中國醫藥大學 106 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
There is a loud shout from the ____ crowd.
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核心觀念
本題測驗「高階形容詞語意辨析與語境搭配（Collocation）」。題目考查修飾人群（crowd）及情緒反應的精準形容詞，要求考生在形近字或常見多音節字中辨識正確的字首、字根意涵及情境搭配。
題幹解析與翻譯
- 題幹原文：
"There is a loud shout from the ____ crowd." - 句構分析：
全句為 "There is + 主詞 + 介系詞片語" 的存在句結構。空格處需要一個形容詞來修飾名詞 "crowd"（群眾），並呼應前方 "a loud shout"（巨大的呼喊聲）所營造出喧鬧、群情沸騰或瘋狂激動的語境氛圍。 - 全句翻譯：
瘋狂激動的群眾中傳來一陣巨大的呼喊聲。
選項分析
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(A) delicious（美味的、可口的）
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解析：通常用於修飾食物、飲品（如 a delicious meal）或引申為令人愉悅的經驗。修飾人群（crowd）語意不通，故錯誤。
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(B) delirious（發狂的、狂熱的、狂喜的、神智不清的）
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解析：源自拉丁文 delirare（脫軌、發狂），醫學上可指「譫妄的、因高燒或疾病而意識混亂的」；在文學與一般語意中，常引申為「極度興奮的、狂熱發狂的」（extremely excited or happy）。在此處搭配 delirious crowd，生動描繪出全場陷入狂熱、欣喜若狂以致爆出巨響呼喊的情境，完全符合語意與搭配慣用法，故為正確答案。
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(C) luminous（發光的、明亮的、清楚的）
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解析：指發光的或光亮的（如 luminous paint 發光漆、luminous stars 明亮的星
第 2 題2 分
The national economic policy has been the subject of ____ debate.
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核心觀念
本題考查「形容詞的語意判斷」與常見搭配。句型為：
The national economic policy has been the subject of ____ debate.
空格後的名詞是 debate（辯論、爭議），因此需要填入能描述「辯論具有爭議性、容易引發不同意見」的形容詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵片語是：
the subject of contentious debate
意為「爭議性辯論的主題」或「一直是各界爭論不休的議題」。
全句翻譯為：
國家經濟政策一直是爭議性辯論的主題。
也可譯為：國家經濟政策一直是各界爭論不休的議題。
其中 contentious 與 debate 搭配自然，表示該議題容易引起爭執或意見分歧。
解題方法
先判斷空格需要的詞性。空格位於名詞 debate 前方，因此需要形容詞：
再根據語意判斷，句子要表達的是「國家經濟政策引發激烈爭論」。因此答案應具有「有爭議的、引發爭論的」含義。
contentious 的意思是：
- 有爭議的
- 引起爭論的
- 好爭辯的
常見搭配包括：
- contentious issue：有爭議的議題
- contentious topic：具爭議性的主題
- contentious debate：爭議性辯論
- contentious political question：具爭議性的政治問題
因此選擇 contentious 最符合句意。
選項分析
(A) involuntary
involuntary 意為「非自願的、無意識的、非出於自願的」。
常見搭配：
- involuntary movement：不自主運動
- involuntary action：非自願行為
- involuntary response：無意識反應
involuntary debate 直譯為「非自願的辯論」，語意上不符合國家經濟政策引發爭議的情境。辯論的重點在於意見衝突，而非參與者是否出於自願，因此錯誤。
(B) empathic
empathic 意為「具有同理心的、能感受他人情緒的」。
常見搭配：
第 3 題2 分
The keynote speaker ____ that there is a critical period for language learning, after which nativelike attainment is extremely difficult, if not impossible.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞語意與句型搭配」。題幹需要一個能接 that 子句、表示「主張、堅稱某項觀點」的動詞。
關鍵句為：
The keynote speaker maintained that there is a critical period for language learning, after which nativelike attainment is extremely difficult, if not impossible.
翻譯：
這位主講人主張，語言學習存在一個關鍵期；過了這段期間之後，要達到母語者般的程度就極其困難，即使不能說是不可能。
其中 maintain that... 表示「主張……、堅稱……」，最符合主講人提出語言學習理論的語境。
解題方法
先判斷主詞與語境：
- 主詞是 The keynote speaker，意為「主講人」。
- 後方內容是 there is a critical period for language learning，屬於一項理論或觀點。
- 因此空格應填入「提出主張、表達看法」的動詞。
maintain 除了「維持、保養」之外，也可表示「主張、堅稱」，常見句型為：
maintain that + 子句
主張／堅稱……
套入後：
The keynote speaker maintained that there is a critical period for language learning.
語意是：
主講人主張語言學習存在一個關鍵期。
句意、文法與搭配皆成立，因此選 (A)。
選項分析
(A) maintained — 正確
maintain 作「主張、堅稱」解釋時，可接 that 子句，用於表達某人所支持的看法、理論或立場。
- maintain that...：主張……
- The researcher maintained that the treatment was effective.
研究人員主張該治療有效。
本題主講人正在陳述語言學習的理論，使用 maintained that 最自然。
(B) demanded — 錯誤
demand 表示「要求、強烈要求」，常見句型為：
- demand something：要求某事物
- demand that + 主詞 + 原形動詞：要求某人做某事
例如：
The workers demanded that the company raise their salaries.
工人要求公司提高薪資。
本題 that 子句是在說明一項語言學習理論，並非主講人要求他人採取行動，因此 demanded 不合語意。
(C) reprimanded — 錯誤
reprimand 表示「斥責、訓斥」，通常用於責備某人，常見句型為：
reprimand someone for something
因某事斥責某人
例如：
第 4 題2 分
The defense accused the witness of ____ evidence, with deceitful intent.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 法律語境中的字義判斷
- 固定句型：accuse A of V-ing
- 動詞與受詞 evidence 的語意搭配
句型：
accuse + 人／團體 + of + V-ing
指控某人／某團體做了某事
題幹中的 of 後面須接動名詞，因此五個選項在形式上都可接在 of 後，但真正關鍵在於哪個動詞能與 evidence 形成合理語意。
解題方法
題幹為：
The defense accused the witness of ____ evidence, with deceitful intent.
辯方指控證人以欺騙意圖＿＿證據。
with deceitful intent 表示「帶有欺騙意圖」，因此空格應填入具有「捏造、偽造」意義的動詞。
能與 evidence 搭配，且符合欺騙語境的是：
fabricating evidence
捏造證據、偽造證據
完整翻譯為：
辯方指控證人帶有欺騙意圖，捏造了證據。
選項分析
(A) fabricating
fabricate 表示「捏造、虛構、偽造」，fabricating 是動名詞形式。
常見搭配包括：
- fabricate evidence：捏造證據
- fabricate a story：編造故事
- fabricate a report：捏造報告
fabricating evidence 正好符合「以欺騙意圖製造不實證據」的語意，因此正確。
(B) desensitizing
desensitize 表示「使失去敏感度、使麻木」，例如：
- desensitize the skin：使皮膚失去敏感度
- desensitize people to violence：使人們對暴力變得麻木
desensitizing evidence 會變成「使證據失去敏感度」，語意不合；證據通常不是被描述為具有可被降低的敏感度。因此錯誤。
(C) converging
converge 表示「會合、聚集、趨於一致」，例如：
第 5 題2 分
The political leader has warned that too many schoolchildren are in large classes, ____ to change this if elected.
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核心觀念
本題考「分詞片語的語意判斷」與動詞搭配。逗號後的現在分詞片語：
____ to change this if elected
修飾前面的主詞 The political leader，表示這位政治領袖在警告此問題時，同時表達某種態度或承諾。
關鍵搭配是：
vow to + V：發誓要做……、鄭重承諾要……if elected：if he/she is elected的省略形式，意為「如果當選」。
解題方法
先分析句意：
The political leader has warned that too many schoolchildren are in large classes, ____ to change this if elected.
翻譯為：
這位政治領袖警告，太多學童被安排在人數過多的班級中，並承諾如果當選，將改變這種情況。
政治人物指出教育問題後，合理的後續動作是「承諾當選後加以改善」，因此空格應填 vowing。
完整句為：
The political leader has warned that too many schoolchildren are in large classes, vowing to change this if elected.
其中 vowing 是現在分詞，形成分詞片語 vowing to change this，補充說明政治領袖所作的承諾。
關鍵單字與片語
political leader：政治領袖warn：警告；提醒注意too many：太多的schoolchildren：學童large classes：人數過多的班級；大班vow：發誓；鄭重承諾change this：改變這種情況if elected：如果當選
選項分析
(A) vexing
vex 意為「使惱怒、使困擾」，vexing 是「令人惱怒的、令人困擾的」。
若填入：
vexing to change this
第 6 題2 分
The brain ____ voluntary and involuntary function; it enables us to be alert and to respond physically as well as emotionally to the world.
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核心觀念
本題考查「字義辨析」與「動詞和受詞的語意搭配」。
題幹主詞為 The brain，指單一的大腦，屬於第三人稱單數，因此空格應填現在式第三人稱單數動詞。句意描述大腦對自主與非自主功能所進行的生理調控，最適合的動詞是 regulates。
關鍵片語：
- voluntary function：自主功能，指可由意志控制的功能，例如隨意運動。
- involuntary function：非自主功能，指不需意志控制的功能，例如心跳、呼吸與消化。
- be alert：保持警覺、清醒。
- respond physically as well as emotionally to the world：在身體及情緒層面對外在世界做出反應。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的受詞：
voluntary and involuntary function
大腦會對自主與非自主的生理功能進行「調節、控制」，因此需要表示控制或調整的動詞。
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為：
The brain regulates voluntary and involuntary function.
大腦調節自主與非自主功能。
其中 regulate 與 body functions、physiological functions、involuntary functions 都是自然且常見的搭配。由於主詞 The brain 為第三人稱單數， 必須改為 regulates。
完整句意為：
大腦調節自主與非自主功能；它使我們能保持警覺，並在身體及情緒層面對外在世界做出反應。
選項分析
(A) appropriates
appropriate 作動詞時，主要是「挪用、擅自占用、撥款供某用途」。常見搭配如：
- appropriate public funds：挪用公共資金
- appropriate resources：撥用資源
大腦不是「挪用」自主及非自主功能，語意不合，因此錯誤。
(B) accelerates
accelerate 意為「加速、促進」。常見搭配如：
第 7 題2 分
A recognized problem with material found on the internet is that often it is ____ with sources unlisted and the writers’ credentials unknown.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」。
題幹描述網路資料常見的問題：
- 來源沒有列出：
sources unlisted - 作者資格不明：
writers’ credentials unknown
因此，這些資料缺乏可查證的證據與可信支持，應填入表示「未經證實、缺乏證據支持」的形容詞 unsubstantiated。
題幹定位與翻譯
A recognized problem with material found on the internet is that often it is unsubstantiated with sources unlisted and the writers’ credentials unknown.
翻譯：
網路資料有一項公認的問題，就是其中許多內容未經證實，來源沒有列出，作者的資格也不明。
其中：
recognized problem：公認的問題material found on the internet：在網路上找到的資料、內容unsubstantiated：未經證實的；缺乏證據支持的sources unlisted：來源未列出的writers’ credentials unknown：作者的資格、專業背景不明
with sources unlisted and the writers’ credentials unknown 是 with + 名詞 + 形容詞／分詞 的附加結構，用來補充說明資料處於何種狀態：
sources的狀態是unlistedwriters’ credentials的狀態是unknown
解題方法
先判斷空格需要的詞性。空格位於 it is ____ 之後，因此需要填入形容詞，描述網路資料 material 的性質。
再根據後面的線索判斷語意：
- 資料沒有列出來源。
- 作者的專業資格不明。
- 因此內容缺乏足夠證據加以支持或驗證。
最符合的形容詞是 unsubstantiated，意思是「沒有證據支持的、未經證實的」。
選項分析
(A) unclaimed
unclaimed 意為「無人認領的；無人主張所有權的」。
例如：
unclaimed luggage：無人認領的行李unclaimed property：無人認領的財產
本題談的是網路資料缺乏來源與作者資格，而不是資料「無人認領」，語意不合。
(B) unfounded
unfounded 意為「沒有根據的；無事實基礎的」。
第 8 題2 分
We probably see fewer people in person these days, but our lives are populated by an entire chorus of disembodied presences, amplified and directed by the internet, as if we had all begun to suffer from a mild form of schizophrenia.
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核心觀念
本題考查字義判讀與語境搭配，關鍵在於判斷網路上「沒有實體身分、無法直接觸摸」的存在。
題幹中的核心片語為：
an entire chorus of disembodied presences, amplified and directed by the internet
可翻譯為：
一整群由網路放大並引導、沒有實體形體的存在。
其中，disembodied 表示「脫離肉身的、沒有實體形體的」；因此空格應選擇與「非物質、不可觸摸」相關的形容詞。
解題方法
先觀察空格所修飾的對象：
disembodied presences
此處的 presences 並非指實際站在身邊的人，而是指透過網路、社群媒體或其他數位媒介出現的「虛擬存在」。題幹以 disembodied 強調這些存在沒有實體，因此答案必須具有「無形的、不可觸摸的」語意。
intangible 意為「無形的、不可觸摸的、非物質的」，與語境完全吻合。
關鍵單字與片語
- probably：大概、很可能
- see fewer people in person：親自見到較少的人
- in person 表示「親自、本人實際出現」
- these days：如今、近來
- be populated by：充滿……、由……所構成
- an entire chorus of：整群、眾多的……
- chorus 原意為「合唱團」，此處是比喻用法，表示許多同時發聲的存在
- disembodied：沒有肉身的、脫離實體的
- presence：存在；在場的人或事物
- amplified：被放大的、被增強的
- directed by：受到……引導或操控
- the internet：網際網路
- as if：彷彿、好像
- suffer from：患有；受到……之苦
- a mild form of schizophrenia：輕微形式的思覺失調症
文法與語意重點
題幹使用：
our lives are populated by an entire chorus of disembodied presences
這是被動語態：
our lives + are populated by + 名詞
意思是「我們的生活充滿了……」。
其中 disembodied 是形容詞，修飾 presences。空格中的選項也必須是形容詞，且在語意上描述這些網路存在的性質。
定位答案的關鍵句為：
We probably see fewer people in person these days, but our lives are populated by an entire chorus of disembodied presences, amplified and directed by the internet
第 9 題2 分
Coots are belligerent, territorial, quick-tempered birds for nothing irritates a coot like another coot.
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核心觀念
本題測驗高階同義字代換（Synonym Identification）與並列結構語意推導。
題幹中畫線字為 belligerent（好戰的、具攻擊性的、好鬥的），後方以逗號連接兩個描述特性的形容詞：territorial（具領域性的、佔地盤的）與 quick-tempered（急躁的、易怒的），形成三個修飾 birds 的並列形容詞。考生需藉由同位並列的語意線索，以及連接詞 for（因為）所引導的因果子句，選出與 belligerent 語意最相近的形容詞。
題幹原文與翻譯
原文：
Coots are belligerent, territorial, quick-tempered birds for nothing irritates a coot like another coot.
翻譯：
白冠雞是具有攻擊性（好鬥的）、極具領域性且性情急躁的鳥類，因為沒有什麼比另一隻白冠雞更能激怒白冠雞的了。
關鍵字詞解析：
- coot (n.)：白冠雞（一種常見水鳥）
- belligerent (adj.)：好戰的、好鬥的、有敵意的（源自拉丁字根 belli-「戰爭」+ gerere「發動」）
- territorial (adj.)：具領地意識的、守衛領域的
- quick-tempered (adj.)：性情急躁的、易怒的
- for (conj.)：因為（等立連接詞，引導補充說明原因的對等子句）
- irritate (v.)：激怒、惹惱
解題方法
- 語境線索與並列結構：
句中結構為：Coots are [belligerent], [territorial], [quick-tempered] birds...
三個形容詞共同修飾 birds，彼此間呈現「具有強烈排他性、地盤性與易怒好鬥」的同向語意。 - 因果關係補強：
後半句「for nothing irritates a coot like another coot」（沒有什麼比同類更能惹惱牠們）進一步解釋了牠們相見時充滿敵意、極易爆發衝突的特性。 - 語意對應：
belligerent 的核心意義為「aggressively hostile; waging war; pugnacious」（具侵略性、敵意或爭鬥傾向的），與選項 (C) hostile（敵對的、有敵意的）完全吻合。
選項分析
第 10 題2 分
There was a steady stream of customers, mostly for takeout, and the experience was marred only by a guy we took to be the proprietor upbraiding one of his employees in front of the customers.
