義守大學 115 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
This _____ technology provides relief for eyestrain symptoms in presbyopes.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「詞性、語意搭配」。
句型為:
This _____ technology provides relief for eyestrain symptoms in presbyopes.
空格位於名詞片語中:
This + _____ + technology
因此空格應填入能修飾名詞 technology 的形容詞,且語意必須符合「這項科技具有何種特性」。
關鍵字義如下:
- technology:科技、技術
- provide relief for:緩解、減輕……的症狀
- eyestrain:眼睛疲勞、眼睛疲勞感
- symptom:症狀
- presbyope:老花眼患者;複數為 presbyopes
- unprecedented:前所未有的、史無前例的
解題方法
先判斷詞性。空格後面是名詞 technology,空格應填入形容詞。
再將各選項代入,檢查兩點:
- 是否為適當的形容詞;
- 是否能合理描述一項可以緩解老花眼患者眼睛疲勞症狀的科技。
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:
This _____ technology provides relief for eyestrain symptoms in presbyopes.
翻譯為:
這項___的科技可以緩解老花眼患者的眼睛疲勞症狀。
能合理修飾 technology,並表達「前所未有、創新的技術」者為 unprecedented。
選項分析
(A) unprecedented
unprecedented 是形容詞,意為「前所未有的、史無前例的」。
This unprecedented technology provides relief for eyestrain symptoms in presbyopes.
翻譯:
這項前所未有的科技可以緩解老花眼患者的眼睛疲勞症狀。
在詞性、文法與語意上均成立,因此為正確答案。
第 2 題2 分
Medical research has proved that long-term sleep deprivation has a/an _____ effect on health.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」。句意指出,長期睡眠不足會對健康造成某種影響;依醫學常識,此影響應為「有害的、致命的、具破壞性的」。
題幹中的關鍵片語是:
- long-term sleep deprivation:長期睡眠剝奪、長期睡眠不足
- have an effect on:對……產生影響
- health:健康
- pernicious:有害的;具破壞性的;致命的
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原文:
Medical research has proved that long-term sleep deprivation has a/an _____ effect on health.
翻譯:
醫學研究已證實,長期睡眠不足對健康具有一種__的影響。
長期睡眠不足會增加身心健康風險,因此空格應填入表示「有害的」的形容詞,選擇 pernicious 最符合語意。
填入後:
Medical research has proved that long-term sleep deprivation has a pernicious effect on health.
翻譯:
醫學研究已證實,長期睡眠不足對健康具有有害的影響。
解題方法
先判斷句子的正負語氣:
- 主詞為 long-term sleep deprivation,意為「長期睡眠不足」。
- 受詞為 health,意為「健康」。
- 「長期睡眠不足對健康的影響」在此語境中顯然是負面的。
- 四個選項中,只有 pernicious 能表示「有害的、造成傷害的」。
此外,pernicious effect 是自然且常見的搭配,意思是「有害的影響」。
冠詞方面,pernicious 的字首發音為子音音素 /p/,因此使用 a pernicious effect,而非 an pernicious effect。題幹寫成 a/an,是因為空格答案尚未確定,實際填入後應依後接形容詞的發音選擇冠詞。
選項分析
(A) pernicious
意為「有害的、具破壞性的、致命的」。
第 3 題2 分
The explosion was so powerful that it _____ several abandoned warehouses.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「動詞和語境的搭配」。判斷重點在於:
- 主詞是 The explosion(爆炸)。
- 結果是爆炸摧毀了數座廢棄倉庫。
- 空格後接受詞 several abandoned warehouses,需要填入能表示「徹底摧毀」的及物動詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
The explosion was so powerful that it _____ several abandoned warehouses.
句型為:
so + 形容詞 + that + 結果子句
如此……以致於……
翻譯:
爆炸的威力如此強大,以致於它徹底摧毀了數座廢棄倉庫。
其中 so powerful that 已指出爆炸造成嚴重破壞,因此空格應填入表示「摧毀、消滅」的動詞。
解題方法
先判斷語意,再檢查詞性與句型:
- 空格位於 that 引導的結果副詞子句中。
- 主詞 it 代替前面的 The explosion。
- 空格後有受詞 several abandoned warehouses,因此需要及物動詞。
- 依照「爆炸威力強大」及「倉庫遭到完全破壞」的語意,最適合的是 obliterated。
選項分析
(A) alleged
- allege:聲稱、指稱、宣稱,通常用於尚未證實的說法。
- alleged 可作動詞過去式,表示「聲稱某事」。
- 例:The witness alleged that the company had committed fraud.
(證人指稱該公司涉及詐欺。) - alleged several abandoned warehouses 在語意與搭配上都不成立,爆炸不會「聲稱」倉庫發生某事。
(B) circumvented
第 4 題2 分
In order for your claims to be accepted, _____ evidence would be required.
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞的字義辨析」與「語境判斷」。
題幹中的關鍵語意是:
In order for your claims to be accepted, _____ evidence would be required.
為了使你的主張被接受,必須提出 _____ 的證據。
其中,your claims 是「你的主張」,be accepted 是「被接受、獲得認可」,因此後面的 evidence 必須具有「足以證明主張、令人無法反駁」的特質。
關鍵單字與片語
- in order for A to V:為了讓 A 做某事
- claim:主張;聲稱的內容
- be accepted:被接受;被認可
- evidence:證據
- be required:被要求;必須具備
- incontrovertible:無可爭辯的;無法反駁的
- inconclusive:無法下定論的;不具決定性的
- inconsolable:無法安慰的;極度悲痛而難以平復的
- considerate:體貼的;替他人著想的
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的名詞 evidence,四個選項皆為形容詞,文法上都能修飾 evidence,因此必須依照上下文判斷語意。
題幹表示:若要使主張被接受,就需要非常有力、足以排除爭議的證據。能表達「無可爭辯的證據」者為:
incontrovertible evidence
無可爭辯的證據;無法反駁的證據
完整句意為:
In order for your claims to be accepted, incontrovertible evidence would be required.
為了使你的主張獲得接受,必須提出無可爭辯的證據。
因此選 (B)。
選項分析
(A) inconsolable
inconsolable 意為「無法安慰的、極度悲痛的」,通常用來形容人或情緒狀態,例如:
- an inconsolable child:一個怎麼哄也無法平復的孩子
- She was inconsolable after the loss.
她在失去親人後悲痛得無法平復。
第 5 題2 分
At the party, Jessica was very _____ in the crowded room because her dress was so bright and colorful.
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核心觀念
本題考的是英文形容詞的字義辨析與語境判斷。
句型為:
Jessica was very _____ ...
was 是 be 動詞,後面接形容詞作主詞補語;very 用來修飾形容詞。判斷關鍵在於後面的原因:
because her dress was so bright and colorful
因為她的洋裝非常明亮、色彩鮮豔。
在擁擠的房間裡,穿著鮮豔服裝的人容易被注意、顯得突出,因此應填入表示「顯眼的、引人注目的」的形容詞。
解題方法
先抓因果關係:
- 結果:Jessica 在人群中呈現某種特徵。
- 原因:她的洋裝明亮且色彩鮮豔。
- 合理推論:鮮豔的服裝使她在人群中特別醒目。
conspicuous 的意思是「顯眼的、醒目的、引人注目的」,與題幹語意完全吻合。
完整句意為:
At the party, Jessica was very conspicuous in the crowded room because her dress was so bright and colorful.
在派對上,Jessica 在擁擠的房間裡非常顯眼,因為她的洋裝色彩明亮又鮮豔。
因此本題選 (B) conspicuous。
選項分析
(A) conscientious
conscientious 意為「認真的、盡責的、一絲不苟的」。
例如:
He is a conscientious student.
他是一名認真的學生。
這個字通常用來形容一個人的工作態度、責任感或做事方式,與「穿著鮮豔而在人群中特別醒目」沒有直接關係。
填入後:
Jessica was very conscientious in the crowded room ...
語意變成「Jessica 在擁擠的房間裡非常盡責」,無法由洋裝明亮鮮豔這項原因推導出來,因此錯誤。
(B) conspicuous
conspicuous 意為「顯眼的、醒目的、引人注目的」。
第 6 題2 分
As I have yet to see any concrete evidence, I can only assume that all of your claims were _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與「形容詞搭配」。句中關鍵線索是:
As I have yet to see any concrete evidence, I can only assume that all of your claims were _____.
其中:
- have yet to + 原形動詞:尚未……
- concrete evidence:具體證據
- assume:假定、推測
- claim:主張、聲稱
- spurious:虛假的、無根據的、似是而非的
因為說話者「尚未看見任何具體證據」,所以只能推測對方的所有主張缺乏真實性與可信度。
解題方法
先定位因果線索:
As I have yet to see any concrete evidence
因為我至今尚未看見任何具體證據
接著觀察主句:
I can only assume that all of your claims were _____
我只能假定你所有的主張都是 _____
「沒有具體證據」會使主張被視為「無根據、虛假的」,因此填入 spurious 最符合上下文:
all of your claims were spurious
你所有的主張都是虛假的/無根據的
句中的 were 是連綴動詞,後面接形容詞 spurious,用來描述 claims 的性質。
選項分析
(A) spurious 虛假的;無根據的;似是而非的
正確。spurious 可形容表面上似乎合理,實際上缺乏真實性、正當性或證據支持的事物。題幹明確指出沒有任何具體證據,因此推測這些主張是 spurious,語意完全吻合。
第 7 題2 分
The towel massage in Japan is said to benefit the immune system, helping to _____ colds.
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核心觀念
本題考「片語動詞的語意與搭配」。句意指出日本毛巾按摩據說有益於免疫系統,因此能幫助人體「抵禦、預防感冒」。
關鍵片語為:
- ward off + 疾病/危險:防止、避開、抵禦
- count out:不計入;排除在外
- hand over:交出;移交
- round down:無條件捨去;向下取整
題幹中的 helping to _____ colds 結構為:
四個選項皆可接在 to 後作原形動詞,但必須依照語意與固定搭配判斷。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句是:
The towel massage in Japan is said to benefit the immune system, helping to _____ colds.
日本的毛巾按摩據說有益於免疫系統,有助於抵禦感冒。
前半句的 benefit the immune system(有益於免疫系統)提供正面健康語境。免疫系統的功能之一是抵抗病原體、降低感染風險,因此空格應填入表示「預防或抵禦」的片語。
ward off colds 是自然且正確的搭配,意思是「預防感冒、抵禦感冒」。
選項分析
(A) count out
count out 主要表示「不計入、排除」,例如:
Count me out.
別把我算進去/我不參加。
若填入題幹:
helping to count out colds
會變成「有助於把感冒排除在計算之外」,語意不符合免疫系統預防疾病的情境,因此錯誤。
(B) hand over
hand over 表示「交出、移交」,例如:
第 8 題2 分
Education, socializing, work and leisure activities help the elderly build up “cognitive reserve” and make the brain more _____ against any age-related decline.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:判斷形容詞與語境的搭配。
- 文法結構:
make + 受詞 + 形容詞,表示「使……變得……」。 - 語意邏輯:教育、社交、工作與休閒活動能增強老年人的「認知儲備」,使大腦更能抵抗與年齡相關的衰退。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
Education, socializing, work and leisure activities help the elderly build up “cognitive reserve” and make the brain more _____ against any age-related decline.
翻譯:
教育、社交、工作與休閒活動能幫助老年人建立「認知儲備」,並使大腦更能抵抗任何與年齡相關的衰退。
空格位於 make the brain more _____ 中,需填入能描述「大腦更有抵抗力、更能承受衰退」的形容詞。
解題方法
句型為:
其中:
make:使、讓the brain:受詞,指大腦more _____:補語,描述大腦變得更加具有何種特質against age-related decline:對抗與年齡相關的衰退
前文列出的各種活動具有保護大腦、延緩認知退化的作用,因此空格應填入「有韌性的、能復原的、能抵抗壓力或傷害的」。
resilient 正好符合此語意:
make the brain more resilient against decline
使大腦更能抵抗衰退
因此選擇 (D) resilient。
選項分析
(A) revokable
revokable 意為「可撤銷的、可取消的」,常用於許可、決定、權利或授權等,例如:
- a revokable license:可撤銷的執照
- a revokable decision:可撤回的決定
本題談的是大腦面對老化衰退的抵抗能力,並非「能否被撤銷」,與 the brain 及 decline 的語意不合,因此錯誤。
補充:較常見的拼法是 revocable;即使接受 revokable 的拼法,其字義仍不符合本題語境。
(B) vulnerable
vulnerable 意為「脆弱的、容易受到傷害的、易受影響的」。
例如:
- vulnerable children:容易受傷害的兒童
- vulnerable to disease:容易受到疾病影響
第 9 題2 分
Genetic engineering and gene therapy will be used to _____ diseases, thanks to our knowledge of the human genome.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 單字詞義
- 動詞與受詞的語意搭配
- 依上下文判斷基因工程與基因治療的功能
句型為:
Genetic engineering and gene therapy will be used to _____ diseases, thanks to our knowledge of the human genome.
其中 will be used to + 原形動詞 表示「將被用來……」,空格須填入動詞原形。
題幹提到「人類基因組的知識」以及「基因工程、基因治療」,語意上應是利用這些科技消除疾病。
解題方法
先抓關鍵語意:
Genetic engineering and gene therapy will be used to eradicate diseases.
基因工程與基因治療將被用來根除疾病。
基因工程可改變生物的遺傳物質,基因治療則可藉由修正、補充或調控基因,治療由基因異常引起的疾病。兩者的目的在於治療疾病、降低疾病影響,理想結果是根除疾病,因此選擇 eradicate。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Genetic engineering and gene therapy will be used to eradicate diseases, thanks to our knowledge of the human genome.
