.
這項計畫上個月開始。

若填入:

Internet-related technology has not kicked off.

意思會變成「網路相關科技並未開始」,與文章描述科技持續發展及轉向機器人技術的語意不合。此片語也無法表達「沒有停滯」的對比,因此錯誤。

(B) stood still

stand still 意思是「保持靜止、停滯不前」。

填入後:

Internet-related technology has not stood still.

意思是:

網路相關科技並未停滯不前。

這與下文提到各機構「已經轉向發展機器人技術」完全銜接,表示科技發展持續推進,甚至產生新的技術方向。

因此本選項正確。

(C) played dead

play dead 意思是「裝死、假裝沒有反應」。

例如:

The dog played dead.
那隻狗裝死。

若填入:

Internet-related technology has not played dead.

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第 27 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Two decades of analyses have produced rich insights as to how the law should be applied to regulate the Internet’s peculiar characteristics. But, in the meantime, Internet-related technology has not 26. The same public and private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have 27 a significant shift toward developing robotics. An article to be published in the upcoming issue of California Law Review discusses how cyber-law and policy should respond to the new transformative robotic technology. Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will 28 distinct legal issues. For instance, robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm; robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance; and robots increasingly 29 the line between person and instrument. Nonetheless, robotics, being automatic in nature, may still prove “exceptional” in the sense of 30 systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy.

  1. The same public and private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have ____ a significant shift toward developing robotics.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 動詞與名詞搭配(collocation)
  2. 字義辨析
  3. 現在完成式的語意

句型為:

have + 過去分詞 + a significant shift toward developing robotics

其中,have initiated 是現在完成式,表示「已經開始、促成」某項明顯的轉變。

關鍵片語:

  • initiate a shift:開始、促成轉變
  • a significant shift:重大轉變
  • toward developing robotics:朝向發展機器人的方向
  • public and private institutions:公私立機構
  • armed forces:軍隊、武裝部隊
  • search engines:搜尋引擎
  • transformative:帶來重大轉型的
  • distinct legal issues:不同的法律問題

解題方法

定位答案的句子是:

The same public and private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have ____ a significant shift toward developing robotics.

翻譯:

那些發展出網際網路的公私立機構,從軍隊到搜尋引擎公司,已經開始朝發展機器人的方向發生重大轉變。

空格後面的受詞是 a significant shift,意思是「重大轉變」。能自然與 shift 搭配,表示「開始或促成轉變」的動詞是 initiated。

完整句為:

have initiated a significant shift toward developing robotics

意思是:

已經開始朝向發展機器人的重大轉變。

此外,have initiated 使用現在完成式,表示這些機構過去開始了這項轉變,而這項轉變對目前仍有影響,符合下文討論新興機器人科技及其法律問題的語境。

選項分析

(A) initiated:開始;發起;促成

initiate 可表示「開始某件事」或「發起某項行動」,常見搭配包括:

  • initiate a change
  • initiate a reform
  • initiate a process
  • initiate a shift

initiated a significant shift 語意與搭配皆正確,表示「促成重大轉變」。因此為正確答案。

(B) insinuated:暗示;迂迴地使進入

insinuate 通常用於:

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第 28 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Two decades of analyses have produced rich insights as to how the law should be applied to regulate the Internet’s peculiar characteristics. But, in the meantime, Internet-related technology has not 26. The same public and private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have 27 a significant shift toward developing robotics. An article to be published in the upcoming issue of California Law Review discusses how cyber-law and policy should respond to the new transformative robotic technology. Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will 28 distinct legal issues. For instance, robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm; robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance; and robots increasingly 29 the line between person and instrument. Nonetheless, robotics, being automatic in nature, may still prove “exceptional” in the sense of 30 systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy.

  1. Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will ____ distinct legal issues.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 動詞與名詞的語意搭配
  2. 法律議題常見用語
  3. 上下文邏輯判斷
  4. 助動詞 will 後接原形動詞

句型為:

Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will ____ distinct legal issues.

其中:

  • accordingly:因此、相應地
  • distinct:不同的、獨特的
  • legal issues:法律議題、法律問題

由於機器人技術具有不同於網際網路的本質特徵,因此會「引發、帶來」不同的法律問題。


解題方法

先觀察句意邏輯:

Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will ____ distinct legal issues.

前半句指出:機器人技術的本質與網際網路不同。

accordingly 表示「因此」,後半句應接一個能表達「產生法律問題」的動詞。英文中最自然的搭配是:

raise legal issues
引發法律議題、帶來法律問題

因此:

robotics will raise distinct legal issues

意思是:

機器人技術將引發不同的法律問題。

文法上,will 是助動詞,後面必須接動詞原形,因此選項形式皆可進一步比較語意;真正的關鍵在於動詞是否符合 legal issues 的搭配與文章脈絡。


定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹定位句:

Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will raise distinct legal issues.

翻譯:

機器人技術具有不同於網際網路的本質特徵,因此將引發不同的法律問題。

後文也提供具體說明:

For instance, robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm...

翻譯:

例如,機器人技術首次將資料的廣泛流通性與造成實體傷害的能力結合在一起……

這些新特徵會衍生新的法律規範與責任問題,正好呼應 raise distinct legal issues。


選項分析

(A) conflate

conflate:混淆、把不同事物混為一談。

例如:

The article conflates fact with opinion.
這篇文章把事實與意見混為一談。

若填入句中:

robotics will conflate distinct legal issues

意思會變成:

機器人技術會把不同的法律問題混為一談。

這與上下文不符。文章是在說機器人技術將產生新的、不同的法律議題,而不是混淆既有的法律問題,因此錯誤。


(B) install

install:安裝;使就任。

例如:

They installed new software on the computer.
他們在電腦上安裝新軟體。

若填入句中:

robotics will install distinct legal issues

意思近似:

機器人技術將安裝不同的法律問題。

install 通常搭配 software、equipment、system 等可安裝的事物,不能自然搭配 legal issues,語意不成立,因此錯誤。


(C) assemble

assemble:集合、組裝、組合。

例如:

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第 29 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Two decades of analyses have produced rich insights as to how the law should be applied to regulate the Internet’s peculiar characteristics. But, in the meantime, Internet-related technology has not 26. The same public and private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have 27 a significant shift toward developing robotics. An article to be published in the upcoming issue of California Law Review discusses how cyber-law and policy should respond to the new transformative robotic technology. Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will 28 distinct legal issues. For instance, robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm; robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance; and robots increasingly 29 the line between person and instrument. Nonetheless, robotics, being automatic in nature, may still prove “exceptional” in the sense of 30 systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy.

  1. Robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance; and robots increasingly ____ the line between person and instrument.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「語意判斷」與固定搭配。關鍵片語為:

  • blur the line between A and B:模糊 A 與 B 之間的界線
  • increasingly:日益地、越來越
  • person:人、具有人格的個體
  • instrument:工具、器具

句型為:

robots increasingly blur the line between person and instrument.

主詞為 robots,副詞 increasingly 修飾後面的動詞,因此空格需填入一個能表達「使界線變得不清楚」的動詞。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

Robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm; robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance; and robots increasingly blur the line between person and instrument.

翻譯:

機器人技術首次將資料的廣泛流通性與造成實體傷害的能力結合起來;機器人系統以無法事先預測的方式完成任務;而且機器人日益模糊了「人」與「工具」之間的界線。

文章強調機器人不再只是單純的工具,因為它們能自主完成難以預測的任務,甚至可能造成實體傷害。因此,機器人的角色介於「人」與「工具」之間,兩者的界線變得不清楚,最符合語意的動詞就是 blur。

選項分析

(A) exchange

意為「交換、互換」。常見搭配如:

  • exchange ideas:交換想法
  • exchange information:交換資訊
  • exchange A for B:以 A 交換 B

「交換界線」不符合語意,也沒有 exchange the line between A and B 這種自然搭配。機器人並不是把「人」與「工具」的界線互相交換,因此錯誤。

(B) intervene

意為「介入、干預」。常見搭配如:

  • intervene in a dispute:介入爭端
  • intervene to prevent an accident:介入以防止意外

intervene the line 並非正確搭配;即使改為 intervene in the line,也無法表達「使界線模糊」的意思,因此錯誤。

(C) blur

意為「使模糊;使不清楚」。固定搭配為:

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第 30 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Two decades of analyses have produced rich insights as to how the law should be applied to regulate the Internet’s peculiar characteristics. But, in the meantime, Internet-related technology has not 26. The same public and private institutions that developed the Internet, from the armed forces to search engines, have 27 a significant shift toward developing robotics. An article to be published in the upcoming issue of California Law Review discusses how cyber-law and policy should respond to the new transformative robotic technology. Robotics has essential qualities different from those of the Internet, and accordingly will 28 distinct legal issues. For instance, robotics combines, for the first time, the promiscuity of data with the capacity to do physical harm; robotic systems accomplish tasks in ways that cannot be anticipated in advance; and robots increasingly 29 the line between person and instrument. Nonetheless, robotics, being automatic in nature, may still prove “exceptional” in the sense of 30 systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy.

  1. Nonetheless, robotics, being automatic in nature, may still prove “exceptional” in the sense of ____ systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 克漏字中的語意判斷。
  2. 片語 in the sense of + V-ing,意為「就……而言/在……意義下」。
  3. 動詞與受詞的合理搭配。

句中:

robotics, being automatic in nature, may still prove “exceptional” in the sense of ____ systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy.

空格後面的受詞是 systematic changes(系統性的改變),最自然的動詞應表達「造成、引起改變」之意,因此選 causing。

關鍵單字與片語

  • robotics:機器人技術;機器人學
  • automatic in nature:本質上具有自動化特性
  • prove + 形容詞:結果證明是……;呈現出……
  • exceptional:特殊的;例外的
  • in the sense of:就……而言;在……意義下
  • systematic:系統性的;有整體規模的
  • law:法律
  • institutions:制度;機構
  • the legal academy:法學界;法律學術界
  • cause changes to:造成對……的改變

解題方法

先觀察句型:

in the sense of + ______ + systematic changes

介系詞 of 後面若接動詞,須使用動名詞,因此四個動詞型選項中,形式上都可填入:

  • preventing
  • stopping
  • masking
  • causing
  • indicating

接著依照語意判斷。句子主詞是 robotics,其後說明機器人技術可能對法律、制度與法學界產生整體性的影響。此處應表達「造成系統性的改變」:

causing systematic changes to law, institutions, and the legal academy

完整句意為:

儘管機器人技術本質上具有自動化特性,它仍可能在「造成法律、制度與法學界的系統性改變」這個意義下,呈現出特殊性。

文章定位答案的關鍵句即為:

robotics, being automatic in nature, may still prove “exceptional” in the sense of causing systematic changes to law, institutions, and the l

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第 31 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.
(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
(C) Nonetheless, the restoration project may require a tediously long and delicate operation.
(D) Small objects such as round windows may simply require the restoring team to replace the original fragments and to recompose them.
(E) Most of the heavy artifacts that could not be moved, such as the altar, were also destroyed.

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames. 31 The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century. So, what has been lost in this recent fire accident? The fire destroyed the roof, the spire (the pyramidal structure on the top of the church tower), permanent paintings and sculptures, and many other historical artifacts. Not surprisingly, all the timber elements are gone due to the heat of the blaze. 32 What have been saved? Most of the stone fabric is not impaired thanks to the effort of the fire brigades. Additionally, most of the religious objects and artifacts that could be moved are not affected. For instance, the bells—an important symbol and artifact of the cathedral—managed to escape from the worst destruction. How will experts repair Notre Dame Cathedral? 33 Reconstruction of major or large objects—such as the big rose windows—will demand a structural rebuilding work which can take years. 34 French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral. 35

校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案B校方公布

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「段落克漏字」,主要考:

  • 段落主旨與文章結構
  • 前後文語意銜接
  • 代名詞與指涉關係
  • 連接詞的邏輯功能
  • 時態與句型搭配
  • 文章由「火災背景」→「損失」→「保存情況」→「修復方式」的發展順序

第 31 空位於文章開頭,前文提到巴黎聖母院遭遇大火,後文接著說明該教堂歷史上曾多次受損。因此,此處需要一個能承接「這場火災並非首次重大災害」的句子。


解題方法

先觀察第 31 空前後句:

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames.
全世界與法國人民一同為巴黎珍愛的巴黎聖母院陷入火海而悲傷。

第 31 空後接:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.
這座大教堂在法國大革命後曾遭受數次災難性的損害,之後又在 19 世紀中葉進行過一次重大且具爭議性的修復。

後一句開始回顧巴黎聖母院過去的損害與修復歷史,因此第 31 空應放入一個具有「這不是第一次」及「未來還會有修復工程」概念的句子。選項 B 正好符合:

This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。

其中:

  • This is not the first time ... has suffered ...:這不是某地/某物第一次遭受某事。
  • has suffered 使用現在完成式,表示從過去到現在累積的經驗。
  • neither A nor B:既不是 A,也不是 B。
  • the reconstruction project to come:即將到來的重建工程。

B 的第二句自然引出後文對歷史災害與修復的說明,形成完整的歷史背景段落。


文章結構定位

各選項依照全文語意應排列如下:

  • 31:B——說明此次火災並非巴黎聖母院第一次遭遇重大損害。
  • 32:E——補充哪些沉重、無法搬動的物品也被摧毀。
  • 33:C——承接「如何修復」並指出修復工程可能耗時且精細。
  • 34:D——具體說明小型物件的修復方式。
  • 35:A——以保存完整紀錄作為結尾,說明重建工作的有利條件。

因此第 31 題答案為 B。


選項分析

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.