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核心觀念
本題為後中醫英文常考的高階字彙近義詞（Synonym）辨析題。核心測驗考生對動詞 upbraid 之字義理解，以及在語境中辨識情感色彩（負面責難）與主被動動作搭配的能力。
- 題幹原文與翻譯：
"There was a steady stream of customers, mostly for takeout, and the experience was marred only by a guy we took to be the proprietor upbraiding one of his employees in front of the customers."
中文翻譯：現場顧客絡繹不絕，大部分是外帶，而整個消費體驗唯一被破壞（留下污點）的地方，就是一名我們認為是店老闆的男子，在顧客面前厲聲斥責他的一名員工。
- 關鍵字詞解析：
- mar (v.)：損壞、毀損、玷污（本句用其被動 past participle：was marred by...，表示美好體驗被負面事件破壞）。
- proprietor (n.)：所有人、店東、業主。
- upbraid (v.)：嚴厲斥責、訓斥、責難（同義詞：reproach, scold, rebuke, reprimand, chide）。
解題方法
- 語境線索剖析：
句中提到「整體體驗被破壞（the experience was marred only by...）」，後續指出原因是疑似老闆的男子在眾多客人面前對員工所做的舉動（in front of the customers）。在職場與服務業場景中，老闆在顧客面前公開對員工施加的負面行為，最符合情理且破壞現場氛圍的動作即為「嚴厲責罵、訓斥」。 - 同義字配對：
upbraid 的精確意涵為「因某人犯錯或失職而嚴厲斥責（to criticize or speak angrily to someone because they have done something wrong）」，與選項 (B) 的 reproach（責備、指責）意思完全契合。
選項分析
- (A) demanding
- 字義：要求、強求（demand 的現在分詞／動名詞）。
第 11 題2 分
It is observed that exclusory practices in the United States between and within schools are not random; they are structured along class and, particularly, along race and ethnic lines.
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核心觀念
本題為中國醫藥大學後中醫英文試題典型的同義字替換題（Synonym Replacement）。題幹通常會劃底線標示特定單字或片語（本題劃底線處為 random），要求考生從選項中選出語意最接近、能完美替換的字詞。考生須掌握核心字彙及其同義詞群，並能透過前後文的語意邏輯（對比關係）進行驗證。
題幹分析與翻譯
- 題幹原文：
"It is observed that exclusory practices in the United States between and within schools are not random; they are structured along class and, particularly, along race and ethnic lines." - 中文翻譯：
「據觀察，美國校際之間及學校內部的排他行為並非隨機／偶然的；這些行為是沿著階級，特別是沿著種族與族群界線而建構形成的。」 - 語意邏輯切入點：
分號前後為對比補述關係：「are not random（不是隨機的）」與後句「they are structured（它們是有結構性、有組織安排的）」形成強烈對比。因此，劃底線字 random（隨機的、任意的）之同義詞即為 haphazard（隨意的、無計畫的、偶然的）。
選項分析
- (A) intentional：意為「故意的、蓄意的」。
與 random 意思相反（反義詞）。若代入則變成 not intentional（非故意的），與後文強調的「有結構性（structured）」相矛盾。 - (B) expected：意為「預期的、料想中的」。
通常指事情符合常理或預測，與 random 的「無規律、隨機」語意不對等。 - (C) calculated：意為「精心策劃的、有計畫的」。
為 random 的反義詞，常用於描述經過深思熟慮的行為。
第 12 題2 分
The push for rigorous preschool education has overlooked the evidence on how kids really learn best.
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核心觀念
本題考「同義字辨識」與形容詞的語意搭配。
題幹中的關鍵字是 rigorous，常見意思包括：
- 嚴格的
- 嚴謹的
- 徹底的
- 周密而完整的
在 rigorous preschool education 中，rigorous 是形容學前教育內容與訓練方式相當嚴謹、紮實、完整，因此最接近 thorough。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原文：
The push for rigorous preschool education has overlooked the evidence on how kids really learn best.
翻譯：
推動嚴謹、紮實的學前教育，忽略了有關兒童究竟如何才能學得最好的證據。
其中：
- the push for：推動……的努力
- rigorous preschool education：嚴謹、紮實的學前教育
- overlook：忽略
- evidence on：關於……的證據
- how kids really learn best：兒童真正能以最佳方式學習的方法
本題實際上是判斷哪一個選項可作為 rigorous 的近義字。句意重點在「學前教育必須嚴謹、完整、扎實」，因此選 thorough。
選項分析
(A) engaging
engaging 意為「吸引人的、有趣的、能引起興趣的」。
例如：
- an engaging teacher：一位很能吸引學生的老師
- an engaging lesson：有趣且引人入勝的課程
雖然好的學前教育可以具備趣味性，但 engaging 著重「吸引注意力」，不等於 rigorous 的「嚴謹、徹底、扎實」，故不選。
(B) standard
standard 可作形容詞，意為「標準的、一般的、符合規範的」。
例如：
- standard procedure：標準程序
- standard education：標準教育
它表示符合既定標準，沒有「嚴格審慎」或「徹底完整」的語意，與 rigorous 不相等，故不選。
(C) prevailing
prevailing 意為「盛行的、普遍存在的、目前通行的」。
例如：
第 13 題2 分
The reviewer’s notes help illuminate the movie director’s works.
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核心觀念
本題考查「動詞字義辨析」與語境判斷。
題幹中的關鍵動詞是 illuminate，本義為「照亮」，引申義為「闡明、使……更清楚」。句中受詞為 the movie director’s works（這位電影導演的作品），因此需要選擇表示「闡明、解釋清楚」的動詞。
此外，句型為：
help + 原形動詞
因此 help illuminate 文法正確，意為「有助於闡明」。
解題方法
題幹原句：
The reviewer’s notes help illuminate the movie director’s works.
影評人的筆記有助於闡明這位電影導演的作品。
主詞 The reviewer’s notes 是「影評人的筆記」，筆記的功能通常是補充說明、分析作品，使讀者更容易理解。因此空格所需的語意是「解釋、闡明」。
選項中 elucidate 意為「闡明、解釋清楚」，與 illuminate 的引申義相符，故選 C。
選項分析
-
(A) adore：意為「熱愛、崇拜」。
The notes help adore the director’s works 會變成「筆記有助於熱愛導演的作品」，語意不合；「熱愛」也不是筆記對作品所產生的主要功能。 -
(B) promote：意為「促進、推廣、宣傳、升遷」。
影評人的筆記可能具有宣傳效果，但 promote 著重於提高知名度或推動某事，不能精確表達「使作品內容更容易理解」的意思。 -
(C) elucidate：意為「闡明、解釋清楚」。
與 illuminate 的引申義相同，且符合「筆記幫助讀者理解導演作品」的語境，為正確答案。
第 14 題2 分
Earthquake is one of the most dangerous natural threats in Taiwan.
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核心觀念
本題考「自然災害」相關字彙，以及名詞的語意辨析。
官方答案 D 的關鍵字是 hazard，意為「危險、危害、危險因素」。常見搭配為：
- natural hazard：自然危害、天然災害
- health hazard：健康危害
- fire hazard：火災危險
- occupational hazard：職業危害
地震本身是一種可能造成傷亡與破壞的自然危害，因此可稱為 natural hazard。
解題方法
定位題幹中的關鍵語意：
Earthquake is one of the most dangerous natural threats in Taiwan.
地震是臺灣最危險的天然威脅之一。
句中需要的是「危險、危害」之類的名詞。四個選項中，只有 hazard 能直接表示「造成危險或傷害的事物」，且與 natural 形成自然且常見的搭配：
natural hazard
天然危害、自然災害
若依官方答案所代表的原題句型，完整句應理解為：
Earthquake is one of the most dangerous natural hazards in Taiwan.
地震是臺灣最危險的自然災害之一。
選項分析
(A) casualty
意為「傷亡者、死傷人數」，指受到事故、戰爭或災害影響而死亡或受傷的人，不是造成危險的災害本身。
例：
The earthquake caused many casualties.
這場地震造成許多傷亡。
地震是造成 casualties 的原因，不等於 casualty，因此不適合放在「地震是……之一」的語境中。
(B) wreckage
意為「殘骸、破碎物」，通常指船隻、飛機、車輛或建築物遭到破壞後留下的碎片。
例：
The wreckage of the building blocked the road.
建築物的殘骸堵住了道路。
Wreckage 是災害造成的結果，不是地震這類自然危害本身，因此錯誤。
(C) wastage
意為「浪費、損耗、耗損」，常用於資源、材料、時間或人力的不必要消耗。
例：
We must reduce food wastage.
我們必須減少食物浪費。
第 15 題2 分
In 1861, Paul Broca identified a small area at the brain’s surface that is responsible for producing speech.
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核心觀念
本題考查英文單字的語意辨識，重點在於依據上下文判斷動詞的正確意思。
題幹描述的是 Paul Broca 在 1861 年「找出、發現」大腦表面一個與語言產生有關的小區域，因此應選擇表示「發現」的動詞 discovered。
題幹定位與翻譯
In 1861, Paul Broca identified a small area at the brain’s surface that is responsible for producing speech.
翻譯：
1861 年，Paul Broca 找出大腦表面一個負責產生語言的小區域。
句中的 identified 意為「確認、辨認出、找出」，與選項 discovered 的「發現」語意最接近。
其中：
- identify：確認、辨認、找出
- a small area：一個小區域
- at the brain’s surface：在大腦表面
- be responsible for：負責……
- produce speech：產生語言、說話
解題方法
先觀察句子的語意：
Paul Broca 研究大腦，並找出一個與語言產生有關的特定區域。這是一種「發現或辨認出某個未知事物」的動作，因此空格需要填入具有「發現」意義的過去式動詞。
選項中只有 discovered 符合。
句型可理解為：
Paul Broca discovered a small area that is responsible for producing speech.
也就是：
Paul Broca 發現了一個負責產生語言的小區域。
文法與語意重點
- identified 是過去式動詞，與時間副詞片語 In 1861 相呼應。
- 空格位於主詞 Paul Broca 之後，需填入過去式動詞。
- that is responsible for producing speech 是關係子句，修飾前面的 a small area。
- be responsible for + V-ing 表示「負責做某事」。
因此：
第 16 題2 分
Elevated underemployment indicates the absence of professional job opportunities, ____ a brake on wage growth.
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核心觀念
本題考查三項重點：
- 非限定關係子句：逗號後接
which，補充說明前面的名詞。 - 主詞動詞一致：
which所代替的先行詞若為單數，動詞用acts。 - 因果與固定搭配：
in turn：進而、反過來act as ...：充當……、成為……a brake on ...：對……的抑制力量wage growth：工資成長
題幹翻譯與句構分析
原句：
Elevated underemployment indicates the absence of professional job opportunities, which in turn acts as a brake on wage growth.
翻譯：
偏高的未充分就業率顯示專業工作機會的缺乏，而這種缺乏進而抑制了工資成長。
句子主幹為：
Elevated underemployment：主詞indicates：動詞the absence of professional job opportunities：受詞
逗號後的 which in turn acts as a brake on wage growth 是非限定關係子句，補充說明前面的 the absence of professional job opportunities。
其中：
which的先行詞是單數名詞absence- 因此動詞使用第三人稱單數
acts in turn表示「進而、反過來」acts as a brake on wage growth表示「成為抑制工資成長的力量」
完整結構為：
解題方法
先觀察逗號後的空格位置。逗號後需要一個能引導非限定關係子句的關係代名詞，因此 which 最符合句型。
接著檢查後面的動詞：
which指代absenceabsence是單數- 所以應使用
acts
最後檢查語意：
- 未充分就業率偏高，代表專業工作機會不足。
- 專業工作機會不足，進而抑制工資成長。
which in turn acts as a brake on wage growth 正確表達這種因果關係，因此選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) that is acting out as
that 通常引導限定關係子句，不能自然地放在逗號後引導此處的非限定關係子句。非限定關係子句通常使用 which，不用 that。
此外，act out 是固定片語，意思是「以行動表現情緒、胡鬧」，例如 The child acted out at school.，不能與 as 組成表示「充當」的用法。
正確搭配應為：
第 17 題2 分
Strategically ____ Asia, the Americas, and Europe, Canada is an emerging hub of trade, innovation and investment, and a continuing arbiter of good governance and best practices.
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核心觀念
本題考：
- 分詞片語作形容詞用法
- 過去分詞表示被動或狀態
be positioned to + V句型to connect不定詞表目的或功能
句首的：
Strategically ____ Asia, the Americas, and Europe
是修飾主詞 Canada 的分詞片語，可還原為：
Canada is strategically positioned to connect Asia, the Americas, and Europe.
其中：
- positioned：位於……的位置；處於適合……的地位
- to connect：以連結……；為了連結……
- strategically positioned to + 原形動詞：策略性地處於適合做某事的位置
因此應選 positioned to connect。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的結構：
____ Asia, the Americas, and Europe
若選入 positioned to connect，句子成為：
Strategically positioned to connect Asia, the Americas, and Europe, Canada is an emerging hub...
句意是：
加拿大在地理與策略位置上，適合連結亞洲、美洲與歐洲，因此加拿大是新興的貿易、創新與投資樞紐……
句首分詞片語的邏輯主詞是主句主詞 Canada。完整句可改寫成關係子句：
Canada, which is strategically positioned to connect Asia, the Americas, and Europe, is an emerging hub...
positioned 在此表示「被安排／處於某個有利位置」，也可視為描述狀態的過去分詞形容詞；to connect 則是不定詞，說明這個位置所具備的功能或目的。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為：
Strategically positioned to connect Asia, the Americas, and Europe, Canada is an emerging hub of trade, innovation and investment, and a continuing arbiter of good governance and best practices.
翻譯：
加拿大在策略上處於能連結亞洲、美洲與歐洲的有利位置，是新興的貿易、創新與投資樞紐，也是良善治理與最佳實務的持續倡導者與評判者。
關鍵搭配是：
be positioned to + 原形動詞
本句中的 positioned to connect 意為「處於適合連結……的位置」。
選項分析
(A) connecting to position
填入後：
Strategically connecting to position Asia, the Americas, and Europe, Canada is...
有兩個問題：
第 18 題2 分
The curriculum committee recommended that this motion ____ immediately.
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核心觀念
本題考「要求、建議、命令類動詞後接 that 子句」的假設語氣（mandative subjunctive），以及動詞的被動語態。
句型為：
recommend + that + 主詞 + 原形動詞
若 that 子句中的主詞是動作承受者，則使用：
recommend that + 主詞 + be + 過去分詞
本題中，委員會建議的是「這項動議應立即被通過」，因此須使用被動語態：
recommended that this motion be passed
關鍵單字與片語
- curriculum committee：課程委員會
- recommend：建議、推薦
- motion：動議、提案
- pass a motion：通過動議
- immediately：立即地、馬上地
其中，pass a motion 是「通過動議」的固定用法。動議本身是被通過的對象，因此要用被動語態 be passed。
解題方法
先找出主要動詞：
The curriculum committee recommended that ...
recommend 屬於建議類動詞，後面的 that 子句通常使用假設語氣。假設語氣的動詞採用原形，不因主詞是單數而加 -s，也不使用過去式。
其次判斷 this motion 和 pass 的主動、被動關係：
- 委員會可以通過動議：The committee passes the motion.
- 動議被委員會通過：The motion is passed by the committee.
因為 this motion 是「被通過」的對象，所以應使用被動形式：
pass 的過去分詞為 passed，故完整答案為：
The curriculum committee recommended that this motion be passed immediately.
題幹翻譯為：
課程委員會建議這項動議應立即獲得通過。
選項分析
(A) is passing
is passing 是現在進行式，表示「正在通過」。此選項有兩個問題：
第 19 題2 分
____ the scope of possible cyber-attack and the pace at which it may appear, it is not feasible to protect everything, everywhere, all the time.
