中國醫藥大學 113 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
The whole village was _____ by the tsunami.
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核心觀念
本題考「單字語意」與「被動語態中的搭配用法」。
題幹結構為：
The whole village was _____ by the tsunami.
整個村莊被海嘯＿＿＿＿。
「was + 過去分詞」形成被動語態，空格應填入能描述海嘯對村莊造成影響的過去分詞。海嘯會淹沒、浸水並摧毀村莊，因此最符合語意的單字是 inundated。
解題方法
先抓主詞與因果關係：
- 主詞：the whole village，整個村莊
- 原因：the tsunami，海嘯
- 語意：村莊受到海嘯造成的何種影響？
inundate 的意思是「淹沒、使洪水泛濫；大量湧入而壓倒」。其過去分詞 inundated 可用於被動語態：
The village was inundated by the tsunami.
村莊被海嘯淹沒。
因此完整句意為：
The whole village was inundated by the tsunami.
整個村莊被海嘯淹沒了。
題幹中定位答案的關鍵句就是：
The whole village was _____ by the tsunami.
整個村莊被海嘯＿＿＿＿。
「海嘯」與「村莊」搭配時，最自然的動作是「淹沒」，故選 inundated。
選項分析
(A) infatuated
infatuated 意為「迷戀的、被迷住的」，常用搭配為：
- be infatuated with someone：迷戀某人
- be infatuated with something：沉迷於某事物
例如：
He was infatuated with the actress.
他迷戀那位女演員。
本句主詞是 the whole village，海嘯不會使整個村莊「迷戀」某物；語意完全不合。此外，infatuated 通常與介系詞 with 搭配，而非本題的 by the tsunami。故錯誤。
(B) indulged
第 2 題2 分
He was constantly persecuted by his _____ enemies.
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞的語意辨析」與「形容詞和名詞的搭配」。空格後的名詞是 enemies（敵人），必須選出能合理描述敵人特質的形容詞。
題幹：
He was constantly persecuted by his _____ enemies.
他一直受到那些_____敵人的迫害。
其中：
- constantly：不斷地、持續地
- persecute：迫害、虐待；be persecuted by 表示「受到……迫害」
- enemy：敵人
- implacable：無法安撫的、無法平息仇恨的、不屈不撓的
- implacable enemies：不共戴天的敵人、死不罷休的敵人
解題方法
先判斷句意：某人「持續受到敵人的迫害」，表示這些敵人懷有強烈且持續的敵意，無法被勸服或安撫。
因此，空格需要表示「仇恨堅定、毫不寬貸、死不罷休」的形容詞。implacable 正好符合此語意：
He was constantly persecuted by his implacable enemies.
他一直受到那些死不罷休的敵人迫害。
文法上，implacable 是形容詞，置於名詞 enemies 前作限定修飾，結構完全正確：
選項分析
(A) implacable：正確
implacable 指「無法安撫的、無法平息的、堅決不饒人的」。描述敵人時，表示敵人仇恨強烈、態度強硬，持續進行迫害，與 constantly persecuted 的語境形成合理搭配。
常見搭配包括：
- implacable enemy：死敵、毫不寬貸的敵人
- implacable hatred：無法平息的仇恨
- implacable hostility：強烈且持續的敵意
(B) impercipient：錯誤
impercipent 指「缺乏感知力的、沒有理解力的、遲鈍的」。它描述的是感官知覺或理解能力，不表示敵人「仇恨深、難以對付」。
例如：
第 3 題2 分
The judge told the man to _____ from threatening his wife.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞語意」與固定搭配 desist from + V-ing。
- desist：停止、戒除；常用搭配為 desist from + 名詞／動名詞，表示「停止做某事」。
- 題幹中的 threatening his wife 是動名詞片語，表示「威脅他的妻子」。
句意為：法官告訴那名男子，應停止威脅他的妻子。
解題方法
先觀察句意：
The judge told the man to _____ from threatening his wife.
法官告訴那名男子要停止威脅他的妻子。
法官要求男子停止威脅妻子，因此空格需要填入具有「停止、戒除」意義，且能與 from + V-ing 搭配的動詞。
desist from + V-ing 正好符合文法與語意：
desist from threatening his wife
停止威脅他的妻子
因此選 (A) desist。
選項分析
(A) desist：停止、戒除
- desist from + V-ing 是固定搭配。
- desist from threatening his wife 意為「停止威脅他的妻子」。
- 符合題幹中法官命令男子停止不當行為的語意。
因此為正確答案。
(B) swindle：詐騙、欺騙
- swindle 指以欺騙手段騙取金錢或財物。
- 例如：The man swindled an elderly woman out of her savings.
「那名男子騙走一位老婦人的積蓄。」 - swindle from threatening his wife 不符合語意；「詐騙威脅妻子」也不合乎句意。
- 此外，題幹需要「停止」之意，swindle 完全沒有此語意。
因此錯誤。
(C) canonize：封為聖人、奉為聖人
- canonize 常用於宗教語境，表示教會正式宣布某人為聖人。
第 4 題2 分
John told his roommates he’d meet them in the mall. Just keep their eyes _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查英文慣用片語與語意判斷。
keep one’s eyes peeled 表示「保持警覺、睜大眼睛仔細尋找或留意」。其中：
- keep：使……保持某種狀態
- one’s eyes：某人的眼睛
- peeled：字面為「剝皮的」，在片語中引申為「睜開、張大」的狀態
題幹中的 their 指 John 的室友們，因此使用複數所有格代名詞，形成 keep their eyes peeled。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句是：
Just keep their eyes _____.
「只要讓他們保持警覺。」
前句提到 John 約室友在購物中心見面，因此室友們需要在商場中仔細尋找、留意 John 的出現。符合此語境的固定片語為：
keep one’s eyes peeled
「睜大眼睛；保持警覺；仔細留意」
因此空格應填 peeled。
選項分析
(A) peeved
peeved 是形容詞，意為「惱怒的、不高興的」。
- be peeved：感到惱怒
- 例：She was peeved at her brother.
「她對哥哥感到不高興。」
keep their eyes peeved 意為「使他們的眼睛感到惱怒」，語意不通，也不是英文慣用搭配，因此錯誤。
(B) peeled
peeled 為 peel 的過去分詞，字面意為「去皮的、剝去外皮的」。在 keep one’s eyes peeled 中，整個片語表示「保持警覺、仔細張望」。
本句：
第 5 題2 分
At the sound of the bells, the corps moved _____ toward the cafeteria doors at the end of the building.
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核心觀念
本題考「外來語片語的語意辨識」，並判斷哪一個片語能放入句中，修飾動詞 moved（移動）。
句型為：
At the sound of the bells, the corps moved _____ toward the cafeteria doors...
空格需要填入副詞或副詞片語，說明 the corps（這群人／這支隊伍）移動時的方式或狀態。
其中 en masse 是英文中常用的法語外來片語，意思是「全體一起地；大批地；集體地」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為：
At the sound of the bells, the corps moved _____ toward the cafeteria doors at the end of the building.
翻譯：
鈴聲一響，這群人便集體朝建築物盡頭的自助餐廳門口移動。
「鈴聲一響，整群人一起朝餐廳移動」正好呼應 en masse 的語意。
解題方法
先判斷空格在句中的功能：
- moved 是動詞，表示「移動」。
- 空格位於動詞後方，需填入描述移動方式的副詞片語。
- 主詞 the corps 指一個整體群體，因此語意重點是「整群人一起行動」。
四個選項皆為法語形式，但只有 en masse 能表示「集體、大批地」，符合句意。
選項分析
(A) en croute
en croûte 原為法語，字面意思是「在外皮中」，主要用於烹飪，例如：
- fish en croûte：外皮包魚
- pâté en croûte：酥皮包裹的肉醬
它描述的是食物以麵皮或外皮包裹的烹調方式，不能修飾一群人如何移動。
the corps moved en croute
會變成「這群人以酥皮包裹的方式移動」，語意不成立。
(B) en clair
en clair 的意思是「清楚地；明白地；用明語表示地」。常用於說明訊息、文字或表達方式，例如：
第 6 題2 分
Plato, an important philosopher, is primarily known because he wrote down Socrates’s _____ conversations. It is through Plato’s record of these conversations that Socrates’s teachings have survived and continue to enlighten seekers of wisdom.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語境判讀」。空格位於：
Plato’s _____ conversations
柏拉圖的「具有某種性質的」對話
四個選項皆為形容詞，需依據後文判斷蘇格拉底的對話具有何種特徵。關鍵在於：
It is through Plato’s record of these conversations that Socrates’s teachings have survived and continue to enlighten seekers of wisdom.