翻譯:
多虧我們對人類基因組的了解,基因工程與基因治療將被用來根除疾病。
其中:
- genetic engineering:基因工程
- gene therapy:基因治療
- human genome:人類基因組
- be used to + V:被用來……
- thanks to:多虧、由於
- eradicate:根除、消滅
- disease:疾病
選項分析
(A) eradicate 根除、消滅
正確。
eradicate 指「徹底消除、根除」,常用於疾病、貧窮、害蟲、問題等。例如:
- eradicate a disease:根除疾病
- eradicate poverty:消除貧窮
- eradicate a virus:消滅病毒
基因工程與基因治療可針對疾病的遺傳原因進行治療,因此「用來根除疾病」符合題意與語意搭配。
第 10 題2 分
Intrusive thoughts can be extremely distressing and often focus on topics that feel completely _____ with a person’s values or identity.
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核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 慣用片語的意思與搭配。
- 形容詞片語在語境中的語意判斷。
at odds with的固定用法。
at odds with A 表示「與 A 不一致、與 A 衝突、與 A 格格不入」。題幹描述侵入性思考的內容,往往使人感到與自己的價值觀或身分認同完全不相容,因此應選 at odds。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Intrusive thoughts can be extremely distressing and often focus on topics that feel completely _____ with a person’s values or identity.
翻譯:
侵入性思考可能令人極度苦惱,而且其內容往往集中在一些讓人感到與自身價值觀或身分認同完全不一致的主題上。
空格後面接有 with,形成固定搭配:
at odds with a person’s values or identity
意思是「與某人的價值觀或身分認同相衝突」。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
topics that feel completely _____ with ...
feel 在此為連綴動詞,後面需要接描述 topics 與某人價值觀之間關係的形容詞或形容詞片語。
再根據語意判斷:
intrusive thoughts是「侵入性思考、揮之不去的念頭」。- 這些想法使人感到苦惱。
- 題幹強調其內容與個人價值觀或身分認同「完全不一致」。
因此,最符合語意與文法搭配的是:
feel completely at odds with ...
選項分析
(A) in essence
in essence 意為「本質上、基本上」,屬於副詞片語。
例如:
In essence, the proposal is a request for more funding.
本質上,這項提案是在要求增加資金。
放入題幹後成為:
topics that feel completely in essence with a person’s values
in essence with 不是表示「與……衝突」的固定搭配,且 in essence 無法描述主題與價值觀之間的不一致關係,因此錯誤。
(B) over the moon
第 11 題2 分
The police _____ the suspect for hours, but eventually let him go.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨識」與「動詞搭配」。句意為警方長時間盤問嫌疑犯,最後將他釋放。
關鍵片語:
- grill someone:嚴厲盤問某人、逼問某人
- for hours:持續數小時
- let someone go:放走某人、釋放某人
- suspect:嫌疑犯
- eventually:最後、終於
題幹中的定位句為:
The police _____ the suspect for hours, but eventually let him go.
警方盤問嫌疑犯好幾個小時,但最後還是把他放走了。
其中「警方對嫌疑犯持續數小時的行為」與「最後釋放」形成警察辦案、審問的語境,因此應填入表示「嚴厲盤問」的 grilled。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
空格需要填入過去式動詞,與後面的 let 共同描述過去發生的事件。四個選項皆可作為過去式形式,但必須進一步比較語意與搭配。
grill someone 是固定用法,表示以強硬、密集的方式盤問某人,常見於警方、調查人員或記者詢問嫌疑人、證人的情境:
The police grilled the suspect for hours.
警方盤問嫌疑犯好幾個小時。
因此答案為 (C) grilled。
選項分析
(A) diluted
dilute 是「稀釋」,通常用於液體、溶液或抽象事物,例如:
- dilute the chemical:稀釋化學物質
- dilute the solution:稀釋溶液
- dilute the effect:減弱效果
diluted the suspect 會變成「稀釋嫌疑犯」,語意不合;警方也不會以 dilute 表示盤問。
(B) dissolved
第 12 題2 分
In her early thirties, Jenny was _____ with a crisis of confidence.
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核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」與「語意判斷」。
題幹句型為:
In her early thirties, Jenny was _____ with a crisis of confidence.
珍妮三十出頭時,受到信心危機的困擾。
其中,be afflicted with + 疾病/問題/痛苦 是常見搭配,表示「受到……折磨/困擾」。
a crisis of confidence 指「信心危機」,屬於心理或人生上的困境,因此最適合搭配 afflicted with。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的介系詞 with,再判斷名詞片語 a crisis of confidence 的性質。
crisis of confidence是一種困擾或心理問題。- 能表示「受到問題困擾」的搭配是
be afflicted with + 問題。 - 因此句子完整為:
Jenny was afflicted with a crisis of confidence.
翻譯為:
珍妮三十出頭時,受到信心危機的困擾。
句中的 was afflicted 是被動結構,afflict 原意為「使受苦、使困擾」,因此 be afflicted with 表示「被……所困擾」。
選項分析
(A) contaminated
contaminate 是動詞,意為「污染、使受汙染」。contaminated with 通常用於:
- contaminated water:受污染的水
- food contaminated with bacteria:被細菌污染的食物
- soil contaminated with chemicals:被化學物質污染的土壤
a crisis of confidence 不是污染物,不能說「被信心危機污染」,因此語意不合。
(B) afflicted
afflict 意為「折磨、困擾、使受苦」。固定搭配:
be afflicted with + 疾病、痛苦、困境或問題
例如:
第 13 題2 分
Family characteristics such as poor parenting skills, family size, home discord, child maltreatment, and antisocial parents are risk factors linked to juvenile _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字彙辨義
- 固定搭配(collocation)
- 語境判斷
題幹列出「不良教養技巧、家庭人口數、家庭不和、虐待兒童、反社會父母」等家庭特徵,這些都是與青少年犯罪行為相關的危險因子。
關鍵搭配是:
juvenile delinquency
意為「青少年犯罪;少年犯罪行為」。
其中:
- juvenile:青少年的;未成年的
- delinquency:違法行為;犯罪行為,特別指青少年犯罪
解題方法
先觀察空格前的 juvenile。此處 juvenile 是形容詞,後面需要接一個能表示「青少年犯罪行為」的名詞。
再由題幹語意判斷,家庭問題會增加青少年出現偏差行為、違法行為的風險,因此最符合的名詞是 delinquency。
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:
Family characteristics such as poor parenting skills, family size, home discord, child maltreatment, and antisocial parents are risk factors linked to juvenile delinquency.
翻譯:
不良教養技巧、家庭人口數、家庭不和、虐待兒童及反社會父母等家庭特徵,都是與青少年犯罪行為相關的危險因子。
句中的 linked to 表示「與……有關、與……相關」,而 juvenile delinquency 正是「青少年犯罪」的固定用語。
選項分析
(A) infestation
infestation 意為「大量寄生或侵擾」,通常用於害蟲、寄生蟲或有害生物大量出現,例如:
- an insect infestation:昆蟲大量侵擾
- a rat infestation:鼠害
第 14 題2 分
When export sales began to decline, our hopes of business success _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義、語意與搭配」。句中前半句指出:
When export sales began to decline,
當出口銷售開始下滑時,
出口銷售衰退會使公司對成功經營的期待降低,因此空格應填入表示「急遽下降」的動詞。
句型為:
our hopes of business success _____
我們事業成功的希望___。
主詞為複數的 our hopes,且前面的 began 使用過去式,因此空格也應填入符合語意的過去式動詞。
解題方法
先掌握因果關係:
出口銷售開始衰退,通常會導致對事業成功的希望大幅下降。四個選項中,只有 plummeted 具有「驟降、暴跌」的意思,能與 hopes 搭配並符合上下文。
完整句子為:
When export sales began to decline, our hopes of business success plummeted.
翻譯:
當出口銷售開始下滑時,我們事業成功的希望也急遽下降。
選項分析
(A) plummeted
plummet 是動詞,意思是「暴跌、驟降、急遽下降」,過去式為 plummeted。
常見搭配包括:
- prices plummet:價格暴跌
- sales plummet:銷售額暴跌
- hopes plummet:希望大幅破滅或降低
- profits plummet:利潤暴跌
本句描述出口銷售衰退後,對事業成功的希望大幅降低,語意及搭配均正確。
(B) whizzed
第 15 題2 分
When Paul left school, he was _____ for a job, so he took the first one he was offered.
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核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與形容詞搭配。句型為:
be + 形容詞 + for + 名詞
題幹描述 Paul 離校後急需工作,因此拿到第一份被提供的工作就接受,重點是「極度渴望、迫切需要」。
題幹定位與翻譯
When Paul left school, he was _____ for a job, so he took the first one he was offered.
翻譯:Paul 離開學校時,_____ 工作,因此他接受了別人提供給他的第一份工作。
後半句:
so he took the first one he was offered
表示「所以他接受了第一份被提供的工作」,可推知他當時急於找到工作,沒有太多挑選的餘地。最符合的形容詞是 desperate。
解題方法
先觀察因果關係:
因此空格應填入表示「迫切、極度需要」的形容詞。常見搭配為:
- be desperate for + 名詞:極度渴望、迫切需要……
- be desperate to + 原形動詞:極度渴望做……
套入題句:
he was desperate for a job
意思是「他迫切需要一份工作」,與後面的結果完全吻合。
選項分析
(A) discarded
- 中文義:被丟棄的、被拋棄的。
- discard 是動詞,表示「丟棄、拋棄」;discarded 是過去分詞或形容詞。
- be discarded 通常表示「被丟棄」,例如 The old furniture was discarded.(舊家具被丟棄。)
- be discarded for a job 不符合英文慣用搭配,也無法表達「迫切找工作」的語意,因此錯誤。
(B) desperate
第 16 題2 分
II. Grammar: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
When _____ impulses from many of the neurons in one part of the brain, an epileptic seizure occurs.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 時間副詞子句的完整結構
- there be 存在句型
- 主詞與動詞的單複數一致
- 分詞片語與完整子句的區別
句型為:
When + 完整子句, 完整主句.
完整子句必須具備「主詞+動詞」。主句為:
an epileptic seizure occurs
癲癇發作發生。
因此,When 後方也需要一個文法完整的子句。
題幹定位與翻譯
When there are simultaneous bursts of impulses from many of the neurons in one part of the brain, an epileptic seizure occurs.
翻譯:
當大腦某一部分的許多神經元同時產生神經脈衝爆發時,就會發生癲癇發作。
其中:
- simultaneous:同時的
- burst:爆發;突然大量出現
- impulse:脈衝;神經衝動
- neuron:神經元
- epileptic seizure:癲癇發作
- occur:發生
解題方法
先觀察 When 後面的結構。空格後接:
impulses from many of the neurons...
若選擇 (C) there are simultaneous bursts of,完整結構為:
there are simultaneous bursts of impulses
這是標準的 there be 存在句型:
- there:引導存在句
- are:動詞,因真正主詞 bursts 為複數
- simultaneous bursts:同時的爆發
- of impulses:神經脈衝的
因此,When 後形成完整子句:
When there are simultaneous bursts of impulses...
文法與語意皆完整,故選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) the simultaneous bursts
代入後:
When the simultaneous bursts from many of the neurons in one part of the brain, an epileptic seizure occurs.
When 後只有名詞片語 the simultaneous bursts,缺少主要動詞。完整句至少應為:
When the simultaneous bursts occur...
第 17 題2 分
_____, scientists have greatly increased the yield of crops such as corn, rice, and wheat.
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核心觀念
本題考查「分詞片語作副詞修飾語」以及「分詞片語的邏輯主詞」。
題幹結構如下:
Using the laws of genetics, scientists have greatly increased the yield of crops such as corn, rice, and wheat.
運用遺傳學定律,科學家大幅提高了玉米、稻米及小麥等作物的產量。
句首的 Using the laws of genetics 是現在分詞片語,修飾主要子句的主詞 scientists,表示科學家「運用遺傳學定律」來提高作物產量。
基本句型為:
其中分詞片語的邏輯主詞,必須與主要子句的主詞一致:
- Using the laws of genetics → scientists 使用遺傳學定律
- scientists have greatly increased → 科學家大幅提高
兩者主詞相同,因此結構正確。
解題方法
先觀察逗號後面的主要子句:
scientists have greatly increased the yield...
這是一個完整的主要子句:
- 主詞:scientists
- 動詞:have greatly increased
- 受詞:the yield
因此,逗號前應填入一個能修飾整個主要子句的片語。句意應為「科學家藉由某種方式,提高了作物產量」。
選項中只有 Using the laws of genetics 能形成自然且正確的「藉由……」意味:
Using the laws of genetics, scientists have greatly increased...
也可改寫成完整子句:
Because scientists use the laws of genetics, they have greatly increased the yield of crops.
或:
By using the laws of genetics, scientists have greatly increased the yield of crops.
因此官方答案 B 正確。
選項分析
(A) Used the laws of genetics
Used 是過去式或過去分詞,但此處不能直接作句首修飾片語。
若將 used 視為過去式,句首會缺少主詞:
Used the laws of genetics, scientists have greatly increased...
英文句子不能以沒有主詞的過去式動詞開頭,再直接接逗號。
若將 used 視為過去分詞,通常需要搭配被動語態或補充適當結構,例如:
Used properly, the laws of genetics can improve crop yields.
妥善運用時,遺傳學定律能提高作物產量。
此例的 Used 修飾的是 the laws of genetics,表示「被運用」。原題中真正執行「使用」動作的是 scientists,所以應使用主動的 Using,不能使用 Used。
第 18 題2 分
Which one of the following sentences is correct?