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核心觀念
本題測驗「介系詞／分詞衍生介系詞的用法」與「懸空分詞（Dangling Participle）之主詞邏輯判定」。
在英文文法中，由動詞衍生、已完全虛化（grammaticalized）為介系詞（Preposition）的慣用語非常常見，其中 given 最具代表性：
- given 作為介系詞時，意思為「考慮到…」、「鑑於…」（equivalent to in view of, considering），後面直接接名詞（短語）或名詞子句（given that + S + V）。
- 若將開頭視為一般的分詞構句（Participle Clause），其邏輯主詞必須與主要子句的主詞一致。
解題方法
- 分析句子結構：
- 題幹以逗號隔開為兩大部分：
____ [the scope ... and the pace ...] , [it is not feasible to protect ...]。 - 主要子句主詞為虛主詞
it，真主詞為不定詞片語to protect everything, everywhere, all the time。
- 語意與邏輯主詞檢驗：
- 主要子句表達「要隨時隨地保護所有事物是不可行的」。
- 空格後接兩個並列的名詞短語作為條件背景：
the scope of possible cyber-attack（可能遭受網路攻擊的範圍）the pace at which it may appear（它可能出現的速度）
- 前後關係為因果條件：「鑑於／考慮到潛在網路攻擊的規模與速度，要全方位防護是不切實際的」。
- 由此可知，此處需要表達「考慮到…」的介系詞
Given。
選項分析
- (A) Given（正確）：
Given在此作為介系詞使用，表「鑑於、考慮到」（taking into consideration）。後方接名詞片語the scope ... and the pace ...，完整引導出背景原因，文法正確且語意完全通順。 - (B) Giving（錯誤）：
若選Giving，此結構為現在分詞構句。現在分詞構句的邏輯主詞必須與主要子句的主詞一致；然而本句主要子句主詞為形式主詞it（實指防護工作），防護工作顯然無法執行主動「給予（giving）」名詞受詞的動作，造成文法上的「懸空分詞（Dangling Participle）」，且語意不合。 - (C) In giving（錯誤）：
第 20 題2 分
This edited book offers up-to-date overviews of research methods ____ linguistic research.
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題目解析
題幹原文：
"This edited book offers up-to-date overviews of research methods ____ linguistic research."
中文翻譯：
「這本編著的書籍提供了語言學研究中所使用之研究方法的最新概述。」
核心觀念
本題測驗的核心文法為**「分詞作後位修飾（Participle as a Postmodifier）」以及「動詞與介系詞的固定搭配（Collocation）」**：
- 分詞片語簡化形容詞子句：名詞後面接分詞片語修飾時，主動關係使用現在分詞（V-ing），被動關係使用過去分詞（p.p.）。
- 原形容詞子句：...research methods which are used in linguistic research.
- 省略關係代名詞與 be 動詞後：...research methods used in linguistic research.
- 片語搭配：表示「在某領域／某方面使用」，英文固定搭配介系詞 in（use A in B；A is used in B）。
解題方法
- 分析句子結構：
- 主詞：This edited book
- 動詞：offers
- 受詞：up-to-date overviews of research methods
- 空格處為修飾名詞
research methods（研究方法）的後位修飾語。
- 判定主被動語態：
- 被修飾的名詞是
research methods（方法），方法與動詞use之間為被動關係（研究方法是「被使用」），因此必須使用過去分詞（p.p.）used，排除主動形式的 (B)。
- 檢查介系詞與語意搭配：
- 「在語言學研究中被使用」應使用介系詞
in，即used in linguistic research。因此 (A) 為正確答案。
選項分析
-
(A) used in【正確】
過去分詞used正確表示被動語態（方法被使用），介系詞in準確表達「在……領域／研究中」，完整還原即為 "...research methods (which are) used in linguistic research"，文法與語意均完全正確。 -
(B) using with【錯誤】
using為現在分詞，代表主動進行，但「研究方法」無法主動去使用他人，語態錯誤。
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The remarkable growth of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) over the past 30 years has transformed this nascent interdisciplinary field into an intellectually-rich, high-impact, worldwide phenomenon. The initiators of HCI have grown from a small rebellious group of researchers who struggled to gain recognition as they broke disciplinary boundaries to a broad 21 with potent impact on the daily lives of every human. The 22 of early HCI researchers and practitioners were to make better menus, design graphical user interfaces based on direct manipulation, improve input devices, design effective control panels, and present information in comprehensible formats. HCI software developers contributed innovative tools that enabled programmers and non-programmers to create interfaces for widely varying applications and diverse users. In the early days, HCI researchers and professionals fought to gain recognition, and often still have to 23 HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers. However, the larger world now embraces their contributions and 24 what they can deliver. 25 fields can claim such rapid expansion and broad impact as evidenced in the domain of HCI.
The initiators of HCI have grown from a small rebellious group of researchers who struggled to gain recognition as they broke disciplinary boundaries to a broad ____ with potent impact on the daily lives of every human.
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核心觀念
本題考查克漏字篇章語意銜接與名詞詞義辨析（搭配詞 Collocation 與對比修辭）。解題關鍵在於掌握句型「grow from A to B」（從 A 發展為 B）中的平行對稱關係，以及集合名詞／群體概念詞在語境中的精確搭配。
解題方法
1. 定位關鍵句與語意分析
- 原文句子：
"The initiators of HCI have grown from a small rebellious group of researchers who struggled to gain recognition as they broke disciplinary boundaries to a broad ______ with potent impact on the daily lives of every human."
- 中文翻譯：
「人機互動（HCI）的開創者們，已經從過去一群打破學門藩籬、奮力爭取認可的少數叛逆研究者，發展成為一個廣大且具有影響力的社群，對全人類的日常生活產生了深遠的衝擊。」
2. 結構與修辭對比推導
句中核心架構為：
- 起點 [A]：
a small rebellious group of researchers（一群人數稀少的叛逆研究人員）。 - 特徵：人／團體（group of researchers）、規模小（small）。
- 終點 [B]：
a broad ______ with potent impact（廣大的……且具有強大影響力）。 - 與「a small ... group」形成語意修辭上的對稱與演進（對比「small」「broad」），空格處必須填入代表**由人／專業人員所構成的「群體、社群圈」**之集合名詞，才能與前方的
initiators（主詞）及group of researchers達成概念呼應。 - 因此，代表學術與專業「群體、界、社群」的 (C) influential community 為唯一正確解答。
選項分析
-
(A) substantial comment（實質的評論）：【錯誤】
-
字義：substantial（實質的、大量的）；comment（評論、意見）。
-
錯誤原因：人或研究團隊（initiators / group of researchers）不可能「成長演變（grow into/to）成一則實質評論」，語意犯了「範疇錯置（category error）」的邏輯錯誤。
-
(B) effective communication（有效的溝通）：【錯誤】
-
字義：effective（有效的）；communication（溝通、傳達）。
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The remarkable growth of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) over the past 30 years has transformed this nascent interdisciplinary field into an intellectually-rich, high-impact, worldwide phenomenon. The initiators of HCI have grown from a small rebellious group of researchers who struggled to gain recognition as they broke disciplinary boundaries to a broad 21 with potent impact on the daily lives of every human. The 22 of early HCI researchers and practitioners were to make better menus, design graphical user interfaces based on direct manipulation, improve input devices, design effective control panels, and present information in comprehensible formats. HCI software developers contributed innovative tools that enabled programmers and non-programmers to create interfaces for widely varying applications and diverse users. In the early days, HCI researchers and professionals fought to gain recognition, and often still have to 23 HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers. However, the larger world now embraces their contributions and 24 what they can deliver. 25 fields can claim such rapid expansion and broad impact as evidenced in the domain of HCI.
The ____ of early HCI researchers and practitioners were to make better menus, design graphical user interfaces based on direct manipulation, improve input devices, design effective control panels, and present information in comprehensible formats.
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核心觀念
本題考查「字義辨析」與「語境判斷」。
句型為：
The ____ of early HCI researchers and practitioners were to make better menus, design graphical user interfaces based on direct manipulation, improve input devices, design effective control panels, and present information in comprehensible formats.
空格後接一連串由 to + 原形動詞 構成的內容，說明早期 HCI 研究者與實務工作者「想要達成的目標、抱負」。因此空格須填入表示「抱負、志向、期望目標」的複數名詞。
正確答案為 aspirations。
解題方法
先觀察句子的主詞與語意：
- early HCI researchers and practitioners：早期的人機互動研究者與實務工作者
- were to...：其目標是……
- 後方列出多項工作目標：
- make better menus：製作更好的選單
- design graphical user interfaces：設計圖形化使用者介面
- improve input devices：改良輸入裝置
- design effective control panels：設計有效的控制面板
- present information in comprehensible formats：以易於理解的格式呈現資訊
這些內容不是研究者的「身分」、不是「利益」，也不是「財富」，而是他們努力追求的方向與理想。因此應選擇 aspirations。
定位答案的原文
The aspirations of early HCI researchers and practitioners were to make better menus, design graphical user interfaces based on direct manipulation, improve input devices, design effective control panels, and present information in comprehensible formats.
翻譯：
早期人機互動研究者與實務工作者的抱負，是製作更好的選單、根據直接操控設計圖形化使用者介面、改良輸入裝置、設計有效的控制面板，並以易於理解的格式呈現資訊。
選項分析
(A) identities
identity 意為「身分、認同、特徵」。
- 複數形 identities 在文法上可以放入空格。
- 但「研究者與實務工作者的身分是製作更好的選單」語意不通。
- 後方不定詞片語描述的是目標與理想，不是身分。
因此錯誤。
(B) profits
profit 意為「利潤、獲益」。
- profits 指透過商業活動獲得的金錢利益。
- 句中列出的內容是改善介面、輸入裝置與資訊呈現方式，屬於研究與設計目標，並非金錢上的利潤。
- 「利潤是製作更好的選單」也不符合語意邏輯。
因此錯誤。
(C) fortunes
fortune 可指「財富、命運、運氣」。
- fortunes 通常表示財富、個人命運，或事業發展狀況。
- 後方列舉的是 HCI 研究者所追求的設計成果，不是他們的財富或命運。
- 即使理解為「財富」，也無法與 were to make... 的目標結構自然銜接。
因此錯誤。
(D) provisions
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The remarkable growth of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) over the past 30 years has transformed this nascent interdisciplinary field into an intellectually-rich, high-impact, worldwide phenomenon. The initiators of HCI have grown from a small rebellious group of researchers who struggled to gain recognition as they broke disciplinary boundaries to a broad 21 with potent impact on the daily lives of every human. The 22 of early HCI researchers and practitioners were to make better menus, design graphical user interfaces based on direct manipulation, improve input devices, design effective control panels, and present information in comprehensible formats. HCI software developers contributed innovative tools that enabled programmers and non-programmers to create interfaces for widely varying applications and diverse users. In the early days, HCI researchers and professionals fought to gain recognition, and often still have to 23 HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers. However, the larger world now embraces their contributions and 24 what they can deliver. 25 fields can claim such rapid expansion and broad impact as evidenced in the domain of HCI.
In the early days, HCI researchers and professionals fought to gain recognition, and often still have to ____ HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers.
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核心觀念
本題考查字義、搭配與語境判斷。句中結構為：
often still have to ____ HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers.
其中：
- have to + 原形動詞：必須……
- HCI’s value：人機互動（HCI）的價值
- with academic colleagues or corporate managers：向學術同儕或企業管理者
句意是：早期 HCI 研究者與專業人士努力爭取認同，直到現在仍常必須向學術同儕或企業管理者「證明、說明 HCI 的價值」。
因此，空格需要填入能表示「證明某事合理、重要或有價值」的動詞。
解題方法
先觀察上下文：
In the early days, HCI researchers and professionals fought to gain recognition, and often still have to ____ HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers.
前半句提到 fought to gain recognition，意為「努力爭取認同」。後半句延續相同概念，表示他們仍需向他人說明 HCI 為何重要、有價值。
justify 可作及物動詞，表示「證明……正當、合理或有價值」，常見搭配包括：
- justify one’s decision：證明某人的決定合理
- justify the cost：證明這項費用值得
- justify the value of something：證明某事物的價值
因此填入 justify 後，語意與前後文完整銜接。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
原文：
In the early days, HCI researchers and professionals fought to gain recognition, and often still have to justify HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers.
翻譯：
早期的人機互動研究者與專業人士努力爭取認同，而直到現在，他們往往仍必須向學術同儕或企業管理者證明 HCI 的價值。
選項分析
(A) negate
意為「否定、使無效」。
negate HCI’s value 是「否定 HCI 的價值」，語意與上下文相反。文章指出 HCI 研究者要爭取認同、證明自身貢獻，而不是否定 HCI 的價值，故錯誤。
(B) recover
意為「恢復、重新取得、復原」。
recover HCI’s value 可勉強理解為「恢復 HCI 的價值」，但題意並未表示 HCI 的價值曾經消失或受損；此處重點是向他人提出理由、爭取認同，因此不合語境。
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The remarkable growth of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) over the past 30 years has transformed this nascent interdisciplinary field into an intellectually-rich, high-impact, worldwide phenomenon. The initiators of HCI have grown from a small rebellious group of researchers who struggled to gain recognition as they broke disciplinary boundaries to a broad 21 with potent impact on the daily lives of every human. The 22 of early HCI researchers and practitioners were to make better menus, design graphical user interfaces based on direct manipulation, improve input devices, design effective control panels, and present information in comprehensible formats. HCI software developers contributed innovative tools that enabled programmers and non-programmers to create interfaces for widely varying applications and diverse users. In the early days, HCI researchers and professionals fought to gain recognition, and often still have to 23 HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers. However, the larger world now embraces their contributions and 24 what they can deliver. 25 fields can claim such rapid expansion and broad impact as evidenced in the domain of HCI.
However, the larger world now embraces their contributions and ____ what they can deliver.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 片語搭配與語意判斷
- 連接詞 and 前後動詞的平行結構
- 依文章上下文判斷正負語氣與合理搭配
關鍵句為：
However, the larger world now embraces their contributions and has high expectations of what they can deliver.
翻譯為：
然而，如今整個世界不僅接受了他們的貢獻，也對他們能夠完成的成果抱有高度期待。
前文指出 HCI 研究者與專業人士早期必須努力爭取認可，甚至仍須向學術同儕或企業管理者證明 HCI 的價值。接著以 However 轉折，表示現今社會已經正面看待 HCI 的貢獻，並進一步期待它能帶來更多成果，因此空格應填入正向語意的片語。
解題方法
先觀察句型：
the larger world now embraces their contributions and ____ what they can deliver
embraces 與空格後的動詞共用主詞 the larger world，由 and 連接，形成平行結構：
- the larger world embraces their contributions
- the larger world has high expectations of what they can deliver
其中 what they can deliver 是名詞子句，意思是「他們能提供、完成的成果」。
能與 what they can deliver 自然搭配，且符合 However 所造成的正向轉折者，只有 has high expectations of。
選項分析
(A) imposes constraints on
意思是「對……施加限制」。
若代入句中：
the larger world imposes constraints on what they can deliver
意思變成「整個世界限制他們能完成的成果」。此語意與前面的 embraces their contributions 不一致，也破壞 However 所表達的正面轉折，因此錯誤。
(B) has high expectations of
意思是「對……抱有高度期待」。
代入後：
the larger world embraces their contributions and has high expectations of what they can deliver
意思是「整個世界接受他們的貢獻，並對他們能完成的成果抱有高度期待」。語意通順，與全文描述 HCI 的快速發展及廣泛影響完全一致，為正確答案。
(C) takes command of
意思是「掌控、取得對……的控制權」。
take command of 通常用於軍隊、組織、局勢等，例如「掌管部隊」「控制局面」。what they can deliver 指的是「他們能提供的成果」，不是可被掌控的組織或局勢，因此搭配不自然，語意也不合。
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The remarkable growth of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) over the past 30 years has transformed this nascent interdisciplinary field into an intellectually-rich, high-impact, worldwide phenomenon. The initiators of HCI have grown from a small rebellious group of researchers who struggled to gain recognition as they broke disciplinary boundaries to a broad 21 with potent impact on the daily lives of every human. The 22 of early HCI researchers and practitioners were to make better menus, design graphical user interfaces based on direct manipulation, improve input devices, design effective control panels, and present information in comprehensible formats. HCI software developers contributed innovative tools that enabled programmers and non-programmers to create interfaces for widely varying applications and diverse users. In the early days, HCI researchers and professionals fought to gain recognition, and often still have to 23 HCI’s value with academic colleagues or corporate managers. However, the larger world now embraces their contributions and 24 what they can deliver. 25 fields can claim such rapid expansion and broad impact as evidenced in the domain of HCI.