正是透過柏拉圖對這些對話的記錄，蘇格拉底的教誨才得以流傳，並持續啟發追求智慧的人。
後文強調這些對話承載「教誨」與「啟發智慧」的功能，因此應選擇表示「教誨性的、教育性的」的 didactic。
解題方法
判斷形容詞時，先將各選項代入片語：
Socrates’s _____ conversations
蘇格拉底的「_____」對話
再以後文的語意作為定位線索：
- 蘇格拉底是哲學家。
- 他的思想與教誨透過對話流傳。
- 這些對話能夠啟發追求智慧的人。
因此，空格需要的是正面描述「具有教育、教導或傳授道理功能」的形容詞。didactic 與此語境完全相符。
選項分析
(A) prosaic
prosaic：平凡的、乏味的；也可指散文的。
若填入：
Socrates’s prosaic conversations
蘇格拉底平凡乏味的對話
語意上與後文「Socrates’s teachings have survived and continue to enlighten seekers of wisdom」不相呼應。既然這些對話保存了蘇格拉底的教誨，並持續啟發追求智慧者，就不適合用「平凡、乏味」來描述。
此外，prosaic 著重缺乏想像力、平淡無奇，並不表示「具有教學理念或教誨目的」，因此錯誤。
(B) grating
grating：刺耳的、令人煩躁的；常用來形容聲音、語調或令人不悅的行為。
例如：
a grating voice
刺耳的聲音
若填入：
Socrates’s grating conversations
蘇格拉底令人煩躁的對話
表示這些對話令人不舒服或惱人，與後文「啟發追求智慧的人」的正面意涵不合。題幹沒有提供聲音刺耳、態度令人厭煩等線索，因此錯誤。
(C) mercurial
mercurial：反覆無常的、多變的；也可形容情緒或性格變化快速。
例如：
a mercurial personality
反覆無常的個性
若填入：
Socrates’s mercurial conversations
蘇格拉底多變、反覆無常的對話
第 7 題2 分
Although the twins look identical, they have widely _____ opinions on almost every topic under the sun.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。句中由 Although 引導讓步子句，形成「外表相同，但意見差異很大」的對比：
- look identical：看起來一模一樣
- opinions：意見、看法
- 空格前有副詞 widely，需要填入能表示「差異很大」的形容詞。
- widely divergent opinions 是自然且常見的搭配，意為「差異極大的意見」。
解題方法
先抓句意對比：
Although the twins look identical, they have widely _____ opinions on almost every topic under the sun.
雖然這對雙胞胎看起來一模一樣，但他們對幾乎所有可想得到的議題，都有差異極大的看法。
前半句的 identical 表示「完全相同」，後半句應填入與「相同」形成對比、表示「分歧、不同」的字。
divergent 表示「分歧的、相異的」，而 widely divergent opinions 正好表示「差異非常大的意見」，因此選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) disconsolate
- 意思：極度悲傷的、無法慰藉的。
- 例：a disconsolate child
一個極度悲傷的孩子 - disconsolate 描述人的情緒或心理狀態，與「意見不同」無關。
- widely disconsolate opinions 不符合語意，也不是自然搭配。
(B) disconnected
- 意思：不相連的、無關聯的；思緒不連貫的。
- 例：disconnected remarks
雜亂、不連貫的談話
第 8 題2 分
The professor is a noteworthy intellect, and as a teacher she shows more _____ than her colleagues, whose teaching strategies are maladroit.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨析
- 上下文語意判斷
- 比較級句型：more A than B
- 搭配與語境適切性
題幹指出這位教授是「值得注意的才智者」，而且在教學方面比同事展現更多某種能力；同事的教學策略則是 maladroit，意為「笨拙的、不靈巧的、不得要領的」。因此空格應填入表示「卓越能力、技巧」的名詞。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為：
The professor is a noteworthy intellect, and as a teacher she shows more _____ than her colleagues, whose teaching strategies are maladroit.
翻譯：
這位教授是一名才智非凡的人；身為教師，她展現出比同事更高的＿＿，而她同事的教學策略相當笨拙。
句中有明顯的正反對比：
- a noteworthy intellect：才智非凡
- shows more _____ than her colleagues：比同事展現更多某種能力
- teaching strategies are maladroit：同事的教學策略笨拙
因此，空格應填入與「能力、技巧、卓越表現」相關的正面名詞。四個選項中，只有 prowess 符合。
句型結構為：
show more + 名詞 + than ...
其中 more 修飾名詞，表示「展現更多的某種特質或能力」。
正確答案：prowess
prowess（名詞）意為：
- 高超的能力
- 卓越的技巧
- 英勇或傑出的表現
常用搭配包括：
- academic prowess：學術才能
- athletic prowess：運動才能
- military prowess：軍事實力
- demonstrate/show prowess：展現卓越能力
代入句中：
As a teacher she shows more prowess than her colleagues.
可翻譯為：
身為教師，她展現出比同事更高超的能力。
這與後面的 whose teaching strategies are maladroit 形成對比：教授具備優秀的教學能力，同事的教學策略卻笨拙不得要領，語意完整且自然。
選項分析
(A) excess
excess（名詞）意為：
- 過量
- 過度
- 過剩
例如：
- excess sugar：過量的糖
- an excess of enthusiasm：過度的熱情
若填入句中：
she shows more excess than her colleagues
語意會變成：
她比同事展現出更多的過度或過量。
此處缺乏合理的受詞或修飾語，也無法與「教學能力較佳」的上下文形成正確連結。excess 表示「過度」而非「高超能力」，故錯誤。
(B) prowess
prowess（名詞）意為「高超能力、卓越技巧、傑出表現」。
第 9 題2 分
I felt an _____ with the writer from his descriptions of a world that seemed to have a great deal in common with my own.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。句型為：
feel an affinity with someone
對某人產生親近感／認同感
題幹描述作者筆下的世界「與自己的世界有許多共同之處」，因此讀者會對作者產生熟悉、親切與認同的感覺，最適合使用 affinity。
關鍵片語：
- have a great deal in common with...：與……有許多共同之處
- feel an affinity with...：對……產生親近感、親和感、認同感
- description：描述
- a world of one’s own：屬於某人自己的世界
- apathy：冷漠、缺乏興趣
- adherence：遵守、堅持；依附
- affinity：親近感、相似性、喜愛
- acknowledgement：承認、確認、致謝
解題方法
先抓語意線索：
“a world that seemed to have a great deal in common with my own”
這部分表示「那個世界和我自己的世界有很多相似之處」。因為產生相似與共鳴，所以說話者對作者產生「親近感、認同感」。
完整句意為：
I felt an affinity with the writer from his descriptions of a world that seemed to have a great deal in common with my own.
從這位作者對一個似乎與我自己的世界有許多共同之處的世界所作的描述中，我對他產生了親近感。
文法上，空格位於不定冠詞 an 之後，須填入可數單數名詞。四個選項皆可作名詞，因此本題關鍵不在詞性，而在語意與搭配。
選項分析
(A) apathy
apathy 意為「冷漠、漠不關心、缺乏興趣」。常見搭配為：
- political apathy：政治冷漠
- apathy toward social issues：對社會議題漠不關心
題幹強調作者描述的世界與讀者自身的世界有許多共同點，這會引發共鳴與親切感，不會導向冷漠。因此 apathy 與上下文語意相反，錯誤。
第 10 題2 分
Although tranquilizers usually have a _____ effect, this is not always the case, especially when the abuse of these drugs results in a failure to induce the much-desired sleep.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語意連貫」，並兼考形容詞修飾名詞的用法。
句型為：
tranquilizers usually have a _____ effect
空格後的 effect 是名詞，因此空格應填入形容詞。語意上，tranquilizers（鎮靜劑）通常具有「使人入睡、引起睡意」的效果；後文又出現 sleep，可直接鎖定與睡眠相關的字義。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句：
Although tranquilizers usually have a _____ effect, this is not always the case, especially when the abuse of these drugs results in a failure to induce the much-desired sleep.