意思是:「感謝上帝,巴黎聖母院是法國一座有完整文獻記錄的建築。」

此句適合放在全文最後,因為前文先談到修復大型物件、小型物件的難度,最後補充巴黎聖母院擁有大量照片與圖像紀錄,可協助重建。

第 35 空後文為:

French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral.
法國人累積了許多關於整座大教堂的優良圖解或攝影紀錄。

A 與這句的「well-documented」及「documentation」語意相互呼應,因此不適合放在第 31 空。

此外,文法上 Thanks God 不自然。固定用法應為:

  • Thank God:感謝上帝
  • Thanks to God:多虧上帝

所以 A 不適合第 31 空。


(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.

意思是:「這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。」

此句直接承接前文的火災事件,並引導後文的歷史回顧:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.

兩句都在談巴黎聖母院過去的災害與修復歷史,主題一致、邏輯連貫。

文法上:

  • This is not the first time + 主詞 + has/have + 過去分詞:表示「這不是某人或某物第一次……」。
  • neither the first nor the last:既不是第一次,也不是最後一次。
  • to come 修飾 the reconstruction project,表示「即將到來的重建工程」。
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第 32 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.
(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
(C) Nonetheless, the restoration project may require a tediously long and delicate operation.
(D) Small objects such as round windows may simply require the restoring team to replace the original fragments and to recompose them.
(E) Most of the heavy artifacts that could not be moved, such as the altar, were also destroyed.

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames. 31 The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century. So, what has been lost in this recent fire accident? The fire destroyed the roof, the spire (the pyramidal structure on the top of the church tower), permanent paintings and sculptures, and many other historical artifacts. Not surprisingly, all the timber elements are gone due to the heat of the blaze. 32 What have been saved? Most of the stone fabric is not impaired thanks to the effort of the fire brigades. Additionally, most of the religious objects and artifacts that could be moved are not affected. For instance, the bells—an important symbol and artifact of the cathedral—managed to escape from the worst destruction. How will experts repair Notre Dame Cathedral? 33 Reconstruction of major or large objects—such as the big rose windows—will demand a structural rebuilding work which can take years. 34 French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral. 35

校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案E校方公布

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「段落克漏字」,主要考:

  • 段落主旨與文章結構
  • 前後文語意銜接
  • 代名詞與指涉關係
  • 連接詞的邏輯功能
  • 時態與句型搭配
  • 文章由「火災背景」→「損失」→「保存情況」→「修復方式」的發展順序

第 31 空位於文章開頭,前文提到巴黎聖母院遭遇大火,後文接著說明該教堂歷史上曾多次受損。因此,此處需要一個能承接「這場火災並非首次重大災害」的句子。


解題方法

先觀察第 31 空前後句:

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames.
全世界與法國人民一同為巴黎珍愛的巴黎聖母院陷入火海而悲傷。

第 31 空後接:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.
這座大教堂在法國大革命後曾遭受數次災難性的損害,之後又在 19 世紀中葉進行過一次重大且具爭議性的修復。

後一句開始回顧巴黎聖母院過去的損害與修復歷史,因此第 31 空應放入一個具有「這不是第一次」及「未來還會有修復工程」概念的句子。選項 B 正好符合:

This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。

其中:

  • This is not the first time ... has suffered ...:這不是某地/某物第一次遭受某事。
  • has suffered 使用現在完成式,表示從過去到現在累積的經驗。
  • neither A nor B:既不是 A,也不是 B。
  • the reconstruction project to come:即將到來的重建工程。

B 的第二句自然引出後文對歷史災害與修復的說明,形成完整的歷史背景段落。


文章結構定位

各選項依照全文語意應排列如下:

  • 31:B——說明此次火災並非巴黎聖母院第一次遭遇重大損害。
  • 32:E——補充哪些沉重、無法搬動的物品也被摧毀。
  • 33:C——承接「如何修復」並指出修復工程可能耗時且精細。
  • 34:D——具體說明小型物件的修復方式。
  • 35:A——以保存完整紀錄作為結尾,說明重建工作的有利條件。

因此第 31 題答案為 B。


選項分析

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.

意思是:「感謝上帝,巴黎聖母院是法國一座有完整文獻記錄的建築。」

此句適合放在全文最後,因為前文先談到修復大型物件、小型物件的難度,最後補充巴黎聖母院擁有大量照片與圖像紀錄,可協助重建。

第 35 空後文為:

French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral.
法國人累積了許多關於整座大教堂的優良圖解或攝影紀錄。

A 與這句的「well-documented」及「documentation」語意相互呼應,因此不適合放在第 31 空。

此外,文法上 Thanks God 不自然。固定用法應為:

  • Thank God:感謝上帝
  • Thanks to God:多虧上帝

所以 A 不適合第 31 空。


(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.

意思是:「這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。」

此句直接承接前文的火災事件,並引導後文的歷史回顧:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.

兩句都在談巴黎聖母院過去的災害與修復歷史,主題一致、邏輯連貫。

文法上:

  • This is not the first time + 主詞 + has/have + 過去分詞:表示「這不是某人或某物第一次……」。
  • neither the first nor the last:既不是第一次,也不是最後一次。
  • to come 修飾 the reconstruction project,表示「即將到來的重建工程」。
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後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

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第 33 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.
(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
(C) Nonetheless, the restoration project may require a tediously long and delicate operation.
(D) Small objects such as round windows may simply require the restoring team to replace the original fragments and to recompose them.
(E) Most of the heavy artifacts that could not be moved, such as the altar, were also destroyed.

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames. 31 The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century. So, what has been lost in this recent fire accident? The fire destroyed the roof, the spire (the pyramidal structure on the top of the church tower), permanent paintings and sculptures, and many other historical artifacts. Not surprisingly, all the timber elements are gone due to the heat of the blaze. 32 What have been saved? Most of the stone fabric is not impaired thanks to the effort of the fire brigades. Additionally, most of the religious objects and artifacts that could be moved are not affected. For instance, the bells—an important symbol and artifact of the cathedral—managed to escape from the worst destruction. How will experts repair Notre Dame Cathedral? 33 Reconstruction of major or large objects—such as the big rose windows—will demand a structural rebuilding work which can take years. 34 French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral. 35

校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案D校方公布

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「段落克漏字」,主要考:

  • 段落主旨與文章結構
  • 前後文語意銜接
  • 代名詞與指涉關係
  • 連接詞的邏輯功能
  • 時態與句型搭配
  • 文章由「火災背景」→「損失」→「保存情況」→「修復方式」的發展順序

第 31 空位於文章開頭,前文提到巴黎聖母院遭遇大火,後文接著說明該教堂歷史上曾多次受損。因此,此處需要一個能承接「這場火災並非首次重大災害」的句子。


解題方法

先觀察第 31 空前後句:

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames.
全世界與法國人民一同為巴黎珍愛的巴黎聖母院陷入火海而悲傷。

第 31 空後接:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.
這座大教堂在法國大革命後曾遭受數次災難性的損害,之後又在 19 世紀中葉進行過一次重大且具爭議性的修復。

後一句開始回顧巴黎聖母院過去的損害與修復歷史,因此第 31 空應放入一個具有「這不是第一次」及「未來還會有修復工程」概念的句子。選項 B 正好符合:

This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。

其中:

  • This is not the first time ... has suffered ...:這不是某地/某物第一次遭受某事。
  • has suffered 使用現在完成式,表示從過去到現在累積的經驗。
  • neither A nor B:既不是 A,也不是 B。
  • the reconstruction project to come:即將到來的重建工程。

B 的第二句自然引出後文對歷史災害與修復的說明,形成完整的歷史背景段落。


文章結構定位

各選項依照全文語意應排列如下:

  • 31:B——說明此次火災並非巴黎聖母院第一次遭遇重大損害。
  • 32:E——補充哪些沉重、無法搬動的物品也被摧毀。
  • 33:C——承接「如何修復」並指出修復工程可能耗時且精細。
  • 34:D——具體說明小型物件的修復方式。
  • 35:A——以保存完整紀錄作為結尾,說明重建工作的有利條件。

因此第 31 題答案為 B。


選項分析

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.

意思是:「感謝上帝,巴黎聖母院是法國一座有完整文獻記錄的建築。」

此句適合放在全文最後,因為前文先談到修復大型物件、小型物件的難度,最後補充巴黎聖母院擁有大量照片與圖像紀錄,可協助重建。

第 35 空後文為:

French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral.
法國人累積了許多關於整座大教堂的優良圖解或攝影紀錄。

A 與這句的「well-documented」及「documentation」語意相互呼應,因此不適合放在第 31 空。

此外,文法上 Thanks God 不自然。固定用法應為:

  • Thank God:感謝上帝
  • Thanks to God:多虧上帝

所以 A 不適合第 31 空。


(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.

意思是:「這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。」

此句直接承接前文的火災事件,並引導後文的歷史回顧:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.

兩句都在談巴黎聖母院過去的災害與修復歷史,主題一致、邏輯連貫。

文法上:

  • This is not the first time + 主詞 + has/have + 過去分詞:表示「這不是某人或某物第一次……」。
  • neither the first nor the last:既不是第一次,也不是最後一次。
  • to come 修飾 the reconstruction project,表示「即將到來的重建工程」。
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第 34 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.
(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
(C) Nonetheless, the restoration project may require a tediously long and delicate operation.
(D) Small objects such as round windows may simply require the restoring team to replace the original fragments and to recompose them.
(E) Most of the heavy artifacts that could not be moved, such as the altar, were also destroyed.

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames. 31 The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century. So, what has been lost in this recent fire accident? The fire destroyed the roof, the spire (the pyramidal structure on the top of the church tower), permanent paintings and sculptures, and many other historical artifacts. Not surprisingly, all the timber elements are gone due to the heat of the blaze. 32 What have been saved? Most of the stone fabric is not impaired thanks to the effort of the fire brigades. Additionally, most of the religious objects and artifacts that could be moved are not affected. For instance, the bells—an important symbol and artifact of the cathedral—managed to escape from the worst destruction. How will experts repair Notre Dame Cathedral? 33 Reconstruction of major or large objects—such as the big rose windows—will demand a structural rebuilding work which can take years. 34 French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral. 35

校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案A校方公布
校方釋疑公告原文(釋疑結果:維持原答案 維持原答案)

Biology 11th edition page 461 plants, mature cells can “dedifferentiate” and then give rise to all the specialized cell of the organism. Any cell with this potential is said to be totipotent.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「段落克漏字」,主要考:

  • 段落主旨與文章結構
  • 前後文語意銜接
  • 代名詞與指涉關係
  • 連接詞的邏輯功能
  • 時態與句型搭配
  • 文章由「火災背景」→「損失」→「保存情況」→「修復方式」的發展順序

第 31 空位於文章開頭,前文提到巴黎聖母院遭遇大火,後文接著說明該教堂歷史上曾多次受損。因此,此處需要一個能承接「這場火災並非首次重大災害」的句子。


解題方法

先觀察第 31 空前後句:

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames.
全世界與法國人民一同為巴黎珍愛的巴黎聖母院陷入火海而悲傷。

第 31 空後接:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.
這座大教堂在法國大革命後曾遭受數次災難性的損害,之後又在 19 世紀中葉進行過一次重大且具爭議性的修復。

後一句開始回顧巴黎聖母院過去的損害與修復歷史,因此第 31 空應放入一個具有「這不是第一次」及「未來還會有修復工程」概念的句子。選項 B 正好符合:

This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。

其中:

  • This is not the first time ... has suffered ...:這不是某地/某物第一次遭受某事。
  • has suffered 使用現在完成式,表示從過去到現在累積的經驗。
  • neither A nor B:既不是 A,也不是 B。
  • the reconstruction project to come:即將到來的重建工程。

B 的第二句自然引出後文對歷史災害與修復的說明,形成完整的歷史背景段落。


文章結構定位

各選項依照全文語意應排列如下:

  • 31:B——說明此次火災並非巴黎聖母院第一次遭遇重大損害。
  • 32:E——補充哪些沉重、無法搬動的物品也被摧毀。
  • 33:C——承接「如何修復」並指出修復工程可能耗時且精細。
  • 34:D——具體說明小型物件的修復方式。
  • 35:A——以保存完整紀錄作為結尾,說明重建工作的有利條件。

因此第 31 題答案為 B。


選項分析

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.

意思是:「感謝上帝,巴黎聖母院是法國一座有完整文獻記錄的建築。」

此句適合放在全文最後,因為前文先談到修復大型物件、小型物件的難度,最後補充巴黎聖母院擁有大量照片與圖像紀錄,可協助重建。

第 35 空後文為:

French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral.
法國人累積了許多關於整座大教堂的優良圖解或攝影紀錄。

A 與這句的「well-documented」及「documentation」語意相互呼應,因此不適合放在第 31 空。

此外,文法上 Thanks God 不自然。固定用法應為:

  • Thank God:感謝上帝
  • Thanks to God:多虧上帝

所以 A 不適合第 31 空。


(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.