____ fields can claim such rapid expansion and broad impact as evidenced in the domain of HCI.
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核心觀念
本題考「可數名詞搭配數量限定詞」以及上下文語意判斷。
空格後的名詞是複數可數名詞 fields，因此可搭配：
- few：少數的，幾乎沒有幾個
- some：一些
- most：大多數的
- any：任何一個、任何的
little 只能修飾不可數名詞，不能修飾複數可數名詞。
此外，文章強調 HCI 在短時間內快速擴張，並產生廣泛影響，因此能達到這種程度的領域「非常少」。語意上應選 Few。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為：
Few fields can claim such rapid expansion and broad impact as evidenced in the domain of HCI.
翻譯：
很少有領域能夠宣稱擁有 HCI 領域所展現出的如此快速發展與廣泛影響。
前文提到 HCI 從早期的小型研究團體，發展成對全人類日常生活具有強大影響力的全球性領域；最後一句則進一步指出，具備同等快速成長與廣泛影響力的領域並不多，因此使用 Few。
解題方法
第一步，觀察空格後的名詞：
fields
fields 是複數可數名詞，因此數量限定詞必須符合複數可數名詞的用法。
第二步，判斷語意。句型：
Few + 複數可數名詞 + can ...
表示「很少有……能夠……」，帶有稀少、罕見的語氣。
本句意思是：HCI 的快速成長與廣泛影響十分罕見，能與之相比的領域很少。因此答案為 Few。
選項分析
(A) Few：正確
few 修飾複數可數名詞，表示「少數的、很少的」。
Few fields can claim ...
即「很少有領域能夠宣稱……」，符合：
- 文法：fields 是複數可數名詞。
- 語意：HCI 的快速擴張與廣泛影響並不常見，符合「很少有」的意思。
(B) Little：錯誤
little 修飾不可數名詞，例如：
第 26 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Programming used to be a process of translating concepts into computer terms. 26, computer programmers first need to discuss and propose high-level ideas and concepts expressed in natural language; they then work with these ideas in math notation and flowcharts, finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could 27 the proposed ideas. Translation is a necessary process because each ‘language’ noted above offers idiosyncratic capacities not seen in the other languages. For instance, natural language is expressive and readable; math notation is concise and precise; and code is abstract but is logical. Due to the unique feature of each language, the price of translation is that no one is an omnipotent 28 in all the languages involved in the process of programming; in most cases, we are only limited to a subset of ideas we can express effectively in a given language. This issue is further 29 by the fact that some ideas that are easy to express in computer terms are difficult to express in math notation, and the symbolic math notation may be awkward to write in computer codes. The aforementioned translation issues cannot be resolved in the first-generation programming languages such as FORTRAN and C. 30 the evolution of programming languages, modern programming languages such as Python are now expressive, readable, concise, precise, and executable. This entails that programmers can now eliminate ‘middleman’ languages and use one language to explore, to learn, to teach, and to think, thereby reducing the burden traditionally imposed on programmers.
____, computer programmers first need to discuss and propose high-level ideas and concepts expressed in natural language; they then work with these ideas in math notation and flowcharts, finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could 27 the proposed ideas.
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核心觀念
本題考「克漏字中的語意銜接」與「句首副詞的使用」。空格位於：
______, computer programmers first need to discuss and propose high-level ideas and concepts expressed in natural language; they then work with these ideas in math notation and flowcharts, finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could 27 the proposed ideas.
句意是：程式設計師首先要討論並提出以自然語言表達的高層次想法與概念，接著使用數學符號與流程圖處理這些想法，最後將其轉換成虛擬碼與電腦程式。
句首需要一個副詞，對後面的內容加以「具體說明」。因此選 Specifically。
解題方法
先觀察前一句：
Programming used to be a process of translating concepts into computer terms.
意思是「程式設計過去是一種將概念轉換成電腦術語的過程」。
下一句接著具體說明這個「translation process」如何進行：先使用自然語言，再使用數學符號與流程圖，最後轉換成虛擬碼及程式。因此空格與後文是「具體而言」的說明關係。
Specifically 作句首副詞，意思是「具體而言；明確地說」，可用來引出前文概念的詳細內容：
Specifically, computer programmers first need to...
翻譯為：
具體而言，電腦程式設計師首先需要……
這樣在語意與句法上都完整。
選項分析
(A) Tangibly
Tangibly 意為「有形地；實際可觸地」。此字通常描述能以感官接觸或具體感受到的事物，例如 tangible evidence（具體證據）。
本句是在進一步解釋程式設計的步驟，不是在說明某件事是否「有形」，因此語意不合。
(B) Specifically
Specifically 意為「具體而言；明確地說」，用來引出前文概念的詳細內容。
前文提到 programming involves translating concepts，後文具體列出翻譯的流程：
- 以自然語言提出想法；
- 使用數學符號與流程圖處理；
- 轉換為虛擬碼與電腦程式。
因此 Specifically 最能銜接前後文，為正確答案。
(C) Critically
Critically 主要有兩種意思：
- 「批判性地；以批判的方式」
- 「極其重要地；關鍵地」
本句並非在批判程式設計流程，也不是強調某件事的重要性，而是在具體描述流程內容，因此不合語意。
(D) Recently
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Programming used to be a process of translating concepts into computer terms. 26, computer programmers first need to discuss and propose high-level ideas and concepts expressed in natural language; they then work with these ideas in math notation and flowcharts, finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could 27 the proposed ideas. Translation is a necessary process because each ‘language’ noted above offers idiosyncratic capacities not seen in the other languages. For instance, natural language is expressive and readable; math notation is concise and precise; and code is abstract but is logical. Due to the unique feature of each language, the price of translation is that no one is an omnipotent 28 in all the languages involved in the process of programming; in most cases, we are only limited to a subset of ideas we can express effectively in a given language. This issue is further 29 by the fact that some ideas that are easy to express in computer terms are difficult to express in math notation, and the symbolic math notation may be awkward to write in computer codes. The aforementioned translation issues cannot be resolved in the first-generation programming languages such as FORTRAN and C. 30 the evolution of programming languages, modern programming languages such as Python are now expressive, readable, concise, precise, and executable. This entails that programmers can now eliminate ‘middleman’ languages and use one language to explore, to learn, to teach, and to think, thereby reducing the burden traditionally imposed on programmers.
A computer program that could ____ the proposed ideas.
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核心觀念
本題考查克漏字中的「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」。空格位於：
finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could 27 the proposed ideas.
句意是：程式設計師最後將這些想法轉換成虛擬碼及電腦程式，而該程式能夠「實現所提出的想法」。
其中， 為情態助動詞，後面接原形動詞，因此空格應填入能與 the proposed ideas 搭配，且符合「程式實際完成某種功能」的動詞。
解題方法
先掌握文章的邏輯：
- 先以自然語言提出高層次想法。
- 再以數學符號與流程圖整理。
- 最後轉換成虛擬碼與電腦程式。
- 電腦程式必須能將這些想法付諸實行。
因此，空格需要表達「執行、實現、落實」之意。
定位答案的關鍵句為：
finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could implement the proposed ideas.
翻譯為：
最後將它們轉換成虛擬碼及一個能夠實現所提出想法的電腦程式。
implement 的基本意思是「實施、執行、實現」，可指將計畫、政策、想法或設計具體付諸實行。電腦程式正是把抽象概念轉化為可執行功能的工具，因此語意最為吻合。
選項分析
(A) mask
意為「掩蓋、遮蔽、隱藏」。例如：
- mask the truth：掩蓋真相
- mask the symptoms：掩飾症狀
「電腦程式能夠掩蓋所提出的想法」不符合文章強調將想法轉化為可執行程式的脈絡，因此錯誤。
(B) forsake
意為「放棄、拋棄」。例如：
- forsake one’s family：拋棄家人
- forsake a plan：放棄計畫
題幹的程式是為了實現想法，而非放棄想法；語意與上下文相反，因此錯誤。
(C) entertain
主要意思包括：
- 「娛樂、使愉快」
- 「考慮、採納」某個想法
- 「招待」客人
例如：
- entertain the audience：娛樂觀眾
- entertain an idea：考慮一個想法
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Programming used to be a process of translating concepts into computer terms. 26, computer programmers first need to discuss and propose high-level ideas and concepts expressed in natural language; they then work with these ideas in math notation and flowcharts, finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could 27 the proposed ideas. Translation is a necessary process because each ‘language’ noted above offers idiosyncratic capacities not seen in the other languages. For instance, natural language is expressive and readable; math notation is concise and precise; and code is abstract but is logical. Due to the unique feature of each language, the price of translation is that no one is an omnipotent 28 in all the languages involved in the process of programming; in most cases, we are only limited to a subset of ideas we can express effectively in a given language. This issue is further 29 by the fact that some ideas that are easy to express in computer terms are difficult to express in math notation, and the symbolic math notation may be awkward to write in computer codes. The aforementioned translation issues cannot be resolved in the first-generation programming languages such as FORTRAN and C. 30 the evolution of programming languages, modern programming languages such as Python are now expressive, readable, concise, precise, and executable. This entails that programmers can now eliminate ‘middleman’ languages and use one language to explore, to learn, to teach, and to think, thereby reducing the burden traditionally imposed on programmers.
No one is an omnipotent ____ in all the languages involved in the process of programming.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨析
- 文章語意與上下文判讀
- 名詞與介系詞的搭配
- 形容詞 omnipotent（全能的）修飾名詞時的合理語意
關鍵句為：
Due to the unique feature of each language, the price of translation is that no one is an omnipotent expert in all the languages involved in the process of programming.
翻譯為：
由於每種語言都有其獨特特性，翻譯所付出的代價是：沒有人能成為精通程式設計過程中所有相關語言的全能專家。
句中需要填入一個表示「專業人士、精通某領域者」的名詞，因此答案是 expert。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後：
- an omnipotent ____：空格必須填入可數單數名詞。
- ____ in all the languages：表示「在所有這些語言方面具備專業能力」。
英文中常見搭配為：
- an expert in biology：生物學專家
- an expert in computer programming：電腦程式設計專家
- an expert in several languages：精通多種語言的專家
文章前文指出，自然語言、數學符號、流程圖、虛擬碼與程式語言各有不同優點，沒有人能在所有語言中都同樣精通。因此：
no one is an omnipotent expert in all the languages
語意完整且符合上下文。
定位答案的關鍵語句
文章說明每種語言都有不同功能：
natural language is expressive and readable; math notation is concise and precise; and code is abstract but is logical.
翻譯：
自然語言具有表達力且易於閱讀；數學符號簡潔而精確；程式碼則抽象但合乎邏輯。
正因為各種語言的特性不同，作者接著指出：
no one is an omnipotent expert in all the languages involved
也就是沒有人能在所有相關語言方面都是「全能專家」。此處的 expert 與前文「不同語言各有特殊能力」及後文「人們通常只能掌握某一部分能有效表達的概念」完全一致。
選項分析
(A) dictator
dictator 意為「獨裁者、專制者」。
- an omnipotent dictator in all the languages 意為「在所有語言方面的全能獨裁者」。
- dictator 表示掌控權力的人，不表示精通語言或專業知識。
- 文章討論的是程式設計者的能力限制，不是誰統治或控制這些語言，因此語意不合。
(B) pioneer
pioneer 意為「先驅、開拓者」。
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Programming used to be a process of translating concepts into computer terms. 26, computer programmers first need to discuss and propose high-level ideas and concepts expressed in natural language; they then work with these ideas in math notation and flowcharts, finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could 27 the proposed ideas. Translation is a necessary process because each ‘language’ noted above offers idiosyncratic capacities not seen in the other languages. For instance, natural language is expressive and readable; math notation is concise and precise; and code is abstract but is logical. Due to the unique feature of each language, the price of translation is that no one is an omnipotent 28 in all the languages involved in the process of programming; in most cases, we are only limited to a subset of ideas we can express effectively in a given language. This issue is further 29 by the fact that some ideas that are easy to express in computer terms are difficult to express in math notation, and the symbolic math notation may be awkward to write in computer codes. The aforementioned translation issues cannot be resolved in the first-generation programming languages such as FORTRAN and C. 30 the evolution of programming languages, modern programming languages such as Python are now expressive, readable, concise, precise, and executable. This entails that programmers can now eliminate ‘middleman’ languages and use one language to explore, to learn, to teach, and to think, thereby reducing the burden traditionally imposed on programmers.
This issue is further ____ by the fact that some ideas that are easy to express in computer terms are difficult to express in math notation.
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核心觀念
本題考查動詞語意精確度與語境邏輯（搭配詞與因果關係）。
在學士後中醫的克漏字題型中，考生須掌握上下文的情感色彩（正向／負向）、問題的演變走向，以及動詞與名詞主詞（本句主詞為 This issue）之間的搭配關係。當主詞是代表負面困境的名詞（如 issue, problem, difficulty），且後文補充了額外的負面限制時，空格須選取表示「使問題惡化、使困境加劇（make worse / add to）」的及物動詞。
解題方法
- 定位關鍵句並理解語意：
- 原文：
This issue is further ____ by the fact that some ideas that are easy to express in computer terms are difficult to express in math notation, and the symbolic math notation may be awkward to write in computer codes. - 譯文：這個問題進一步被另一項事實所加劇／惡化：某些容易用電腦術語表達的概念很難用數學符號表達，而象徵性的數學符號寫成電腦程式碼時可能又十分棘手。
- 邏輯推導：
- 前句提到「翻譯是有代價的，沒有人是全能的精通者，在多數情況下我們受限於某語言能有效表達的子集（負面困境）」。
- 本句以副詞
further（進一步）銜接，並帶出另一個加重困難的事實（兩者相互轉換不易）。 - 主詞為負向名詞
This issue（此問題／難題）。能與「問題＋further」搭配且表示「雪上加霜、問題加劇」的動詞即為 compound（在此作動詞，意為「使惡化、加重」；同義於 exacerbate, aggravate, worsen）。
選項分析
- (A) compounded（正確）：
動詞compound作及物動詞時，常見字義為「使（問題、痛苦、錯誤等）加劇、惡化」（to make a problem or difficult situation worse by adding to it）。
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Programming used to be a process of translating concepts into computer terms. 26, computer programmers first need to discuss and propose high-level ideas and concepts expressed in natural language; they then work with these ideas in math notation and flowcharts, finally translating them into pseudocode and a computer program that could 27 the proposed ideas. Translation is a necessary process because each ‘language’ noted above offers idiosyncratic capacities not seen in the other languages. For instance, natural language is expressive and readable; math notation is concise and precise; and code is abstract but is logical. Due to the unique feature of each language, the price of translation is that no one is an omnipotent 28 in all the languages involved in the process of programming; in most cases, we are only limited to a subset of ideas we can express effectively in a given language. This issue is further 29 by the fact that some ideas that are easy to express in computer terms are difficult to express in math notation, and the symbolic math notation may be awkward to write in computer codes. The aforementioned translation issues cannot be resolved in the first-generation programming languages such as FORTRAN and C. 30 the evolution of programming languages, modern programming languages such as Python are now expressive, readable, concise, precise, and executable. This entails that programmers can now eliminate ‘middleman’ languages and use one language to explore, to learn, to teach, and to think, thereby reducing the burden traditionally imposed on programmers.
____ the evolution of programming languages, modern programming languages such as Python are now expressive, readable, concise, precise, and executable.
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核心觀念
本題測驗「介系詞片語／轉折副詞片語」在篇章上下文中的因果邏輯關係（Causal Relationship）與固定片語用法。解題核心在於辨析前半句的「原因／工具手段（程式語言的演進）」與後半句的「正向正面結果（現代程式語言變得易表達、易讀、精確且可執行）」，進而選出表示「歸功於／由於」的正確片語。
解題方法
- 文意定位與上下文脈絡分析：
- 前文鋪陳：前段提及早期程式設計需要在自然語言、數學符號、虛擬碼與機器語言間不斷翻譯，充滿侷限與困難，且第一代語言（如 FORTRAN、C）無法解決這些繁複的轉換問題。
- 本句轉折（定位句）：
“_____ the evolution of programming languages, modern programming languages such as Python are now expressive, readable, concise, precise, and executable.”