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核心觀念
本題考「英文句子的完整結構與文法正確性」,重點包括:
- Although 引導的讓步副詞子句
- 主詞、動詞與分詞修飾結構
- 逗號連接兩個完整句子的錯誤
- 名詞與形容詞的詞性辨識
- 關係子句與句點、連接詞的使用
判斷句子是否正確時,應先確認每個子句是否具備完整的主詞與動詞,再檢查子句之間的連接方式,以及單字詞性是否符合句意。
關鍵單字與片語
- fish:魚;魚類
- outer ear:外耳
- inner ear:內耳
- variety:品種、種類
- on either side of:在兩側各一
- head:頭部
- various:各種的
- type:類型、種類
- bacteria:細菌,複數形;單數為 bacterium
- classify:分類
- according to:根據、依照
- shape:形狀
- patient:病人
- suffer from:罹患、受……之苦
- encephalitis:腦炎
- inflame:使發炎,動詞
- inflammation:發炎,名詞
- brain:腦、大腦
- neutrino:微中子
- subatomic particle:次原子粒子
- electrical charge:電荷
解題方法
逐一檢查各選項:
- 是否有完整的主詞與動詞?
- 連接詞是否正確?
- 修飾名詞的關係子句是否完整?
- 是否誤用詞性?
- 兩個完整句子之間是否缺少適當的連接方式?
其中,含有 Although 的句子,應觀察其後是否為完整子句;含有逗號的句子,則要注意是否形成 comma splice,也就是只用逗號連接兩個獨立子句。
選項分析
(A) Although fish do not have outer ears, some varieties have a simple inner ear on either side of the head.
翻譯:
雖然魚類沒有外耳,但有些種類在頭部兩側各有一個簡單的內耳。
此句正確。
- Although fish do not have outer ears 是由 Although 引導的讓步副詞子句。
- 主詞:fish
- 動詞:do not have
- 受詞:outer ears
- some varieties have a simple inner ear on either side of the head 是主要子句。
- 主詞:some varieties
- 動詞:have
- 受詞:a simple inner ear
- on either side of the head 是介系詞片語,修飾內耳的位置。
- either 在此表示「兩者之中的各一」,因此 on either side of the head 表示「在頭部兩側各一」。
定位答案的原文:
Although fish do not have outer ears, some varieties have a simple inner ear on either side of the head.
這句完整呈現「雖然沒有外耳,但是具有內耳」的讓步關係,文法與語意皆通順,因此為正確答案。
(B) The various types of bacteria are classified, they are according to how they are shaped.
翻譯:
各種細菌被分類,它們是根據它們的形狀。
此句錯誤,主要有兩項問題。
1. 逗號連接兩個獨立子句
逗號前的 The various types of bacteria are classified 已是完整句子;逗號後的 they are according to how they are shaped 也包含主詞與動詞。兩個獨立子句不能只用逗號連接,形成 comma splice。
可改為:
- The various types of bacteria are classified according to how they are shaped.
- The various types of bacteria are classified; they are classified according to how they are shaped.
第 19 題2 分
Which one of the following sentences is correct?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 形容詞與副詞的用法:
alike不能直接接名詞作比較。 - 關係代名詞後的主詞動詞一致:先行詞為複數時,動詞不能加
-s。 - 分詞片語的使用:現在分詞片語可表示主句動作所造成的結果或伴隨動作。
- 句子結構與動詞連接:兩個完整動詞之間必須有適當的連接方式。
解題方法
先逐項檢查句子的主要動詞、主詞動詞一致,以及比較句型是否完整:
alike後方是否錯誤接名詞?- 關係代名詞
that所代替的先行詞是單數還是複數? - 分詞片語是否能合理補充主句?
- 一個主詞是否直接搭配兩個未連接的動詞?
符合文法與語意的句子即為正確答案。
選項分析
(A) Studies show that the new strategy is not very effective alike the previous one.
本句錯在 alike 的用法。
alike 可作形容詞或副詞,意思是「相似的;同樣地」,但不能直接接名詞 the previous one 作比較。因此:
effective alike the previous one
不是正確的比較結構。
題意若要表達「不像先前的策略那麼有效」,可改為:
The new strategy is not very effective like the previous one.
新策略不像先前的策略那麼有效。The new strategy is not as effective as the previous one.
新策略沒有先前的策略那麼有效。
其中較標準、較清楚的比較句型是:
關鍵字:
strategy:策略effective:有效的alike:相似地;相似的previous:先前的
(B) Natural gas is composed of hydrocarbon molecules that breaks apart into hydrogen and carbon atoms when heated.
本句錯在關係子句中的主詞動詞一致。
that 的先行詞是 hydrocarbon molecules,而 molecules 是複數,因此關係子句中的動詞應使用複數形式 break,不可使用單數形式 breaks。
正確句子為:
Natural gas is composed of hydrocarbon molecules that break apart into hydrogen and carbon atoms when heated.
句型分析:
that= 關係代名詞,代替hydrocarbon moleculesmolecules= 複數主詞break apart= 分解、裂解when heated= 當受熱時,為省略主詞與 be 動詞的被動分詞片語
關鍵字:
第 20 題2 分
_____ in transportation, medieval Europe would not have adopted monetary units of exchange and eliminated the process of bartering.
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核心觀念
本題考「虛假條件句」與「條件句倒裝」,並測驗主句與條件子句的時態呼應。
題幹主句為:
medieval Europe would not have adopted monetary units of exchange and eliminated the process of bartering.
中世紀的歐洲就不會採用貨幣交換單位,也不會消除以物易物的過程。
主句使用 would have + 過去分詞,表示對過去事實相反的假設。因此,條件子句應使用第三類條件句:
If + 主詞 + had + 過去分詞, 主詞 + would have + 過去分詞
其基本句型為:
If there had been no improvements in transportation, medieval Europe would not have adopted ...
選項 B 將條件子句改成倒裝句:
Had there been no improvements in transportation
等同於:
If there had been no improvements in transportation
意思是「如果交通運輸方面沒有任何改善」。
解題方法
先觀察主句的動詞:
would not have adopted
其中 would have adopted 是第三類條件句主句的形式,表示「對過去情況的假設結果」。
因此,前面的條件子句必須表達:
過去沒有發生交通運輸方面的改善
正常語序為:
If there had been no improvements in transportation, ...
省略 if 並將 had 移到主詞 there 前方,即形成條件句倒裝:
Had there been no improvements in transportation, ...
完整句意為:
如果交通運輸方面沒有改善,中世紀的歐洲就不會採用貨幣交換單位,也不會消除以物易物的過程。
所以答案是 B。
選項分析
(A) If there are no improvements
錯誤在於時態不一致。
there are 是現在式,表示「現在沒有改善」或一般性的現在情況;但主句 would not have adopted 指的是過去已經發生的結果。第三類條件句應使用過去完成式:
If there had been no improvements
因此不能使用 are。
(B) Had there been no improvements
正確。
這是省略 if 的條件句倒裝,還原後為:
If there had been no improvements in transportation, ...
結構如下:
- Had:過去完成式中的助動詞
- there been:there be 存在句的過去分詞結構
- no improvements:沒有改善
第 21 題2 分
_____ the increasing price for drugs, western chemists are experimenting with herbs used for many centuries in Asian medical practice.
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核心觀念
本題考「分詞片語作副詞用」以及固定片語 be confronted with 的用法。
句首的 Confronted with the increasing price for drugs 是過去分詞片語,修飾主要子句的主詞 western chemists。其完整形式可還原為:
Because western chemists are confronted with the increasing price for drugs, western chemists are experimenting with herbs ...
其中:
- be confronted with + 名詞:面臨、面對……
- increasing:日益增加的、上漲中的
- price for drugs:藥物的價格
- chemists:化學家;本題指從事藥物研究的化學家
- experiment with:以……進行實驗、試驗……
- herbs:草藥
- used for many centuries:已使用數百年的
- Asian medical practice:亞洲醫療實務
解題方法
先觀察逗號前後的結構:
_____ the increasing price for drugs, western chemists are experimenting ...
逗號後已有完整主句:
- 主詞:western chemists
- 動詞:are experimenting
因此,逗號前應填入能作「原因或背景狀況」的副詞片語,且其邏輯主詞必須與主句主詞一致,也就是修飾 western chemists。
Confronted with ... 是過去分詞片語,等同於:
Because western chemists are confronted with the increasing price for drugs
語意為「由於西方化學家面臨藥物價格上漲」,前後銜接自然,文法也完整。
題幹定位句如下:
Confronted with the increasing price for drugs, western chemists are experimenting with herbs used for many centuries in Asian medical practice.
翻譯:
面對日益上漲的藥物價格,西方化學家正在試驗亞洲醫療實務中使用了數百年的草藥。
選項分析
(A) They confront with
錯誤有兩處:
- They 是代名詞,不能直接放在句首形成合適的副詞片語。若要作完整子句,後面必須有適當的連接詞,例如 Because they ...。
- confront 通常是及物動詞,直接接受詞即可:
They confront the problem.
第 22 題2 分
Not until the early 1800’s, when the value of field corn as grain and livestock feeding was recognized, _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「否定副詞片語置於句首時的倒裝句型」。
當句首出現 Not until + 時間/條件,表示「直到……才……」時,主句必須使用部分倒裝:
本句的主要動詞為 begin,時態是過去式,因此加入助動詞 did,並將過去式動詞還原為原形:
題幹關鍵字與片語
- not until:直到……才……
- the early 1800’s:十九世紀初期
- field corn:飼料用玉米、田間玉米
- the value of A as B:A 作為 B 的價值
- grain:穀物、糧食
- livestock:家畜、牲畜
- livestock feeding:餵養牲畜、畜牧飼料用途
- be recognized:被認知、被認可
- acreage:種植面積、耕地面積
- begin to increase:開始增加
解題方法
先找出句首的時間副詞片語:
Not until the early 1800’s, when the value of field corn as grain and livestock feeding was recognized,
這部分表示:
直到十九世紀初期,當玉米作為穀物及牲畜飼料的價值受到認可時……
其中 when the value ... was recognized 是插入的時間子句,補充說明十九世紀初期發生的事件,不是主要句子的核心結構。
主句要表達:
玉米的種植面積才開始增加。
正常語序為:
Its acreage began to increase only in the early 1800’s.
但 Not until 放在句首後,必須倒裝:
Not until the early 1800’s did its acreage begin to increase.
因此空格應填:
did its acreage begin to increase
完整句子為:
Not until the early 1800’s, when the value of field corn as grain and livestock feeding was recognized, did its acreage begin to increase.
翻譯:
直到十九世紀初期,當人們認知到玉米作為穀物及牲畜飼料的價值時,玉米的種植面積才開始增加。
題幹中定位答案的關鍵句是:
第 23 題2 分
Biochemists use fireflies to study bioluminescence, _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查「同位語」與分詞片語的用法。
題幹主句為:
Biochemists use fireflies to study bioluminescence.
生物化學家利用螢火蟲研究生物發光現象。
逗號後的空格需要補上對 bioluminescence 的補充說明,因此應使用名詞片語:
the heartless light given off by certain plants and animals
某些植物與動物所發出的「heartless light」
其中:
- bioluminescence:生物發光、生物冷光
- fireflies:螢火蟲
- give off:發出、放出
- given off by...:由……所發出的
- certain plants and animals:某些植物與動物
- light:光
解題方法
逗號後若直接接名詞片語,用來重新說明前面的名詞,稱為同位語。句型如下:
其中名詞片語 B 是對名詞 A 的補充解釋。
本題可分析為:
given off by certain plants and animals 是過去分詞片語,修飾前面的 light:
完整句意為:
Biochemists use fireflies to study bioluminescence, the heartless light given off by certain plants and animals.
生物化學家利用螢火蟲研究生物發光現象,也就是某些植物與動物所發出的 heartless light。
因此選 (A)。
選項分析
(A) the heartless light given off by certain plants and animals
正確。這是完整的名詞片語,可作為 bioluminescence 的同位語。
結構為:
- the heartless light:名詞核心為 light
- given off by certain plants and animals:過去分詞片語,修飾 light
第 24 題2 分
It is imperative that the dataset _____ verified prior to any inferential claims being disseminated.
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核心觀念:It is imperative that+原形動詞
本題考「要求、命令、必要性等語意後的假設語氣」,句型為:
It is imperative that+主詞+原形動詞
其中 imperative 表示「必要的、緊急重要的」。當 that 子句表達命令、要求、建議、必要性時,動詞通常使用原形,稱為 mandative subjunctive(要求型假設語氣)。
題幹中的關鍵結構是:
It is imperative that the dataset _____ verified prior to any inferential claims being disseminated.
在任何推論性主張被傳播之前,資料集必須先經過驗證。
that 子句的主詞是 the dataset,後方需要表達「資料集被驗證」,因此使用被動語態:
完整句為:
It is imperative that the dataset be verified prior to any inferential claims being disseminated.
解題方法
第一步,辨認主句中的語意觸發詞:
It is imperative that...
imperative 表示「極其必要的、務必的」,具有要求或命令語氣,因此 that 子句中的動詞採用原形。
第二步,判斷語態。資料集本身不是「驗證別人」,而是「被驗證」,所以使用被動結構:
第三步,將答案放回句中:
the dataset be verified
雖然 dataset 是單數,仍不能使用 is,因為本題的 that 子句受 imperative 觸發,必須使用原形 be。
選項分析
(A) is
is 是 be 動詞的第三人稱單數現在式,適用於一般現在式陳述,例如:
The dataset is verified regularly.