翻譯：
雖然鎮靜劑通常具有催眠效果，但情況並非總是如此，尤其當濫用這些藥物導致無法引起人們極度渴望的睡眠時。
後半句的 a failure to induce the much-desired sleep 意為「無法引起人們極度渴望的睡眠」，明確提示空格應與「催眠、使人入睡」有關。
解題方法
先判斷詞性：effect 前需要形容詞。
再根據語意判斷：
- 主詞
tranquilizers是鎮靜劑。 Although表示讓步，前半句先說明鎮靜劑通常具有某種效果。this is not always the case表示後文要補充例外情況。- 後文的核心語意是「無法誘發睡眠」，因此前半句的通常效果應是「誘發睡眠」。
符合此語意的形容詞是 soporific，意為「催眠的、使人昏昏欲睡的」。
選項分析
(A) soporific
soporific 意為「催眠的、使人昏昏欲睡的」，可表示促使人入睡的效果。
a soporific effect 即「催眠效果」，與鎮靜劑的通常作用及後文 induce ... sleep 完全吻合，因此正確。
(B) coruscating
coruscating 意為「閃耀的、燦爛的」，也可引申為「才華洋溢、機智活潑的」。
例如：
第 11 題2 分
_____ he cannot afford a car, Thomas rides a bicycle to commute daily to work.
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核心觀念
本題考「連接詞」的語意判斷，須分析前後子句之間的邏輯關係。
題幹為：
_____ he cannot afford a car, Thomas rides a bicycle to commute daily to work.
由於他負擔不起汽車，Thomas 每天騎腳踏車通勤上班。
前半句說明 Thomas「無法負擔汽車」，後半句說明他「改騎腳踏車通勤」，兩者是「原因 → 結果」的關係，因此應使用表示原因的連接詞 Because。
解題方法
先找出兩個完整子句：
- he cannot afford a car：他負擔不起汽車
- Thomas rides a bicycle to commute daily to work：Thomas 每天騎腳踏車通勤上班
再判斷兩個子句的邏輯：
- Thomas 負擔不起汽車。
- 因此，他選擇騎腳踏車上班。
前句是後句的原因，後句是前句造成的結果：
所以填入 Because：
Because he cannot afford a car, Thomas rides a bicycle to commute daily to work.
選項分析
(A) Unless
unless 表示「除非……」，相當於 if ... not，用於設定條件。
若填入題幹：
Unless he cannot afford a car, Thomas rides a bicycle...
意思接近：
除非他負擔不起汽車，Thomas 才騎腳踏車……
此句把「負擔不起汽車」解讀為排除條件，與題幹要表達的直接因果關係不符，因此錯誤。
(B) Though
though 表示「雖然……」，用於讓步關係，前後內容通常具有出乎預期的對比。
若填入：
Though he cannot afford a car, Thomas rides a bicycle...
意思是：
雖然他負擔不起汽車，Thomas 卻騎腳踏車……
第 12 題2 分
_____ I get your call, I will leave.
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核心觀念
本題考「時間副詞子句」與連接詞的語意用法。
句型為：
As soon as I get your call, I will leave.
我一接到你的電話，就會離開。
as soon as 表示「一……就……」，用來表達前一件事發生後，後一件事立即發生。
當 as soon as 引導未來時間副詞子句時，子句通常使用現在簡單式，主要子句才使用 will + 原形動詞：
因此本句使用：
- get：現在簡單式
- will leave：未來式
句意是「我一接到你的電話，就會離開」，語意與文法皆正確。
解題方法
先觀察句子的邏輯：
- I get your call：我接到你的電話
- I will leave：我將離開
前者是後者發生的時間條件，而且兩件事之間具有「一……就……」的立即先後關係，因此空格應填入表示「一……就……」的連接詞。
完整句子為：
As soon as I get your call, I will leave.
我一接到你的電話，就會離開。
此外，時間副詞子句談論未來時，不能使用 will get，而應使用現在簡單式 get。本題的動詞形式也正好符合這項規則。
選項分析
(A) As soon as
as soon as 意為「一……就……」，可引導時間副詞子句。
As soon as I get your call, I will leave.
句意合理，文法正確，故為正確答案。
(B) At times
at times 意為「有時、偶爾」，是副詞片語，表示事情發生的頻率，不能表達「一……就……」的時間先後關係。
若填入本句：
At times I get your call, I will leave.
第 13 題2 分
Bacterial spores germinate and sprout _____ favorable conditions of temperature and food supply.
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核心觀念
本題考「時間副詞子句」與「動詞及物用法」。
題幹原文：
Bacterial spores germinate and sprout when they encounter favorable conditions of temperature and food supply.
翻譯：
細菌孢子在遇到適宜的溫度與食物供應條件時，會萌發並開始生長。
句型結構如下：
- 主要子句：
Bacterial spores germinate and sprout when引導的時間副詞子句：when they encounter favorable conditions...they指前面的複數名詞Bacterial sporesencounter是及物動詞，後面直接接受詞，不可加of
解題方法
先觀察 when 後方需要一個完整的子句。完整子句通常包含：
本題可填入：
因此正確結構為：
when they encounter favorable conditions
其中：
they：主詞encounter：動詞favorable conditions：受詞
此外，encounter 本身就是「遇到、遭遇」的及物動詞，應直接說：
encounter favorable conditions
不可說：
encounter of favorable conditions
選項分析
(A) when encountering of
encountering 可視為現在分詞，但後面接 of 不符合 encounter 的用法。encounter 後面應直接接受詞：
encounter favorable conditions
而不是：
encounter of favorable conditions
若沒有 of，when encountering favorable conditions 在主詞一致的情況下，文法上可視為分詞構句；但本選項多了錯誤的 of，因此不正確。
(B) when they encounter
正確。
when 後面接完整子句：
第 14 題2 分
North Carolina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains Natural Park _____ for the Cherokee Indian Settlements.
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核心觀念
本題考查相關連接詞的固定句型：
not only A but also B
不僅是 A，而且也是 B
題幹結構為：
North Carolina is well known not only for A _____ for B.
其中：
- not only：不僅
- for A：因為 A 而聞名
- _____ for B：也因為 B 而聞名
因此，空格必須填入與 not only 相呼應的 but also，形成：
not only for the Great Smoky Mountains Natural Park but also for the Cherokee Indian Settlements
解題方法
先找出題幹中的提示詞 not only。看到 not only，後方通常要尋找成對的 but also：
套入本題：
- A：the Great Smoky Mountains Natural Park
- B：the Cherokee Indian Settlements
完整句子為：
North Carolina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains Natural Park but also for the Cherokee Indian Settlements.
翻譯：
北卡羅來納州不僅以大煙山國家公園聞名，也以切羅基印第安人聚落聞名。
兩個 for 分別引導兩個並列的聞名原因，結構平行：
not only for A but also for B
選項分析
(A) also
also 表示「也、而且」，通常不能單獨與 not only 構成完整的固定相關句型。
若填入後會變成：
not only for the Great Smoky Mountains Natural Park also for the Cherokee Indian Settlements
缺少與 not only 相呼應的 but，句型不完整，因此錯誤。
(B) in addition
in addition 表示「此外、另外」，屬於補充語氣的副詞片語，常見用法為：
In addition, ...
in addition to + 名詞或動名詞
第 15 題2 分
Fire-resistant materials are used to retard _____ of modern aircraft in case of accidents.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
-
retard + 受詞的句型
retard是及物動詞，意為「延緩、減緩、阻止……快速發生」，後面直接接名詞。 -
damage 的不可數用法
damage表示「損害、破壞」時通常是不可數名詞，不能直接使用不定冠詞a，也不宜任意加複數-s。 -
damage to + 受損對象
表示「對……的損害」時，固定搭配為：
damage to + 名詞
解題方法
題幹句型為：
Fire-resistant materials are used to retard _____ of modern aircraft in case of accidents.