（由於／多虧了程式語言的演進，現代程式語言如 Python 如今兼具表現力、易讀性、簡潔性、精確性與可執行性。）
- 後文承接：後文指出程式設計師因此能省去「中間人」語言，減輕過去的負擔。
- 語意邏輯推導：
- 空格後接名詞片語
the evolution of programming languages（程式語言的演進）。 - 主要子句為
modern programming languages ... are now expressive...（正面優良的特質）。 - 兩者為明確的「因果關係」且結果為正向效益，空格處需要填入表「幸虧、由於、多虧」的介系詞片語。故以 (C) Thanks to 最為精確恰當。
選項分析
- (A) Depending on（取決於／視……而定；依賴）
- 錯誤。分詞片語或介系詞片語，通常用來表示某種條件式浮動或依賴關係（例如：Depending on the weather, we may go camping.）。此處程式語言的演進並非用來當作浮動條件，而是已經發生且帶來正面成果的既成事實。
- (B) Inspired by（受到……的啟發）
- 錯誤。過去分詞片語作修飾語時，其邏輯主詞必須與主要子句主詞一致。主要子句主詞為
modern programming languages（現代程式語言），邏輯上程式語言是「演進的產物／本體」，而非「被演進所啟發的人或受詞」；
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world. 31 One of the main benefits of a shrinking world is that global cooperation is now much easier. International collaboration can help countries address issues together. It can also promote peace and understanding between different nations.
Rapid advances in information and communications technology have resulted in what seems to be a much smaller world.
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核心觀念
本題為篇章結構題（段落句意銜接與連貫性，Cohesion and Coherence）。測驗考生能否根據前後文的邏輯關聯、代名詞指涉（Pronoun Reference）與概念呼應（Lexical Reiteration / Synonyms），選出最符合上下文脈絡的句子。
解題方法
- 分析空格後文的關鍵詞與指涉依據：
- 空格後句提到：「One of the main benefits of a shrinking world is that global cooperation is now much easier...」
- 此處出現定冠詞指針「a shrinking world（一個正在縮小的世界）」，在英文寫作中，若非首次介紹的新概念，通常需要前文先建立「世界縮小／距離縮短」的背景描述或鋪陳，後文方能以名詞片語總括其益處。
- 分析空格前文的主題延伸：
- 空格前句為：「Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world.」
- 此句點出「全球化使得全球資訊分享與貨物貿易變得前所未有的容易」。
- 銜接前因後果與同義概念呼應：
- 選項 (B) 中的「Rapid advances in information and communications technology（資訊與通訊技術的突飛猛進）」呼應前句的「share information」；而其結果「resulted in what seems to be a much smaller world（導致了一個看似小得多的世界）」完美承接前句的全球化現象，同時直接定義並引出空格後句的「a shrinking world」。
- 由此可確認：smaller world 與 shrinking world 為同義概念的無縫銜接，邏輯極為嚴密。
選項分析
-
(A) However, countries can work together to solve them.（然而，各國可以共同合作來解決它們。）
錯誤。句首轉折詞「However」在此無反差對立的語境可轉折；此外，代名詞「them」缺乏前行詞（前文尚未提及任何「問題」或「複數難題」），指涉不明。 -
(B) Rapid advances in information and communications technology have resulted in what seems to be a much smaller world.（資訊與通訊技術的突飛猛進，造成了一個看似小得許多的世界。）
正確。
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world. 31 One of the main benefits of a shrinking world is that global cooperation is now much easier. International collaboration can help countries address issues together. It can also promote peace and understanding between different nations.
Take the environment for example. There are, unfortunately, many environmental problems that affect the entire planet today. 33 At the world-wide level, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) coordinates international efforts that affect the land, sea, and air for the 192 member states of the United Nations. The UNEP thus promotes sustainability for the entire planet’s environment. At a more regional level, the United States and Canada are working together to fight the air pollution that leads to acid rain. These two countries are members of an international joint commission that has agreed to work on air quality. 34 Indeed, they have been very successful in reducing the harmful elements that cause acid rain. For instance, according to Environment Canada, sulphur dioxide emissions that cause acid rain have been reduced by 57% in Canada and 67% in the United States since 1990. By working together, Canada and the US are protecting the environment on both sides of the border.
Major world problems such as air pollution and acid rain are best solved through global cooperation. Peaceful coexistence is also promoted through countries working together. 35 But if countries can collaborate on the solutions, the problems are sure to be overcome.
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核心觀念
本題考「段落插句」與「上下文語意銜接」，判斷重點包括：
- 代名詞與指涉對象是否一致。
- 句子與前後文的邏輯關係是否連貫。
- 文章是否按照「總說 → 舉例 → 結論」的結構發展。
- 轉折詞、因果關係及主題詞的呼應。
第 32 題的位置應在下列兩句之間：
Peaceful coexistence is also promoted through countries working together.
和平共存也能透過各國合作而獲得促進。
以及：
But if countries can collaborate on the solutions, the problems are sure to be overcome.
但如果各國能合作尋求解決方案，這些問題一定能夠克服。
此處需要一句總結「為什麼國際合作很重要」的句子，選項 E 正好具備此功能。
解題方法
先看前文。文章先說明全球化使資訊交流與商品貿易更加容易，接著指出全球合作能促進和平與國際理解。後文則以環境問題為例，說明國際合作如何解決空氣污染與酸雨。
因此，第 32 題的位置需要一個承上啟下的總說句：
- 承接前文的「global cooperation」；
- 說明全球合作的重要性；
- 引出後文的環境問題與酸雨案例。
選項 E：
Global cooperation is vital because many of the world’s troubles cannot be easily resolved without the help from other countries.
翻譯為：
全球合作非常重要，因為世界上許多問題若沒有其他國家的協助，便無法輕易解決。
句中以 because 建立因果關係：
- 結果：Global cooperation is vital（全球合作很重要）
- 原因：many of the world’s troubles cannot be easily resolved without the help from other countries（許多世界問題需要其他國家協助才能解決）
接著文章以環境問題作為具體例證，語意十分自然。
選項分析
（A）However, countries can work together to solve them.
翻譯：然而，各國可以共同合作來解決這些問題。
此句中的 them 必須指前文已明確提及的複數名詞。雖然前文談到許多環境問題，但本題所在位置是在介紹全球合作的段落結尾，尚未正式進入環境問題的具體說明。直接使用 However 也缺乏明確的轉折對象，語氣銜接不如 E 自然，因此不選。
（B）Rapid advances in information and communications technology have resulted in what seems to be a much smaller world.
翻譯：資訊與通訊科技的快速進步，造成一個看似小得多的世界。
此句適合放在文章開頭，接續：
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world.
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world. 31 One of the main benefits of a shrinking world is that global cooperation is now much easier. International collaboration can help countries address issues together. It can also promote peace and understanding between different nations.
Take the environment for example. There are, unfortunately, many environmental problems that affect the entire planet today. 33 At the world-wide level, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) coordinates international efforts that affect the land, sea, and air for the 192 member states of the United Nations. The UNEP thus promotes sustainability for the entire planet’s environment. At a more regional level, the United States and Canada are working together to fight the air pollution that leads to acid rain. These two countries are members of an international joint commission that has agreed to work on air quality. 34 Indeed, they have been very successful in reducing the harmful elements that cause acid rain. For instance, according to Environment Canada, sulphur dioxide emissions that cause acid rain have been reduced by 57% in Canada and 67% in the United States since 1990. By working together, Canada and the US are protecting the environment on both sides of the border.
Major world problems such as air pollution and acid rain are best solved through global cooperation. Peaceful coexistence is also promoted through countries working together. 35 But if countries can collaborate on the solutions, the problems are sure to be overcome.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「段落插句」與「上下文語意銜接」，判斷重點包括：
- 代名詞與指涉對象是否一致。
- 句子與前後文的邏輯關係是否連貫。
- 文章是否按照「總說 → 舉例 → 結論」的結構發展。
- 轉折詞、因果關係及主題詞的呼應。
第 32 題的位置應在下列兩句之間：
Peaceful coexistence is also promoted through countries working together.
和平共存也能透過各國合作而獲得促進。
以及：
But if countries can collaborate on the solutions, the problems are sure to be overcome.
但如果各國能合作尋求解決方案，這些問題一定能夠克服。
此處需要一句總結「為什麼國際合作很重要」的句子，選項 E 正好具備此功能。
解題方法
先看前文。文章先說明全球化使資訊交流與商品貿易更加容易，接著指出全球合作能促進和平與國際理解。後文則以環境問題為例，說明國際合作如何解決空氣污染與酸雨。
因此，第 32 題的位置需要一個承上啟下的總說句：
- 承接前文的「global cooperation」；
- 說明全球合作的重要性；
- 引出後文的環境問題與酸雨案例。
選項 E：
Global cooperation is vital because many of the world’s troubles cannot be easily resolved without the help from other countries.
翻譯為：
全球合作非常重要，因為世界上許多問題若沒有其他國家的協助，便無法輕易解決。
句中以 because 建立因果關係：
- 結果：Global cooperation is vital（全球合作很重要）
- 原因：many of the world’s troubles cannot be easily resolved without the help from other countries（許多世界問題需要其他國家協助才能解決）
接著文章以環境問題作為具體例證，語意十分自然。
選項分析
（A）However, countries can work together to solve them.
翻譯：然而，各國可以共同合作來解決這些問題。
此句中的 them 必須指前文已明確提及的複數名詞。雖然前文談到許多環境問題，但本題所在位置是在介紹全球合作的段落結尾，尚未正式進入環境問題的具體說明。直接使用 However 也缺乏明確的轉折對象，語氣銜接不如 E 自然，因此不選。
（B）Rapid advances in information and communications technology have resulted in what seems to be a much smaller world.
翻譯：資訊與通訊科技的快速進步，造成一個看似小得多的世界。
此句適合放在文章開頭，接續：
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world.
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world. 31 One of the main benefits of a shrinking world is that global cooperation is now much easier. International collaboration can help countries address issues together. It can also promote peace and understanding between different nations.
Take the environment for example. There are, unfortunately, many environmental problems that affect the entire planet today. 33 At the world-wide level, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) coordinates international efforts that affect the land, sea, and air for the 192 member states of the United Nations. The UNEP thus promotes sustainability for the entire planet’s environment. At a more regional level, the United States and Canada are working together to fight the air pollution that leads to acid rain. These two countries are members of an international joint commission that has agreed to work on air quality. 34 Indeed, they have been very successful in reducing the harmful elements that cause acid rain. For instance, according to Environment Canada, sulphur dioxide emissions that cause acid rain have been reduced by 57% in Canada and 67% in the United States since 1990. By working together, Canada and the US are protecting the environment on both sides of the border.
Major world problems such as air pollution and acid rain are best solved through global cooperation. Peaceful coexistence is also promoted through countries working together. 35 But if countries can collaborate on the solutions, the problems are sure to be overcome.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「段落插句」與「上下文語意銜接」，判斷重點包括：
- 代名詞與指涉對象是否一致。
- 句子與前後文的邏輯關係是否連貫。
- 文章是否按照「總說 → 舉例 → 結論」的結構發展。
- 轉折詞、因果關係及主題詞的呼應。
第 32 題的位置應在下列兩句之間：
Peaceful coexistence is also promoted through countries working together.
和平共存也能透過各國合作而獲得促進。
以及：
But if countries can collaborate on the solutions, the problems are sure to be overcome.
但如果各國能合作尋求解決方案，這些問題一定能夠克服。
此處需要一句總結「為什麼國際合作很重要」的句子，選項 E 正好具備此功能。
解題方法
先看前文。文章先說明全球化使資訊交流與商品貿易更加容易，接著指出全球合作能促進和平與國際理解。後文則以環境問題為例，說明國際合作如何解決空氣污染與酸雨。
因此，第 32 題的位置需要一個承上啟下的總說句：
- 承接前文的「global cooperation」；
- 說明全球合作的重要性；
- 引出後文的環境問題與酸雨案例。
選項 E：
Global cooperation is vital because many of the world’s troubles cannot be easily resolved without the help from other countries.
翻譯為：
全球合作非常重要，因為世界上許多問題若沒有其他國家的協助，便無法輕易解決。
句中以 because 建立因果關係：
- 結果：Global cooperation is vital（全球合作很重要）
- 原因：many of the world’s troubles cannot be easily resolved without the help from other countries（許多世界問題需要其他國家協助才能解決）
接著文章以環境問題作為具體例證，語意十分自然。
選項分析
（A）However, countries can work together to solve them.
翻譯：然而，各國可以共同合作來解決這些問題。
此句中的 them 必須指前文已明確提及的複數名詞。雖然前文談到許多環境問題，但本題所在位置是在介紹全球合作的段落結尾，尚未正式進入環境問題的具體說明。直接使用 However 也缺乏明確的轉折對象，語氣銜接不如 E 自然，因此不選。
（B）Rapid advances in information and communications technology have resulted in what seems to be a much smaller world.
翻譯：資訊與通訊科技的快速進步，造成一個看似小得多的世界。
此句適合放在文章開頭，接續：
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world.
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world. 31 One of the main benefits of a shrinking world is that global cooperation is now much easier. International collaboration can help countries address issues together. It can also promote peace and understanding between different nations.
Take the environment for example. There are, unfortunately, many environmental problems that affect the entire planet today. 33 At the world-wide level, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) coordinates international efforts that affect the land, sea, and air for the 192 member states of the United Nations. The UNEP thus promotes sustainability for the entire planet’s environment. At a more regional level, the United States and Canada are working together to fight the air pollution that leads to acid rain. These two countries are members of an international joint commission that has agreed to work on air quality. 34 Indeed, they have been very successful in reducing the harmful elements that cause acid rain. For instance, according to Environment Canada, sulphur dioxide emissions that cause acid rain have been reduced by 57% in Canada and 67% in the United States since 1990. By working together, Canada and the US are protecting the environment on both sides of the border.
Major world problems such as air pollution and acid rain are best solved through global cooperation. Peaceful coexistence is also promoted through countries working together. 35 But if countries can collaborate on the solutions, the problems are sure to be overcome.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「段落插句」與「上下文語意銜接」，判斷重點包括：
- 代名詞與指涉對象是否一致。
- 句子與前後文的邏輯關係是否連貫。
- 文章是否按照「總說 → 舉例 → 結論」的結構發展。
- 轉折詞、因果關係及主題詞的呼應。
第 32 題的位置應在下列兩句之間：
Peaceful coexistence is also promoted through countries working together.
和平共存也能透過各國合作而獲得促進。
以及：
But if countries can collaborate on the solutions, the problems are sure to be overcome.
但如果各國能合作尋求解決方案，這些問題一定能夠克服。
此處需要一句總結「為什麼國際合作很重要」的句子，選項 E 正好具備此功能。
解題方法
先看前文。文章先說明全球化使資訊交流與商品貿易更加容易，接著指出全球合作能促進和平與國際理解。後文則以環境問題為例，說明國際合作如何解決空氣污染與酸雨。
因此，第 32 題的位置需要一個承上啟下的總說句：
- 承接前文的「global cooperation」；
- 說明全球合作的重要性；
- 引出後文的環境問題與酸雨案例。
選項 E：
Global cooperation is vital because many of the world’s troubles cannot be easily resolved without the help from other countries.
翻譯為：
全球合作非常重要，因為世界上許多問題若沒有其他國家的協助，便無法輕易解決。
句中以 because 建立因果關係：
- 結果：Global cooperation is vital（全球合作很重要）
- 原因：many of the world’s troubles cannot be easily resolved without the help from other countries（許多世界問題需要其他國家協助才能解決）
接著文章以環境問題作為具體例證，語意十分自然。
選項分析
（A）However, countries can work together to solve them.
翻譯：然而，各國可以共同合作來解決這些問題。
此句中的 them 必須指前文已明確提及的複數名詞。雖然前文談到許多環境問題，但本題所在位置是在介紹全球合作的段落結尾，尚未正式進入環境問題的具體說明。直接使用 However 也缺乏明確的轉折對象，語氣銜接不如 E 自然，因此不選。
（B）Rapid advances in information and communications technology have resulted in what seems to be a much smaller world.
翻譯：資訊與通訊科技的快速進步，造成一個看似小得多的世界。
此句適合放在文章開頭，接續：
Because of globalization, it is now easier than ever to share information and trade goods all around the world.