意思是:「這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。」

此句直接承接前文的火災事件,並引導後文的歷史回顧:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.

兩句都在談巴黎聖母院過去的災害與修復歷史,主題一致、邏輯連貫。

文法上:

  • This is not the first time + 主詞 + has/have + 過去分詞:表示「這不是某人或某物第一次……」。
  • neither the first nor the last:既不是第一次,也不是最後一次。
  • to come 修飾 the reconstruction project,表示「即將到來的重建工程」。
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第 35 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.
(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
(C) Nonetheless, the restoration project may require a tediously long and delicate operation.
(D) Small objects such as round windows may simply require the restoring team to replace the original fragments and to recompose them.
(E) Most of the heavy artifacts that could not be moved, such as the altar, were also destroyed.

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames. 31 The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century. So, what has been lost in this recent fire accident? The fire destroyed the roof, the spire (the pyramidal structure on the top of the church tower), permanent paintings and sculptures, and many other historical artifacts. Not surprisingly, all the timber elements are gone due to the heat of the blaze. 32 What have been saved? Most of the stone fabric is not impaired thanks to the effort of the fire brigades. Additionally, most of the religious objects and artifacts that could be moved are not affected. For instance, the bells—an important symbol and artifact of the cathedral—managed to escape from the worst destruction. How will experts repair Notre Dame Cathedral? 33 Reconstruction of major or large objects—such as the big rose windows—will demand a structural rebuilding work which can take years. 34 French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral. 35

校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案C校方公布

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「段落克漏字」,主要考:

  • 段落主旨與文章結構
  • 前後文語意銜接
  • 代名詞與指涉關係
  • 連接詞的邏輯功能
  • 時態與句型搭配
  • 文章由「火災背景」→「損失」→「保存情況」→「修復方式」的發展順序

第 31 空位於文章開頭,前文提到巴黎聖母院遭遇大火,後文接著說明該教堂歷史上曾多次受損。因此,此處需要一個能承接「這場火災並非首次重大災害」的句子。


解題方法

先觀察第 31 空前後句:

The world shares the sorrow of the French people as Paris’ treasured Notre Dame Cathedral was in flames.
全世界與法國人民一同為巴黎珍愛的巴黎聖母院陷入火海而悲傷。

第 31 空後接:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.
這座大教堂在法國大革命後曾遭受數次災難性的損害,之後又在 19 世紀中葉進行過一次重大且具爭議性的修復。

後一句開始回顧巴黎聖母院過去的損害與修復歷史,因此第 31 空應放入一個具有「這不是第一次」及「未來還會有修復工程」概念的句子。選項 B 正好符合:

This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.
這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。

其中:

  • This is not the first time ... has suffered ...:這不是某地/某物第一次遭受某事。
  • has suffered 使用現在完成式,表示從過去到現在累積的經驗。
  • neither A nor B:既不是 A,也不是 B。
  • the reconstruction project to come:即將到來的重建工程。

B 的第二句自然引出後文對歷史災害與修復的說明,形成完整的歷史背景段落。


文章結構定位

各選項依照全文語意應排列如下:

  • 31:B——說明此次火災並非巴黎聖母院第一次遭遇重大損害。
  • 32:E——補充哪些沉重、無法搬動的物品也被摧毀。
  • 33:C——承接「如何修復」並指出修復工程可能耗時且精細。
  • 34:D——具體說明小型物件的修復方式。
  • 35:A——以保存完整紀錄作為結尾,說明重建工作的有利條件。

因此第 31 題答案為 B。


選項分析

(A) Thanks God that Notre Dame is a well-documented building in France.

意思是:「感謝上帝,巴黎聖母院是法國一座有完整文獻記錄的建築。」

此句適合放在全文最後,因為前文先談到修復大型物件、小型物件的難度,最後補充巴黎聖母院擁有大量照片與圖像紀錄,可協助重建。

第 35 空後文為:

French people have accumulated many good illustrative or photographic documentation of the whole cathedral.
法國人累積了許多關於整座大教堂的優良圖解或攝影紀錄。

A 與這句的「well-documented」及「documentation」語意相互呼應,因此不適合放在第 31 空。

此外,文法上 Thanks God 不自然。固定用法應為:

  • Thank God:感謝上帝
  • Thanks to God:多虧上帝

所以 A 不適合第 31 空。


(B) This is not the first time Notre Dame has suffered from major fire damage; and the reconstruction project to come is neither the first nor the last for the cathedral.

意思是:「這並不是巴黎聖母院第一次遭受重大火災損害;而且即將到來的重建工程,對這座大教堂而言也不會是第一次,更不會是最後一次。」

此句直接承接前文的火災事件,並引導後文的歷史回顧:

The cathedral experienced several catastrophic damages after the French Revolution, and then a major controversial restoration in the mid-19th century.

兩句都在談巴黎聖母院過去的災害與修復歷史,主題一致、邏輯連貫。

文法上:

  • This is not the first time + 主詞 + has/have + 過去分詞:表示「這不是某人或某物第一次……」。
  • neither the first nor the last:既不是第一次,也不是最後一次。
  • to come 修飾 the reconstruction project,表示「即將到來的重建工程」。
🔒

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第 36 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
(B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
(C) Both inputs continue to influence human’s perception of pitch after birth.
(D) The melody of the pitch and words both help convey the message to them.
(E) However, the above prevailing view was challenged by some researchers by the late 1990s.

In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music. 36 For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected “partners in the brain” and are complementary in our cognitive maturation process. Her claim is motivated by the following scientific observations.

Stefan Koelsch and his colleagues presented people with sequences of chords and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology to monitor their brains. 37 Notably, active neuron activity was detected in the core brain area traditionally associated with language processing. This finding entails that the brain areas governing music and language overlap. This neurological overlap can be attributed to an etymological common ground between the two—they are governed by systematic rules, in which constituent elements (e.g., music note vs. word) are hierarchically organized into sequences (e.g., melody vs. sentence).

Researchers from Northwestern University found that an awareness of music can make people more attuned to the melody of speech. In a 2007 investigation, these researchers exposed English speakers to Mandarin speech sounds and employed electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical responses in their auditory brain stem. 38 The researchers observed that those who had received some musical training consistently exhibited a much stronger electrical response to the speech in the auditory brain stem than those who had no music training.

Focusing on prenatal babies, some German neuroscientists found out that both language and musical prosodies can penetrate the womb. 39 Babies smile when hearing high-pitch discourse that indicates approval and praise, and become depressed when hearing low-pitched prohibitions. 40 Not only can exposure to music enhance our language skills, but the speech we hear also influences our perception of music.

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官方參考答案E校方公布

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為「篇章結構題(選句填空)」,主要測驗考生對段落篇章發展邏輯(Paragraph Organization)、**語意轉折與承接(Cohesive Devices & Discourse Markers)以及代名詞與指稱詞回指(Anaphoric Reference)**的掌握能力。考生必須能識別文章由「傳統主流觀點」轉向「近代反駁與新觀點」的經典議論文論證架構。


解題方法

  1. 分析空格前後語意邏輯:
  • 空格前句:

“In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music.”
(過去,學者習慣以二分法視角來看待人類大腦:左半球負責語言相關資訊的分析與處理,右半球則掌管如音樂這類的非語言資訊。)
→ 本句以 In the past 與 used to 點出過去的「傳統認知(左腦語言、右腦音樂)」。

  • 空格後句:

“For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected ‘partners in the brain’...”
(舉例而言,著名女性神經心理學家黛安娜·德意志指出,我們對節奏與旋律的敏感度有助於學習說話;語言與音樂在大腦中是互聯的「夥伴」……)
→ 後句以 For instance 引出實例,強調語言與音樂是互聯、密不可分(interconnected)的。

  1. 尋找承先啟後的轉折點:
  • 空格前是「舊觀點(兩者分開)」,空格後是「新觀點的具體例證(兩者互聯)」。空格處必然需要一個「由舊翻轉為新」的承接句。
  • 選項 (E) 中的 However 形成完美轉折,且 the above prevailing view(上述的盛行觀點)精準回指空格前句所提的「二分法傳統觀點(dichotic view)」,並提出該觀點在 1990 年代末期受到挑戰,順暢帶出後文 Diana Deutsch 的研究反例。

選項分析

  • (A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
    (這些受試者完全不理解他們聽到的該語言之新奇聲音。)
    錯誤。 選項中的指稱詞 These participants(這些受試者)與 that language(該語言)在第 36 題的前文中完全未曾出現。此句是配合第三段西北大學實驗(第 38 題周邊)的語境,與第一段討論大腦整體分工架構無關。

  • (B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
    (他們發現暴露於音符刺激會引發大腦兩側的活動。)
    **錯誤。

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第 37 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
(B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
(C) Both inputs continue to influence human’s perception of pitch after birth.
(D) The melody of the pitch and words both help convey the message to them.
(E) However, the above prevailing view was challenged by some researchers by the late 1990s.

In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music. 36 For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected “partners in the brain” and are complementary in our cognitive maturation process. Her claim is motivated by the following scientific observations.

Stefan Koelsch and his colleagues presented people with sequences of chords and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology to monitor their brains. 37 Notably, active neuron activity was detected in the core brain area traditionally associated with language processing. This finding entails that the brain areas governing music and language overlap. This neurological overlap can be attributed to an etymological common ground between the two—they are governed by systematic rules, in which constituent elements (e.g., music note vs. word) are hierarchically organized into sequences (e.g., melody vs. sentence).

Researchers from Northwestern University found that an awareness of music can make people more attuned to the melody of speech. In a 2007 investigation, these researchers exposed English speakers to Mandarin speech sounds and employed electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical responses in their auditory brain stem. 38 The researchers observed that those who had received some musical training consistently exhibited a much stronger electrical response to the speech in the auditory brain stem than those who had no music training.

Focusing on prenatal babies, some German neuroscientists found out that both language and musical prosodies can penetrate the womb. 39 Babies smile when hearing high-pitch discourse that indicates approval and praise, and become depressed when hearing low-pitched prohibitions. 40 Not only can exposure to music enhance our language skills, but the speech we hear also influences our perception of music.

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官方參考答案B校方公布

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為「篇章結構題(選句填空)」,主要測驗考生對段落篇章發展邏輯(Paragraph Organization)、**語意轉折與承接(Cohesive Devices & Discourse Markers)以及代名詞與指稱詞回指(Anaphoric Reference)**的掌握能力。考生必須能識別文章由「傳統主流觀點」轉向「近代反駁與新觀點」的經典議論文論證架構。


解題方法

  1. 分析空格前後語意邏輯:
  • 空格前句:

“In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music.”
(過去,學者習慣以二分法視角來看待人類大腦:左半球負責語言相關資訊的分析與處理,右半球則掌管如音樂這類的非語言資訊。)
→ 本句以 In the past 與 used to 點出過去的「傳統認知(左腦語言、右腦音樂)」。

  • 空格後句:

“For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected ‘partners in the brain’...”
(舉例而言,著名女性神經心理學家黛安娜·德意志指出,我們對節奏與旋律的敏感度有助於學習說話;語言與音樂在大腦中是互聯的「夥伴」……)
→ 後句以 For instance 引出實例,強調語言與音樂是互聯、密不可分(interconnected)的。

  1. 尋找承先啟後的轉折點:
  • 空格前是「舊觀點(兩者分開)」,空格後是「新觀點的具體例證(兩者互聯)」。空格處必然需要一個「由舊翻轉為新」的承接句。
  • 選項 (E) 中的 However 形成完美轉折,且 the above prevailing view(上述的盛行觀點)精準回指空格前句所提的「二分法傳統觀點(dichotic view)」,並提出該觀點在 1990 年代末期受到挑戰,順暢帶出後文 Diana Deutsch 的研究反例。

選項分析

  • (A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
    (這些受試者完全不理解他們聽到的該語言之新奇聲音。)
    錯誤。 選項中的指稱詞 These participants(這些受試者)與 that language(該語言)在第 36 題的前文中完全未曾出現。此句是配合第三段西北大學實驗(第 38 題周邊)的語境,與第一段討論大腦整體分工架構無關。

  • (B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
    (他們發現暴露於音符刺激會引發大腦兩側的活動。)
    **錯誤。

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第 38 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
(B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
(C) Both inputs continue to influence human’s perception of pitch after birth.
(D) The melody of the pitch and words both help convey the message to them.
(E) However, the above prevailing view was challenged by some researchers by the late 1990s.

In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music. 36 For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected “partners in the brain” and are complementary in our cognitive maturation process. Her claim is motivated by the following scientific observations.

Stefan Koelsch and his colleagues presented people with sequences of chords and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology to monitor their brains. 37 Notably, active neuron activity was detected in the core brain area traditionally associated with language processing. This finding entails that the brain areas governing music and language overlap. This neurological overlap can be attributed to an etymological common ground between the two—they are governed by systematic rules, in which constituent elements (e.g., music note vs. word) are hierarchically organized into sequences (e.g., melody vs. sentence).