句子的主幹是：
Fire-resistant materials：耐火材料are used to retard：被用來減緩……- 空格處：
retard的受詞 of modern aircraft：修飾前面的損害，表示「現代飛機所遭受的損害」in case of accidents：萬一發生事故時
空格需要填入一個合乎文法且符合語意的名詞片語。damage 作為「損害」使用時是不可數名詞，且「對客艙的損害」應表達為：
damage to the passenger cabin
因此完整句子為：
Fire-resistant materials are used to retard damage to the passenger cabin of modern aircraft in case of accidents.
翻譯：
發生事故時，耐火材料被用來減緩現代飛機客艙所受到的損害。
選項分析
(A) a damage about the passenger cabin
錯誤原因有兩點：
-
damage表示「損害」時通常是不可數名詞，不能使用不定冠詞a。
a damage不符合本題的標準用法。 -
「對客艙的損害」應使用
damage to the passenger cabin，而不是damage about the passenger cabin。
about表示「關於」，不表示損害的對象。
(B) that damages to the passenger cabin
此選項的結構與詞性均不正確。
retard後面需要直接接名詞片語作受詞，that damages to the passenger cabin並非合適的名詞片語。
第 16 題2 分
With a few exceptions, the members of the Commission of European Contract Law have been academics, but many of the academics are also _____ lawyers.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 詞性判斷
practice的相關字形與語意- 搭配用法：
practicing lawyer
practicing 是現在分詞轉作形容詞，意為「執業中的、正在從事專業工作的」。因此，practicing lawyer 指「執業律師」，也就是目前仍實際從事律師工作的律師。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為：
many of the academics are also _____ lawyers.
翻譯為：
其中許多學者同時也是_____律師。
前文指出，歐洲契約法委員會的成員多為學者；後文補充說，許多學者同時也是「執業律師」。此處要表達的是這些學者除了學術工作之外，目前仍實際執行律師業務，因此填入 practicing。
完整句子：
With a few exceptions, the members of the Commission of European Contract Law have been academics, but many of the academics are also practicing lawyers.
翻譯：
除了少數例外，歐洲契約法委員會的成員一直都是學者，但其中許多學者同時也是執業律師。
解題方法
空格位於名詞 lawyers 前方，需要填入形容詞或具有形容詞功能的分詞，用來修飾「律師」。
四個選項中：
practicum是名詞practicing可作形容詞practiced可作形容詞practical是形容詞
單看詞性仍不足以決定答案，必須進一步觀察語意與固定搭配。
practicing lawyer 是法律英文中的常見搭配，表示「目前執業的律師」。題幹的 also 表示這些人具有雙重身分：既是 academics，也是 practicing lawyers，語意最精確。
選項分析
(A) practicum
practicum 是名詞，指「實習課程、實務訓練」。
例如：
a teaching practicum
教學實習
第 17 題2 分
Actually, it is not very important for you to attend any of the _____ exhibitions.
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核心觀念
本題考「詞性判斷」與「名詞作前置修飾語」：
- vendor：名詞，意為「攤販、供應商、販售者」；名詞可放在另一個名詞前，修飾後面的名詞。
- vended：動詞 vend 的過去式或過去分詞，意為「販售、兜售」。
- vending：動名詞或現在分詞，意為「販售中的、販售行為」。
- vent：名詞「通風口、出口」；動詞「發洩」。
空格後方是名詞 exhibitions，此處需要一個能修飾「展覽」的名詞。vendor exhibitions 可理解為「供應商舉辦或參與的展覽、廠商展覽」，因此選 vendor。
題意與定位
題幹關鍵句：
it is not very important for you to attend any of the _____ exhibitions.
翻譯為：
對你而言，參加任何廠商展覽都不是很重要。
句型為：
It is + 形容詞 + for + 人 + to V
對某人而言，做某事是……
其中：
- attend an exhibition：參加展覽
- any of the exhibitions：這些展覽中的任何一個
- vendor exhibitions：廠商展覽、供應商展覽
解題方法
先觀察空格位置：
the _____ exhibitions
後方已有名詞 exhibitions，因此空格應放置能修飾名詞的字。四個選項中，只有 vendor 能以名詞作前置修飾語，形成：
vendor exhibitions
意思是「由供應商舉辦、供應商參與或以廠商為主的展覽」。
完整句子為：
第 18 題2 分
Before they could borrow a large sum of money to buy a house, first-time home buyers had to make sure they had enough money to be able to make a _____ payment.
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核心觀念
本題考「房屋貸款相關片語」及名詞搭配：
- down payment：頭期款、訂金，指購屋時先支付的一部分款項。
- make a down payment：支付頭期款。
購屋者通常先準備一筆頭期款，再向銀行借貸剩餘金額。因此題幹中的關鍵搭配是 make a down payment。
題幹定位與翻譯
Before they could borrow a large sum of money to buy a house, first-time home buyers had to make sure they had enough money to be able to make a _____ payment.
翻譯：
首次購屋者在能夠借貸一大筆錢買房子之前，必須先確定自己有足夠的錢支付頭期款。
其中 make a _____ payment 是固定搭配，應填入 down，形成 make a down payment。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的名詞 payment。在購屋情境中，最常見、最具特定意義的搭配是：
題幹說買房前必須確定有足夠的錢，而購屋貸款通常只涵蓋房屋價格的一部分，買方必須先支付頭期款，因此選 down。
選項分析
(A) down
down payment 意為「頭期款」，是購屋、汽車貸款等情境中的固定用語。
第 19 題2 分
This is most embarrassing. I can’t pay the bill for my meal. I’m afraid _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 現在完成式：
- 動詞過去分詞變化
- 動詞搭配與語意判斷
- leave、forget、abandon、quit 的用法差異
句型為：
I’m afraid + 子句
表示「恐怕……」，後面接完整句子。題意是說話者現在無法付款，原因是「把錢包留在家裡，沒有帶出門」。
題幹定位與翻譯
This is most embarrassing. I can’t pay the bill for my meal. I’m afraid _____.
翻譯：
這真是太尷尬了。我無法支付這頓飯的帳單。恐怕我把錢包留在家裡了。
關鍵線索是：
I can’t pay the bill for my meal.
「現在無法付款」表示「錢包目前不在身上」，因此應選擇能表達「把某物留在某處、沒有帶來」的片語：
leave one’s wallet at home
把錢包留在家裡
解題方法
先觀察空格後的結構。主詞是 ，前面已有：
I’m afraid
空格內需要填入一個完整子句，且語意必須說明「為何現在無法付款」。
選項 B 為：
I’ve left my wallet at home.
結構是：
其中 是 的過去分詞。現在完成式表示「過去發生的動作，其結果與現在有關」：
我把錢包留在家裡了，所以現在身上沒有錢包，無法付款。
因此符合文法與語意，官方答案為 B。
選項分析
(A) I’ve forgot my wallet at home
錯誤原因有兩點：
- 是 的過去式，不是過去分詞。
- 現在完成式必須使用過去分詞：
的變化為：
因此若要表達「我忘了把錢包帶來」，應寫成：
I’ve forgotten my wallet.
不過「忘記帶錢包」最自然的說法是：
I’ve forgotten my wallet.
I’ve forgotten to bring my wallet.
第 20 題2 分
That’s really not my concern at all and I’m certainly not _____ the business of telling others what to do.
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核心觀念
本題考「介系詞搭配固定片語」與語意判斷。
句型 be in the business of + V-ing 表示「從事……；以……為職責；熱衷於……」。此處的 business 不一定指商業，而是指「事情、職責、活動」。
題幹中的：
I’m certainly not in the business of telling others what to do.
我當然不是以告訴別人該做什麼為己任。
整句意為：
那真的完全不關我的事，而且我當然不是那種會去告訴別人該做什麼的人。
因此應選 in。
解題方法
先觀察空格後方的結構：
其中 in the business of + V-ing 是固定搭配，表示「從事或負責某種行為」。
題幹使用：
I’m certainly not _____ the business of telling others what to do.
主詞為 I，前方已有 am，因此需要填入能與 the business of 組成固定片語的介系詞。符合文法與語意者為：
關鍵單字與片語
- concern：關心的事；與某人有關的事
- at all：絲毫；完全，用於加強否定語氣
- certainly：當然；確實
- business：生意；事情；職責
- tell others what to do：告訴別人該做什麼
- be in the business of + V-ing：從事……；以……為職責；慣於……
選項分析
(A) in
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The intuitive system at Amazon Fresh and Amazon Go stores allows customers to simply pick up an item and leave without traditional checkout. This system, called “Just Walk Out,” uses sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) to calculate purchases, and customers are automatically billed. However, in April, reports claimed that the system did not use AI but relied (21) 1,000 employees in India to manually verify nearly three-quarters of the transactions. Amazon quickly denied these reports, asserting that Indian employees only evaluated the system and that human reviewers were standard for ensuring accuracy in AI systems.