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some researchers contend that solving a math problem requires correct understanding of concepts, which is also believed to foster the ability to play a musical instrument. But, this view is not universally upheld by all scholars. 36 Furthermore, much remains unknown about whether the development of the two abilities are mutually beneficial to each other; namely, music training promotes math solving ability, and mathematic ability enhances musical performance. 37 The lack of consensus can be attributed to two issues. First, although a few cross-sectional studies have shown that students who are musically trained tend to outperform those who have not studied music in mathematics grades, this finding is not universally established in all studies. Second, available studies only prove the correlation between the two abilities. It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily entail a causal relationship. 38 In the light of these two issues, some researchers hold a more conservative attitude toward the link between the two abilities and posit that the proposed ‘link’ between the two abilities can be attributed to other confounding variables such as socio-economic background and cognitive factors. For instance, people who have good financial resources and socio-economic status are more likely to afford music lessons and receive training in math, thereby having outstanding performance in the two abilities. 39 For instance, high-level cognitive skills (such as one’s ability to adjust to changing task demands) are key to the success in math and music. 40 To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training. Before such longitudinal evidence is available, we just need to enjoy playing music or studying math if it positively enriches our lives.
Whether the two abilities share a similar prerequisite remains a debated issue.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是克漏字中的「上下文銜接」與「轉折、補充語意判讀」。解題重點不是只看單一句子的文法，而是要判斷選項放入第 36 格後，是否能：
- 承接前文的反駁語氣；
- 與後面的 Furthermore（此外、而且）自然連接；
- 引出下文「兩種能力彼此是否有益」的研究爭議。
前文指出，有些研究者認為數學與音樂能力具有共同的概念理解基礎，但這種看法「並非所有學者都接受」。因此，第 36 格應放入一個概括性句子，說明兩種能力的共同基礎仍是爭論中的問題。
解題方法
第 36 格前後文如下：
But, this view is not universally upheld by all scholars. 36 Furthermore, much remains unknown about whether the development of the two abilities are mutually beneficial to each other.
翻譯：
但是，並非所有學者都支持這種看法。第 36 格。此外，關於這兩種能力的發展是否能彼此促進，目前仍有許多未知之處。
選項 D：
Whether the two abilities share a similar prerequisite remains a debated issue.
翻譯：
兩種能力是否具有相似的先備條件，仍然是一個備受爭議的問題。
放入後，全文邏輯為：
並非所有學者都支持這種看法。兩種能力是否具有相似的先備條件，仍然是一個備受爭議的問題。此外，關於兩種能力是否彼此促進，目前仍有許多未知之處。
前句先指出「共同先備條件」具有爭議，後句再補充「彼此是否互相促進」也尚未明朗，語意由總論進一步延伸到另一個相關問題，銜接自然。
文法與語意重點
- Whether 引導名詞子句
Whether the two abilities share a similar prerequisite 是名詞子句，整體作主詞，意思是「兩種能力是否共享相似的先備條件」。
句型為：
Whether + 子句 + remains + 名詞片語
例如：
Whether exercise improves memory remains a debated issue.
運動是否能改善記憶力，仍是一個有爭議的問題。
- share
share 在此為動詞，表示「共同具有、共享」。
share a similar prerequisite
具有相似的先備條件
- prerequisite
prerequisite 是名詞，表示「先決條件、先備條件」。文章討論的是數學能力與音樂能力是否都需要某些共同的認知基礎。
- remain a debated issue
remain 表示「仍然是、仍維持某種狀態」；a debated issue 表示「具爭議的議題」。
由於主詞是整個 Whether 名詞子句，視為單數，因此使用 remains。
- Furthermore
Furthermore 是副詞，表示「此外、而且」，通常用來補充另一項相關論點。D 選項先提出「共同先備條件是否存在」的爭議，後面再以 Furthermore 補充「兩種能力是否彼此促進」同樣未知，符合文章的論述方向。
選項分析
(A) To validate the causal relationship between the two abilities, longitudinal experimental studies are warranted.
翻譯：
為了驗證兩種能力之間的因果關係，有必要進行縱貫性的實驗研究。
此句本身文法正確，內容也符合文章後段所提出的研究方法。然而，它不適合放在第 36 格，原因有二：
- 第 36 格所在位置仍在介紹「兩種能力是否具有共同基礎」的初步爭議，尚未進入後文的因果關係與研究設計。
- 文章後面已明確提出相近內容：
To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training.
這是在說明需要長期觀察與研究，而 A 放在第 36 格會使論述過早跳到研究方法，且與後文重複。
因此，A 不符合段落發展順序。
(B) In addition to the above explanatory account, it is also conceivable that cognitive factors may contribute to an individual’s success in music and mathematics.
翻譯：
除了上述解釋之外，也可以設想，認知因素可能促成個人在音樂與數學方面的成功。
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some researchers contend that solving a math problem requires correct understanding of concepts, which is also believed to foster the ability to play a musical instrument. But, this view is not universally upheld by all scholars. 36 Furthermore, much remains unknown about whether the development of the two abilities are mutually beneficial to each other; namely, music training promotes math solving ability, and mathematic ability enhances musical performance. 37 The lack of consensus can be attributed to two issues. First, although a few cross-sectional studies have shown that students who are musically trained tend to outperform those who have not studied music in mathematics grades, this finding is not universally established in all studies. Second, available studies only prove the correlation between the two abilities. It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily entail a causal relationship. 38 In the light of these two issues, some researchers hold a more conservative attitude toward the link between the two abilities and posit that the proposed ‘link’ between the two abilities can be attributed to other confounding variables such as socio-economic background and cognitive factors. For instance, people who have good financial resources and socio-economic status are more likely to afford music lessons and receive training in math, thereby having outstanding performance in the two abilities. 39 For instance, high-level cognitive skills (such as one’s ability to adjust to changing task demands) are key to the success in math and music. 40 To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training. Before such longitudinal evidence is available, we just need to enjoy playing music or studying math if it positively enriches our lives.
Or, alternatively, the two abilities simply develop in parallel.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是英文篇章結構與語意銜接，重點包括：
- 判斷空格前後的論述邏輯。
- 辨識轉折、替代觀點與因果關係。
- 分辨各選項適合放置的位置。
- 掌握關鍵字詞如 alternatively、parallel、causal relationship、confounding variables 的語意。
文章主旨是：音樂能力與數學能力是否彼此促進，學界尚無定論。空格前提到兩種能力是否「互相有益」仍不清楚；空格後接著說「缺乏共識可歸因於兩個問題」，因此空格應放入另一種與「互相促進」相對的解釋。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後：
空格前：
much remains unknown about whether the development of the two abilities are mutually beneficial to each other
意為：「兩種能力的發展是否彼此有益，目前仍有許多未知。」
空格後：
The lack of consensus can be attributed to two issues.
意為：「缺乏共識可歸因於兩個問題。」
前文提出「音樂與數學彼此促進」的可能性，接著需要補充另一種看法：兩種能力不一定互相造成，而是各自平行發展。選項 E 的 Or, alternatively 正好表示「另一種可能是」，與前面的 mutually beneficial to each other 形成對照。
Or, alternatively, the two abilities simply develop in parallel.
「另一種說法是，這兩種能力只是平行發展而已。」
其中：
- alternatively：另一種選擇地；換個角度說
- simply：只是；單純地
- develop in parallel：平行發展、各自同步發展
因此，E 能承接前文提出的雙向促進假說，也能自然引出後文對「缺乏共識」的說明。
文法與語意重點
- Or, alternatively
Or 與 alternatively 都具有提出另一選擇或另一解釋的功能。此處並非列舉新證據，而是針對前文的「互相促進」提出相反方向的解釋。
- develop in parallel
in parallel 表示「平行地、同步地」，強調兩種能力可以同時發展，但不代表其中一種能力造成另一種能力。
本句的核心對比為：
- mutually beneficial to each other：彼此互相促進
- develop in parallel：各自平行發展
- 因果關係與相關性
後文指出：
available studies only prove the correlation between the two abilities.
「現有研究只能證明這兩種能力之間存在相關性。」
correlation 是「相關性」，不等於 causal relationship「因果關係」。兩種能力同時表現良好，不代表音樂訓練必然造成數學能力提升，也不代表數學能力必然促進音樂表現。
選項分析
(A) To validate the causal relationship between the two abilities, longitudinal experimental studies are warranted.
意為：「為了驗證兩種能力之間的因果關係，有必要進行縱貫式實驗研究。」
此句內容與文章後段相當吻合，尤其是：
To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training.
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some researchers contend that solving a math problem requires correct understanding of concepts, which is also believed to foster the ability to play a musical instrument. But, this view is not universally upheld by all scholars. 36 Furthermore, much remains unknown about whether the development of the two abilities are mutually beneficial to each other; namely, music training promotes math solving ability, and mathematic ability enhances musical performance. 37 The lack of consensus can be attributed to two issues. First, although a few cross-sectional studies have shown that students who are musically trained tend to outperform those who have not studied music in mathematics grades, this finding is not universally established in all studies. Second, available studies only prove the correlation between the two abilities. It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily entail a causal relationship. 38 In the light of these two issues, some researchers hold a more conservative attitude toward the link between the two abilities and posit that the proposed ‘link’ between the two abilities can be attributed to other confounding variables such as socio-economic background and cognitive factors. For instance, people who have good financial resources and socio-economic status are more likely to afford music lessons and receive training in math, thereby having outstanding performance in the two abilities. 39 For instance, high-level cognitive skills (such as one’s ability to adjust to changing task demands) are key to the success in math and music. 40 To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training. Before such longitudinal evidence is available, we just need to enjoy playing music or studying math if it positively enriches our lives.
In fact, no existing study has established the causal relationship between the two abilities.
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核心觀念
本題考的是「段落銜接」與「克漏字語意邏輯」，判斷重點包括：
- 指示語與承接關係：如 these two issues 指前文提出的兩項問題。
- 因果與相關的區別：correlation（相關）不等於 causal relationship（因果關係）。
- 句子功能：判斷選句是在提出主張、補充說明、舉例，還是提出研究方法。
- 上下文邏輯：空格前後必須在主題、語氣與論證方向上連貫。
解題方法
空格前一句為：
It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily entail a causal relationship.
意思是：
必須注意，相關性不一定代表因果關係。
前文剛提出第二項問題：現有研究只能證明音樂能力與數學能力之間存在「相關」，卻不能證明其中一項能力會造成另一項能力的提升。
因此，空格後最合理的句子應該進一步總結這個重點，說明目前尚無研究證實兩種能力之間的因果關係。選項 C 正好承接前句：
In fact, no existing study has established the causal relationship between the two abilities.
翻譯為：
事實上，目前沒有任何既有研究證實這兩種能力之間具有因果關係。
接著文章寫道：
The lack of consensus can be attributed to two issues.
缺乏共識可以歸因於兩個問題。
其中第二個問題就是「研究只能證明相關，不能證明因果」。C 句將這項限制再次明確整理，並自然引出後文：
In the light of these two issues, some researchers hold a more conservative attitude toward the link between the two abilities...
翻譯為：
鑑於這兩個問題，有些研究者對這兩種能力之間的關聯抱持較保守的態度……
因此，C 在語意上是對前文第二項問題的強化與總結，在篇章功能上也能銜接後文的保守立場。
選項分析
(A) To validate the causal relationship between the two abilities, longitudinal experimental studies are warranted.
翻譯：
為了驗證這兩種能力之間的因果關係，有必要進行縱貫式實驗研究。
此句本身語意合理，但不適合放在第 38 格。前文正在說明目前研究的限制，先指出「尚未證實因果關係」較符合論證順序；A 則直接提出未來研究方法，語氣從問題說明突然轉為研究建議。
此外，後文已經有功能相近的句子：
To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training.
意思是：
為了釐清音樂能力與數學能力之間的關係，我們需要招募社經背景與認知特徵相近的人，並長期觀察他們接受音樂訓練前後的數學表現。
A 更適合放在接近研究方法或研究展望的位置，不是第 38 格的最佳答案。
(B) In addition to the above explanatory account, it is also conceivable that cognitive factors may contribute to an individual’s success in music and mathematics.
翻譯：
除了上述解釋之外，也可以合理推測，認知因素可能有助於個人在音樂與數學上的成功。
此句應接在「社會經濟背景」的解釋之後，補充另一項混淆變項——認知因素。後文緊接著寫：
For instance, high-level cognitive skills ... are key to the success in math and music.
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some researchers contend that solving a math problem requires correct understanding of concepts, which is also believed to foster the ability to play a musical instrument. But, this view is not universally upheld by all scholars. 36 Furthermore, much remains unknown about whether the development of the two abilities are mutually beneficial to each other; namely, music training promotes math solving ability, and mathematic ability enhances musical performance. 37 The lack of consensus can be attributed to two issues. First, although a few cross-sectional studies have shown that students who are musically trained tend to outperform those who have not studied music in mathematics grades, this finding is not universally established in all studies. Second, available studies only prove the correlation between the two abilities. It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily entail a causal relationship. 38 In the light of these two issues, some researchers hold a more conservative attitude toward the link between the two abilities and posit that the proposed ‘link’ between the two abilities can be attributed to other confounding variables such as socio-economic background and cognitive factors. For instance, people who have good financial resources and socio-economic status are more likely to afford music lessons and receive training in math, thereby having outstanding performance in the two abilities. 39 For instance, high-level cognitive skills (such as one’s ability to adjust to changing task demands) are key to the success in math and music. 40 To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training. Before such longitudinal evidence is available, we just need to enjoy playing music or studying math if it positively enriches our lives.
In addition to the above explanatory account, it is also conceivable that cognitive factors may contribute to an individual’s success in music and mathematics.
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核心觀念
本題考「段落銜接與語意連貫」，重點在於判斷空格前後的指涉關係與論述層次。解題時需注意：
- 前文提出兩種可能的混淆變項：
- socio-economic background（社經背景）
- cognitive factors（認知因素）
- 空格後以 For instance 舉例，說明「高層次認知能力」對數學與音樂表現都很重要。
- 因此，空格中必須先引出「認知因素也可能同時影響兩種能力」，才能自然銜接後面的具體例子。
解題方法
先觀察空格前的句子：
In the light of these two issues, some researchers hold a more conservative attitude toward the link between the two abilities and posit that the proposed ‘link’ between the two abilities can be attributed to other confounding variables such as socio-economic background and cognitive factors.
鑑於這兩項問題，有些研究者對兩種能力之間的關聯抱持較保守的態度，認為所謂的「關聯」可能歸因於其他混淆變項，例如社經背景與認知因素。
接著看空格後：
For instance, high-level cognitive skills (such as one’s ability to adjust to changing task demands) are key to the success in math and music.
例如，高層次的認知能力，例如一個人調整以因應任務需求變化的能力，是數學與音樂成功的重要因素。
空格前一句提到 cognitive factors，空格後一句則以 For instance 具體說明何謂認知因素。最合理的結構是：
- 先提出認知因素也可能同時影響數學與音樂；
- 再以高層次認知能力為例；
- 繼續說明這些因素如何造成兩種能力的表面關聯。
因此應選 (B)。
正確選項分析
(B) In addition to the above explanatory account, it is also conceivable that cognitive factors may contribute to an individual’s success in music and mathematics.
翻譯：除了上述的解釋之外，也可以合理認為，認知因素可能促成個人在音樂與數學方面的成功。
本句與上下文有三層銜接：
-
In addition to the above explanatory account
承接前文以社經背景解釋兩種能力關聯的說法。 -
cognitive factors
正好對應前句所列的另一種混淆變項。 -
For instance
後句以 high-level cognitive skills 為例，具體說明認知因素的內容。
全文安排為：
socio-economic background and cognitive factors
社經背景與認知因素In addition to the above explanatory account, it is also conceivable that cognitive factors...
除了上述解釋，也可能是認知因素造成……For instance, high-level cognitive skills...
例如，高層次認知能力……
語意與篇章銜接均完整，所以 (B) 正確。
其餘選項分析
(A) To validate the causal relationship between the two abilities, longitudinal experimental studies are warranted.
翻譯：為了驗證兩種能力之間的因果關係，有必要進行縱貫性的實驗研究。
本句內容與後文第 40 格附近的句子高度相關：
To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training.