這份資料集會定期接受驗證。
但本題的 It is imperative that... 表達必要或要求,that 子句應使用要求型假設語氣,因此不能用 is。
此外,題幹需要的是「資料集必須被驗證」的結構,正確形式為 be verified。
(B) be
be 是 be 動詞的原形,符合:
It is imperative that+主詞+原形動詞
與過去分詞 verified 組合後形成被動語態:
因此 (B) 正確。
(C) was
was 是 be 動詞的過去式,表示過去狀態或過去發生的動作,例如:
第 25 題2 分
The more meticulously one attempts to circumscribe every variable, _____ the likelihood that unanticipated contingencies will undermine the design.
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核心觀念:相關比較級句型
本題考查英文中的「越……,就越……」相關比較級句型:
其基本意義為:
越……,就越……
題幹前半句已有:
The more meticulously one attempts to circumscribe every variable
其中 the more meticulously 是「越仔細地」。因此後半句必須搭配另一個 the + 比較級,形成:
the less the likelihood
整句表示:越仔細地試圖限定每一個變項,未預期的突發情況破壞設計的可能性就越低。
解題方法
先觀察句首的 The more:
The more meticulously ..., _____ the likelihood ...
這是典型的相關比較級句型,前後兩部分必須對稱:
空格後面的核心名詞是 the likelihood,意為「可能性」。因此空格應填表示「越少、越低」的比較級 less,並且前面必須保留相關比較級句型所要求的冠詞 the:
the less the likelihood
完整句子為:
The more meticulously one attempts to circumscribe every variable, the less the likelihood that unanticipated contingencies will undermine the design.
翻譯:
一個人越仔細地試圖限定每一個變項,未預期的突發情況破壞該設計的可能性就越低。
所以答案為 (A) the less。
選項分析
(A) the less:正確
the more ..., the less ... 是標準的相關比較級句型:
The more meticulously ..., the less the likelihood ...
其中:
- the more meticulously:越仔細地
- the less the likelihood:可能性就越低
前後結構對稱,文法與語意皆成立。
(B) lesser:錯誤
填入後會變成:
The more meticulously ..., lesser the likelihood ...
此處缺少相關比較級句型所需的 the,結構不完整。
此外,lesser 雖然是比較意味的形容詞,通常用於名詞前作修飾語,例如:
the lesser evil
較小的罪惡/兩害相權取其輕
本題需要的是 the + less 所構成的相關比較級,而不是單獨使用 lesser。因此不能選 lesser。
(C) less:錯誤
填入後會變成:
第 26 題2 分
III. Cloze Test: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
【題組共用題幹】
The country has been paralyzed by the latest rail strike, with no rail services at all running today. The railway service has been problematic for some time, but if today’s action is prolonged, it may prove _____ to the rail industry. The Minister for Transport commented, “The country has been suffering from a _____ of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month. It was _____ and one strike led to another.” Things reached _____ pitch last week and we can only hope that this “_____” will come to an end soon. The minister’s expectation is that things will only start to improve once people recognize the seriousness of the situation.
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核心觀念
本題考「語境判斷」與形容詞搭配。空格位於:
if today’s action is prolonged, it may prove _____ to the rail industry.
如果今天的罷工行動持續下去,這可能會對鐵路業造成___的結果。
關鍵搭配是 prove fatal to + 名詞,表示「對……造成致命性打擊、使……陷入嚴重危機」。
此處的 fatal 不一定指生物上的「致死」,也可作比喻,表示「致命的、毀滅性的」。鐵路罷工若延長,可能重創鐵路業,因此選 fatal。
解題方法
先觀察句意:
- 全國已因鐵路罷工而陷入癱瘓。
- 今日完全沒有鐵路服務。
- 鐵路服務本來就已經存在問題。
- 若罷工延長,對鐵路業的影響將會非常嚴重。
因此,空格需要表達「造成重大傷害,甚至危及產業存續」的形容詞。
文法上,句型為:
may prove + 形容詞 + to + 名詞
其中 prove 是「結果證明是、最後成為」,後面接形容詞補語:
- prove useful to the company
結果對公司很有用 - prove harmful to the environment
結果對環境有害 - prove fatal to the industry
結果對該產業造成致命打擊
關鍵單字與片語
- paralyze:使癱瘓、使完全停擺
- rail strike:鐵路罷工
- rail services:鐵路服務、列車運輸服務
- problematic:有問題的、棘手的
- prolonged:持續很久的、延長的
- action:此處指罷工行動
- prove fatal to:對……造成致命性打擊
- a succession of:一連串的
- local strikes:地方性罷工
- contagious:具傳染性的;此處比喻一場罷工引發另一場罷工
- reach a pitch:達到某種程度或高峰
- come to an end:結束
選項分析
(A) fatal 致命的;毀滅性的
正確。prove fatal to the rail industry 是自然且符合語境的搭配,表示「對鐵路業造成致命打擊」。
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The country has been paralyzed by the latest rail strike, with no rail services at all running today. The railway service has been problematic for some time, but if today’s action is prolonged, it may prove _____ to the rail industry. The Minister for Transport commented, “The country has been suffering from a _____ of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month. It was _____ and one strike led to another.” Things reached _____ pitch last week and we can only hope that this “_____” will come to an end soon. The minister’s expectation is that things will only start to improve once people recognize the seriousness of the situation.
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核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」與「語境判斷」。關鍵句為:
The country has been suffering from a _____ of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month.
自從上個月 Nortown 發生第一起罷工以來,這個國家一直受到各地罷工大量接連發生的困擾。
空格後接 of local strikes,最自然的搭配是 a rash of + 複數名詞,表示「大量突然發生的……」「一連串的……」,通常用於負面事件,例如:
- a rash of strikes:一連串罷工
- a rash of crimes:大量犯罪案件
- a rash of accidents:接連發生的事故
- a rash of protests:一連串抗議活動
因此本題答案為 rash。
解題方法
先判斷空格需要的是能與 of local strikes 構成固定片語的名詞。再配合上下文:
- 前文提到最新的鐵路罷工使國家陷入癱瘓。
- 後文說「one strike led to another」,表示罷工一件接著一件發生。
- 因此空格應具有「大量、接連、突然發生」的語意。
完整句子為:
The country has been suffering from a rash of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month.
其中 suffer from 表示「受到……之苦、遭受……困擾」,後面接 a rash of local strikes,語意完整。
其他空格提供的語境線索
題幹中的其他搭配也可協助掌握文章語意:
- prove damaging to the rail industry:證明對鐵路業造成損害
- a rash of local strikes:一連串地方罷工
- It was contagious:這具有傳染性;此處比喻罷工風潮蔓延
- reach a fever pitch:達到狂熱/緊張的高峰
- this epidemic:這場流行病;此處比喻罷工如疫情般蔓延
整篇文章以「疾病傳播」作為比喻,描述罷工從單一事件擴散成多起事件。rash 正好符合「突然大量出現」的語意。
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The country has been paralyzed by the latest rail strike, with no rail services at all running today. The railway service has been problematic for some time, but if today’s action is prolonged, it may prove _____ to the rail industry. The Minister for Transport commented, “The country has been suffering from a _____ of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month. It was _____ and one strike led to another.” Things reached _____ pitch last week and we can only hope that this “_____” will come to an end soon. The minister’s expectation is that things will only start to improve once people recognize the seriousness of the situation.
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字的「語意判斷」與形容詞詞義辨析,重點在於根據上下文判斷罷工是否會「擴散、蔓延」。
關鍵句為:
It was _____ and one strike led to another.
這種情況具有傳染性,一次罷工導致另一次罷工。
前文提到各地陸續發生罷工,後文又說「一次罷工導致另一次罷工」,表示罷工事件像疾病或情緒一樣擴散,因此應填 contagious。
解題方法
先觀察句意:
- the first one in Nortown last month:上個月 Nortown 發生第一次罷工。
- a _____ of local strikes:之後出現一連串地方罷工。
- one strike led to another:一次罷工引發另一次罷工。
上下文強調的是「罷工風潮會互相影響並擴散」,所以空格需要表示「具傳染性的、會蔓延的」形容詞。
填入後:
It was contagious and one strike led to another.
意思是:
這種罷工風潮具有傳染性,一次罷工導致另一次罷工。
語意與前後文完全銜接。
選項分析
(A) incidental:附帶的、偶然的
此字表示某事是附帶發生、非主要目的,與「一次罷工引發另一次罷工」的擴散概念無關。
It was incidental and one strike led to another.
若譯為「它是附帶的」,無法合理說明罷工為何接連發生,因此不合語意。
(B) intermittent:間歇的、斷斷續續的
此字描述某現象時有時無,例如:
- intermittent rain:間歇性降雨
- intermittent service:時斷時續的服務
它可以描述鐵路服務不穩定,卻不能表示罷工事件會彼此影響、逐一蔓延。後面的 “one strike led to another” 需要的是「傳染、擴散」概念,不是「斷斷續續」。
(C) contagious:具傳染性的、會蔓延的
此字原本常用於疾病:
- a contagious disease:傳染病
也可引申形容情緒、風潮、行為或社會現象會在人與人之間擴散,例如:
- contagious laughter:具有感染力的笑聲
- contagious enthusiasm:感染他人的熱情
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The country has been paralyzed by the latest rail strike, with no rail services at all running today. The railway service has been problematic for some time, but if today’s action is prolonged, it may prove _____ to the rail industry. The Minister for Transport commented, “The country has been suffering from a _____ of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month. It was _____ and one strike led to another.” Things reached _____ pitch last week and we can only hope that this “_____” will come to an end soon. The minister’s expectation is that things will only start to improve once people recognize the seriousness of the situation.
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷、固定搭配與詞性」。第 29 題所對應的是最後一句:
Things reached _____ pitch last week and we can only hope that this “” will come to an end soon.
上週事情發展到極為緊張的程度,我們只能希望這場「」很快結束。
本題官方更正答案為 (C) rigor。依校方釋疑公告,判斷應以題幹明示資訊為準,不應自行加入題幹未載明的假設。
解題方法
先確認空格在引號 this “_____” 之後,作為名詞,指稱目前鐵路罷工所造成的嚴峻情勢,而不是前面 _____ pitch 的搭配。
題幹最後又補充:
The minister’s expectation is that things will only start to improve once people recognize the seriousness of the situation.
交通部長預期,必須等到人們認識到情勢的嚴重性,情況才會開始改善。
其中 seriousness of the situation 明確指出目前的情勢具有「嚴峻、嚴酷」的性質,因此以 rigor 表示這種嚴酷狀態,符合官方判定。
rigor 為不可數名詞,可表示「嚴酷、嚴峻、嚴重性」,放在 this rigor 後作為目前罷工困境的代稱,文法上成立。
選項分析
(A) fever
fever 的基本意思是「發燒、熱病」,也可引申為「狂熱、激昂的狀態」。它確實常與 pitch 搭配成固定片語 reach fever pitch,表示「達到極度緊張或狂熱的程度」。
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The country has been paralyzed by the latest rail strike, with no rail services at all running today. The railway service has been problematic for some time, but if today’s action is prolonged, it may prove _____ to the rail industry. The Minister for Transport commented, “The country has been suffering from a _____ of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month. It was _____ and one strike led to another.” Things reached _____ pitch last week and we can only hope that this “_____” will come to an end soon. The minister’s expectation is that things will only start to improve once people recognize the seriousness of the situation.
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核心觀念
第 30 題考「克漏字語意判斷」與搭配用語。解題重點是根據上下文判斷,作者將接連發生的罷工比喻成一種會擴散的「疾病」。
關鍵語意線索包括:
- a series / a succession of strikes:一連串罷工
- one strike led to another:一個罷工接著另一個罷工
- reached fever pitch:達到高峰、狂熱或緊張的頂點
- come to an end:結束
- disease:疾病;也可作比喻,指逐漸擴散且造成危害的問題
因此,最後一句的引號 “_____” 表示將前述罷工潮比喻成某種「疾病」,最符合的選項是 disease。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句是:
Things reached _____ pitch last week and we can only hope that this “_____” will come to an end soon.
翻譯為:
上週情勢達到了極為緊張的高峰,我們只能希望這場「_____」很快就會結束。
前文指出:
The country has been suffering from a _____ of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month. It was _____ and one strike led to another.
翻譯為:
自從上個月 Nortown 首次罷工以來,這個國家一直受到地方罷工潮的困擾。這種情況具有傳染性,一個罷工接著另一個罷工。
「一個罷工接著另一個罷工」具有擴散、蔓延的特徵,因此作者使用疾病作為比喻。搭配 this disease will come to an end 在語意上可理解為「這種像疾病般蔓延的罷工問題將會結束」。
此外,題幹前面還出現:
it may prove _____ to the rail industry
以及:
The railway service has been problematic for some time
全文持續以負面、危害性的語氣描述罷工,與 disease 的比喻方向一致。
選項分析
(A) deprivation
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Cholesterol only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty substance that can _____ the arteries. Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a _____ blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke.
Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs and shellfish should be _____ from the diet, but these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels. The cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted, so they are fine to eat in _____. Fiber produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as a buffer, so less fat is brought into _____ with blood vessels and less is absorbed.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:依據上下文判斷動詞的正確語意。
- 搭配用法:動詞與受詞、語境的自然搭配。
- 生理醫學語境:膽固醇過多會促進脂肪物質生成,進而阻塞動脈,影響血液流動。
題目關鍵句為:
it starts to promote the production of a fatty substance that can _____ the arteries.
其中,關係代名詞 that 指前面的 a fatty substance,空格後的 the arteries 是動詞的受詞,因此需要填入一個能直接接受詞、且符合「脂肪物質阻塞動脈」語意的及物動詞。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的名詞片語 the arteries。句型為:
情境描述膽固醇過多所形成的脂肪物質堆積在動脈中,使血流受阻。因此最符合的動詞是 clog,意為「堵塞、阻塞」。
完整句意為:
Cholesterol only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty substance that can clog the arteries.