This situation highlights a growing issue: companies making grand claims about using AI, a practice (22) “AI washing,” akin to “greenwashing” in environmental claims. It’s essential to understand what AI truly means. Though lacking a precise definition, AI refers to computers learning and solving problems after (23) training. One prominent type of AI is generative AI, which creates new contents like conversations, music scores, or pictures.
AI washing takes many forms. Some companies exaggerate their AI capabilities, while others merely incorporate AI chatbots into non-AI software. According to a tech investment fund company, only 10% of tech startups mentioned AI in their (24) in 2022, but this rose to 25% in 2023 and is expected to exceed a third in 2024. Competition for funding drives companies to overstate their AI capabilities. Another tech investment firm found that 40% of companies claiming to be “AI-enabled” in 2019 did not actually use AI. The problem persists today, with companies buying “AI capabilities” but only adding chatbots to non-intelligent products.
An expert highlighted that the lack of a unified definition of AI contributes to AI washing. This (25) allows for inflated claims about AI, leading to overvalued technology and unmet expectations, eroding trust in genuine AI innovations. Regulators, such as the US Securities and Exchange Commission, are beginning to address this issue, charging firms for making false AI-related claims.
Which is the best answer for blank (21)?
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核心觀念：動詞片語 rely on
本題考固定搭配 rely on + 人／事物，意思是「依賴、依靠、仰賴」。
句型為：
rely on somebody/something to do something
依賴某人／某事物做某事
題幹中的動詞是 relied，其後接「1,000 名印度員工」作為依賴的對象，因此介系詞必須使用 on。
定位答案的原文
However, in April, reports claimed that the system did not use AI but relied on 1,000 employees in India to manually verify nearly three-quarters of the transactions.
翻譯：
然而，四月時，有報導聲稱這套系統並未使用人工智慧，而是仰賴印度的一千名員工，以人工方式核實將近四分之三的交易。
句中結構如下：
- relied on 1,000 employees：仰賴一千名員工
- to manually verify...：以人工方式核實……
因此空格應填 on。
選項分析
(A) of
rely of 並不是正確的英文固定搭配。表示「依賴」時，動詞 rely 後面必須使用 on，不能使用 of。
(B) on
rely on 是正確片語，表示「依賴、依靠」。題幹中的系統依靠印度員工人工核實交易，語意與文法皆完全符合。
(C) in
rely in 不是表示「依賴」的標準搭配。in 可表示「在某地、在某段時間、在某方面」等概念，但無法用來連接 rely 與其依賴對象。
(D) to
rely to 不是正確搭配。to 可出現在 rely on someone to do something 的後半部，表示「依賴某人去做某事」，但不能取代 on：
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The intuitive system at Amazon Fresh and Amazon Go stores allows customers to simply pick up an item and leave without traditional checkout. This system, called “Just Walk Out,” uses sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) to calculate purchases, and customers are automatically billed. However, in April, reports claimed that the system did not use AI but relied (21) 1,000 employees in India to manually verify nearly three-quarters of the transactions. Amazon quickly denied these reports, asserting that Indian employees only evaluated the system and that human reviewers were standard for ensuring accuracy in AI systems.
This situation highlights a growing issue: companies making grand claims about using AI, a practice (22) “AI washing,” akin to “greenwashing” in environmental claims. It’s essential to understand what AI truly means. Though lacking a precise definition, AI refers to computers learning and solving problems after (23) training. One prominent type of AI is generative AI, which creates new contents like conversations, music scores, or pictures.
AI washing takes many forms. Some companies exaggerate their AI capabilities, while others merely incorporate AI chatbots into non-AI software. According to a tech investment fund company, only 10% of tech startups mentioned AI in their (24) in 2022, but this rose to 25% in 2023 and is expected to exceed a third in 2024. Competition for funding drives companies to overstate their AI capabilities. Another tech investment firm found that 40% of companies claiming to be “AI-enabled” in 2019 did not actually use AI. The problem persists today, with companies buying “AI capabilities” but only adding chatbots to non-intelligent products.
An expert highlighted that the lack of a unified definition of AI contributes to AI washing. This (25) allows for inflated claims about AI, leading to overvalued technology and unmet expectations, eroding trust in genuine AI innovations. Regulators, such as the US Securities and Exchange Commission, are beginning to address this issue, charging firms for making false AI-related claims.
Which is the best answer for blank (22)?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念：過去分詞片語作後置修飾
本題考「過去分詞片語作為關係子句的省略形式」，並結合動詞 dub 的語意與用法。
題幹句子為：
This situation highlights a growing issue: companies making grand claims about using AI, a practice dubbed “AI washing,” akin to “greenwashing” in environmental claims.
翻譯：
這種情況凸顯出一個日益嚴重的問題：企業大肆宣稱自己使用人工智慧，這種做法被稱為「AI 洗白」，類似於環境宣稱中的「漂綠」。
其中：
- dub A B：把 A 稱為 B、給 A 取名為 B
- a practice dubbed “AI washing”：一種被稱為「AI washing」的做法
完整的關係子句可還原為：
a practice which is dubbed “AI washing”
因為先行詞 a practice 是「被命名、被稱為」的對象，具有被動關係，因此省略關係代名詞與 be 動詞後，使用過去分詞 dubbed。
解題方法
看到空格位於：
a practice ______ “AI washing”
可先判斷空格後的 “AI washing” 是該做法的名稱，而 dub 是「命名、稱為」的及物動詞。
句意是「一種被稱為 AI washing 的做法」，不是「一種稱呼別人為 AI washing 的做法」，所以需要被動語態：
省略後：
因此答案為 dubbed。
選項分析
(A) dubs
dubs 是第三人稱單數現在式，意思是「稱……為……」。
若要使用此形式，必須有完整的主詞與句型，例如：
The media dubs this practice “AI washing.”
但原句已有主要結構：
This situation highlights a growing issue
空格所在的 a practice dubs “AI washing” 沒有適當的連接詞，會形成不完整且不合文法的結構。因此錯誤。
(B) dub
dub 是原形動詞。原句中空格前的 a practice 並不是能直接接原形動詞的句型；若改成主動關係子句，也應是：
a practice that dubs “AI washing”
但此句仍有語意問題：這樣表示「一種把某物稱為 AI washing 的做法」，而非「一種被稱為 AI washing 的做法」。題幹需要被動意義，因此錯誤。
(C) dubbing
dubbing 是現在分詞或動名詞，表示「正在命名、稱呼」。
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The intuitive system at Amazon Fresh and Amazon Go stores allows customers to simply pick up an item and leave without traditional checkout. This system, called “Just Walk Out,” uses sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) to calculate purchases, and customers are automatically billed. However, in April, reports claimed that the system did not use AI but relied (21) 1,000 employees in India to manually verify nearly three-quarters of the transactions. Amazon quickly denied these reports, asserting that Indian employees only evaluated the system and that human reviewers were standard for ensuring accuracy in AI systems.
This situation highlights a growing issue: companies making grand claims about using AI, a practice (22) “AI washing,” akin to “greenwashing” in environmental claims. It’s essential to understand what AI truly means. Though lacking a precise definition, AI refers to computers learning and solving problems after (23) training. One prominent type of AI is generative AI, which creates new contents like conversations, music scores, or pictures.
AI washing takes many forms. Some companies exaggerate their AI capabilities, while others merely incorporate AI chatbots into non-AI software. According to a tech investment fund company, only 10% of tech startups mentioned AI in their (24) in 2022, but this rose to 25% in 2023 and is expected to exceed a third in 2024. Competition for funding drives companies to overstate their AI capabilities. Another tech investment firm found that 40% of companies claiming to be “AI-enabled” in 2019 did not actually use AI. The problem persists today, with companies buying “AI capabilities” but only adding chatbots to non-intelligent products.