為了釐清音樂與數學能力之間的關係，我們需要招募具有相似社經與認知特徵的人，並以縱貫方式觀察他們接受音樂訓練前後的數學表現。
因此，(A) 適合放在討論「如何驗證因果關係」的段落，而非放在本題空格。空格後的 For instance 需要一個引介「認知因素」的句子，(A) 無法銜接後面的認知能力例子，故錯誤。
**(C) In fact, no existing study has established the causal relationship between
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Some researchers contend that solving a math problem requires correct understanding of concepts, which is also believed to foster the ability to play a musical instrument. But, this view is not universally upheld by all scholars. 36 Furthermore, much remains unknown about whether the development of the two abilities are mutually beneficial to each other; namely, music training promotes math solving ability, and mathematic ability enhances musical performance. 37 The lack of consensus can be attributed to two issues. First, although a few cross-sectional studies have shown that students who are musically trained tend to outperform those who have not studied music in mathematics grades, this finding is not universally established in all studies. Second, available studies only prove the correlation between the two abilities. It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily entail a causal relationship. 38 In the light of these two issues, some researchers hold a more conservative attitude toward the link between the two abilities and posit that the proposed ‘link’ between the two abilities can be attributed to other confounding variables such as socio-economic background and cognitive factors. For instance, people who have good financial resources and socio-economic status are more likely to afford music lessons and receive training in math, thereby having outstanding performance in the two abilities. 39 For instance, high-level cognitive skills (such as one’s ability to adjust to changing task demands) are key to the success in math and music. 40 To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training. Before such longitudinal evidence is available, we just need to enjoy playing music or studying math if it positively enriches our lives.
To validate the causal relationship between the two abilities, longitudinal experimental studies are warranted.
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核心觀念
本題考的是克漏字中的「篇章邏輯與句子銜接」，重點包括：
- 代名詞與指涉：
the two abilities指前文的數學解題能力與音樂演奏能力。 - 邏輯關係：前文指出目前研究只能證明兩者「相關」，不能證明「因果」。
- 論述銜接：提出研究限制後，下一步應說明如何驗證因果關係。
- 學術研究用語：
causal relationship：因果關係longitudinal：縱貫性的、長期追蹤的experimental studies：實驗研究be warranted：有必要、值得採用
解題方法
定位第 40 格前後的語意：
前文先說明：
It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily entail a causal relationship.
意思是：「必須注意，相關性不一定代表因果關係。」
接著文章又指出，數學與音樂能力的關聯可能受到社經背景、認知能力等混淆變項影響。例如，經濟條件較好的人，可能同時有能力接受音樂課程與數學訓練。
第 40 格前一句為：
For instance, high-level cognitive skills ... are key to the success in math and music.
意思是：「例如，高階認知能力是數學與音樂表現成功的關鍵。」
因此，前文的完整論述順序是：
選項 A：
To validate the causal relationship between the two abilities, longitudinal experimental studies are warranted.
翻譯為：「為了驗證這兩種能力之間的因果關係，有必要進行縱貫性的實驗研究。」
此句正好承接前文對「相關不等於因果」的說明，也能自然引出後文：
To shed light on the relationship between music and mathematic abilities, we need to recruit people with similar socio-economic and cognitive profiles, and diachronically observe their mathematic performance before and after receiving musical training.
翻譯為：「為了釐清音樂能力與數學能力之間的關係，我們需要招募社經背景與認知特徵相近的人，並長期觀察他們接受音樂訓練前後的數學表現。」
後文所描述的「控制背景條件、比較訓練前後表現」，正是縱貫性實驗研究的具體做法。因此第 40 格應填入 A。
選項分析
(A) To validate the causal relationship between the two abilities, longitudinal experimental studies are warranted.
正確。
To validate ...是不定詞片語，表示目的：「為了驗證……」。longitudinal experimental studies指長期追蹤並具有實驗設計的研究。are warranted表示「有必要進行」。- 本句直接回應前文的核心問題：現有研究只能證明相關，尚未充分證明因果。
- 也自然銜接後文所說的研究方法，包括控制社經背景與認知條件，以及比較接受音樂訓練前後的表現。
(B) In addition to the above explanatory account, it is also conceivable that cognitive factors may contribute to an individual’s success in music and mathematics.
錯誤。
此句意思是：「除了上述解釋之外，也可以想見認知因素可能促成個人在音樂與數學上的成功。」
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Years ago, Prof. J. D. Bernal wrote a canonical essay on science and industry, which was later included in a series of essays concerning the frustration of science. This edited volume of essays bore witness to the sense of social responsibility of individual scientific men at least, and to their concerns with tendencies or forces which are preventing science from bringing its full benefits to mankind. Somewhat earlier, in “Scientific Research and Social Needs,” Prof. Julian Huxley gave a popular picture of the extent to which scientific advance is influencing every aspect of everyday life and a brief forecast of some of the further possibilities if we can lessen or close the wide gap between scientific knowledge and its application to the needs of humanity. In this vein, Lord Stamp in “The Science of Social Adjustment” called for research on urgent problems arising from the impact of science on society. In this effort, scientific workers have become aware that, for the first time since the Renaissance, science itself is in danger, and that political forces are threatening not merely the direction but even the existence of science.
We can infer from the passage that
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的主旨與推論」，重點在於掌握文章對「科學發展、社會需求與政治力量」三者關係的看法。
文章主旨如下：
- 科學進步原本具有造福人類的潛力。
- 科學知識與實際應用於人類需求之間仍存在落差。
- 科學家具有社會責任感，並關注科學對社會造成的問題。
- 政治力量正在威脅科學的發展方向，甚至威脅科學本身的存在。
因此，最符合全文推論的是：科學原本能發揮更大的作用，卻受到政治因素阻礙。
關鍵字與片語
canonical essay：經典論文、權威文章be included in：被收錄於frustration of science：科學受挫、科學發展受阻bear witness to：證明、見證social responsibility：社會責任individual scientific men：個別科學家tendency：趨勢force：力量、勢力bring its full benefits to mankind：為人類帶來完整的利益scientific advance：科學進步forecast：預測、展望lessen or close the wide gap：縮小或消除巨大的落差scientific knowledge：科學知識application：應用in this vein：依循這種思路、在此脈絡下urgent problems：迫切問題arise from：起因於、源自impact of science on society：科學對社會的影響become aware that：意識到be in danger：處於危險之中threaten：威脅not merely A but even B：不僅是 A，甚至是 B
解題方法
閱讀推論題不必逐句翻譯全文，應先掌握：
- 文章反覆出現的核心概念。
- 作者對這些概念的正負態度。
- 選項是否符合全文，而非只符合其中單一句子。
本文前半段先說明科學具有造福人類的潛力，但科學知識與實際應用之間存在落差；中段指出科學家關心科學對社會的影響；結尾則提出最重要的結論：
“In this effort, scientific workers have become aware that, for the first time since the Renaissance, science itself is in danger, and that political forces are threatening not merely the direction but even the existence of science.”
翻譯：
「在這項努力中，科學工作者已經意識到：科學本身自文藝復興以來第一次陷入危險，而政治力量威脅的不只是科學發展的方向，甚至是科學本身的存在。」
這句直接指出政治力量對科學造成阻礙，並且威脅到科學原本能發揮的功能與發展空間。因此選擇 (D)。
文法與語意上，not merely the direction but even the existence of science 使用 not merely A but even B 結構，表示程度遞增：
- 不只是影響科學「往哪裡發展」
- 甚至危及科學「能否存在」
這種強烈的負面語氣，是判斷政治因素阻礙科學發展的關鍵。
選項分析
(A) there is no gap between science inquiry and the needs of humanity.
科學探究與人類需求之間不存在落差。
錯誤。文章明確提到：
“the wide gap between scientific knowledge and its application to the needs of humanity”
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Years ago, Prof. J. D. Bernal wrote a canonical essay on science and industry, which was later included in a series of essays concerning the frustration of science. This edited volume of essays bore witness to the sense of social responsibility of individual scientific men at least, and to their concerns with tendencies or forces which are preventing science from bringing its full benefits to mankind. Somewhat earlier, in “Scientific Research and Social Needs,” Prof. Julian Huxley gave a popular picture of the extent to which scientific advance is influencing every aspect of everyday life and a brief forecast of some of the further possibilities if we can lessen or close the wide gap between scientific knowledge and its application to the needs of humanity. In this vein, Lord Stamp in “The Science of Social Adjustment” called for research on urgent problems arising from the impact of science on society. In this effort, scientific workers have become aware that, for the first time since the Renaissance, science itself is in danger, and that political forces are threatening not merely the direction but even the existence of science.
All of the following can be inferred from the text except
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核心觀念
本題為標準的「反向推論題」（Negative Inference Question），題幹要求選出「無法從文章推論出（except）」的敘述。考點在於精確掌握學術論述中的因果關係、主客體角色定位，以及細節資訊的比對能力。特別要注意政治力量（political forces）與科學界之間的關係，不可過度延伸或無中生有。
文章關鍵句定位與解析
- 第 1 句至第 3 句（呼籲拉近科學與社會的距離）：
"...their concerns with tendencies or forces which are preventing science from bringing its full benefits to mankind."
（……他們關注的是那些阻礙科學為人類帶來完全福祉的趨勢或力量。）
"...lessen or close the wide gap between scientific knowledge and its application to the needs of humanity."
（……縮小或弭平科學知識與其在人類需求應用之間的巨大鴻溝。）
"Lord Stamp in 'The Science of Social Adjustment' called for research on urgent problems arising from the impact of science on society."
（史丹普勳爵在《社會調適的科學》中，呼籲針對科學對社會衝擊所引發的迫切問題展開研究。）
- 第 4 句（定位政治力量與科學生存危機）：
"In this effort, scientific workers have become aware that, for the first time since the Renaissance, science itself is in danger, and that political forces are threatening not merely the direction but even the existence of science."
（在這項努力中，科學工作者已意識到，自文藝復興以來，科學本身首度面臨危險，政治力量不僅威脅著科學發展的方向，甚至威脅到科學本身的存亡。）
選項分析
-
(A) The influence of science on society needs to be addressed, evaluated and studied.（可推論，不選）
原文提到 Julian Huxley 描繪科學進展對日常生活的影響，且 Lord Stamp 「called for research on urgent problems arising from the impact of science on society」，明確指出科學對社會的衝擊與影響需要被探討、評估與研究。 -
(B) Scholars are urging politicians to exercise power to make path for science.（無法推論，為正確答案）
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In Principles of Psychology, one of the founding works of experimental psychology, William James talked a lot about “instincts.” This term was used to roughly refer to specialized neural circuits that are common to every member of a species and are the product of that species’ evolutionary history. Taken together, such circuits constitute (in our own species) what one can think of as “human nature.”
It was and is common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct,” whereas humans lost their instincts and are ruled by “reason,” and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. James, however, argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they process information so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he contended, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness” makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to “make the natural seem strange” and that we should not take “the natural” for granted.
In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Although the idea of “mak[ing] the natural seem strange” appears to be odd, it is a pivotal part of the research on natural competences. Many psychologists avoid this line of thinking, arguing that nothing about “the natural” needs to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problems we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But our natural competences -- our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others -- are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we do not even realize that it exists. We all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.
According to William James, humans tend to be more flexibly intelligent than most animals because
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核心觀念
本題測驗「閱讀測驗細節理解與觀念整合能力」，重點在於掌握文章中重要心理學家（William James）對特定議題（本能與人類智慧的關係）之核心觀點，並能辨析「大眾普遍直覺」與「作者/專家論點」之間的對比。
解題方法：原文定位與文意對比
-
鎖定題幹關鍵字：
題幹詢問「According to William James, humans tend to be more flexibly intelligent than most animals because...」（根據威廉·詹姆斯，人類比多數動物具備更具彈性的智慧，是因為……）。 -
定位文章對應句：
回到第二段中段：
“James, however, argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they process information so effortlessly and automatically.”
【中譯】「然而，詹姆斯主張，人類行為之所以比其他動物更具彈性與智慧，是因為我們擁有『更多』的本能，而不是更少。然而，我們往往對這些本能的存在視而不見，正是因為它們處理訊息時是如此毫不費力且自動化。」
- 結合後文進一步整合：
第三段進一步指出，這些本能構成了支持人類各種活動的複雜神經與運算機制（“vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we do not even realize that it exists.”），說明人類具有龐大、多樣且運作順暢的本能機制，因此能自然協調複雜的本能運作。選項 (A)「they can naturally coordinate complex instincts well」為此論點的最佳推論與同義改寫。
選項分析
- (A) they can naturally coordinate complex instincts well（他們能自然地將複雜的本能協調良好）——【正確】
原文第二段提到人類擁有更多的本能（“have more instincts, not fewer”），且這些本能運作極度順暢且自動化（“process information so effortlessly and automatically”）；第三段也說明這些本能機制運作極佳（“works so well”），支持並調控人類多元繁複的行為。因此，人類之所以更有彈性與智慧，是因為先天具備龐大且能運作良好的複雜本能系統，符合原文意思。
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In Principles of Psychology, one of the founding works of experimental psychology, William James talked a lot about “instincts.” This term was used to roughly refer to specialized neural circuits that are common to every member of a species and are the product of that species’ evolutionary history. Taken together, such circuits constitute (in our own species) what one can think of as “human nature.”
It was and is common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct,” whereas humans lost their instincts and are ruled by “reason,” and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. James, however, argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they process information so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he contended, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness” makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to “make the natural seem strange” and that we should not take “the natural” for granted.
In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Although the idea of “mak[ing] the natural seem strange” appears to be odd, it is a pivotal part of the research on natural competences. Many psychologists avoid this line of thinking, arguing that nothing about “the natural” needs to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problems we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But our natural competences -- our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others -- are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we do not even realize that it exists. We all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.
One of the author’s primary purposes in this passage is to
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核心觀念
本題測驗「文章主旨與寫作目的」（Author's Primary Purpose）的辨析能力。解題核心在於掌握作者的論證脈絡與收尾呼籲：
- 問題緣起：大眾常誤以為人類是由「理性」主導而喪失了「本能」；但威廉・詹姆斯（William James）指出，人類更有智慧是因為擁有「更多」本能。
- 研究困境：正因這些本能運作得太過自然、自動化，導致「本能盲（instinct blindness）」，心理學家反而忽視研究這些日常「正常／自然」的能力。
- 作者訴求：作者贊同詹姆斯的進化心理學觀點，批評心理學界避開這些看似理所當然的自然能力，最後點出人類的「自然能力／本能」背後其實有著極為龐大複雜的計算機制（vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery），呼籲學界應著手研究這些被忽視的人類複雜本能機制。
解題方法
針對「主旨／目的題」，關鍵切入點是文章首段立論與尾段結論的因果推進，尤其是作者提出價值判斷與呼籲的句子：
- 定位作者立場與批判對象（第三段中段）：
“Many psychologists avoid this line of thinking, arguing that nothing about ‘the natural’ needs to be explained... As a result, social psychologists are disappointed... and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problems we are bad at... than ones we are good at.”
（許多心理學家避開這種思考方向，認為「自然而然的事」沒什麼好解釋的……結果社會心理學家只對令人訝異的現象感興趣，而認知心理學家花更多時間去研究我們不擅長解決的問題，勝過研究我們擅長的問題。）
- 定位結論與目的句（第三段文末）：
“But our natural competences... are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities... As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.”
（然而我們的自然能力……唯有依賴背後龐大且多元的「複雜計算機制」支撐與調控才有可能達成。這個機制運作得太好，以致我們甚至察覺不到它的存在……結果，心理學家竟忽略了去研究人類心智中一些最有趣的機制。）
- 歸納寫作目的：
作者指出人類的本能（即自然能力）具備極其「複雜（complicated / complex）」的心智運作機制，但目前心理學界受限於本能盲而「忽略（neglected）」研究。因此作者寫作的最主要目的是呼籲（call for）學界對人類這些複雜的本能投入更多研究。
選項分析
- (A) introduce the development and the tenet of evolutionary psychology.（介紹進化心理學的發展與信條）
錯誤。
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In Principles of Psychology, one of the founding works of experimental psychology, William James talked a lot about “instincts.” This term was used to roughly refer to specialized neural circuits that are common to every member of a species and are the product of that species’ evolutionary history. Taken together, such circuits constitute (in our own species) what one can think of as “human nature.”
It was and is common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct,” whereas humans lost their instincts and are ruled by “reason,” and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. James, however, argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they process information so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he contended, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness” makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to “make the natural seem strange” and that we should not take “the natural” for granted.