翻譯:
只有當體內膽固醇過多,並開始促進某種可能阻塞動脈的脂肪物質生成時,膽固醇才會成為問題。
下一句也提供明確線索:
Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a _____ blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke.
前句提到阻塞動脈,後句接著說血流中斷會造成心臟病發作或中風,形成完整的因果關係。
選項分析
(A) clone
clone 可作名詞,意為「複製品、複製生物」;也可作動詞,意為「複製、複製出」。
例如:
- clone a sheep:複製一隻羊
- a clone of the original:原物的複製品
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Cholesterol only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty substance that can _____ the arteries. Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a _____ blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke.
Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs and shellfish should be _____ from the diet, but these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels. The cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted, so they are fine to eat in _____. Fiber produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as a buffer, so less fat is brought into _____ with blood vessels and less is absorbed.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「動詞搭配」。句中描述膽固醇過多後形成脂肪物質,進而阻塞動脈,造成血流中斷。因此空格需要填入表示「阻塞、堵住」的動詞。
關鍵結構為:
- can + 原形動詞:表示「能夠……」
- block + 血管/動脈:表示「阻塞血管/動脈」
- a blocked blood vessel:表示「一條被阻塞的血管」
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句是:
Cholesterol only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty substance that can _____ the arteries.
翻譯:
膽固醇只有在體內過多,並開始促進某種脂肪物質的生成,而該物質可能會阻塞動脈時,才會成為問題。
空格位於 can 之後,因此須填入動詞原形;語意上,脂肪物質會對動脈造成的直接影響是「阻塞」。下文又出現:
a _____ blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke
翻譯:
通往腦部的血管若遭到阻塞,可能會造成中風。
兩處都在描述血管被堵住,形成語意上的呼應,因此答案為 blocked。
選項分析
(A) terminated
terminate 是「終止、結束」,常用於終止活動、合約、程序或生命等。
若填入:
a fatty substance that can terminate the arteries
意思變成「脂肪物質可以終止動脈」,不符合生理學語境。動脈本身不是被「終止」,而是被脂肪物質堵塞,因此錯誤。
(B) veiled
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Cholesterol only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty substance that can _____ the arteries. Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a _____ blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke.
Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs and shellfish should be _____ from the diet, but these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels. The cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted, so they are fine to eat in _____. Fiber produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as a buffer, so less fat is brought into _____ with blood vessels and less is absorbed.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是克漏字,主要考:
- 字義與語意判斷
- 固定搭配
- 被動語態與過去分詞
- 上下文中的邏輯關係
第 33 題所在句為:
Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs and shellfish should be _____ from the diet, but these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels.
翻譯:
有些人認為,富含膽固醇的食物,例如蛋和貝類,應該從飲食中被_____;但這些食物並不會明顯提高膽固醇濃度。
空格位於 should be + 過去分詞 的被動語態結構中,因此選項必須是能表達「被排除、被禁止食用」的動詞。
解題方法
句中關鍵是轉折連接詞 but:
Some say that … should be _____ from the diet, but these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels.
前半句描述「有些人的主張」,後半句以 but 修正這種看法,表示蛋和貝類其實不必完全從飲食中排除。
因此,空格需要填入具有「排除、禁止」意義的字,形成:
should be banished from the diet
意思是:
應該被排除在飲食之外。
此外,banish A from B 是常見搭配,表示「將 A 從 B 驅除、排除」。
選項分析
(A) banished
banish 是動詞,意為「驅逐、排除、摒除、禁止」。
banished 是過去分詞,可放在被動語態:
should be banished from the diet
意思是「應該被排除在飲食之外」,符合句意與文法。
後文指出:
these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels
也就是說,蛋和貝類不會明顯提高膽固醇,所以「完全排除」是某些人的看法,而非文章真正支持的結論。這正好與 but 所形成的語意轉折相符。
(B) clarified
clarify 意為「澄清、說明,使清楚」,clarified 意為「被澄清的、被說明清楚的」。
should be clarified from the diet
此搭配不成立。飲食中的食物可以被移除、限制或排除,不能說「從飲食中被澄清」。
(C) integrated
integrate 意為「整合、融入、使結合」,integrated 意為「被整合的、被融入的」。
should be integrated from the diet
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Cholesterol only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty substance that can _____ the arteries. Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a _____ blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke.
Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs and shellfish should be _____ from the diet, but these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels. The cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted, so they are fine to eat in _____. Fiber produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as a buffer, so less fat is brought into _____ with blood vessels and less is absorbed.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」與「語境判讀」。關鍵句為:
so they are fine to eat in _____.
其中 in moderation 是固定片語,意為「適量地、節制地」。完整句意為:
因此,這些食物適量食用是沒有問題的。
文章前文指出,蛋類與貝類雖然含有膽固醇,但其中的膽固醇能有效分解並排出體外,因此不必完全禁止,只要控制食用量即可。
解題方法
先觀察空格前的介系詞 in。四個選項中,能與 in 搭配並表示「適量」概念的固定用法是:
前文說明這些食物「不會顯著提高膽固醇」,後文又以 so 承接結論,表示可以吃,但仍須適度。因此選 moderation 最符合文意與英文慣用語。
選項分析
-
(A) harmony:意為「和諧、協調」。
in harmony 通常表示「和諧地、協調地」,例如 live in harmony with nature(與自然和諧共處)。eat in harmony 並非本句所需的慣用表達,且無法表達「控制食用量」的意思。 -
(B) inequality:意為「不平等、不均等」。
in inequality 不符合本句語法與語意。膽固醇食物可以食用的重點是「適量」,不是「不平等」。 -
(C) moderation:意為「適度、節制」。
in moderation 是固定片語,表示「適量地、節制地」,完全符合上下文,因此為正確答案。 -
(D) excess:意為「過量、過度」。
in excess 可表示「過量地」,例如 consume sugar in excess(過量攝取糖分),但本句若填入後會變成「這些食物適合過量食用」,與健康常識及前文「應控制攝取量」的語意相反。
文章中的語意線索
定位答案的句子是:
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Cholesterol only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to promote the production of a fatty substance that can _____ the arteries. Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a _____ blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke.
Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs and shellfish should be _____ from the diet, but these foods don’t significantly raise cholesterol levels. The cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted, so they are fine to eat in _____. Fiber produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as a buffer, so less fat is brought into _____ with blood vessels and less is absorbed.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「固定搭配」與「語意判斷」。
關鍵片語是:
- bring A into contact with B:使 A 與 B 接觸
- in contact with:與……接觸
- contact:接觸、接觸狀態;也可作「聯絡」
文章說明膳食纖維能降低脂肪與血管接觸的機會,並減少脂肪被吸收,因此空格必須填入表示「接觸」的名詞。
解題方法
定位答案的原文是:
Fiber produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as a buffer, so less fat is brought into _____ with blood vessels and less is absorbed.
翻譯:
纖維會產生有助於清除血液中有害膽固醇的物質,並發揮緩衝作用,因此較少脂肪會與血管接觸,也較少脂肪會被吸收。
句型 be brought into contact with 表示「被帶來與……接觸」,此處主詞是 less fat,完整結構為:
less fat is brought into contact with blood vessels
語意上,纖維具有緩衝作用,能減少脂肪與血管接觸,故選 contact。
文法與語意重點
bring A into contact with B 是常見的使役結構:
- bring:使……進入某種狀態
- A:被帶入接觸狀態的對象
- into contact with B:與 B 接觸
本句使用被動語態:
less fat is brought into contact with blood vessels
其中:
- less fat 是主詞
- is brought 是被動語態
- into contact with blood vessels 是介系詞片語,說明脂肪接觸的對象
其他文章中的重要單字與片語包括:
- cholesterol:膽固醇
- promote the production of:促進……的生成
- fatty substance:脂肪物質
- clog the arteries:阻塞動脈
- interruption of blood flow:血流中斷
- heart attack:心肌梗塞、心臟病發作
- stroke:中風
- cholesterol-rich foods:富含膽固醇的食物
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
A new Italian restaurant called Bella Roma has just opened in the High Street, and we went there the other night to try it. I couldn’t help comparing it to the Casa Italia, _____ we ate last week. In the Bella Roma, the service was impeccable and quick whereas at the Casa Italia it’s always a bit _____. In the new place the waiters are _____ and friendly without being overbearing. In the other place they tend to be _____ and the service is rather quick and rude, _____ I find very off-putting. But at Bella Roma they’ll do everything possible to give you what you want.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「關係副詞 where」的用法。先行詞是表示地點的名詞片語 the Casa Italia,後面的子句「we ate last week」表示「我們上週在那裡用餐」,因此需要具有地點、場所意義的關係副詞 where。
完整句子為:
I couldn’t help comparing it to the Casa Italia, where we ate last week.
我忍不住把它和 Casa Italia 比較;我們上週才在那裡用餐。
解題方法
判斷關係詞時,可先將關係子句還原成完整句:
We ate at the Casa Italia last week.
句中的 at the Casa Italia 是地點副詞片語。將先行詞 the Casa Italia 與地點介系詞片語合併時,可使用:
the Casa Italia, where we ate last week
其中 where = at which / in which,意為「在那裡」。
因此原句應為:
I couldn’t help comparing it to the Casa Italia, where we ate last week.
選項分析
(A) the one
the one 是代名詞,意為「那一個」,通常用來代替前面提到的同類名詞。若使用此選項,句子會變成:
the Casa Italia, the one we ate last week
此處 the one 後面直接接 we ate last week,缺少表示地點的介系詞。英文應說:
the one where we ate last week
the one at which we ate last week
單獨使用 the one 無法正確連接「我們上週在那裡用餐」的關係子句,因此錯誤。
(B) which
which 是關係代名詞,可指人以外的事物或場所。但動詞 eat 在此語意是「在某餐廳用餐」,通常需要介系詞 at:
We ate at the Casa Italia last week.
若使用 which,應寫成:
the Casa Italia, at which we ate last week
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
A new Italian restaurant called Bella Roma has just opened in the High Street, and we went there the other night to try it. I couldn’t help comparing it to the Casa Italia, _____ we ate last week. In the Bella Roma, the service was impeccable and quick whereas at the Casa Italia it’s always a bit _____. In the new place the waiters are _____ and friendly without being overbearing. In the other place they tend to be _____ and the service is rather quick and rude, _____ I find very off-putting. But at Bella Roma they’ll do everything possible to give you what you want.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「克漏字語意判斷」與形容詞搭配。空格位於:
at the Casa Italia it’s always a bit _____.
其中 it 指前文的 the service(服務),a bit 表示「有點、稍微」,後面通常接形容詞,用來描述服務的速度或狀態。
文章以兩家餐廳作對比:
- Bella Roma:
the service was impeccable and quick
服務無可挑剔,而且迅速。 - Casa Italia:
it’s always a bit _____
服務總是有點……
因此空格應填入表示「緩慢、拖沓」的形容詞,與 quick 構成反義對比。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句是:
In the Bella Roma, the service was impeccable and quick whereas at the Casa Italia it’s always a bit .
在 Bella Roma,服務無可挑剔而且迅速;然而在 Casa Italia,服務總是有點。
whereas 表示「然而、反之」,用來引導對比。前半句的 quick 已明確指出 Bella Roma 的服務很快,因此後半句應填入描述 Casa Italia 服務速度較慢的字。
sluggish 意為「遲緩的、動作慢的、拖沓的」,可用來形容服務反應慢、送餐慢,完全符合上下文。
完整句為:
at the Casa Italia it’s always a bit sluggish.
在 Casa Italia,服務總是有點遲緩。
選項分析
(A) sluggish:遲緩的、緩慢的、拖沓的。
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
A new Italian restaurant called Bella Roma has just opened in the High Street, and we went there the other night to try it. I couldn’t help comparing it to the Casa Italia, _____ we ate last week. In the Bella Roma, the service was impeccable and quick whereas at the Casa Italia it’s always a bit _____. In the new place the waiters are _____ and friendly without being overbearing. In the other place they tend to be _____ and the service is rather quick and rude, _____ I find very off-putting. But at Bella Roma they’ll do everything possible to give you what you want.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與「形容詞搭配」。空格位於:
In the new place the waiters are _____ and friendly without being overbearing.
在新餐廳,服務生既__又友善,不會給人盛氣凌人的感覺。
空格後接並列形容詞 friendly,因此需要填入能描述服務生待人態度、且與「友善」語意相近的正面形容詞。courteous 意為「有禮貌的、彬彬有禮的」,最符合句意。
解題方法
先觀察題幹對兩家餐廳服務態度的對比:
- Bella Roma:服務「完美且迅速」,服務生「__且友善」。
- Casa Italia:服務生「傲慢或令人不舒服」,服務「快速但粗魯」。
其中 friendly without being overbearing 表示「友善但不會過度干涉或盛氣凌人」。因此空格應填入正面、描述服務態度的形容詞,與 friendly 形成語意並列。
courteous = 有禮貌的、彬彬有禮的,符合「服務生待人有禮且友善」的語境。
選項分析
(A) flourishing
意為「繁榮的、興盛的、茂盛的」,通常用來形容事業、經濟、植物等,例如:
- a flourishing business:興盛的事業
- flourishing plants:茂盛的植物
不適合形容服務生的待人態度,不能與 friendly 自然並列。
(B) momentary
意為「短暫的、片刻的」,例如:
- a momentary delay:短暫的延誤
- a momentary feeling:短暫的感受
此字描述時間長短,不能合理修飾服務生,也不符合餐廳服務態度的正面語意。
(C) divergent
意為「分歧的、不同的、背離的」,例如:
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
A new Italian restaurant called Bella Roma has just opened in the High Street, and we went there the other night to try it. I couldn’t help comparing it to the Casa Italia, _____ we ate last week. In the Bella Roma, the service was impeccable and quick whereas at the Casa Italia it’s always a bit _____. In the new place the waiters are _____ and friendly without being overbearing. In the other place they tend to be _____ and the service is rather quick and rude, _____ I find very off-putting. But at Bella Roma they’ll do everything possible to give you what you want.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「克漏字語意判斷」與「形容詞搭配」。空格位於:
In the other place they tend to be _____ and the service is rather quick and rude.