An expert highlighted that the lack of a unified definition of AI contributes to AI washing. This (25) allows for inflated claims about AI, leading to overvalued technology and unmet expectations, eroding trust in genuine AI innovations. Regulators, such as the US Securities and Exchange Commission, are beginning to address this issue, charging firms for making false AI-related claims.
Which is the best answer for blank (23)?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞和名詞的搭配」。空格位於：
Though lacking a precise definition, AI refers to computers learning and solving problems after (23) training.
雖然缺乏精確定義，人工智慧是指電腦在接受＿＿訓練後，學習並解決問題。
空格修飾名詞 training，須選出能表達「大量、廣泛、充分」之訓練的形容詞。依文章語意，AI 系統必須經過充分訓練，才能學習與解決問題，因此選 extensive。
解題方法
先判斷詞性：空格後為名詞 training，所以需要形容詞。
再依語意判斷：人工智慧的運作流程是電腦接受大量資料與訓練，從中學習模式，再執行問題解決。因此：
after extensive training
在接受廣泛／大量的訓練後
此片語在英文中搭配自然，且符合人工智慧的技術背景。
完整句意為：
Though lacking a precise definition, AI refers to computers learning and solving problems after extensive training.
雖然人工智慧缺乏精確定義，但它指的是電腦在接受大量訓練後，能夠學習並解決問題。
選項分析
(A) extensive 廣泛的、大量的、充分的
正確。extensive 表示範圍廣、數量大或程度充分，常用來修飾 training，形成 extensive training，意為「大量訓練、充分訓練」。人工智慧必須透過大量資料與訓練建立辨識及解題能力，符合上下文語意。
例句：
The model requires extensive training before it can accurately recognize speech.
這個模型在能準確辨識語音前，需要接受大量訓練。
(B) intransitive 不及物的
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The intuitive system at Amazon Fresh and Amazon Go stores allows customers to simply pick up an item and leave without traditional checkout. This system, called “Just Walk Out,” uses sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) to calculate purchases, and customers are automatically billed. However, in April, reports claimed that the system did not use AI but relied (21) 1,000 employees in India to manually verify nearly three-quarters of the transactions. Amazon quickly denied these reports, asserting that Indian employees only evaluated the system and that human reviewers were standard for ensuring accuracy in AI systems.
This situation highlights a growing issue: companies making grand claims about using AI, a practice (22) “AI washing,” akin to “greenwashing” in environmental claims. It’s essential to understand what AI truly means. Though lacking a precise definition, AI refers to computers learning and solving problems after (23) training. One prominent type of AI is generative AI, which creates new contents like conversations, music scores, or pictures.
AI washing takes many forms. Some companies exaggerate their AI capabilities, while others merely incorporate AI chatbots into non-AI software. According to a tech investment fund company, only 10% of tech startups mentioned AI in their (24) in 2022, but this rose to 25% in 2023 and is expected to exceed a third in 2024. Competition for funding drives companies to overstate their AI capabilities. Another tech investment firm found that 40% of companies claiming to be “AI-enabled” in 2019 did not actually use AI. The problem persists today, with companies buying “AI capabilities” but only adding chatbots to non-intelligent products.
An expert highlighted that the lack of a unified definition of AI contributes to AI washing. This (25) allows for inflated claims about AI, leading to overvalued technology and unmet expectations, eroding trust in genuine AI innovations. Regulators, such as the US Securities and Exchange Commission, are beginning to address this issue, charging firms for making false AI-related claims.
Which is the best answer for blank (24)?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨析：依上下文判斷名詞的正確語意。
- 語意搭配：判斷哪個字能與
tech startups、mentioned AI、funding合理連接。 - 篇章線索：利用後文說明「競爭資金促使公司誇大 AI 能力」，推知前文談的是新創公司向投資人提出的募資簡報或提案。
pitch 作名詞時，常指「推銷提案、募資簡報、向投資人說明創業構想的簡報」。
解題方法
定位關鍵句：
According to a tech investment fund company, only 10% of tech startups mentioned AI in their pitches in 2022, but this rose to 25% in 2023 and is expected to exceed a third in 2024.
翻譯：
根據一家科技投資基金公司，2022 年只有 10% 的科技新創公司在其募資提案中提到 AI；但這個比例在 2023 年上升至 25%，預計 2024 年將超過三分之一。
句中主詞是 tech startups，動詞是 mentioned AI，而後文緊接著說：
Competition for funding drives companies to overstate their AI capabilities.
翻譯：
爭取資金的競爭促使公司誇大其 AI 能力。
因此，空格應填入與「爭取投資、募資簡報、商業提案」有關的名詞。pitches 正好符合此語境。
句型上，their pitches 是名詞片語，意為「它們的提案／募資簡報」；in their pitches 表示「在它們的提案中」。
選項分析
(A) baskets
basket 的基本意思是「籃子」，複數 baskets 為「籃子們」。
mentioned AI in their baskets
意為「在它們的籃子中提到 AI」，與科技新創公司介紹 AI、爭取資金的語境完全不符，因此錯誤。
(B) retreats
retreat 可指「撤退」，也可指「靜修活動、退修會」；複數 retreats 可表示「撤退行動」或「靜修活動」。
mentioned AI in their retreats
「在它們的撤退行動／靜修活動中提到 AI」不符合文章討論新創公司募資與 AI 宣稱的主題，因此錯誤。
(C) pitches
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The intuitive system at Amazon Fresh and Amazon Go stores allows customers to simply pick up an item and leave without traditional checkout. This system, called “Just Walk Out,” uses sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) to calculate purchases, and customers are automatically billed. However, in April, reports claimed that the system did not use AI but relied (21) 1,000 employees in India to manually verify nearly three-quarters of the transactions. Amazon quickly denied these reports, asserting that Indian employees only evaluated the system and that human reviewers were standard for ensuring accuracy in AI systems.
This situation highlights a growing issue: companies making grand claims about using AI, a practice (22) “AI washing,” akin to “greenwashing” in environmental claims. It’s essential to understand what AI truly means. Though lacking a precise definition, AI refers to computers learning and solving problems after (23) training. One prominent type of AI is generative AI, which creates new contents like conversations, music scores, or pictures.
AI washing takes many forms. Some companies exaggerate their AI capabilities, while others merely incorporate AI chatbots into non-AI software. According to a tech investment fund company, only 10% of tech startups mentioned AI in their (24) in 2022, but this rose to 25% in 2023 and is expected to exceed a third in 2024. Competition for funding drives companies to overstate their AI capabilities. Another tech investment firm found that 40% of companies claiming to be “AI-enabled” in 2019 did not actually use AI. The problem persists today, with companies buying “AI capabilities” but only adding chatbots to non-intelligent products.
An expert highlighted that the lack of a unified definition of AI contributes to AI washing. This (25) allows for inflated claims about AI, leading to overvalued technology and unmet expectations, eroding trust in genuine AI innovations. Regulators, such as the US Securities and Exchange Commission, are beginning to address this issue, charging firms for making false AI-related claims.
Which is the best answer for blank (25)?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨析
- 上下文邏輯
- 名詞作主詞的語意搭配
空格所在句為：
An expert highlighted that the lack of a unified definition of AI contributes to AI washing. This (25) allows for inflated claims about AI, leading to overvalued technology and unmet expectations, eroding trust in genuine AI innovations.
翻譯：
一位專家指出，缺乏統一的人工智慧定義，是造成「AI 洗白」的原因之一。這種模糊性使得企業可以誇大對 AI 的宣稱，導致科技價值被高估、期待落空，並削弱人們對真正 AI 創新的信任。
前句提到 the lack of a unified definition of AI，也就是「沒有統一的 AI 定義」。因此，下一句的 This 所指的是這種「定義不明確」的情況，最適合填入 ambiguity。
解題方法
先抓空格前的關鍵線索：
the lack of a unified definition of AI
其核心概念是「界線不清、意義不明、缺乏明確標準」。接著觀察空格後的結果：
allows for inflated claims about AI
意即「使誇大的 AI 宣稱得以出現」。
「定義不清」會讓企業利用模糊空間誇大自身的 AI 能力，因此需要表示「模糊性、含糊不清」的名詞。
ambiguity 的意思是「模稜兩可、歧義、含糊不清」，符合前後文邏輯。
句型結構為：
This ambiguity allows for inflated claims about AI.