Researchers from Northwestern University found that an awareness of music can make people more attuned to the melody of speech. In a 2007 investigation, these researchers exposed English speakers to Mandarin speech sounds and employed electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical responses in their auditory brain stem. 38 The researchers observed that those who had received some musical training consistently exhibited a much stronger electrical response to the speech in the auditory brain stem than those who had no music training.

Focusing on prenatal babies, some German neuroscientists found out that both language and musical prosodies can penetrate the womb. 39 Babies smile when hearing high-pitch discourse that indicates approval and praise, and become depressed when hearing low-pitched prohibitions. 40 Not only can exposure to music enhance our language skills, but the speech we hear also influences our perception of music.

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官方參考答案A校方公布

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為「篇章結構題(選句填空)」,主要測驗考生對段落篇章發展邏輯(Paragraph Organization)、**語意轉折與承接(Cohesive Devices & Discourse Markers)以及代名詞與指稱詞回指(Anaphoric Reference)**的掌握能力。考生必須能識別文章由「傳統主流觀點」轉向「近代反駁與新觀點」的經典議論文論證架構。


解題方法

  1. 分析空格前後語意邏輯:
  • 空格前句:

“In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music.”
(過去,學者習慣以二分法視角來看待人類大腦:左半球負責語言相關資訊的分析與處理,右半球則掌管如音樂這類的非語言資訊。)
→ 本句以 In the past 與 used to 點出過去的「傳統認知(左腦語言、右腦音樂)」。

  • 空格後句:

“For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected ‘partners in the brain’...”
(舉例而言,著名女性神經心理學家黛安娜·德意志指出,我們對節奏與旋律的敏感度有助於學習說話;語言與音樂在大腦中是互聯的「夥伴」……)
→ 後句以 For instance 引出實例,強調語言與音樂是互聯、密不可分(interconnected)的。

  1. 尋找承先啟後的轉折點:
  • 空格前是「舊觀點(兩者分開)」,空格後是「新觀點的具體例證(兩者互聯)」。空格處必然需要一個「由舊翻轉為新」的承接句。
  • 選項 (E) 中的 However 形成完美轉折,且 the above prevailing view(上述的盛行觀點)精準回指空格前句所提的「二分法傳統觀點(dichotic view)」,並提出該觀點在 1990 年代末期受到挑戰,順暢帶出後文 Diana Deutsch 的研究反例。

選項分析

  • (A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
    (這些受試者完全不理解他們聽到的該語言之新奇聲音。)
    錯誤。 選項中的指稱詞 These participants(這些受試者)與 that language(該語言)在第 36 題的前文中完全未曾出現。此句是配合第三段西北大學實驗(第 38 題周邊)的語境,與第一段討論大腦整體分工架構無關。

  • (B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
    (他們發現暴露於音符刺激會引發大腦兩側的活動。)
    **錯誤。

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後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

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第 39 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
(B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
(C) Both inputs continue to influence human’s perception of pitch after birth.
(D) The melody of the pitch and words both help convey the message to them.
(E) However, the above prevailing view was challenged by some researchers by the late 1990s.

In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music. 36 For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected “partners in the brain” and are complementary in our cognitive maturation process. Her claim is motivated by the following scientific observations.

Stefan Koelsch and his colleagues presented people with sequences of chords and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology to monitor their brains. 37 Notably, active neuron activity was detected in the core brain area traditionally associated with language processing. This finding entails that the brain areas governing music and language overlap. This neurological overlap can be attributed to an etymological common ground between the two—they are governed by systematic rules, in which constituent elements (e.g., music note vs. word) are hierarchically organized into sequences (e.g., melody vs. sentence).

Researchers from Northwestern University found that an awareness of music can make people more attuned to the melody of speech. In a 2007 investigation, these researchers exposed English speakers to Mandarin speech sounds and employed electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical responses in their auditory brain stem. 38 The researchers observed that those who had received some musical training consistently exhibited a much stronger electrical response to the speech in the auditory brain stem than those who had no music training.

Focusing on prenatal babies, some German neuroscientists found out that both language and musical prosodies can penetrate the womb. 39 Babies smile when hearing high-pitch discourse that indicates approval and praise, and become depressed when hearing low-pitched prohibitions. 40 Not only can exposure to music enhance our language skills, but the speech we hear also influences our perception of music.

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官方參考答案C校方公布

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為「篇章結構題(選句填空)」,主要測驗考生對段落篇章發展邏輯(Paragraph Organization)、**語意轉折與承接(Cohesive Devices & Discourse Markers)以及代名詞與指稱詞回指(Anaphoric Reference)**的掌握能力。考生必須能識別文章由「傳統主流觀點」轉向「近代反駁與新觀點」的經典議論文論證架構。


解題方法

  1. 分析空格前後語意邏輯:
  • 空格前句:

“In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music.”
(過去,學者習慣以二分法視角來看待人類大腦:左半球負責語言相關資訊的分析與處理,右半球則掌管如音樂這類的非語言資訊。)
→ 本句以 In the past 與 used to 點出過去的「傳統認知(左腦語言、右腦音樂)」。

  • 空格後句:

“For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected ‘partners in the brain’...”
(舉例而言,著名女性神經心理學家黛安娜·德意志指出,我們對節奏與旋律的敏感度有助於學習說話;語言與音樂在大腦中是互聯的「夥伴」……)
→ 後句以 For instance 引出實例,強調語言與音樂是互聯、密不可分(interconnected)的。

  1. 尋找承先啟後的轉折點:
  • 空格前是「舊觀點(兩者分開)」,空格後是「新觀點的具體例證(兩者互聯)」。空格處必然需要一個「由舊翻轉為新」的承接句。
  • 選項 (E) 中的 However 形成完美轉折,且 the above prevailing view(上述的盛行觀點)精準回指空格前句所提的「二分法傳統觀點(dichotic view)」,並提出該觀點在 1990 年代末期受到挑戰,順暢帶出後文 Diana Deutsch 的研究反例。

選項分析

  • (A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
    (這些受試者完全不理解他們聽到的該語言之新奇聲音。)
    錯誤。 選項中的指稱詞 These participants(這些受試者)與 that language(該語言)在第 36 題的前文中完全未曾出現。此句是配合第三段西北大學實驗(第 38 題周邊)的語境,與第一段討論大腦整體分工架構無關。

  • (B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
    (他們發現暴露於音符刺激會引發大腦兩側的活動。)
    **錯誤。

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後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

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第 40 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Choose the best answer from the box below for each blank.

(A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
(B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
(C) Both inputs continue to influence human’s perception of pitch after birth.
(D) The melody of the pitch and words both help convey the message to them.
(E) However, the above prevailing view was challenged by some researchers by the late 1990s.

In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music. 36 For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected “partners in the brain” and are complementary in our cognitive maturation process. Her claim is motivated by the following scientific observations.

Stefan Koelsch and his colleagues presented people with sequences of chords and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology to monitor their brains. 37 Notably, active neuron activity was detected in the core brain area traditionally associated with language processing. This finding entails that the brain areas governing music and language overlap. This neurological overlap can be attributed to an etymological common ground between the two—they are governed by systematic rules, in which constituent elements (e.g., music note vs. word) are hierarchically organized into sequences (e.g., melody vs. sentence).

Researchers from Northwestern University found that an awareness of music can make people more attuned to the melody of speech. In a 2007 investigation, these researchers exposed English speakers to Mandarin speech sounds and employed electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical responses in their auditory brain stem. 38 The researchers observed that those who had received some musical training consistently exhibited a much stronger electrical response to the speech in the auditory brain stem than those who had no music training.

Focusing on prenatal babies, some German neuroscientists found out that both language and musical prosodies can penetrate the womb. 39 Babies smile when hearing high-pitch discourse that indicates approval and praise, and become depressed when hearing low-pitched prohibitions. 40 Not only can exposure to music enhance our language skills, but the speech we hear also influences our perception of music.

校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案D校方公布

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為「篇章結構題(選句填空)」,主要測驗考生對段落篇章發展邏輯(Paragraph Organization)、**語意轉折與承接(Cohesive Devices & Discourse Markers)以及代名詞與指稱詞回指(Anaphoric Reference)**的掌握能力。考生必須能識別文章由「傳統主流觀點」轉向「近代反駁與新觀點」的經典議論文論證架構。


解題方法

  1. 分析空格前後語意邏輯:
  • 空格前句:

“In the past, scholars used to conceptualize our brain in a dichotic view. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analysis and processing of language-related information, the right hemisphere takes care of non-linguistic information such as music.”
(過去,學者習慣以二分法視角來看待人類大腦:左半球負責語言相關資訊的分析與處理,右半球則掌管如音樂這類的非語言資訊。)
→ 本句以 In the past 與 used to 點出過去的「傳統認知(左腦語言、右腦音樂)」。

  • 空格後句:

“For instance, an eminent female neuropsychologist, Diana Deutsch, argues that our sensitivity to rhythm and melody helps us learn to talk; language and music are interconnected ‘partners in the brain’...”
(舉例而言,著名女性神經心理學家黛安娜·德意志指出,我們對節奏與旋律的敏感度有助於學習說話;語言與音樂在大腦中是互聯的「夥伴」……)
→ 後句以 For instance 引出實例,強調語言與音樂是互聯、密不可分(interconnected)的。

  1. 尋找承先啟後的轉折點:
  • 空格前是「舊觀點(兩者分開)」,空格後是「新觀點的具體例證(兩者互聯)」。空格處必然需要一個「由舊翻轉為新」的承接句。
  • 選項 (E) 中的 However 形成完美轉折,且 the above prevailing view(上述的盛行觀點)精準回指空格前句所提的「二分法傳統觀點(dichotic view)」,並提出該觀點在 1990 年代末期受到挑戰,順暢帶出後文 Diana Deutsch 的研究反例。

選項分析

  • (A) These participants all did not understand the novel sounds of that language they heard.
    (這些受試者完全不理解他們聽到的該語言之新奇聲音。)
    錯誤。 選項中的指稱詞 These participants(這些受試者)與 that language(該語言)在第 36 題的前文中完全未曾出現。此句是配合第三段西北大學實驗(第 38 題周邊)的語境,與第一段討論大腦整體分工架構無關。

  • (B) They found that exposure to music notes prompted activity on both sides of the brain.
    (他們發現暴露於音符刺激會引發大腦兩側的活動。)
    **錯誤。

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

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第 41 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The discovery of a recent research published in Nature shows that although electrophysiological monitoring could not detect any neural activity that reflects consciousness in mammalian brains, it did pick up cellular functions hours after death. In this study, researchers obtained dead pigs from a state-run slaughterhouse; they then connected 32 dead pigs to an artificial perfusion system called BrainEx. The brains of these pigs were removed from the skulls. As a result, these dead pigs would not have the ability to perceive the environment and experience sensations such as pain. But, incredibly, BrainEx—a computerized system utilized to control the blood flow, temperature, and perfusion—was capable of restoring circulation to major arteries and small blood vessels in pig brains. Notably, a drug used to enhance the blood flow in people’s brain also successfully dilated pig blood vessels. Electrodes inserted into pig brain tissues even detected activities between and among cells.

Findings of this research raise challenges to a long-standing assumption that brains will be irrevocably damaged soon after blood stops circulation. Importantly, the discovery of this research exacerbates the tug-of-war between the effort to salvage a person’s life and the endeavors to remove and implant the organs in another body. Typically, practitioners use various rules of thumb, such as “declare death after 30 minutes of unsuccessful resuscitative efforts”, as the reference point for death determination and for switching from life-saving effort to “organ-saving” effort (for transplantation purposes). But the aforementioned rules of thumb have not been clear-cut. In most countries, most organs for transplant have been extracted from people who have been pronounced brain dead; however, recently, more and more people who are declared dead after their heart and lungs have stopped working (circulatory death) are also eligible for organ donation. Apparently, the standards for death determination and organ transplantation are still not unequivocally accepted by clinicians.

The debate on life and death will continue. Despite the lack of consensus, the transplant community, scientists, and medical professionals and other stakeholders generally agree that indisputable, unambiguous transplantation guidelines that can help protect the interests of individuals for whom recovery is a possibility and the interests of potential organ recipients are warranted. Such transplantation guidelines will help medical professionals to make indisputable decisions on the timing to switch from saving someone’s life to saving their organs for the benefit of another person. In any case, this decision on “life and death” should not come down to a moral decision.

In addition, medical professionals should also make joint effort to optimize the resuscitation technology. If such a technology gets improved, people who are pronounced brain dead may become candidates for brain resuscitation, rather than candidates for organ transplantation. In this regard, it would be harder for families to accept that further resuscitative intervention performed on their loved ones is futile. In our view, as the science of brain resuscitation progresses, the decisions to revive patients from unconsciousness or apparent death might increasingly become more reasonable; and the decisions to give up resuscitation in favor of transplanting organs might seem less so.