In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Although the idea of “mak[ing] the natural seem strange” appears to be odd, it is a pivotal part of the research on natural competences. Many psychologists avoid this line of thinking, arguing that nothing about “the natural” needs to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problems we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But our natural competences -- our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others -- are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we do not even realize that it exists. We all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.
According to the author, “instinct blindness”
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指涉判斷」與「因果關係」。關鍵在於掌握 instinct blindness 的定義：
- instinct：本能
- blindness：盲點、視而不見
- instinct blindness：對本能機制的無知或無法察覺
- natural competences：自然能力、天生能力
- computational machinery：負責資訊處理的複雜心理機制
- take something for granted：視某事為理所當然
- make the natural seem strange：使自然現象顯得陌生，以便加以研究
- be ruled by reason：受理性支配
- flexibly intelligent：具備彈性智慧
- evolutionary history：演化歷史
- reciprocate a favor：回報恩惠
- moral outrage：道德義憤
- myriad：無數的、各式各樣的
文章主張：人類之所以把許多自然能力視為理所當然，是因為支撐這些能力的心理機制運作得太順暢、太自動化，導致人類察覺不到它們的存在。因此，心理學家也忽略了部分人類心智中的複雜機制。
解題方法
判斷定義型選項時，應直接尋找文章對該名詞的說明，再比對選項是否符合原文。
定位答案的關鍵句是：
This machinery works so well that we do not even realize that it exists. We all suffer from instinct blindness.
翻譯：
這套機制運作得如此良好，以至於我們甚至沒有察覺它的存在。我們全都受到「本能盲點」的影響。
前文也指出：
We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all.
翻譯：
我們沒有意識到「正常」行為本身也需要加以解釋。
由此可知，instinct blindness 的核心是：人類沒有察覺支配自然行為與能力的複雜心理機制，並將這些行為視為理所當然。因此正確答案是 (D)。
選項分析
(A) recognizes the possibility that “the natural [can] seem strange.”
「承認自然事物可能顯得陌生。」
錯誤。文章說的是 William James 建議心理學家要 make the natural seem strange，也就是刻意把自然現象當成值得研究的對象。這是克服 instinct blindness 的研究方法，不是 instinct blindness 本身的功能。instinct blindness 恰恰使人無法察覺自然能力背後的機制。
(B) is what makes current psychological research promising.
「使目前的心理學研究充滿希望。」
錯誤。文章指出 instinct blindness 造成心理學家忽略重要的心智機制，反而限制了研究範圍。真正有助於拓展研究的是克服 instinct blindness，而不是 instinct blindness 本身。
(C) pinpoints where research on psychology should be directed.
「指出心理學研究應該朝哪個方向進行。」
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals.
What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
What is this article mainly about?
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核心觀念
本題是「閱讀測驗主旨題」，考查考生能否掌握全文核心，而非只依據某一段或某一個細節作答。
文章主要說明兩個重點：
- 過去醫界誤以為新生兒不會感到疼痛，後來透過 fMRI、EEG 等技術，修正了這項看法。
- 目前醫療人員開始利用 EEG 客觀評估嬰兒的疼痛，並研究止痛藥對嬰兒是否有效，但相關技術仍有樣本數少、觀察時間短、成本高等限制。
因此，全文是在介紹「嬰兒疼痛評估與治療觀念的進展」，答案為 (C)。
解題方法
主旨題應觀察：
- 文章開頭提出的問題；
- 文章中反覆出現的核心名詞；
- 結尾所指出的發展方向；
- 選項是否能涵蓋全文，而非只對應其中一小段。
本文的發展脈絡如下：
過去的錯誤觀念
→ 科技發展使醫界重新評估嬰兒疼痛
→ EEG 可測量嬰兒的疼痛相關腦部活動
→ EEG 可協助判斷止痛藥是否有效
→ 目前仍有研究限制，但未來可改善臨床疼痛處理
定位答案的關鍵句是：
“However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG).”
意為：
然而，近年來，醫療專業人員與臨床醫師開始利用 fMRI 與腦電圖等更先進的科技，重新檢視這項看法。
另一句總結全文發展的是：
“With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs...”
意為：
隨著 EEG 技術更廣泛地應用於臨床環境，醫療專業人員將更能找出有效的止痛藥物。
這兩句分別呈現「觀念的改變」與「治療評估的進步」，正好對應選項 (C)。
文章中的重要單字與片語
- preterm baby：早產兒
- intensive care unit, ICU：加護病房
- be subject to：遭受、接受
- intrusive procedure：侵入性處置
- life-saving：挽救生命的
- heel pricking：腳跟採血、腳跟刺針
- insertion：插入
- analgesic：止痛藥；止痛的
- painkiller：止痛藥
- newborn baby：新生兒
- do more harm than good：弊大於利
- revisit a view：重新檢視某種看法
- fMRI：功能性磁共振造影
- electroencephalography, EEG：腦電圖檢查
- brain-wave pattern：腦波模式
- painless procedure：無痛處置
- efficacy：功效、療效
- dose：劑量
- dosing：劑量決定、給藥
- tricky：棘手的、難以判定的
- thorny issue：棘手的問題
- exacerbate：使惡化、加劇
- articulate：清楚表達
- alleviate pain：減輕疼痛
- caveat：警語、限制條件
- prohibitive：高昂到令人難以負擔的
- preliminary finding：初步研究發現
- pain relief：疼痛緩解
- clinical setting：臨床環境
- morphine：嗎啡
- identify：辨認、找出
文法與語意重點
- be subject to + 名詞
“Many preterm babies ... are often subject to various ... procedures.”
表示「受到……影響」或「接受……處置」，此處指早產兒經常接受各種侵入性醫療程序。
- used to + 原形動詞
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals.
What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
According to this passage, which of the following statements is true?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題，考查：
- 能否掌握文章主旨與細節。
- 能否辨認選項是否扭曲原文的程度、時間或範圍。
- 能否利用同義改寫判斷正確答案。
文章主旨是：嬰兒確實會感到疼痛，但疼痛處理仍面臨藥物劑量、嬰兒無法表達感受及缺乏臨床指引等問題。EEG 可協助客觀測量嬰兒的疼痛反應，雖然目前仍受樣本少、觀察時間短、成本高及專業要求高等限制，卻已帶來重要進展。
解題方法
先找出各選項在文章中的對應資訊，再判斷選項是否：
- 與原文相符；
- 把「有限使用」誇大成「廣泛使用」；
- 把「不同」改成「相同」；
- 把「逐漸進步」說成「沒有太大變化」；
- 把「不同腦波模式」說成「完全相同」。
本題最直接的定位句是：
Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals.
意思是：「處理嬰兒疼痛，對有經驗的醫療專業人員及初入門的醫療專業人員而言，都是一項艱鉅的任務。」
其中 both A and B 表示「A 和 B 兩者都……」。因此，嬰兒疼痛處理的挑戰並不只存在於新手醫療人員身上，資深人員同樣面臨困難，故選 (B)。
關鍵單字與片語
preterm babies：早產兒intensive care unit (ICU)：加護病房be subject to：受到……影響；遭受……intrusive procedures：侵入性處置heel pricking：腳跟採血、腳跟針刺analgesic / painkiller：止痛藥painful procedures：會造成疼痛的醫療處置fMRI：功能性磁共振造影electroencephalography (EEG)：腦電圖brain-wave patterns：腦波模式novice：新手的；初學的daunting：令人畏懼的；艱鉅的guideline：指引；準則efficacy：療效be affected by：受到……影響articulate：清楚表達appeal to：求助於；訴諸caveat：警語；需要注意的事項prohibitive：高得令人難以負擔的clinical setting：臨床環境preliminary findings：初步研究結果pain relief：疼痛緩解correlate with：與……相關extensive application：廣泛應用
文法與語意重點
both the experienced and novice medical professionals
both A and B 是對等連接，表示「A 與 B 兩者皆……」。此處 the experienced 指有經驗的專業人員，novice medical professionals 指新手醫療專業人員。
not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies
not all 表示「並非所有」，不是「全部都不」。文章指出成人使用的止痛藥中，有些不適合嬰兒，不能直接套用成人用藥方式。
Before ... Now ...
文章以時間對比呈現醫學知識的進展：
Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine ... provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting.
意思是：「在使用 EEG 技術之前，並不清楚嗎啡是否能在嬰兒身上提供同樣有效的止痛效果。現在，至少在實驗室環境中，醫療專業人員已能判斷接受嗎啡的嬰兒是否感受到較少疼痛。」
這段明確表示：即使目前理解仍有限，醫學界對嬰兒疼痛的認識及控制方式已經有所進步。
選項分析
(A) EEG is already a very mature, well-established pain detection technology extensively used in the clinical setting.
錯誤。
文章明確指出 EEG 研究仍有多項限制：
- 研究樣本數少；
- EEG 反應的觀察時間短；
- EEG 反應未必與嬰兒行為高度相關；
- 使用 EEG 所需的成本與專業能力可能過高；
- 現有 EEG 測量主要用於實驗室及群體研究，而非個別臨床需求。
原文說：
Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than f
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals.
What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
Which of the following is a major obstacle to identifying the effectiveness of pain relief drugs for babies?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解，考查考生能否找出文章明確指出的「嬰兒疼痛評估困難」及其主要原因。
文章指出，嬰兒無法清楚表達自己的疼痛感受，因此醫療人員難以直接判斷止痛藥是否有效，才需要借助 EEG 等客觀測量工具。
定位答案的關鍵句
This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel.
翻譯：
「嬰兒無法表達自己的感受，使這個問題更加嚴重。」
其中：
- be capable of：有能力……
- articulate：清楚表達、用言語說明
- how they feel：他們的感受、他們感覺如何
- be exacerbated by：因……而惡化、更加嚴重
題目問的是辨認嬰兒止痛藥效果的主要障礙。上述句子直接說明：嬰兒無法表達疼痛程度，因此醫療人員難以依據主觀描述判斷藥效，故選 (A)。
解題方法
先抓題目關鍵字：
- major obstacle：主要障礙
- identifying the effectiveness：辨認有效性、判斷效果
- pain relief drugs：止痛藥、疼痛緩解藥物
接著回文章尋找「為何難以判斷嬰兒疼痛或止痛藥效果」的原因。文章提到：
- 嬰兒不能清楚表達自己的感受。
- 不同止痛藥對嬰兒可能產生不同效果。
- EEG 研究樣本數小、觀察時間短，且設備成本與專業要求高。
在選項中，最直接且最符合原文的原因是嬰兒語言表達能力尚未發展完全，因此答案為 (A) babies’ undeveloped verbal ability。
選項分析
(A) babies’ undeveloped verbal ability
正確。
意思是「嬰兒尚未發展完全的語言能力」。嬰兒不能用語言清楚說明疼痛的位置、程度與變化，醫療人員便難以依照嬰兒的主觀陳述判斷止痛藥是否有效。這正對應原文：
babies are not capable of articulating how they feel
因此為本題答案。
(B) issues regarding medical ethics
錯誤。
意思是「醫學倫理相關問題」。文章沒有提到醫療倫理、家長同意、研究倫理或治療禁忌是主要障礙。文章討論的是疼痛測量、藥物劑量、嬰兒表達能力及 EEG 的限制，並非倫理爭議。
(C) the medical crew’s insufficient clinical experience
錯誤。
意思是「醫療團隊臨床經驗不足」。文章提到：
Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals.
意思是：「治療嬰兒疼痛，對有經驗及初入行的醫療專業人員而言，都是艱鉅的工作。」
此句表示問題普遍存在，並非單純因為醫療人員經驗不足。文章也沒有說「經驗不足」是辨認藥效的主要原因。
(D) limited options of pain relief drugs
錯誤。
意思是「止痛藥選擇有限」。文章真正指出的是：並非所有成人適用的止痛藥都適合嬰兒，而且適合嬰兒的藥物可能產生不同效果，導致劑量判定困難。
not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies
意思是：「並非所有給成人使用的止痛藥都適合嬰兒。」
這是在說藥物適用性與劑量反應的差異，並不是止痛藥種類太少。故此選項將「藥物適用性問題」錯解為「藥物選擇數量不足」。
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals.
What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
Which of the following is true about the use of EEG in current infant clinical treatment?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 閱讀理解與主旨定位
- 形容詞語意判斷
- 轉折語氣與作者態度
- 由文章細節推論科技目前的優缺點
文章討論 EEG（electroencephalography，腦電圖）在嬰兒疼痛評估上的應用。作者的整體態度是：
- EEG 的研究結果具有希望，值得發展。
- EEG 目前仍受限於成本、專業技術、樣本數與臨床適用性。
- 因此，EEG 尚未發展成熟，也不是普遍容易取得的臨床工具。
題目問的是 EEG「目前在嬰兒臨床治療中的使用情形」，必須同時掌握其優點與限制。
解題方法
先找出文章中直接描述 EEG 優缺點的句子：
“Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising.”
翻譯：
「儘管有上述限制，初步的 EEG 研究結果仍然很有希望。」
這句說明 EEG 的研究前景良好，對應選項中的 auspicious，意為「有希望的、吉兆的、前景良好的」。
接著找出成本方面的限制：
“The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive.”
翻譯：
「應用 EEG 來測量疼痛所需的成本與專業知識，可能高到令人難以負擔。」
這句明確指出 EEG 的成本與專業門檻過高，對應 not cost-efficient，意為「不具成本效益的」。
因此，文章對 EEG 的描述正是：
- 有前景：auspicious
- 成本效益不佳：not cost-efficient
故選 (C)。
關鍵單字與片語
- preterm baby：早產兒
- intensive care unit, ICU：加護病房
- intrusive procedure：侵入性處置
- heel pricking：腳跟採血、腳跟針刺
- analgesic / painkiller：止痛劑
- fMRI：功能性磁共振造影
- electroencephalography, EEG：腦電圖
- brain-wave pattern：腦波型態
- efficacy：療效
- dose：劑量
- dosing：劑量決定、給藥劑量的安排
- articulate：清楚表達
- alleviate pain：減輕疼痛
- caveat：警告、注意事項
- prohibitive：高到令人難以負擔的
- preliminary：初步的
- promising：有希望的、有前景的
- clinical setting：臨床環境
- individual clinical needs：個別病人的臨床需求
- extensive application：廣泛應用
- cost-efficient：具成本效益的
文法與語意重點
- Notwithstanding + 名詞
“Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising.”
notwithstanding 可作副詞，表示「儘管如此」。此處承接前文的限制，指出 EEG 雖然有缺點，研究結果仍值得期待。
- be required for + 名詞
“The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG...”
required for 是過去分詞片語，修飾前面的 the cost and expertise，意為「應用 EEG 所需要的成本與專業知識」。
- rather than
“Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual c
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals.
What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
The word “caveat” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to:
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義判讀」與「上下文推論」。caveat 的核心意思是「警告、提醒注意的事項；限制條件」。判斷時須觀察 Dr. Stevens 接下來提出的內容，是否是在提醒 EEG 研究的限制與風險。
文中 Dr. Stevens 提出三項限制：
- 研究樣本數很少（small samples）
- EEG 反應的觀察時間很短（short period of observation）
- EEG 反應未必與嬰兒行為有良好相關（may not correlate well with behavior）
- EEG 的成本與專業技術要求可能過高（cost and expertise ... might be prohibitive）
因此，caveats 在此是指「需要特別注意的警語或限制」。
題幹定位
關鍵句為：
Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior.
翻譯：
多倫多大學的資深科學家 Bonnie Stevens 博士補充了幾項警語：目前的 EEG 研究只涉及少量受試者，而且 EEG 反應的觀察期間很短，未必能與行為表現產生良好關聯。
冒號後方直接列出研究限制，充分顯示 caveats 是「警告、注意事項、限制」。
解題方法
先掌握句型：
adds several caveats
其中 add 是「補充、提出」，caveats 是受詞。後面的冒號負責解釋這些 caveats 的具體內容。
文意並非 Dr. Stevens 在讚美 EEG，也不是提出爭論，而是提醒讀者：
- 研究樣本太少；
- 觀察時間太短；
- 研究結果未必能直接反映嬰兒行為；
- 實際臨床應用成本與專業要求很高。
因此答案須選擇具有「告誡、提醒注意」意味的字。
選項分析
(A) corollary
corollary 是「必然結果、推論、附帶結果」。
此處 Dr. Stevens 並非提出 EEG 研究所導出的結果，而是在指出研究限制，因此不符合語意。
(B) contention
contention 是「爭論、爭點；主張」。