其中：
- This ambiguity：這種模糊性
- allow for：使……成為可能、容許……
- inflated claims：誇大、不切實際的宣稱
選項分析
(A) rigorism
rigorism 意為「嚴格主義、拘泥嚴格規範」。
此字描述過度強調嚴格規則的態度，與前文「缺乏統一的 AI 定義」相反。若是嚴格主義，反而會使企業較難任意誇大 AI 能力，因此不符合語意。
(B) ambiguity
ambiguity 意為「模糊性、歧義、不明確」。
AI 缺乏統一定義，造成判斷標準模糊，企業便能利用此空間宣稱自己具備 AI 能力。因此：
第 26 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The status of images in the history of many religions and in modern media is mostly an embattled one. It is mainly because images are thought to be untrustworthy: They lie, cheat, and steal. Whether in Socrates or in the many critiques of images mounted by Jewish, Muslim, or Christian writers, by Hindu reformers or by Marxist revolutionaries, suspicions circle around a tenacious distrust of images.
Images lie (26) as they selectively tell the truth, exaggerating aspects of it, or distorting (27) they portray into whatever priests, tyrants, or merchants want pliant viewers to believe. Images dupe the unsuspecting, lulling them into views or opinions that are untrue. And images steal belief from words, the revealed medium of divine self-revelation in the so-called religions of the book. As Socrates might have put it, images rob belief in the logical procedure of discourse—the (28) movement of intellectual inquiry from opinion to truth, cheating reason of its rightful place in ascertaining the truth of a matter.
Yet the distrust of images presumes something deeper about them. Images work their magic by a subtle and often irresistible effect on the body: provoking fear, envy, pride, desire, obsession, rage—all the strong feelings and passions that grip the chest or rise in the blood, creep over the flesh, (29) as tears in the eyes. Images appeal to and rely on the body. It is precisely this that philosophers, teachers, moralists, clergy, and parents have resented about the power of images. Images are understood to traffic in the body’s energies and to threaten to (30) the strictures of thought and conscience that moral authorities work hard to nurture and inculcate.
Which is the best answer for blank (26)?
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「連接詞搭配」與「語意邏輯」。
空格所在句為：
Images lie inasmuch as they selectively tell the truth, exaggerating aspects of it, or distorting what they portray into whatever priests, tyrants, or merchants want pliant viewers to believe.
圖像之所以會說謊，是因為它們只選擇性地呈現真相，誇大真相的某些面向，或扭曲它們所描繪的事物，使其符合祭司、暴君或商人希望順從的觀看者相信的內容。
此處需要一個表示「原因」或「理由」的連接詞，而且空格後已有 as，因此最自然的完整搭配是：
inasmuch as = because / since
因為；由於；就……而言
解題方法
先判斷前後句的邏輯：
Images lie ______ as they selectively tell the truth.
主句 Images lie（圖像說謊），後面的子句說明圖像為何會說謊：
they selectively tell the truth
它們只選擇性地說出真相
因此空格必須引導「原因」副詞子句。
選項 D inasmuch 與題目原有的 as 結合後形成固定片語：
inasmuch as + 子句
句型如下：
Images lie inasmuch as they selectively tell the truth.
語意是：
圖像之所以說謊，是因為它們只選擇性地呈現真相。
inasmuch as 是較正式、書面化的因果連接詞，常見於學術文章與正式論述，與本文討論宗教、哲學及媒體的學術語氣完全一致。
選項分析
(A) rather
rather 主要表示「相當；寧可；反而」，本身不是表示原因的從屬連接詞。
若填入：
Images lie rather as they selectively tell the truth.
句意與結構都不自然。rather 不能單獨構成「因為它們……」的原因子句。
常見搭配包括：
- rather than：而不是
- would rather：寧願
- rather...than...：與其……不如……
但本句沒有這些結構，因此錯誤。
(B) since
since 可以表示「自從」，也可以表示「因為、既然」。
若填入：
Images lie since as they selectively tell the truth.
會形成 since as 的不自然搭配。題目後面已有 as，因此不能直接將 since 與其連用來表達本句的原因。
若要使用 since，應改寫為：
Images lie since they selectively tell the truth.
也就是刪除題目原有的 as。在原題結構下，since 不適合。
(C) because
because 是表示原因的連接詞，單獨使用時本來可以成立：
Images lie because they selectively tell the truth.
但題目句型是：
Images lie ______ as they selectively tell the truth.
填入 because 後會變成：
Images lie because as they selectively tell the truth.
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The status of images in the history of many religions and in modern media is mostly an embattled one. It is mainly because images are thought to be untrustworthy: They lie, cheat, and steal. Whether in Socrates or in the many critiques of images mounted by Jewish, Muslim, or Christian writers, by Hindu reformers or by Marxist revolutionaries, suspicions circle around a tenacious distrust of images.
Images lie (26) as they selectively tell the truth, exaggerating aspects of it, or distorting (27) they portray into whatever priests, tyrants, or merchants want pliant viewers to believe. Images dupe the unsuspecting, lulling them into views or opinions that are untrue. And images steal belief from words, the revealed medium of divine self-revelation in the so-called religions of the book. As Socrates might have put it, images rob belief in the logical procedure of discourse—the (28) movement of intellectual inquiry from opinion to truth, cheating reason of its rightful place in ascertaining the truth of a matter.
Yet the distrust of images presumes something deeper about them. Images work their magic by a subtle and often irresistible effect on the body: provoking fear, envy, pride, desire, obsession, rage—all the strong feelings and passions that grip the chest or rise in the blood, creep over the flesh, (29) as tears in the eyes. Images appeal to and rely on the body. It is precisely this that philosophers, teachers, moralists, clergy, and parents have resented about the power of images. Images are understood to traffic in the body’s energies and to threaten to (30) the strictures of thought and conscience that moral authorities work hard to nurture and inculcate.
Which is the best answer for blank (27)?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 複合關係代名詞 what 的用法
- 關係子句中先行詞是否存在
- 依上下文判斷代名詞的語意功能
空格所在句為：
They lie as they selectively tell the truth, exaggerating aspects of it, or distorting what they portray into whatever priests, tyrants, or merchants want pliant viewers to believe.
翻譯：
影像會說謊，因為它們只選擇性地呈現真相，誇大真相的某些面向，或把它們所描繪的事物扭曲成祭司、暴君或商人想讓順從的觀眾相信的樣子。
空格後的 they portray 缺少動詞 portray 的受詞，因此需要一個能同時兼具「先行詞」與「關係代名詞」功能的字，答案為 what。
解題方法
將句子結構拆開：
- distorting：扭曲
- what they portray：他們所描繪的事物
- into whatever ... want ... to believe：成為……想讓人相信的樣子
其中 what they portray 是一個名詞片語，作為動詞 distorting 的受詞。
what + S + V 的結構可翻譯為：
S 所 V 的事物
S 所 V 的東西
因此：
- what they portray = 他們所描繪的事物
- what they portray 在句中作為 distort 的受詞
完整骨架為：
Images distort what they portray into whatever ... .
意即：
影像把它們所描繪的事物扭曲成……的樣子。
選項分析
(A) which
which 是關係代名詞，通常需要有明確的先行詞，例如：
They distort the images which they portray.
此處空格前是 distorting，後面直接接 they portray，並沒有可供 which 修飾的名詞先行詞。若填入 which，會形成：
distorting which they portray
此結構缺少先行詞，文法不完整，因此錯誤。
(B) what
what 在此為複合關係代名詞，等於：
the thing that
the things that
因此：
what they portray
= the thing that they portray
= 他們所描繪的事物
what 本身已包含先行詞的功能，後面可直接接完整的關係子句，且符合句意與文法，故為正確答案。
(C) this
this 是指示代名詞，意為「這個、這件事」，不能直接引導一個關係子句：
distorting this they portray
若要使用 this，必須先有明確指涉對象，並且通常需要補上適當連接方式，例如：
distorting this image, which they portray ...
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The status of images in the history of many religions and in modern media is mostly an embattled one. It is mainly because images are thought to be untrustworthy: They lie, cheat, and steal. Whether in Socrates or in the many critiques of images mounted by Jewish, Muslim, or Christian writers, by Hindu reformers or by Marxist revolutionaries, suspicions circle around a tenacious distrust of images.