What’s the primary objective of this passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為閱讀測驗經典的「主旨目的題」(Main Idea / Primary Objective)。解題重點在於宏觀掌握文章的篇章結構(Discourse Structure)、段落核心主題句(Topic Sentences)以及作者論述的主軸(Thesis Statement)。切忌「以偏概全」(將單一段落的細節當作全文主旨)或「過度推論」(過度延伸文意或加入外部常識)。


解題方法

  1. 分析文章結構與各段主旨:
  • 第一段:介紹《Nature》發表的 BrainEx 實驗,發現豬隻死亡數小時後,腦部仍可恢復部分血液循環與細胞層級的功能。
  • 第二段(轉折與爭議核心):實驗結果挑戰了「心跳停止、無循環後大腦即不可逆死亡」的既有假設,加劇了「全力搶救生命」與「摘取器官供移植」之間的拉鋸戰(tug-of-war),指出醫界對死亡判定(腦死 vs. 心臟循環停止死亡)與器官捐贈的標準尚未有一致共識。
  • 第三段:探討醫界缺乏共識的現況,呼籲制定明確、無爭議的移植指引,以釐清何時該從「救人」轉為「救器官」。
  • 第四段:展望復甦技術進步對「死亡判定」與「器官移植意願」帶來的衝擊——若腦復甦技術進步,被判定腦死者可能轉為復甦對象而非捐贈者,使放棄急救轉向器官移植的決定更具道德與實務上的爭議。
  1. 定位答案依據(原文與翻譯):
  • 第二段第二句:「Importantly, the discovery of this research exacerbates the tug-of-war between the effort to salvage a person’s life and the endeavors to remove and implant the organs in another body... Apparently, the standards for death determination and organ transplantation are still not unequivocally accepted by clinicians.」
    (譯:重要的是,這項研究的發現加劇了「努力拯救一個人的生命」與「摘取器官並移植到他人體內」之間的拔河拉鋸……顯然地,死亡判定與器官移植的標準尚未被臨床醫師明確一致地接受。)
  • 第三段首句:「The debate on life and death will continue.」
    (譯:關於生與死的爭辯將會持續下去。)
  1. 綜合歸納:
    全文以 BrainEx 實驗為引子,主軸探討該實驗引發對於「死亡判定標準」(death determination)以及伴隨而來的「器官移植時機與倫理爭議」(organ transplantation controversies)。因此,主要目的即為討論這兩者之間的爭議。

選項分析

  • (A) It revisits the outdated regulations on the general medical ethics for clinicians.(錯誤)

  • 原因:文章並未重新檢討臨床醫師的「一般醫療倫理法規(general medical ethics regulations)」,而是聚焦於特定範疇——死亡判定與器官捐贈移植的指引(transplantation guidelines)。選項範圍過大且偏離文章核心。

  • **(B) It examines the dilemma between futile resuscitative efforts and patients’

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第 42 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The discovery of a recent research published in Nature shows that although electrophysiological monitoring could not detect any neural activity that reflects consciousness in mammalian brains, it did pick up cellular functions hours after death. In this study, researchers obtained dead pigs from a state-run slaughterhouse; they then connected 32 dead pigs to an artificial perfusion system called BrainEx. The brains of these pigs were removed from the skulls. As a result, these dead pigs would not have the ability to perceive the environment and experience sensations such as pain. But, incredibly, BrainEx—a computerized system utilized to control the blood flow, temperature, and perfusion—was capable of restoring circulation to major arteries and small blood vessels in pig brains. Notably, a drug used to enhance the blood flow in people’s brain also successfully dilated pig blood vessels. Electrodes inserted into pig brain tissues even detected activities between and among cells.

Findings of this research raise challenges to a long-standing assumption that brains will be irrevocably damaged soon after blood stops circulation. Importantly, the discovery of this research exacerbates the tug-of-war between the effort to salvage a person’s life and the endeavors to remove and implant the organs in another body. Typically, practitioners use various rules of thumb, such as “declare death after 30 minutes of unsuccessful resuscitative efforts”, as the reference point for death determination and for switching from life-saving effort to “organ-saving” effort (for transplantation purposes). But the aforementioned rules of thumb have not been clear-cut. In most countries, most organs for transplant have been extracted from people who have been pronounced brain dead; however, recently, more and more people who are declared dead after their heart and lungs have stopped working (circulatory death) are also eligible for organ donation. Apparently, the standards for death determination and organ transplantation are still not unequivocally accepted by clinicians.

The debate on life and death will continue. Despite the lack of consensus, the transplant community, scientists, and medical professionals and other stakeholders generally agree that indisputable, unambiguous transplantation guidelines that can help protect the interests of individuals for whom recovery is a possibility and the interests of potential organ recipients are warranted. Such transplantation guidelines will help medical professionals to make indisputable decisions on the timing to switch from saving someone’s life to saving their organs for the benefit of another person. In any case, this decision on “life and death” should not come down to a moral decision.

In addition, medical professionals should also make joint effort to optimize the resuscitation technology. If such a technology gets improved, people who are pronounced brain dead may become candidates for brain resuscitation, rather than candidates for organ transplantation. In this regard, it would be harder for families to accept that further resuscitative intervention performed on their loved ones is futile. In our view, as the science of brain resuscitation progresses, the decisions to revive patients from unconsciousness or apparent death might increasingly become more reasonable; and the decisions to give up resuscitation in favor of transplanting organs might seem less so.

According to the article, which of the following statements is NOT true?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 閱讀理解與「找出不符合文章內容」。
  2. 關鍵字義與語意判斷。
  3. 文章對「循環死亡」、腦死、器官移植及復甦治療的立場。
  4. 選項是否忠實重述文章內容。

題目問的是 NOT true,因此要找「與文章內容不符」的選項。


解題方法

先定位文章中直接談到各選項的句子,再判斷選項是否:

  • 與原文意思一致;
  • 過度推論;
  • 或直接與原文相反。

本題最關鍵的句子是:

“However, recently, more and more people who are declared dead after their heart and lungs have stopped working (circulatory death) are also eligible for organ donation.”

翻譯:

然而,近來越來越多在心臟與肺部停止運作後被宣告死亡的人,也符合器官捐贈的資格。

這句明確表示:循環死亡已被部分接受為器官捐贈及死亡判定的依據之一。因此,選項 A 的說法與原文相反。


關鍵單字與片語

  • electrophysiological monitoring:電生理監測
  • neural activity:神經活動
  • reflect consciousness:反映意識
  • cellular functions:細胞功能
  • after death:死亡後
  • artificial perfusion system:人工灌流系統
  • restore circulation:恢復循環
  • major arteries:主要動脈
  • small blood vessels:小血管
  • dilate blood vessels:使血管擴張
  • long-standing assumption:長久以來的假設
  • irrevocably damaged:不可逆地受損
  • rule of thumb:經驗法則、粗略準則
  • resuscitative effort:復甦努力、急救措施
  • brain death:腦死
  • circulatory death:循環死亡
  • unequivocally accepted:毫無歧義地被接受
  • consensus:共識
  • transplantation guideline:移植準則
  • be warranted:有其必要、應予建立
  • come down to:歸結為
  • futile:徒勞無功的
  • in favor of:偏向、選擇
  • apparent death:表面上的死亡、看似死亡

文法與語意重點

  1. although A, B

文章開頭:

“although electrophysiological monitoring could not detect any neural activity ..., it did pick up cellular functions hours after death”

although 引導讓步副詞子句,表示「雖然……但是……」。

其中 did pick up 的 did 是強調用法,表示「確實偵測到」,不是一般過去式疑問或否定。

  1. be eligible for

be eligible for organ donation 表示「符合器官捐贈資格」。

因此,文章說 circulatory death 的患者「也符合器官捐贈資格」,不能解讀成完全不被接受。

  1. not ... unequivocally accepted

文章說:

“the standards for death determination and organ transplantation are still not unequivocally accepted by clinicians.”

意思是「臨床醫師尚未毫無爭議地接受死亡判定及器官移植的標準」。

這表示目前仍有爭議,但不代表循環死亡完全不是可接受的判定方式。


選項分析

(A) “Circulatory death” has not been regarded as an appropriate death determination option.

「循環死亡」尚未被視為適當的死亡判定選項。

錯誤,為本題答案。

文章明確指出:

“more and more people who are declared dead after their heart and lungs have stopped working (circulatory death) are also eligible for organ donation.”

也就是說,越來越多循環死亡者可以成為器官捐贈者,表示循環死亡已被部分醫療體系視為可採用的死亡判定依據。

選項卻說 circulatory death has not been regarded as an appropriate option,語意過度否定,與原文「也符合器官捐贈資格」相反。


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第 43 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The discovery of a recent research published in Nature shows that although electrophysiological monitoring could not detect any neural activity that reflects consciousness in mammalian brains, it did pick up cellular functions hours after death. In this study, researchers obtained dead pigs from a state-run slaughterhouse; they then connected 32 dead pigs to an artificial perfusion system called BrainEx. The brains of these pigs were removed from the skulls. As a result, these dead pigs would not have the ability to perceive the environment and experience sensations such as pain. But, incredibly, BrainEx—a computerized system utilized to control the blood flow, temperature, and perfusion—was capable of restoring circulation to major arteries and small blood vessels in pig brains. Notably, a drug used to enhance the blood flow in people’s brain also successfully dilated pig blood vessels. Electrodes inserted into pig brain tissues even detected activities between and among cells.

Findings of this research raise challenges to a long-standing assumption that brains will be irrevocably damaged soon after blood stops circulation. Importantly, the discovery of this research exacerbates the tug-of-war between the effort to salvage a person’s life and the endeavors to remove and implant the organs in another body. Typically, practitioners use various rules of thumb, such as “declare death after 30 minutes of unsuccessful resuscitative efforts”, as the reference point for death determination and for switching from life-saving effort to “organ-saving” effort (for transplantation purposes). But the aforementioned rules of thumb have not been clear-cut. In most countries, most organs for transplant have been extracted from people who have been pronounced brain dead; however, recently, more and more people who are declared dead after their heart and lungs have stopped working (circulatory death) are also eligible for organ donation. Apparently, the standards for death determination and organ transplantation are still not unequivocally accepted by clinicians.

The debate on life and death will continue. Despite the lack of consensus, the transplant community, scientists, and medical professionals and other stakeholders generally agree that indisputable, unambiguous transplantation guidelines that can help protect the interests of individuals for whom recovery is a possibility and the interests of potential organ recipients are warranted. Such transplantation guidelines will help medical professionals to make indisputable decisions on the timing to switch from saving someone’s life to saving their organs for the benefit of another person. In any case, this decision on “life and death” should not come down to a moral decision.

In addition, medical professionals should also make joint effort to optimize the resuscitation technology. If such a technology gets improved, people who are pronounced brain dead may become candidates for brain resuscitation, rather than candidates for organ transplantation. In this regard, it would be harder for families to accept that further resuscitative intervention performed on their loved ones is futile. In our view, as the science of brain resuscitation progresses, the decisions to revive patients from unconsciousness or apparent death might increasingly become more reasonable; and the decisions to give up resuscitation in favor of transplanting organs might seem less so.

How do you describe the author’s attitude toward the advance in resuscitation technology?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀測驗中的「作者態度判讀」。判斷作者態度時,應特別注意:

  1. 文章結尾的總結性語句。
  2. 帶有評價色彩的形容詞、副詞與動詞。
  3. 作者對未來發展的預期。
  4. 文章是否呈現支持、反對、懷疑或漠不關心的立場。

本文雖然提到腦死判定、器官移植與倫理爭議,但作者對「復甦科技的進步」整體持正面期待,因此答案為 optimistic(樂觀的)。


解題方法

先鎖定題目所問的核心:

How do you describe the author’s attitude toward the advance in resuscitation technology?

意為:

你如何描述作者對復甦科技進步的態度?

應直接尋找作者對未來復甦科技發展的明確評論。文章最後一段是最關鍵的定位處:

“In our view, as the science of brain resuscitation progresses, the decisions to revive patients from unconsciousness or apparent death might increasingly become more reasonable; and the decisions to give up resuscitation in favor of transplanting organs might seem less so.”

翻譯:

我們認為,隨著腦部復甦科學進步,使昏迷或表面死亡的病人復甦的決定,可能會變得愈來愈合理;相較之下,放棄復甦、改而移植器官的決定,可能會顯得較不合理。

其中:

  • might increasingly become more reasonable:愈來愈可能變得合理
  • might seem less so:可能顯得較不合理
  • as the science progresses:隨著科學進步

這表示作者相信復甦科技若持續進步,將提高救回病人的可能性,也會使「直接放棄復甦、轉而摘取器官」的做法較不具合理性。這是明顯的正向期待,因此作者態度為 optimistic。


文章語意與關鍵文法

  1. although A, B:雖然 A,但是 B

“although electrophysiological monitoring could not detect any neural activity that reflects consciousness ..., it did pick up cellular functions hours after death.”

意為:

雖然電生理監測無法偵測到反映意識的神經活動,但它確實在死亡數小時後偵測到細胞功能。

此句說明腦部雖然沒有可偵測的意識活動,仍存在某些細胞層級的功能,為後文對復甦科技的正面期待奠定基礎。

  1. be capable of + V-ing:能夠做某事

“BrainEx ... was capable of restoring circulation ...”

意為:

BrainEx 能夠恢復豬腦主要動脈與小血管的循環。

  1. raise challenges to:對……提出挑戰

“Findings of this research raise challenges to a long-standing assumption ...”