句型為:
tend to be + 形容詞
傾向於是……、往往呈現……的特徵
前文比較兩家餐廳的服務態度:Bella Roma 的服務人員「親切友善」,另一家餐廳的服務人員則應具有負面、冷淡、不友善的特徵。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
In the new place the waiters are _____ and friendly without being overbearing. In the other place they tend to be _____ ...
翻譯:
在新餐廳,服務生親切友善,但不會過度干涉客人。在另一家餐廳,服務生往往顯得 _____……
前句以 friendly 描寫 Bella Roma 的服務生,後句 In the other place 表示轉換到 Casa Italia,語意形成對比。因此空格應填入表示「陰沉、冷漠、不友善」的形容詞。
sullen 正好符合此語境:
sullen = 陰沉的、悶悶不樂的、冷漠不友善的
填入後:
In the other place they tend to be sullen and the service is rather quick and rude.
翻譯:
在另一家餐廳,服務生往往態度陰沉,而服務雖然相當迅速,卻很粗魯。
整段呈現 Bella Roma 與 Casa Italia 在服務態度上的鮮明對比,語意完整。
選項分析
(A) potent
意為「強有力的、有影響力的;效力強的」,常用來形容藥物、因素或影響力,例如 a potent drug(效力強的藥物)。
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
A new Italian restaurant called Bella Roma has just opened in the High Street, and we went there the other night to try it. I couldn’t help comparing it to the Casa Italia, _____ we ate last week. In the Bella Roma, the service was impeccable and quick whereas at the Casa Italia it’s always a bit _____. In the new place the waiters are _____ and friendly without being overbearing. In the other place they tend to be _____ and the service is rather quick and rude, _____ I find very off-putting. But at Bella Roma they’ll do everything possible to give you what you want.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「關係代名詞與關係副詞」的用法,並結合語意判斷。
題幹句子為:
I couldn’t help comparing it to the Casa Italia, _____ we ate last week.
我忍不住把它和我們上週吃飯的 Casa Italia 比較。
空格前有逗號,形成非限定關係子句;空格指代前面的餐廳 the Casa Italia。
官方答案採 which,將其視為指代餐廳的關係代名詞,語意為「我們上週吃過的 Casa Italia」。
解題方法
先判斷空格在子句中的功能:
we ate _____ last week
動詞 ate 後面若直接接受詞,空格需要能指代「吃過的對象」,因此官方將空格視為關係代名詞 which:
the Casa Italia, which we ate last week
其中 which 指代前面的餐廳名稱,形成非限定關係子句。
依官方命題意圖,完整語意是:
我忍不住把它和我們上週吃過的 Casa Italia 比較。
因此選 (B) which。
不過,若採較嚴格、正式的英文文法,餐廳通常是「在那裡用餐」,應寫成:
the Casa Italia, where we ate last week
the Casa Italia, at which we ate last week
原句使用 which we ate,是把餐廳當作「吃飯的場所」或「吃過的餐廳」來表達,屬於較口語化、語意壓縮的用法。就正式文法而言,題目確有可討論之處;但本題官方公布答案為 B,作答應以 which 為準。
選項分析
(A) where
where 是關係副詞,表示「在那裡」,用來修飾地點,後面通常接完整子句:
the restaurant where we ate last week
若選 where,句子會變成:
the Casa Italia, where we ate last week
這個句子其實語意自然、文法也完整,因此是本題最主要的爭議點。只是官方答案並未採用「在 Casa Italia 用餐」的關係副詞結構,而是將 Casa Italia 視為「吃過的餐廳」,採用關係代名詞 which。
(B) which
which 是關係代名詞,可指人以外的事物或場所,在此指代 the Casa Italia。
官方句意為:
the Casa Italia, which we ate last week
我們上週吃過的 Casa Italia
依本題官方命題意圖,which 作為 ate 的受詞,符合「吃過某家餐廳」的語意表達,因此正確。
(C) that
that 可以作為限定關係子句中的關係代名詞,但不能用在逗號後的非限定關係子句。
本句空格前已有逗號:
the Casa Italia, _____ we ate last week
第 41 題2 分
IV. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
【題組共用題幹】
Historians can trace the foundations of plastic surgery as far back as about 2600 years ago in ancient India where facial surgeries were carried out. The techniques were recorded in the early Hindu texts and were used primarily on soldiers injured during conflict.
The birth of cosmetic reconstructive surgery truly occurred many hundreds of years later and over the past ten years plastic surgery has become very popular with more and more people refusing to grow old gracefully.
However, it is not limited to young women considering the fact that eating disorders are on the rise among young men; men and women alike are interested in cosmetic surgery and it even gains popularity in mainstream culture. It seems that people are no longer judged on their abilities alone but on their appearance and more and more people are choosing to go under the knife in an effort to shape themselves into an objective and arbitrary ideal beauty.
The image of beauty portrayed by the media is usually related to the adjectives, young, very slim, and most often white. Having a body weight of 15% below normal for one’s height, age and weight is considered ideal. In other words, people should be anorexic to meet the media’s image of beauty. The message is that only their imposed image of beauty is acceptable and those who are larger, shorter, thicker, or browner are not. This ideal image and weight, however, is unattainable for 99% of women. Ironically, most images of models appearing in magazines have been airbrushed to perfection to attain that “perfect” image of beauty.
Sadly, for many people, the quest for beauty has turned into an all-out obsession. Unsurprisingly, the newfound obsession is a convenient marketing tool because 99% of the female population is not satisfied with their appearance and therefore will be more likely to buy slimming products, cosmetics or turn to plastic surgery. The dieting industry makes an incredible $33 billion a year. The industry uses media to keep people thinking that they should maintain the slender or even skinny shape. This image of beauty is simply unattainable and the desire for it will never be met, so the demand for the industry will never decrease. And the very industries that profit from fueling inadequacy, a feeling of not being good enough, will continue to prosper.
The reference to “early Hindu texts” mainly serves to _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指涉目的」(purpose of reference):判斷文章作者提到某項資料,主要是為了支持哪一個論點。
文章第一段說明整形手術的歷史起源,並以「early Hindu texts」作為早期手術技術的文字記錄。因此,該片語的功能是提供歷史證據,證明古代印度已發展出臉部手術技術。
關鍵句定位
“The techniques were recorded in the early Hindu texts and were used primarily on soldiers injured during conflict.”
翻譯:
這些技術被記錄在早期的印度教文獻中,主要用於治療在戰爭衝突中受傷的士兵。
句中關鍵是 recorded(被記錄)一字,表示早期印度的手術技術有文獻保存,具有歷史紀錄與佐證作用。
解題方法
先確認「early Hindu texts」位於文章的哪一部分,再判斷它和前後文的關係:
- 前文指出:古代印度約在 2600 年前已進行臉部手術。
- 後文補充:這些手術技術被記錄在早期印度教文獻中。
- 因此,該文獻是用來支持「古代印度已有早期整形手術」這項歷史敘述。
題目問的是 mainly serves to,也就是「主要具有何種功能」,答案應選擇最直接符合「提供歷史記錄」的選項。
關鍵單字與片語
- trace A as far back as B:追溯 A 至早至 B 的時期
- foundation:基礎、根源
- plastic surgery:整形外科、整形手術
- facial surgery:臉部手術
- technique:技術、技法
- record:記錄;此處為被動語態 were recorded,意為「被記錄」
- primarily:主要地
- soldier injured during conflict:在衝突中受傷的士兵
- historical documentation:歷史文獻記錄、歷史佐證資料
- medical innovation:醫學創新
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historians can trace the foundations of plastic surgery as far back as about 2600 years ago in ancient India where facial surgeries were carried out. The techniques were recorded in the early Hindu texts and were used primarily on soldiers injured during conflict.
The birth of cosmetic reconstructive surgery truly occurred many hundreds of years later and over the past ten years plastic surgery has become very popular with more and more people refusing to grow old gracefully.
However, it is not limited to young women considering the fact that eating disorders are on the rise among young men; men and women alike are interested in cosmetic surgery and it even gains popularity in mainstream culture. It seems that people are no longer judged on their abilities alone but on their appearance and more and more people are choosing to go under the knife in an effort to shape themselves into an objective and arbitrary ideal beauty.
The image of beauty portrayed by the media is usually related to the adjectives, young, very slim, and most often white. Having a body weight of 15% below normal for one’s height, age and weight is considered ideal. In other words, people should be anorexic to meet the media’s image of beauty. The message is that only their imposed image of beauty is acceptable and those who are larger, shorter, thicker, or browner are not. This ideal image and weight, however, is unattainable for 99% of women. Ironically, most images of models appearing in magazines have been airbrushed to perfection to attain that “perfect” image of beauty.
Sadly, for many people, the quest for beauty has turned into an all-out obsession. Unsurprisingly, the newfound obsession is a convenient marketing tool because 99% of the female population is not satisfied with their appearance and therefore will be more likely to buy slimming products, cosmetics or turn to plastic surgery. The dieting industry makes an incredible $33 billion a year. The industry uses media to keep people thinking that they should maintain the slender or even skinny shape. This image of beauty is simply unattainable and the desire for it will never be met, so the demand for the industry will never decrease. And the very industries that profit from fueling inadequacy, a feeling of not being good enough, will continue to prosper.
The author’s discussion of eating disorders among young men is primarily used to _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀測驗中的「段落功能」與「作者論證目的」。解題重點不是只翻譯 eating disorders,而是判斷作者提及「年輕男性飲食失調增加」這項資訊,在全文論述中扮演什麼作用。
文章先指出整形美容並非只受到女性關注,接著以年輕男性飲食失調增加作為例證,說明男性同樣受到外貌與美貌標準的影響,因此也可能關注美容手術。
定位答案的原文
“However, it is not limited to young women considering the fact that eating disorders are on the rise among young men; men and women alike are interested in cosmetic surgery...”
翻譯:
「然而,考量到年輕男性的飲食失調問題正在增加,這種現象並不只限於年輕女性;男性與女性同樣都對美容手術感興趣……」
其中:
- it is not limited to young women:這不只限於年輕女性
- considering the fact that...:考量到……這項事實
- eating disorders:飲食失調症
- be on the rise:正在增加、呈上升趨勢
- among young men:在年輕男性之中
- men and women alike:男性與女性同樣地
- be interested in:對……感興趣
- cosmetic surgery:美容手術、整形手術
句中的 However 表示轉折,修正前文「塑膠美容手術越來越受歡迎」可能被理解為女性現象的印象;分號後的 men and women alike 更直接強調男女皆然。
解題方法
將題幹改寫為:
作者提到年輕男性飲食失調增加,主要是為了支持哪一個觀點?
接著觀察前後文:
- 前文提到整形美容受到更多人關注。
- However 引出限制條件的修正:這種關注不只存在於年輕女性。
- 年輕男性飲食失調增加,代表男性也受到身材、外貌與美貌標準的影響。
- 作者隨即明確下結論:men and women alike are interested in cosmetic surgery。
因此,該例子的功能是打破「美容與外貌焦慮只屬於女性」的假設,答案為 (D)。
選項分析
(A) argue that plastic surgery is the main cause of eating disorders
主張整形手術是飲食失調的主要原因。
錯誤。文章只說年輕男性飲食失調增加,並以此說明男性也關注外貌與美容手術,沒有主張塑膠手術是飲食失調的主要原因。選項將文章中的「共同受到外貌標準影響」誤解成「因果關係」。
(B) suggest that eating disorders are unrelated to media influence
暗示飲食失調與媒體影響無關。
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historians can trace the foundations of plastic surgery as far back as about 2600 years ago in ancient India where facial surgeries were carried out. The techniques were recorded in the early Hindu texts and were used primarily on soldiers injured during conflict.
The birth of cosmetic reconstructive surgery truly occurred many hundreds of years later and over the past ten years plastic surgery has become very popular with more and more people refusing to grow old gracefully.
However, it is not limited to young women considering the fact that eating disorders are on the rise among young men; men and women alike are interested in cosmetic surgery and it even gains popularity in mainstream culture. It seems that people are no longer judged on their abilities alone but on their appearance and more and more people are choosing to go under the knife in an effort to shape themselves into an objective and arbitrary ideal beauty.
The image of beauty portrayed by the media is usually related to the adjectives, young, very slim, and most often white. Having a body weight of 15% below normal for one’s height, age and weight is considered ideal. In other words, people should be anorexic to meet the media’s image of beauty. The message is that only their imposed image of beauty is acceptable and those who are larger, shorter, thicker, or browner are not. This ideal image and weight, however, is unattainable for 99% of women. Ironically, most images of models appearing in magazines have been airbrushed to perfection to attain that “perfect” image of beauty.
Sadly, for many people, the quest for beauty has turned into an all-out obsession. Unsurprisingly, the newfound obsession is a convenient marketing tool because 99% of the female population is not satisfied with their appearance and therefore will be more likely to buy slimming products, cosmetics or turn to plastic surgery. The dieting industry makes an incredible $33 billion a year. The industry uses media to keep people thinking that they should maintain the slender or even skinny shape. This image of beauty is simply unattainable and the desire for it will never be met, so the demand for the industry will never decrease. And the very industries that profit from fueling inadequacy, a feeling of not being good enough, will continue to prosper.