意為:

這項研究的發現挑戰了長久以來的假設。

這顯示傳統上「血液停止循環後,腦部很快便會不可逆受損」的看法受到動搖。

  1. rather than:而不是

“people who are pronounced brain dead may become candidates for brain resuscitation, rather than candidates for organ transplantation.”

意為:

被判定為腦死的人,未來可能成為腦部復甦的對象,而不是器官移植的對象。

這是全文最能表現作者正面期待的語意之一。

  1. might + 原形動詞

文中使用 might become、might seem,表示對未來的推測,而非完全肯定。此處的語氣雖然審慎,內容仍然是正向的,因此不能因為出現 might 就判定作者抱持懷疑態度。


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第 44 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The discovery of a recent research published in Nature shows that although electrophysiological monitoring could not detect any neural activity that reflects consciousness in mammalian brains, it did pick up cellular functions hours after death. In this study, researchers obtained dead pigs from a state-run slaughterhouse; they then connected 32 dead pigs to an artificial perfusion system called BrainEx. The brains of these pigs were removed from the skulls. As a result, these dead pigs would not have the ability to perceive the environment and experience sensations such as pain. But, incredibly, BrainEx—a computerized system utilized to control the blood flow, temperature, and perfusion—was capable of restoring circulation to major arteries and small blood vessels in pig brains. Notably, a drug used to enhance the blood flow in people’s brain also successfully dilated pig blood vessels. Electrodes inserted into pig brain tissues even detected activities between and among cells.

Findings of this research raise challenges to a long-standing assumption that brains will be irrevocably damaged soon after blood stops circulation. Importantly, the discovery of this research exacerbates the tug-of-war between the effort to salvage a person’s life and the endeavors to remove and implant the organs in another body. Typically, practitioners use various rules of thumb, such as “declare death after 30 minutes of unsuccessful resuscitative efforts”, as the reference point for death determination and for switching from life-saving effort to “organ-saving” effort (for transplantation purposes). But the aforementioned rules of thumb have not been clear-cut. In most countries, most organs for transplant have been extracted from people who have been pronounced brain dead; however, recently, more and more people who are declared dead after their heart and lungs have stopped working (circulatory death) are also eligible for organ donation. Apparently, the standards for death determination and organ transplantation are still not unequivocally accepted by clinicians.

The debate on life and death will continue. Despite the lack of consensus, the transplant community, scientists, and medical professionals and other stakeholders generally agree that indisputable, unambiguous transplantation guidelines that can help protect the interests of individuals for whom recovery is a possibility and the interests of potential organ recipients are warranted. Such transplantation guidelines will help medical professionals to make indisputable decisions on the timing to switch from saving someone’s life to saving their organs for the benefit of another person. In any case, this decision on “life and death” should not come down to a moral decision.

In addition, medical professionals should also make joint effort to optimize the resuscitation technology. If such a technology gets improved, people who are pronounced brain dead may become candidates for brain resuscitation, rather than candidates for organ transplantation. In this regard, it would be harder for families to accept that further resuscitative intervention performed on their loved ones is futile. In our view, as the science of brain resuscitation progresses, the decisions to revive patients from unconsciousness or apparent death might increasingly become more reasonable; and the decisions to give up resuscitation in favor of transplanting organs might seem less so.

Which of the following should be the essential feature for the transplantation guidelines?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是閱讀理解與語意判斷題,重點在於從文章中找出作者對「器官移植準則」的明確要求。

文章指出,目前「腦死」與「循環死亡」的判定標準尚未獲得臨床醫師一致接受,因此未來需要制定能夠:

  • 保護仍有復原可能之患者的權益;
  • 保護器官受贈者的權益;
  • 協助醫療人員明確判斷何時應由「拯救生命」轉為「保存器官」;
  • 避免判定受到道德爭議或模糊標準影響。

因此,移植準則最重要的特徵,必須是沒有爭議且界線清楚。


解題方法

先定位文章直接描述 transplantation guidelines 必要條件的句子:

“the transplant community, scientists, and medical professionals and other stakeholders generally agree that indisputable, unambiguous transplantation guidelines ... are warranted.”

翻譯為:

「移植界、科學家、醫療專業人員及其他利害關係人,大致都同意需要制定無可爭議、清楚明確的器官移植準則。」

其中:

  • indisputable = 無可爭議的、不容置疑的
  • unambiguous = 明確的、不含糊的
  • guidelines = 指導方針、準則
  • are warranted = 是必要的、是合理且應被制定的

題目問 transplantation guidelines 的 essential feature,也就是「必要特徵」。直接對應原文的 indisputable, unambiguous,因此答案為:

  • uncontroversial = 沒有爭議的
  • sharply defined = 界定清楚的

選項分析

(A) value-laden and thought-provoking language

  • value-laden = 帶有價值判斷的、充滿立場色彩的
  • thought-provoking = 發人深省的

錯誤。文章明確表示,從拯救生命轉向保存器官的決定:

“should not come down to a moral decision.”

翻譯為:

「這項關於『生與死』的決定不應歸結為道德判斷。」

移植準則的功能是提供客觀、明確的判定依據,而不是使用帶有價值立場或道德色彩的語言。


(B) double-barreled and multi-dimensional principles

  • double-barreled = 雙重的;在測驗語境中常指同時包含兩個不同要求的
  • multi-dimensional = 多層面的、多維度的
  • principles = 原則

錯誤。文章雖然提到準則必須同時保護患者與器官受贈者兩方面的權益,但題目問的是準則的「必要特徵」,不是準則要涵蓋幾個面向。

更重要的是,double-barreled 並不表示「清楚明確」,反而可能使一項原則同時包含多個要求,造成解釋上的模糊。這與原文要求的 unambiguous 不符。


(C) uncontroversial and sharply defined

  • uncontroversial = 沒有爭議的
  • sharply defined = 界線清楚的、定義明確的

正確。此選項與原文的:

“indisputable, unambiguous transplantation guidelines”

意思完全相符。

文章反覆強調目前死亡判定與器官移植標準:

“have not been clear-cut.”

翻譯為:

「並沒有清楚明確的界線。」

因此,未來制定的準則應該要能消除爭議,並以清楚明確的標準協助醫療人員做出判斷。


(D) ideological and philosophical grounds

  • ideological = 意識形態的
  • philosophical = 哲學的
  • grounds = 根據、基礎、理由

錯誤。文章討論的是醫療判定、復甦技術與器官移植之間的實際衝突,要求的是可操作且明確的臨床準則,而不是建立在意識形態或哲學立場上的原則。

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第 45 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The discovery of a recent research published in Nature shows that although electrophysiological monitoring could not detect any neural activity that reflects consciousness in mammalian brains, it did pick up cellular functions hours after death. In this study, researchers obtained dead pigs from a state-run slaughterhouse; they then connected 32 dead pigs to an artificial perfusion system called BrainEx. The brains of these pigs were removed from the skulls. As a result, these dead pigs would not have the ability to perceive the environment and experience sensations such as pain. But, incredibly, BrainEx—a computerized system utilized to control the blood flow, temperature, and perfusion—was capable of restoring circulation to major arteries and small blood vessels in pig brains. Notably, a drug used to enhance the blood flow in people’s brain also successfully dilated pig blood vessels. Electrodes inserted into pig brain tissues even detected activities between and among cells.

Findings of this research raise challenges to a long-standing assumption that brains will be irrevocably damaged soon after blood stops circulation. Importantly, the discovery of this research exacerbates the tug-of-war between the effort to salvage a person’s life and the endeavors to remove and implant the organs in another body. Typically, practitioners use various rules of thumb, such as “declare death after 30 minutes of unsuccessful resuscitative efforts”, as the reference point for death determination and for switching from life-saving effort to “organ-saving” effort (for transplantation purposes). But the aforementioned rules of thumb have not been clear-cut. In most countries, most organs for transplant have been extracted from people who have been pronounced brain dead; however, recently, more and more people who are declared dead after their heart and lungs have stopped working (circulatory death) are also eligible for organ donation. Apparently, the standards for death determination and organ transplantation are still not unequivocally accepted by clinicians.

The debate on life and death will continue. Despite the lack of consensus, the transplant community, scientists, and medical professionals and other stakeholders generally agree that indisputable, unambiguous transplantation guidelines that can help protect the interests of individuals for whom recovery is a possibility and the interests of potential organ recipients are warranted. Such transplantation guidelines will help medical professionals to make indisputable decisions on the timing to switch from saving someone’s life to saving their organs for the benefit of another person. In any case, this decision on “life and death” should not come down to a moral decision.

In addition, medical professionals should also make joint effort to optimize the resuscitation technology. If such a technology gets improved, people who are pronounced brain dead may become candidates for brain resuscitation, rather than candidates for organ transplantation. In this regard, it would be harder for families to accept that further resuscitative intervention performed on their loved ones is futile. In our view, as the science of brain resuscitation progresses, the decisions to revive patients from unconsciousness or apparent death might increasingly become more reasonable; and the decisions to give up resuscitation in favor of transplanting organs might seem less so.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “warranted” in the passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義判斷與語境推論,重點是理解 warranted 在句中的意思。

原文關鍵句:

“...indisputable, unambiguous transplantation guidelines that can help protect the interests of individuals for whom recovery is a possibility and the interests of potential organ recipients are warranted.”

此句可翻譯為:

「能保護仍有復原可能者,以及潛在器官接受者之權益的明確、毫無爭議的移植準則,是必要的。」

關鍵單字與片語

  • discovery:發現
  • consciousness:意識
  • mammalian brains:哺乳類動物的大腦
  • perfusion:灌流
  • restore circulation:恢復血液循環
  • dilate blood vessels:使血管擴張
  • irrevocably damaged:不可逆地受損
  • salvage a person’s life:挽救某人的生命
  • organ transplantation:器官移植
  • brain dead:腦死
  • circulatory death:循環死亡
  • consensus:共識
  • stakeholder:利害關係人
  • warranted:必要的、正當合理的
  • in the interests of:為了……的利益
  • resuscitation:復甦、急救
  • futile:徒勞無功的

解題方法

判斷字義時,先觀察句子的主詞與語意:

“transplantation guidelines ... are warranted”

主詞是「器官移植準則」,後面描述這些準則能保護病患與器官接受者的權益。文章前文指出,死亡判定與器官移植標準尚未有明確共識,因此作者主張制定清楚的準則。

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第 46 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The whole prospect and outlook of humankind grew immeasurably larger, and the multiplication of ideas also proceeded at an incredible rate. This vast expansion was unhappily not accompanied by any noticeable advance in the stature of human beings, either in their mental faculties or their moral character. Our brain got no better, but it buzzed more. The scale of events around us assumed gigantic proportions while we remained about the same size. By comparison, therefore, we actually became much smaller. We no longer had great individuals directing manageable affairs. The need was to discipline an array of gigantic and turbulent facts. To this task we have certainly so far proved unequal. Science bestowed immense new powers on human beings and at the same time created conditions which were largely beyond our comprehension and still more beyond our control. While people nursed the illusion of growing mastery and exulted in their new trappings, they became the sport and presently the victim of tides and currents, of whirlpools and tornadoes amid which they were far more helpless than they had been for a long time.

All of the following are implied by this passage EXCEPT

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考閱讀理解中的「文意推論」與「作者態度」。題目問:

All of the following are implied by this passage EXCEPT
下列何者並非本文所暗示的內容?

判斷重點不是選項是否逐字出現,而是選項的意思能否由文章內容合理推導。全文主旨是:

人類的科學、知識與外在世界快速擴張,但人類本身的心智能力與道德修養並未同步提升,因此產生「能力變強、控制力卻不足」的危機。

文章定位與關鍵句

最能直接判斷答案的句子是:

Science bestowed immense new powers on human beings and at the same time created conditions which were largely beyond our comprehension and still more beyond our control.

科學賦予人類巨大的新力量,但同時也創造出許多人類大致無法理解、更加無法控制的情勢。

以及:

While people nursed the illusion of growing mastery and exulted in their new trappings, they became the sport and presently the victim of tides and currents, of whirlpools and tornadoes amid which they were far more helpless than they had been for a long time.

人們抱持著自身掌控力日益增強的幻覺,並為新的外在裝備而歡欣鼓舞;然而,他們卻成了潮汐、洋流、漩渦與龍捲風的玩物,接著更成為受害者,在這些力量之中,他們比長久以來任何時候都更加無助。

這兩句清楚顯示:文章承認科學帶來巨大進步,卻否定人類已經凌駕並控制科學。

解題方法

先將每個選項改寫成簡單中文,再與作者態度比對:

  • 若選項符合「人類進步快速,但能力與道德未同步提升」的主軸,便屬於本文暗示內容。
  • 若選項把文章的批判態度誤讀為讚美,或改變了原文的方向,便是答案。
  • 本題的關鍵對比是「科學賦予力量」與「人類無法理解、控制其後果」,不可只看到 positive words,如 new powers,就誤判為全文在歌頌人類。

選項分析

(A) critiquing humankind’s hubris and lack of vision

批判人類的狂妄自大與缺乏遠見。

此選項正確。文中說:

people nursed the illusion of growing mastery

人們抱持著掌控力不斷增強的幻覺。

illusion 表示「幻覺、錯誤想法」,mastery 表示「掌控、駕馭能力」。人類自以為越來越能掌控世界,實際上卻成為各種巨大力量的玩物與受害者,正是對人類自大與缺乏遠見的批判。

(B) lamenting humankind’s dwindling grandeur

哀嘆人類日益衰減的偉大地位。

此選項正確。文中指出:

This vast expansion was unhappily not accompanied by any noticeable advance in the stature of human beings

這種巨大的擴張,令人遺憾地沒有伴隨人類地位或人格 stature 的任何明顯提升。

並且說:

By comparison, therefore, we actually became much smaller.

因此,相較之下,人類實際上變得渺小許多。

stature 在此不是單純的「身高」,而是「地位、聲望、人格高度」。人類所面對的世界變得巨大,但人類自身沒有相應成長,因而顯得更加渺小。這帶有明顯的惋惜與哀嘆意味。

(C) saluting humankind’s superiority over science

讚揚人類超越科學的優越性。

此選項錯誤,為正確答案。salute 是「讚揚、致敬」,superiority over 是「凌駕於……之上的優越性」。但本文完全沒有表示人類勝過科學,反而明確指出科學所造成的情勢:

largely beyond our comprehension and still more beyond our control

大致超出人類的理解,而且更超出人類的控制。

文章最後更說人類:

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第 47 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The whole prospect and outlook of humankind grew immeasurably larger, and the multiplication of ideas also proceeded at an incredible rate. This vast expansion was unhappily not accompanied by any noticeable advance in the stature of human beings, either in their mental faculties or their moral character. Our brain got no better, but it buzzed more. The scale of events around us assumed gigantic proportions while we remained about the same size. By comparison, therefore, we actually became much smaller. We no longer had great individuals directing manageable affairs. The need was to discipline an array of gigantic and turbulent facts. To this task we have certainly so far proved unequal. Science bestowed immense new powers on human beings and at the same time created conditions which were largely beyond our comprehension and still more beyond our control. While people nursed the illusion of growing mastery and exulted in their new trappings, they became the sport and presently the victim of tides and currents, of whirlpools and tornadoes amid which they were far more helpless than they had been for a long time.

Based on this passage, which of the following can BEST describe today’s digital age?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀主旨與語意推論」,重點不在逐句翻譯,而在掌握文章對科技進步與人類能力之間關係的整體態度。

文章指出:

  • 人類的視野、事件規模與思想數量快速擴張。
  • 人類的心智能力與道德修養卻沒有同步提升。
  • 科學帶來巨大的新力量,但人類對新環境的理解與控制能力不足。
  • 人類自以為更能掌控世界,實際上反而容易受各種巨大力量擺布。

因此,文章的核心是「科技或環境快速發展,但人類能力未能同步成長,造成兩者之間的失衡與控制困難」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • prospect / outlook:前景、展望
  • humankind:人類
  • immeasurably:無法衡量地、極其
  • multiplication of ideas:思想的大量增加
  • proceed at an incredible rate:以驚人的速度進行
  • be accompanied by:伴隨著
  • noticeable advance:明顯的進步
  • stature:身心發展程度、能力水準
  • mental faculties:心智能力
  • moral character:道德品格
  • assume gigantic proportions:呈現巨大的規模
  • by comparison:相比之下
  • discipline:控制、整頓、規範
  • prove unequal to:證明無力勝任、無法應付
  • bestow:賦予、帶來
  • immense powers:巨大的力量
  • beyond our comprehension:超出我們的理解範圍
  • beyond our control:超出我們的控制能力
  • nurse the illusion of:抱持……的幻覺
  • exult in:因……而得意、陶醉於
  • trappings:外在裝飾、表面上的進步象徵
  • be the sport of:成為……操弄的對象
  • victim:受害者
  • tides and currents:潮流與趨勢
  • whirlpools and tornadoes:漩渦與龍捲風,本文為比喻,指混亂且難以控制的力量

定位答案的關鍵句

“This vast expansion was unhappily not accompanied by any noticeable advance in the stature of human beings, either in their mental faculties or their moral character.”

這種巨大的擴張,很不幸地,並未伴隨人類身心能力或道德品格的任何明顯進步。

“To this task we have certainly so far proved unequal.”

到目前為止,我們確實已證明自己無力勝任這項任務。

“Science bestowed immense new powers on human beings and at the same time created conditions which were largely beyond our comprehension and still more beyond our control.”

科學賦予人類巨大的新力量,同時也創造出大多超出人類理解、更加超出人類控制能力的環境。

這幾句明確呈現:科技發展速度與規模不斷擴大,但人類的理解、道德與控制能力沒有同步跟上。因此,最符合文章主旨的是科技與人類能力之間持續存在的挑戰。

解題方法

先判斷文章的整體方向,再將選項分成三類:

  1. 是否符合文章主旨。
  2. 是否加入文章沒有說的價值判斷。
  3. 是否使用過度絕對的語氣。

本文不是單純歌頌科技,也不是宣稱科技必然造成災難,而是強調「科技力量快速增加」與「人類能力未同步提升」之間的落差。選項中能完整保留這層意思者,即為正確答案。

選項分析

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第 48 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Read the following article from which three paragraphs have been removed. Choose the best paragraph from those in the box below for each gap in the article.

(A) In 1935, Hodgkin discovered that it was essential to keep the crystals wet with the “mother liquor” while X-raying them. If the liquid dries out, the molecules start to lose their ordered arrangement, and when hit with X-rays, they don’t give a clear pattern of spots.
(B) Hodgkin’s legacy is indeed multifaceted. She was not only an exceptional scientist but also was, and continues to be, an inspirational role model to generations of researchers in the UK and elsewhere, both male and, very importantly, female. Changes in our culture in the last 10 or 15 years appear to have contributed to attention deficiency syndrome.
(C) Hodgkin became interested in chemistry and in crystals at about the age of 10, and this interest was encouraged by Dr. A. F. Joseph, a friend of her parents in the Sudan, who gave her chemicals and helped her during her stay there to analyze ilmenite.
(D) Hodgkin’s work also had an enormous impact on the treatment of diabetes. In 1969, after 35 years of enormously tenacious and brilliant work, she solved the 3D shape of the insulin molecule. Insulin is an important hormone used by the body to process sugars in food, and understanding its structure has helped untangle the mechanism of its action, with critical implications for human diabetes control.
(E) Hodgkin is fondly remembered by her research students, who included many women. She was also involved in a wide range of peace and humanitarian causes and was especially concerned about the welfare of scientists in the Soviet Union, China, and North Vietnam.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin may be the most famous British scientist of whom most people have never heard. As such, she would be a very appropriate face for the new £50 note, on which the Bank of England wants to feature a picture of a scientist.

Hodgkin was the foremost leader and innovator in her field, and the major impact of her work led to her becoming the only female British scientist to win a Nobel Prize (so far). The 1964 award recognized her work in chemistry using a technique known as X-ray crystallography to find out the three-dimensional shapes of penicillin (1945) and vitamin B12 (1955).

Accurate knowledge of the shape of penicillin was pivotal in understanding how it could overcome bacterial infections. As a result, Hodgkin’s work is still important in the development of new antibiotics as some bacteria have developed resistance to existing drugs.

48

In addition to her accomplishment in diabetes treatment, key to Hodgkin’s work was the technique of X-ray crystallography, a way of working out how a complex molecule is arranged in three dimensions. The way we find out this 3D shape is by growing tiny crystals of a substance so that its molecules are all lined up in an orderly array. We then hit this array with X-rays and capture the resulting “diffraction pattern” of spots that indicate how the molecules interfere with the beam. By capturing patterns from each side of the crystal and performing some mathematical computations, we can eventually get the average of the shapes of all the molecules, highlighting all the common features. This gives us a picture of the density of electrons in the molecule in 3D space and shows how the atoms of the molecule are arranged.

49

Hodgkin’s pioneering work in crystallography gave birth to a whole new field that applied the methods she developed to large biologically important molecules, including DNA and proteins. We now know the 3D shapes of over 139,000 biological molecules, and all the information is stored in a completely open access database called the Protein Data Bank.

50

She was also very active in standing up for her core beliefs as a pacifist. For 12 years she was president of Pugwash, an organization founded in 1957 dedicated to reducing the danger of armed conflict and which sought peaceful solutions to global security threats. She even inspired her former student Margaret Thatcher despite their differing politics.

Her life was a shining example to many, so it would be entirely appropriate for us to honor her great scientific achievements, and help give her the public recognition she deserves, by putting her image on our new £50 notes.

  1. [填入上文空格 48]
校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案D校方公布

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考克漏字中的「篇章結構與語意銜接」,判斷重點包括:

  1. 前後段落的主題是否一致。
  2. 代名詞與指示語是否能回指前文。
  3. 連接詞是否能形成合理的邏輯關係。
  4. 文章是否依照「科學成就 → 研究方法 → 影響與人格」的順序發展。

空格 48 前文介紹 Hodgkin 以 X-ray crystallography 研究 penicillin;空格 48 後文出現:

In addition to her accomplishment in diabetes treatment
除了她在糖尿病治療方面的成就之外

其中 her accomplishment in diabetes treatment 必須在前文已有明確內容可供指涉,因此空格應填入介紹 Hodgkin 對糖尿病治療貢獻的段落。


解題方法

先觀察空格前後:

空格前:

As a result, Hodgkin’s work is still important in the development of new antibiotics as some bacteria have developed resistance to existing drugs.
因此,Hodgkin 的研究至今仍對新抗生素的發展相當重要,因為有些細菌已對現有藥物產生抗藥性。

這一段談的是 penicillin 與抗生素。

空格後:

In addition to her accomplishment in diabetes treatment, key to Hodgkin’s work was the technique of X-ray crystallography...
除了她在糖尿病治療方面的成就之外,X-ray crystallography 這項技術也是 Hodgkin 研究工作的關鍵。

空格後使用 In addition to,表示要補充另一項重要成就。選項 D 正好介紹她解出 insulin 的三維結構,以及這項成果對糖尿病控制的意義,形成完整銜接。

因此篇章順序為:

  • penicillin:抗生素
  • insulin:糖尿病治療
  • X-ray crystallography:研究方法
  • DNA 與蛋白質:後續影響
  • pacifism:和平理念與人格

定位答案的關鍵句

選項 D:

Hodgkin’s work also had an enormous impact on the treatment of diabetes.
Hodgkin 的研究也對糖尿病治療產生了巨大的影響。

In 1969, after 35 years of enormously tenacious and brilliant work, she solved the 3D shape of the insulin molecule.
1969 年,經過 35 年極其堅毅且卓越的研究,她解出了 insulin 分子的三維結構。

空格後的:

In addition to her accomplishment in diabetes treatment

直接承接選項 D 所提到的 the treatment of diabetes 與 the insulin molecule,語意與篇章結構均完全吻合。


選項分析

(A) 錯誤

In 1935, Hodgkin discovered that it was essential to keep the crystals wet with the “mother liquor” while X-raying them.

本段說明在進行 X-ray crystallography 時,必須保持晶體濕潤。內容屬於研究方法的技術細節。

空格後已經開始詳細解釋 X-ray crystallography 的原理:

The way we find out this 3D shape is by growing tiny crystals of a substance...

因此 A 若放在 48,會使「糖尿病成就」完全沒有先行內容,無法銜接後文的 her accomplishment in diabetes treatment。A 較適合放在介紹 X-ray crystallography 的段落中,不能放在此處。

關鍵字:

  • essential:必要的
  • crystals:晶體
  • mother liquor:母液
  • X-ray:X 光
  • ordered arrangement:有秩序的排列

(B) 錯誤

Hodgkin’s legacy is indeed multifaceted. She was not only an exceptional scientist but also was, and continues to be, an inspirational role model...

前半段談 Hodgkin 的多方面遺產與榜樣作用,主題偏向人物影響與社會評價。

但後一句:

Changes in our culture in the last 10 or 15 years appear to have contributed to attention deficiency syndrome.

意思是「近十或十五年來文化的變化似乎促成了注意力缺乏症候群」,突然轉為注意力缺乏症,與 Hodgkin、糖尿病及 X-ray crystallography 均無關,造成明顯語意斷裂。

此外,attention deficiency syndrome 在此處沒有任何前文鋪陳,不能合理接在空格後的科學研究說明之前。

關鍵字:

  • legacy:遺產;留下的影響
  • multifaceted:多方面的
  • exceptional:傑出的
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第 49 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Read the following article from which three paragraphs have been removed. Choose the best paragraph from those in the box below for each gap in the article.