The statement “people are no longer judged on their abilities alone” is presented to emphasize that _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「句意功能」與「作者強調重點」。解題關鍵不是只翻譯句子,而是判斷該句在上下文中要凸顯的對比:
- 過去:主要依據一個人的能力評價。
- 現在:除了能力,也越來越重視外貌。
- 文章後文進一步說明,媒體塑造了「年輕、纖瘦、白皙」的美貌標準,使人們受到外貌標準影響,甚至接受減重產品或整形手術。
因此,句中的 not ... alone 表示「不只是……」,並非「完全不重視……」。
關鍵句定位與翻譯
題幹指出:
“It seems that people are no longer judged on their abilities alone but on their appearance...”
翻譯為:
「人們似乎不再只根據能力受到評價,而是也根據外表受到評價……」
句型 not A alone but B 可理解為:
不只是 A,而是也包括 B
本句的核心意思是:評價人的標準已由單一的「能力」擴大、偏移到「外貌」。後文提到媒體所呈現的理想美貌,以及人們因此購買瘦身產品、化妝品或接受整形手術,正是對此觀點的具體說明。
解題方法
先辨識句型:
- no longer:不再
- on their abilities alone:只依據他們的能力
- but on their appearance:而是依據他們的外貌
再將句意與文章主旨連結。全文批評現代社會受到媒體美貌標準影響,過度重視外表,導致人們對自身外貌不滿,進而促進美容、減重及整形產業。因此,該句是在強調「評價標準從能力延伸至外貌,且外貌的重要性提高」。
選項分析
(A) ability-based judgement is increasing due to education
意為「由於教育,基於能力的評價正在增加」。
錯誤。文章並未表示能力評價增加,也沒有提到教育造成此種變化。原句反而指出人們「不再只」根據能力評價,重點是外貌評價日益受到重視。
(B) appearance and ability have always been equally important
意為「外貌和能力一直都同等重要」。
錯誤。no longer 明確表示情況已經改變,並非「一直如此」。文章是在描述現代社會更加重視外貌,而不是主張能力與外貌從過去到現在始終同等重要。
(C) evaluation has shifted toward appearance-based standards
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historians can trace the foundations of plastic surgery as far back as about 2600 years ago in ancient India where facial surgeries were carried out. The techniques were recorded in the early Hindu texts and were used primarily on soldiers injured during conflict.
The birth of cosmetic reconstructive surgery truly occurred many hundreds of years later and over the past ten years plastic surgery has become very popular with more and more people refusing to grow old gracefully.
However, it is not limited to young women considering the fact that eating disorders are on the rise among young men; men and women alike are interested in cosmetic surgery and it even gains popularity in mainstream culture. It seems that people are no longer judged on their abilities alone but on their appearance and more and more people are choosing to go under the knife in an effort to shape themselves into an objective and arbitrary ideal beauty.
The image of beauty portrayed by the media is usually related to the adjectives, young, very slim, and most often white. Having a body weight of 15% below normal for one’s height, age and weight is considered ideal. In other words, people should be anorexic to meet the media’s image of beauty. The message is that only their imposed image of beauty is acceptable and those who are larger, shorter, thicker, or browner are not. This ideal image and weight, however, is unattainable for 99% of women. Ironically, most images of models appearing in magazines have been airbrushed to perfection to attain that “perfect” image of beauty.
Sadly, for many people, the quest for beauty has turned into an all-out obsession. Unsurprisingly, the newfound obsession is a convenient marketing tool because 99% of the female population is not satisfied with their appearance and therefore will be more likely to buy slimming products, cosmetics or turn to plastic surgery. The dieting industry makes an incredible $33 billion a year. The industry uses media to keep people thinking that they should maintain the slender or even skinny shape. This image of beauty is simply unattainable and the desire for it will never be met, so the demand for the industry will never decrease. And the very industries that profit from fueling inadequacy, a feeling of not being good enough, will continue to prosper.
The claim that “15% below normal… is considered ideal” is used to highlight the author’s view that media standards _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是閱讀理解中的「作者觀點判讀」:根據文章中的例證,判斷作者如何看待媒體塑造的美貌標準。
文章批判媒體所呈現的理想美貌,認為這種標準:
- 過度單一:年輕、纖瘦、白皙
- 不切實際:大多數女性無法達到
- 可能造成不健康的身體形象與行為
- 會刺激節食產品、化妝品及整形手術的消費
因此,題幹所說「體重比正常值低 15% 才算理想」,是用來凸顯媒體標準可能把人推向不健康的極端。
解題方法
先定位與空格直接相關的句子:
Having a body weight of 15% below normal for one’s height, age and weight is considered ideal.
In other words, people should be anorexic to meet the media’s image of beauty.
翻譯:
以身高、年齡與體重來看,體重低於正常值 15% 被視為理想。
換句話說,人們必須達到厭食的狀態,才能符合媒體所塑造的美貌形象。
其中,第二句的 In other words 表示作者重新解釋前一句。作者將「低於正常體重 15%」直接連結到 anorexic「厭食的、患有厭食症的」,顯示作者認為這項標準並不健康。
文章後面又指出:
This ideal image and weight, however, is unattainable for 99% of women.
翻譯:
然而,這種理想形象與體重對 99% 的女性而言都是無法達成的。
因此,空格應填入表示「會鼓勵不健康極端行為」的選項。
文法與語意重點
1. The claim that ...
選項題幹中的:
The claim that “15% below normal… is considered ideal”
其中 that 引導同位語名詞子句,說明 the claim 的具體內容:
聲稱「低於正常值 15% 被視為理想」
這裡不是考計算,而是考作者如何利用這項主張來批判媒體標準。
2. is considered ideal
- consider A B:認為 A 是 B
- 被動式 A is considered B:A 被認為是 B
- ideal:理想的
句意是「低於正常值 15% 被認為是理想體重」。
3. encourage unhealthy extremes
- encourage:鼓勵、促使
- unhealthy:不健康的
- extremes:極端狀態、極端行為
此片語最符合文章對「過度消瘦」及「厭食」的批判。
選項分析
(A) are mainly aimed at professional athletes
意思是:
主要是針對職業運動員
文章討論的是媒體對一般大眾,尤其是女性,所塑造的美貌與體重標準,並未提及職業運動員。因此不符合文章主旨。
(B) have no effect on public behavior
意思是:
對大眾行為沒有影響
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historians can trace the foundations of plastic surgery as far back as about 2600 years ago in ancient India where facial surgeries were carried out. The techniques were recorded in the early Hindu texts and were used primarily on soldiers injured during conflict.
The birth of cosmetic reconstructive surgery truly occurred many hundreds of years later and over the past ten years plastic surgery has become very popular with more and more people refusing to grow old gracefully.
However, it is not limited to young women considering the fact that eating disorders are on the rise among young men; men and women alike are interested in cosmetic surgery and it even gains popularity in mainstream culture. It seems that people are no longer judged on their abilities alone but on their appearance and more and more people are choosing to go under the knife in an effort to shape themselves into an objective and arbitrary ideal beauty.
The image of beauty portrayed by the media is usually related to the adjectives, young, very slim, and most often white. Having a body weight of 15% below normal for one’s height, age and weight is considered ideal. In other words, people should be anorexic to meet the media’s image of beauty. The message is that only their imposed image of beauty is acceptable and those who are larger, shorter, thicker, or browner are not. This ideal image and weight, however, is unattainable for 99% of women. Ironically, most images of models appearing in magazines have been airbrushed to perfection to attain that “perfect” image of beauty.
Sadly, for many people, the quest for beauty has turned into an all-out obsession. Unsurprisingly, the newfound obsession is a convenient marketing tool because 99% of the female population is not satisfied with their appearance and therefore will be more likely to buy slimming products, cosmetics or turn to plastic surgery. The dieting industry makes an incredible $33 billion a year. The industry uses media to keep people thinking that they should maintain the slender or even skinny shape. This image of beauty is simply unattainable and the desire for it will never be met, so the demand for the industry will never decrease. And the very industries that profit from fueling inadequacy, a feeling of not being good enough, will continue to prosper.
The passage suggests the dieting industry’s profits persist largely because _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係判讀」。題目詢問節食產業的利潤為何能持續,必須找出文章中說明「美容理想」與「消費需求」之間關係的句子。
核心因果鏈為:
關鍵單字與片語
dieting industry:節食產業、減重產業profits persist:利潤持續存在largely because:主要因為unattainable:無法達成的、難以實現的consumer:消費者purchase:購買solution:解決方案slender:苗條的skinny:過瘦的appearance:外貌、外表be more likely to:更有可能……turn to plastic surgery:轉向整形手術、求助於整形手術fuel inadequacy:助長不足感、不夠好的感受continue to prosper:持續興盛、持續獲利
解題方法
先確認題目問的是「節食產業的利潤為何持續」,因此答案必須包含:
- 文章中的主要原因;
- 理想身材與消費行為的因果關係;
- 能解釋產業長期獲利的內容。
文章第五段指出,媒體不斷強調纖細甚至過瘦的身材,但這種美貌標準對絕大多數女性而言根本無法達成。由於消費者永遠無法真正達到理想外貌,便會持續購買減肥產品等「解決方案」,使產業需求不會下降。
定位答案的原文
“This image of beauty is simply unattainable and the desire for it will never be met, so the demand for the industry will never decrease.”
翻譯:
這種美貌形象根本無法達成,而人們對它的渴望永遠不會獲得滿足,因此對這個產業的需求永遠不會減少。
這句直接形成完整因果關係:
unattainable:理想無法達成;the desire for it will never be met:人們永遠無法滿足於現況;the demand for the industry will never decrease:產業需求不會下降。
此外,前一句也支持同樣觀點:
“99% of the female population is not satisfied with their appearance and therefore will be more likely to buy slimming products, cosmetics or turn to plastic surgery.”
翻譯:
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a woman’s life, one of the most important periods is called menopause. As a woman ages, her ovaries don’t make enough of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life. Contrary to the previous misconceptions about menopause, today it is known that menopause is just a natural step in the process of aging. The word comes from the Greek mens, meaning monthly, and pausis, meaning cessation. When a woman’s ovaries do not produce adequate levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, she is not able to become pregnant, but it is not a medical problem or illness. The average age for menopause is about 50, but it can happen any time after 40.
About ten years before menopause, many women experience a series of symptoms called pre-menopause symptoms. Pre-menopause shows the first signs of menopausal transition. It can begin as early as the mid-thirties and last till the forties. During the period, women usually experience sudden weight gain, fatigue, depression, migraine headaches, very heavy or light periods, etc. These symptoms are part of pre-menopause, caused by hormone imbalances, that is, an excess of the hormone estrogen and a deficiency of the hormone progesterone. If a woman does not have menstrual periods for 12 months without any obvious pathological or physiological cause, she is in menopause. There are also a variety of menopause symptoms, from few to moderate or severe symptoms depending on each individual such as weight gain, hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. Research has shown that women’s experience of menopause varies depending on such factors as genetics, diet, lifestyle and social and cultural attitudes toward women.
In context, the phrase “affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life” most strongly suggests that the hormonal change is presented as _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「語境推論」與「作者觀點判讀」。關鍵在於理解荷爾蒙變化對女性生活影響的範圍,而非只辨認 menopause 的生理定義。
文章指出,卵巢分泌的 estrogen 與 progesterone 減少,不僅會造成月經停止、生育能力下降,也會影響女性對自我的感受、情緒、生活功能及社會適應。因此,荷爾蒙變化被描寫為一種超越單純生理層面的多面向影響。
關鍵單字與片語
- menopause:停經;更年期
- ovary:卵巢
- estrogen:雌激素
- progesterone:黃體素
- affect:影響
- feelings about oneself:對自我的感受
- other aspects of her life:生活的其他層面
- misconception:錯誤觀念、誤解
- natural step in the process of aging:老化過程中的自然階段
- hormone imbalance:荷爾蒙失衡
- excess:過量
- deficiency:缺乏
- pathological:病理性的
- physiological:生理性的
- hot flashes:熱潮紅
- insomnia:失眠
- mood swings:情緒起伏
- vaginal dryness:陰道乾澀
- multidimensional:多面向的
- self-perception:自我認知、自我感受
- daily functioning:日常生活功能
答案定位句與翻譯
題幹中的關鍵句是:
“As a woman ages, her ovaries don’t make enough of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life.”
翻譯為:
女性年齡增長時,卵巢無法製造足夠的雌激素與黃體素,進而影響她對自我的感受及生活的其他層面。
其中,現在分詞片語 affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life 修飾前面整件事,表示荷爾蒙不足所造成的影響。影響對象包括:
- feelings about herself:心理與自我認知;
- other aspects of her life:日常生活及其他生活面向。
因此,文章明確將更年期的影響呈現為兼具生理、心理與生活層面的現象。
解題方法
先抓住片語中的範圍訊號:
- her feelings about herself 指向自我感受與心理層面;
- other aspects of her life 表示影響不只限於情緒,還延伸到生活的其他部分。
再對照文章後文列出的症狀,包括體重增加、疲勞、憂鬱、偏頭痛、失眠、情緒起伏與陰道乾澀等。這些症狀同時涵蓋:
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a woman’s life, one of the most important periods is called menopause. As a woman ages, her ovaries don’t make enough of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life. Contrary to the previous misconceptions about menopause, today it is known that menopause is just a natural step in the process of aging. The word comes from the Greek mens, meaning monthly, and pausis, meaning cessation. When a woman’s ovaries do not produce adequate levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, she is not able to become pregnant, but it is not a medical problem or illness. The average age for menopause is about 50, but it can happen any time after 40.
About ten years before menopause, many women experience a series of symptoms called pre-menopause symptoms. Pre-menopause shows the first signs of menopausal transition. It can begin as early as the mid-thirties and last till the forties. During the period, women usually experience sudden weight gain, fatigue, depression, migraine headaches, very heavy or light periods, etc. These symptoms are part of pre-menopause, caused by hormone imbalances, that is, an excess of the hormone estrogen and a deficiency of the hormone progesterone. If a woman does not have menstrual periods for 12 months without any obvious pathological or physiological cause, she is in menopause. There are also a variety of menopause symptoms, from few to moderate or severe symptoms depending on each individual such as weight gain, hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. Research has shown that women’s experience of menopause varies depending on such factors as genetics, diet, lifestyle and social and cultural attitudes toward women.
Which inference is most supported by the sentence “she is not able to become pregnant, but it is not a medical problem or illness”?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的推論(inference)」:必須根據文章明確提供的資訊,推導出作者最支持的概念。
題幹指出:
“When a woman’s ovaries do not produce adequate levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, she is not able to become pregnant, but it is not a medical problem or illness.”
翻譯:當女性的卵巢無法產生足量的雌激素與黃體素時,她便無法懷孕;但這並不是醫療問題或疾病。
句中形成明顯對比:
- 功能改變:無法懷孕。
- 非病理狀態:不是醫療問題或疾病。
因此可推論:一項重大的身體功能改變,不一定代表罹患疾病,也不一定具有病理性。
關鍵單字與片語
- menopause:更年期
- ovary/ovaries:卵巢
- hormone:荷爾蒙、激素
- estrogen:雌激素
- progesterone:黃體素
- adequate:足夠的
- become pregnant:懷孕
- medical problem:醫療問題
- illness:疾病
- natural step:自然階段
- aging:老化、衰老
- infertility:不孕
- distressing:造成痛苦或心理困擾的
- be treated with medication:以藥物治療
- functional change:功能上的改變
- non-pathological:非病理性的
- medically impossible:醫學上不可能
文法與語意重點
句型為:
A, but B.
其中 but 連接兩個具有轉折關係的訊息:
- she is not able to become pregnant:她失去懷孕能力。
- it is not a medical problem or illness:這項狀況不屬於疾病。
此處的 it 指前面所描述的更年期狀態及其造成的不孕,而非單獨指某一個荷爾蒙。作者要強調的是:不孕雖然是明顯且重要的生理功能變化,但更年期本身是正常老化過程的一部分。
解題方法
先抓取引號句中的兩項資訊:
再比對選項是否能同時涵蓋這兩項資訊。最符合者必須表達「身體功能發生重大變化,但不代表有病」。
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a woman’s life, one of the most important periods is called menopause. As a woman ages, her ovaries don’t make enough of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life. Contrary to the previous misconceptions about menopause, today it is known that menopause is just a natural step in the process of aging. The word comes from the Greek mens, meaning monthly, and pausis, meaning cessation. When a woman’s ovaries do not produce adequate levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, she is not able to become pregnant, but it is not a medical problem or illness. The average age for menopause is about 50, but it can happen any time after 40.
About ten years before menopause, many women experience a series of symptoms called pre-menopause symptoms. Pre-menopause shows the first signs of menopausal transition. It can begin as early as the mid-thirties and last till the forties. During the period, women usually experience sudden weight gain, fatigue, depression, migraine headaches, very heavy or light periods, etc. These symptoms are part of pre-menopause, caused by hormone imbalances, that is, an excess of the hormone estrogen and a deficiency of the hormone progesterone. If a woman does not have menstrual periods for 12 months without any obvious pathological or physiological cause, she is in menopause. There are also a variety of menopause symptoms, from few to moderate or severe symptoms depending on each individual such as weight gain, hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. Research has shown that women’s experience of menopause varies depending on such factors as genetics, diet, lifestyle and social and cultural attitudes toward women.
In the second paragraph, “pre-menopause shows the first signs of menopausal transition” is best interpreted to mean that pre-menopause _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「語意改寫」與文章段落脈絡判讀。
關鍵句為:
“Pre-menopause shows the first signs of menopausal transition.”
意思是:「停經前期顯示出進入更年期轉變的最初徵兆。」
其中:
- pre-menopause:停經前期、更年期前期
- menopause:更年期、停經
- menopausal transition:更年期轉變過程
- show the first signs of:呈現……的最初徵兆
- phase:階段
- broader:較廣泛的、範圍較大的
- transition:轉變、過渡
- identical to:與……完全相同
- solely:僅僅、完全只因
- periods stop:月經停止
本句強調的是:pre-menopause 是通往 menopause 的較早階段,並非與 menopause 完全相同。
解題方法
解答這類題目時,應先將原句拆解:
- pre-menopause 是主詞,指「停經前期」。
- shows the first signs of 表示「顯示最初的跡象」。
- menopausal transition 表示「通往更年期的整個轉變過程」。
因此,原句可改寫為:
停經前期是更年期轉變過程中,較早出現徵兆的階段。
第二段也明確指出:
“It can begin as early as the mid-thirties and last till the forties.”
翻譯為:「它最早可能在三十多歲中期開始,並持續到四十多歲。」
這表示 pre-menopause 是一段發生在正式 menopause 之前的過渡時期,符合 (B) 的敘述。
選項分析
(A) is identical to menopause and begins once periods stop
「與更年期完全相同,並在月經停止後開始。」
錯誤。pre-menopause 並不等同於 menopause,而是 menopause 之前的階段。文章指出,若女性在沒有明顯病理或生理原因下連續 12 個月沒有月經,才算進入 menopause:
“If a woman does not have menstrual periods for 12 months … she is in menopause.”
因此,月經停止 12 個月是 menopause 的判定條件,不是 pre-menopause 的開始條件。
(B) is an early phase within a broader transition toward menopause
「是朝向更年期的整個轉變過程中的早期階段。」
正確。這是原句的完整語意改寫:
- first signs 對應「最初徵兆」
- early phase 對應「早期階段」
- broader transition 對應「較廣泛的轉變過程」
- toward menopause 對應「朝向更年期」
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a woman’s life, one of the most important periods is called menopause. As a woman ages, her ovaries don’t make enough of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life. Contrary to the previous misconceptions about menopause, today it is known that menopause is just a natural step in the process of aging. The word comes from the Greek mens, meaning monthly, and pausis, meaning cessation. When a woman’s ovaries do not produce adequate levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, she is not able to become pregnant, but it is not a medical problem or illness. The average age for menopause is about 50, but it can happen any time after 40.
About ten years before menopause, many women experience a series of symptoms called pre-menopause symptoms. Pre-menopause shows the first signs of menopausal transition. It can begin as early as the mid-thirties and last till the forties. During the period, women usually experience sudden weight gain, fatigue, depression, migraine headaches, very heavy or light periods, etc. These symptoms are part of pre-menopause, caused by hormone imbalances, that is, an excess of the hormone estrogen and a deficiency of the hormone progesterone. If a woman does not have menstrual periods for 12 months without any obvious pathological or physiological cause, she is in menopause. There are also a variety of menopause symptoms, from few to moderate or severe symptoms depending on each individual such as weight gain, hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. Research has shown that women’s experience of menopause varies depending on such factors as genetics, diet, lifestyle and social and cultural attitudes toward women.
The phrase “without any obvious pathological or physiological cause” is most likely intended to _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的語意推論」與醫學英文定義判讀。關鍵在於理解片語:
“If a woman does not have menstrual periods for 12 months without any obvious pathological or physiological cause, she is in menopause.”
意思是:
如果女性在沒有任何明顯病理性或生理性原因的情況下,連續 12 個月沒有月經,即可判定進入更年期。
其中:
- menopause:更年期、停經期
- menstrual periods:月經
- pathological cause:病理性原因,例如疾病造成的停經
- physiological cause:生理性原因,例如懷孕、哺乳等正常生理狀態
- amenorrhea:閉經、停經
- rule out:排除
- alternative explanations:其他可能的解釋
因此,這句話的功能是:在使用「連續 12 個月未有月經」作為更年期判定標準前,先排除其他可能造成閉經的因素。
解題方法
先找出題目指定的片語,再觀察它在句中的作用:
“without any obvious pathological or physiological cause”
此片語修飾「沒有月經 12 個月」的情況,表示這段期間的閉經不能是由其他病理性或生理性因素造成。
判斷流程如下:
- 女性連續 12 個月沒有月經。
- 必須確認不是疾病等病理原因造成。
- 也必須確認不是懷孕等生理原因造成。
- 排除這些原因後,才符合文中對 menopause 的描述。
所以最符合原意的是「在定義更年期前,排除閉經的其他解釋」。
定位答案的原文
“without any obvious pathological or physiological cause”
可翻譯為:
「沒有任何明顯的病理性或生理性原因。」
這直接表示:閉經不應歸因於其他疾病或正常生理狀態,才能作為更年期的判定依據。
選項分析
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a woman’s life, one of the most important periods is called menopause. As a woman ages, her ovaries don’t make enough of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life. Contrary to the previous misconceptions about menopause, today it is known that menopause is just a natural step in the process of aging. The word comes from the Greek mens, meaning monthly, and pausis, meaning cessation. When a woman’s ovaries do not produce adequate levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, she is not able to become pregnant, but it is not a medical problem or illness. The average age for menopause is about 50, but it can happen any time after 40.
About ten years before menopause, many women experience a series of symptoms called pre-menopause symptoms. Pre-menopause shows the first signs of menopausal transition. It can begin as early as the mid-thirties and last till the forties. During the period, women usually experience sudden weight gain, fatigue, depression, migraine headaches, very heavy or light periods, etc. These symptoms are part of pre-menopause, caused by hormone imbalances, that is, an excess of the hormone estrogen and a deficiency of the hormone progesterone. If a woman does not have menstrual periods for 12 months without any obvious pathological or physiological cause, she is in menopause. There are also a variety of menopause symptoms, from few to moderate or severe symptoms depending on each individual such as weight gain, hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. Research has shown that women’s experience of menopause varies depending on such factors as genetics, diet, lifestyle and social and cultural attitudes toward women.
Which statement best captures the passage’s overall rhetorical purpose?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀測驗中的「文章主旨與修辭目的」題,重點不在判斷單一醫學細節,而在掌握全文作者的寫作功能。文章主要做三件事:
- 說明 menopause 的定義、字源與生理條件。
- 說明 pre-menopause 與 menopause 的時間、症狀及判定標準。
- 強調女性更年期經驗因人而異,且 menopause 是老化過程中的自然階段,不應被視為疾病。
因此,全文的整體目的,是「釐清相關名詞與判定條件,同時將更年期正常化,並說明個體差異」。
關鍵單字與片語
- menopause:停經;更年期
- ovary:卵巢
- estrogen:雌激素
- progesterone:黃體素
- misconception:誤解、錯誤觀念
- natural step:自然階段
- aging:老化
- cessation:停止、中止
- adequate:足夠的
- become pregnant:懷孕
- pre-menopause:停經前期
- menopausal transition:更年期轉換期
- sudden weight gain:突然體重增加
- fatigue:疲勞
- depression:憂鬱
- migraine headache:偏頭痛
- hormone imbalance:荷爾蒙失衡
- excess:過量
- deficiency:缺乏
- menstrual period:月經
- pathological:病理性的
- physiological:生理性的
- hot flash:熱潮紅
- insomnia:失眠
- mood swing:情緒起伏
- vaginal dryness:陰道乾燥
- vary depending on:依……而有所不同
- social and cultural attitudes:社會與文化態度
- rhetorical purpose:修辭目的、寫作目的
- normalize:使其正常化、去除污名化
文法與語意重點
- 現在式表達一般性事實
例如:
As a woman ages, her ovaries don’t make enough of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.
「當女性年齡增長時,她的卵巢無法製造足夠的雌激素與黃體素。」
As + 子句 表示「隨著……」,全句說明一般性的生理現象。
- 分詞片語補充結果或伴隨情況
..., affecting her feelings about herself and other aspects of her life.
「進而影響她對自己的感受及生活的其他層面。」
affecting ... 是現在分詞片語,補充說明前面荷爾蒙變化所造成的影響。
- Contrary to 表示相反於某種觀點
Contrary to the previous misconceptions about menopause, today it is known that menopause is just a natural step in the process of aging.
「不同於過去對更年期的錯誤觀念,現在已知更年期只是老化過程中的自然階段。」
這句具有明顯的「修正舊觀念、建立正確認知」功能,是判斷文章主旨的重要線索。
- 條件句與判定標準
If a woman does not have menstrual periods for 12 months without any obvious pathological or physiological cause, she is in menopause.
「如果女性在沒有明顯病理性或生理性原因的情況下,連續 12 個月沒有月經,即可判定處於更年期。」
If ... , ... 表示條件;本句提供 menopause 的明確判定標準。
- depending on 表示個體差異的來源
Research has shown that women’s experience of menopause varies depending on such factors as genetics, diet, lifestyle and social and cultural attitudes toward women.
「研究顯示,女性經歷更年期的情況,會因遺傳、飲食、生活型態,以及社會文化對女性的態度等因素而有所不同。」
varies depending on ... 直接指出更年期經驗並非每個人都相同,對應選項 C 的「normalizing variation in experience」。
解題方法
本題應採用「首尾呼應+全文功能判斷」的方法。
首先,觀察文章開頭,作者指出更年期不是疾病,而是自然老化過程的一部分:
menopause is just a natural step in the process of aging.