(A) In 1935, Hodgkin discovered that it was essential to keep the crystals wet with the “mother liquor” while X-raying them. If the liquid dries out, the molecules start to lose their ordered arrangement, and when hit with X-rays, they don’t give a clear pattern of spots.
(B) Hodgkin’s legacy is indeed multifaceted. She was not only an exceptional scientist but also was, and continues to be, an inspirational role model to generations of researchers in the UK and elsewhere, both male and, very importantly, female. Changes in our culture in the last 10 or 15 years appear to have contributed to attention deficiency syndrome.
(C) Hodgkin became interested in chemistry and in crystals at about the age of 10, and this interest was encouraged by Dr. A. F. Joseph, a friend of her parents in the Sudan, who gave her chemicals and helped her during her stay there to analyze ilmenite.
(D) Hodgkin’s work also had an enormous impact on the treatment of diabetes. In 1969, after 35 years of enormously tenacious and brilliant work, she solved the 3D shape of the insulin molecule. Insulin is an important hormone used by the body to process sugars in food, and understanding its structure has helped untangle the mechanism of its action, with critical implications for human diabetes control.
(E) Hodgkin is fondly remembered by her research students, who included many women. She was also involved in a wide range of peace and humanitarian causes and was especially concerned about the welfare of scientists in the Soviet Union, China, and North Vietnam.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin may be the most famous British scientist of whom most people have never heard. As such, she would be a very appropriate face for the new £50 note, on which the Bank of England wants to feature a picture of a scientist.

Hodgkin was the foremost leader and innovator in her field, and the major impact of her work led to her becoming the only female British scientist to win a Nobel Prize (so far). The 1964 award recognized her work in chemistry using a technique known as X-ray crystallography to find out the three-dimensional shapes of penicillin (1945) and vitamin B12 (1955).

Accurate knowledge of the shape of penicillin was pivotal in understanding how it could overcome bacterial infections. As a result, Hodgkin’s work is still important in the development of new antibiotics as some bacteria have developed resistance to existing drugs.

48

In addition to her accomplishment in diabetes treatment, key to Hodgkin’s work was the technique of X-ray crystallography, a way of working out how a complex molecule is arranged in three dimensions. The way we find out this 3D shape is by growing tiny crystals of a substance so that its molecules are all lined up in an orderly array. We then hit this array with X-rays and capture the resulting “diffraction pattern” of spots that indicate how the molecules interfere with the beam. By capturing patterns from each side of the crystal and performing some mathematical computations, we can eventually get the average of the shapes of all the molecules, highlighting all the common features. This gives us a picture of the density of electrons in the molecule in 3D space and shows how the atoms of the molecule are arranged.

49

Hodgkin’s pioneering work in crystallography gave birth to a whole new field that applied the methods she developed to large biologically important molecules, including DNA and proteins. We now know the 3D shapes of over 139,000 biological molecules, and all the information is stored in a completely open access database called the Protein Data Bank.

50

She was also very active in standing up for her core beliefs as a pacifist. For 12 years she was president of Pugwash, an organization founded in 1957 dedicated to reducing the danger of armed conflict and which sought peaceful solutions to global security threats. She even inspired her former student Margaret Thatcher despite their differing politics.

Her life was a shining example to many, so it would be entirely appropriate for us to honor her great scientific achievements, and help give her the public recognition she deserves, by putting her image on our new £50 notes.

  1. [填入上文空格 49]
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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為學士後中醫「段落填空題」(Gapped Text / Paragraph Insertion),考查文章篇章結構(Discourse Structure)、語意邏輯連貫性(Coherence & Cohesion)與前人文脈銜接(Lexical & Syntactic Anchoring)。解答關鍵在於辨識空格前後文的主題焦點,並找出選項中相應的「主題詞鏈」(lexical chains)與邏輯因果關係。


解題方法

1. 前文語意與關鍵詞鎖定

空格 49 前面一段巨細靡遺地介紹了 X 射線晶體學(X-ray crystallography)的運作原理與步驟:

原文:「The way we find out this 3D shape is by growing tiny crystals of a substance so that its molecules are all lined up in an orderly array. We then hit this array with X-rays and capture the resulting “diffraction pattern” of spots that indicate how the molecules interfere with the beam...」
(譯:我們找出此 3D 形貌的方法,是藉由培養物質的微小晶體(crystals),使其分子全整齊排列成規則陣列。接著我們用 **X 射線(X-rays)**照射此陣列,並捕捉產生的斑點「繞射圖樣(diffraction pattern of spots)」……)

該段最後總結到此技術如何產出分子中電子的立體密度圖,並揭示原子排列方式。

2. 後文語意銜接

空格 49 後文寫道:

原文:「Hodgkin’s pioneering work in crystallography gave birth to a whole new field that applied the methods she developed to large biologically important molecules, including DNA and proteins.」
(譯:霍奇金在晶體學上的開創性工作催生了一個嶄新的領域,將她所開發的方法應用於生物學上重要的大分子,包括 DNA 與蛋白質。)

後文承接 Hodgkin 在晶體學技術上所開發的特定方法(the methods she developed)對後世的影響。

3. 語意脈絡與邏輯整合

空格 49 必須扮演「承接前文晶體學繞射原理的實務操作細節,並引出後文其開創性晶體學方法」的橋樑:

  • 選項 (A) 提及:「In 1935, Hodgkin discovered that it was essential to keep the crystals wet with the “mother liquor” while X-raying them. If the liquid dries out, the molecules start to lose their ordered arrangement, and when hit with X-rays, they don’t give a clear pattern of spots.」
  • 選項中的 crystals(晶體)、X-raying them / hit with X-rays(以 X 射線照射)、ordered arrangement(整齊排列)、pattern of spots(斑點圖樣),與前文描述的「growing tiny crystals... molecules are all lined up in an orderly array... hit this array with X-rays... capture the resulting "diffraction pattern" of spots」呈現完全契合的詞彙重複與技術細節呼應,完美說明了 Hodgkin 在執行前述 X 射線晶體學實驗時所突破的重大關鍵技術(保持晶體濕潤以防排列失序),承先啟後極為嚴密。

選項分析

  • (A) 正確:
    引文:「*In 1935, Hodgkin discovered that it was essential to keep the crystals wet with the “mother liquor” while X-raying them. If the liquid dries out, the molecules start to lose their ordered arrangement, and when hit with X-rays, they don’t give a clear patt
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第 50 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Read the following article from which three paragraphs have been removed. Choose the best paragraph from those in the box below for each gap in the article.

(A) In 1935, Hodgkin discovered that it was essential to keep the crystals wet with the “mother liquor” while X-raying them. If the liquid dries out, the molecules start to lose their ordered arrangement, and when hit with X-rays, they don’t give a clear pattern of spots.
(B) Hodgkin’s legacy is indeed multifaceted. She was not only an exceptional scientist but also was, and continues to be, an inspirational role model to generations of researchers in the UK and elsewhere, both male and, very importantly, female. Changes in our culture in the last 10 or 15 years appear to have contributed to attention deficiency syndrome.
(C) Hodgkin became interested in chemistry and in crystals at about the age of 10, and this interest was encouraged by Dr. A. F. Joseph, a friend of her parents in the Sudan, who gave her chemicals and helped her during her stay there to analyze ilmenite.
(D) Hodgkin’s work also had an enormous impact on the treatment of diabetes. In 1969, after 35 years of enormously tenacious and brilliant work, she solved the 3D shape of the insulin molecule. Insulin is an important hormone used by the body to process sugars in food, and understanding its structure has helped untangle the mechanism of its action, with critical implications for human diabetes control.
(E) Hodgkin is fondly remembered by her research students, who included many women. She was also involved in a wide range of peace and humanitarian causes and was especially concerned about the welfare of scientists in the Soviet Union, China, and North Vietnam.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin may be the most famous British scientist of whom most people have never heard. As such, she would be a very appropriate face for the new £50 note, on which the Bank of England wants to feature a picture of a scientist.

Hodgkin was the foremost leader and innovator in her field, and the major impact of her work led to her becoming the only female British scientist to win a Nobel Prize (so far). The 1964 award recognized her work in chemistry using a technique known as X-ray crystallography to find out the three-dimensional shapes of penicillin (1945) and vitamin B12 (1955).

Accurate knowledge of the shape of penicillin was pivotal in understanding how it could overcome bacterial infections. As a result, Hodgkin’s work is still important in the development of new antibiotics as some bacteria have developed resistance to existing drugs.

48

In addition to her accomplishment in diabetes treatment, key to Hodgkin’s work was the technique of X-ray crystallography, a way of working out how a complex molecule is arranged in three dimensions. The way we find out this 3D shape is by growing tiny crystals of a substance so that its molecules are all lined up in an orderly array. We then hit this array with X-rays and capture the resulting “diffraction pattern” of spots that indicate how the molecules interfere with the beam. By capturing patterns from each side of the crystal and performing some mathematical computations, we can eventually get the average of the shapes of all the molecules, highlighting all the common features. This gives us a picture of the density of electrons in the molecule in 3D space and shows how the atoms of the molecule are arranged.

49

Hodgkin’s pioneering work in crystallography gave birth to a whole new field that applied the methods she developed to large biologically important molecules, including DNA and proteins. We now know the 3D shapes of over 139,000 biological molecules, and all the information is stored in a completely open access database called the Protein Data Bank.

50

She was also very active in standing up for her core beliefs as a pacifist. For 12 years she was president of Pugwash, an organization founded in 1957 dedicated to reducing the danger of armed conflict and which sought peaceful solutions to global security threats. She even inspired her former student Margaret Thatcher despite their differing politics.

Her life was a shining example to many, so it would be entirely appropriate for us to honor her great scientific achievements, and help give her the public recognition she deserves, by putting her image on our new £50 notes.

  1. [填入上文空格 50]
校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案B校方公布

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於後中醫英文高階題型「篇章結構題(Text Insertion / Paragraph Insertion)」,主要測驗考生對篇章脈絡邏輯(Cohesion and Coherence)、轉折銜接詞、代名詞指涉以及主題段落過渡的掌握能力。

解答篇章結構題的核心關鍵在於:

  1. 前後文語意連貫性:空格處必須承接前一段的總結或延伸,並為後一段的主題預作鋪陳。
  2. 主題過渡(Topical Transition):前一段討論 Hodgkin 在科學領域的終極重大貢獻(蛋白質結構資料庫、對後世生物分子的影響),後一段轉為討論其社會參與(反戰和平運動、啟發柴契爾夫人等)。因此,空格 50 處必須具備「承先啟後」的過渡性質,從純科學貢獻轉入其更寬廣的多面向影響與精神典範。

解題方法

  1. 定位空格前後文脈絡:
  • 前一段(空格 50 之前):

“Hodgkin’s pioneering work in crystallography gave birth to a whole new field that applied the methods she developed to large biologically important molecules, including DNA and proteins. We now know the 3D shapes of over 139,000 biological molecules, and all the information is stored in a completely open access database called the Protein Data Bank.”
【中文翻譯】:霍奇金在晶體學上的開創性工作催生了一個全新的領域,將她所開發的方法應用於生物學上重要的大分子(包含 DNA 與蛋白質)。我們如今已知超過 139,000 種生物分子的 3D 形貌,且所有資訊皆儲存於一個完全公開存取的「蛋白質資料庫」(Protein Data Bank)中。
歸納:此段落對其「純科學技術成就與學術遺產」做出宏觀總結。

  • 後一段(空格 50 之後):

“She was also very active in standing up for her core beliefs as a pacifist. For 12 years she was president of Pugwash, an organization founded in 1957 dedicated to reducing the danger of armed conflict and which sought peaceful solutions to global security threats. She even inspired her former student Margaret Thatcher despite their differing politics.”
【中文翻譯】:她也非常積極捍衛自己作為和平主義者的核心信念。她擔任「帕格沃什會議」(Pugwash)主席長達 12 年,該組織於 1957 年成立,致力於降低武裝衝突的危險,並為全球安全威脅尋求和平解決方案。儘管政治立場不同,她甚至啟發了她的昔日學生柴契爾夫人。
關鍵詞:後文第一句以 “She was also...” 起首,表示前文必定已經提到了她的某一項非科學領域的角色、典範地位或個人特質,此處方能用「也(also)」來引出其身為和平主義者(pacifist)與社會運動家的一面。

  1. 配對與鎖定最佳選項:
  • 選項 (B) 開頭指出:“Hodgkin’s legacy is indeed multifaceted. She was not only an exceptional scientist but also was, and continues to be, an inspirational role model...”(霍奇金的遺產確實是多面向的。她不僅是一位傑出的科學家,過去是、現在也持續是英國及其他地區數代研究人員的鼓舞人心榜樣……)。
  • 完美的邏輯鎖鏈:
  • (B) 的 “multifaceted”(多面向的)與 “not only an exceptional scientist but also...”(不只是傑出科學家,也是……)完美總結了前述各段的科學成就,並將主題拓展到學術之外。
  • 緊接著下一段的 “She was also very active in standing up for her core beliefs as a pacifist...” 恰好以 also 承接 (B) 中提及的科學家與導師角色,進一步補足其「反戰、追求和平」的另一面向,語意與句構天衣無縫。

選項分析

  • (A) 錯誤:
  • 內容:講述 1935 年霍奇金發現晶體必須保持在「母液(mother liquor)」中濕潤狀態才能進行 X 光繞射的技術細節。
  • 排除理由:此段為純實驗技術細節,應置於介紹 X-ray crystallography 技術原理的空格 49,若置於文末第 50 格會嚴重打斷文章朝向生平總結與社會影響的結構推進。
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其他考古題

108 年中國醫藥大學的其他科目

中國醫藥大學《英文》其他年度

其他學校的《英文》