Images lie (26) as they selectively tell the truth, exaggerating aspects of it, or distorting (27) they portray into whatever priests, tyrants, or merchants want pliant viewers to believe. Images dupe the unsuspecting, lulling them into views or opinions that are untrue. And images steal belief from words, the revealed medium of divine self-revelation in the so-called religions of the book. As Socrates might have put it, images rob belief in the logical procedure of discourse—the (28) movement of intellectual inquiry from opinion to truth, cheating reason of its rightful place in ascertaining the truth of a matter.
Yet the distrust of images presumes something deeper about them. Images work their magic by a subtle and often irresistible effect on the body: provoking fear, envy, pride, desire, obsession, rage—all the strong feelings and passions that grip the chest or rise in the blood, creep over the flesh, (29) as tears in the eyes. Images appeal to and rely on the body. It is precisely this that philosophers, teachers, moralists, clergy, and parents have resented about the power of images. Images are understood to traffic in the body’s energies and to threaten to (30) the strictures of thought and conscience that moral authorities work hard to nurture and inculcate.
Which is the best answer for blank (28)?
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核心觀念
本題考的是：
- 字義辨析：四個選項皆為形容詞，但語意差異很大。
- 語境判斷：依據上下文判斷「從意見走向真理」需要哪一種 movement。
- 搭配與修飾：空格位於名詞 movement 前，需填入能描述「思想探索進展方向」的形容詞。
關鍵句為：
As Socrates might have put it, images rob belief in the logical procedure of discourse—the (28) movement of intellectual inquiry from opinion to truth, cheating reason of its rightful place in ascertaining the truth of a matter.
翻譯：
若以蘇格拉底的說法來表達，影像會削弱人們對論述邏輯程序的信念，也就是思想探究從意見走向真理的漸進運動／進展過程，使理性在判定事實真相時失去其應有的地位。
句中明確出現方向：
from opinion to truth
「從意見到真理」表示思想逐步進展、提升並接近真實，因此應選表示「進步的、逐步發展的」的 progressive。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的核心名詞：
the ______ movement of intellectual inquiry
其中：
- movement：運動、進程、發展方向
- intellectual inquiry：思想上的探究、理性求知
- from opinion to truth：從意見走向真理
文章前文提到，影像會使人遠離理性論證，搶走文字與邏輯程序原本應有的地位。相對而言，蘇格拉底式的理性探究，是由較不可靠的 opinion 逐步推進到 truth。因此，此處需要「具有進展性、逐步向前」的形容詞。
完整搭配為：
the progressive movement of intellectual inquiry from opinion to truth
意思是：
思想探究從意見逐步前進到真理的過程。
所以答案為 (A) progressive。
選項分析
(A) progressive
意為「進步的、逐步發展的、向前推進的」。
progressive movement 可指逐步向前的發展或進程。由於句中有 from opinion to truth，明確呈現由較低層次認知走向較高層次真理的進展方向，與 progressive 的語意完全吻合。
例：
a progressive development
逐步發展
因此，(A) 正確。
(B) transgressive
意為「違反規範的、越界的、逾越的」。
字根可聯想到：
- trans-：跨越
- gress：走、踏
但 transgressive 通常描述違反法律、道德、社會規範的行為，例如：
transgressive behavior
踰越規範的行為
句中討論的是理性探究「從意見走向真理」的正常認知進程，沒有「違規、越界」的意思。雖然文章提到影像可能欺騙人、影響道德，但該空格修飾的是 movement of intellectual inquiry，並非描述違反規範的行為。
因此，(B) 錯誤。
(C) reflexive
意為「反射性的、反射作用的；反身的；反省的」。
常見用法包括：
- reflexive action：反射動作
- reflexive pronoun：反身代名詞
- reflexive response：反射性反應
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The status of images in the history of many religions and in modern media is mostly an embattled one. It is mainly because images are thought to be untrustworthy: They lie, cheat, and steal. Whether in Socrates or in the many critiques of images mounted by Jewish, Muslim, or Christian writers, by Hindu reformers or by Marxist revolutionaries, suspicions circle around a tenacious distrust of images.
Images lie (26) as they selectively tell the truth, exaggerating aspects of it, or distorting (27) they portray into whatever priests, tyrants, or merchants want pliant viewers to believe. Images dupe the unsuspecting, lulling them into views or opinions that are untrue. And images steal belief from words, the revealed medium of divine self-revelation in the so-called religions of the book. As Socrates might have put it, images rob belief in the logical procedure of discourse—the (28) movement of intellectual inquiry from opinion to truth, cheating reason of its rightful place in ascertaining the truth of a matter.
Yet the distrust of images presumes something deeper about them. Images work their magic by a subtle and often irresistible effect on the body: provoking fear, envy, pride, desire, obsession, rage—all the strong feelings and passions that grip the chest or rise in the blood, creep over the flesh, (29) as tears in the eyes. Images appeal to and rely on the body. It is precisely this that philosophers, teachers, moralists, clergy, and parents have resented about the power of images. Images are understood to traffic in the body’s energies and to threaten to (30) the strictures of thought and conscience that moral authorities work hard to nurture and inculcate.
Which is the best answer for blank (29)?
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核心觀念
本題考「片語動詞（phrasal verb）」的語意判斷，以及上下文中的搭配關係。
句中描述影像引發的強烈情緒與身體反應：
provoking fear, envy, pride, desire, obsession, rage—all the strong feelings and passions that grip the chest or rise in the blood, creep over the flesh, well up as tears in the eyes.
翻譯為：
引發恐懼、嫉妒、驕傲、欲望、著迷與憤怒——這些強烈的感受與情緒抓住胸口、在血液中升起、爬過皮膚，並在眼中湧現成淚水。
空格後方有關鍵名詞片語：
as tears in the eyes
成為眼中的淚水／以眼淚的形式出現
因此，空格必須表示「情緒或液體向上湧出、浮現」的動作。
解題方法
先觀察句子的並列結構：
grip the chest
rise in the blood
creep over the flesh
_____ as tears in the eyes
前面連續使用一系列動詞，描寫情緒在身體內部逐漸升高、擴散，最後以淚水的形式表現出來。能符合「由內而外湧現」意義的片語是 well up。
well up 表示「湧出、湧現、在眼中蓄滿」，常與 tears、emotion、feelings 搭配：
- Tears welled up in her eyes.
她的眼中湧出了淚水。 - Anger welled up inside him.
憤怒在他心中湧現。
本句的 well up as tears 表示強烈情緒最後「以淚水的形式湧現」。
選項分析
(A) clear up
clear up 有以下常見意思：
- 澄清、解決問題
- 放晴
- 清理乾淨
例如：
- The misunderstanding was cleared up.
誤會被澄清了。 - The weather cleared up.
天氣放晴了。
放入句中：
creep over the flesh, clear up as tears in the eyes
語意變成「爬過皮膚，像眼淚一樣被澄清／變清楚」，與情緒湧現及眼淚的身體反應不合，因此錯誤。
(B) match up
match up 表示「相配、相符合、相吻合」，常用於比較兩件事是否一致：
- The two descriptions do not match up.
兩項描述並不吻合。
放入句中：
creep over the flesh, match up as tears in the eyes
語意變成「爬過皮膚，與眼淚相配或吻合」，無法表達淚水由情緒中湧出的過程，因此錯誤。
(C) well up
well up 表示「湧出、湧現、在眼中蓄積」，可描述眼淚、情緒或液體逐漸上升至表面。
放入句中：
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The status of images in the history of many religions and in modern media is mostly an embattled one. It is mainly because images are thought to be untrustworthy: They lie, cheat, and steal. Whether in Socrates or in the many critiques of images mounted by Jewish, Muslim, or Christian writers, by Hindu reformers or by Marxist revolutionaries, suspicions circle around a tenacious distrust of images.
Images lie (26) as they selectively tell the truth, exaggerating aspects of it, or distorting (27) they portray into whatever priests, tyrants, or merchants want pliant viewers to believe. Images dupe the unsuspecting, lulling them into views or opinions that are untrue. And images steal belief from words, the revealed medium of divine self-revelation in the so-called religions of the book. As Socrates might have put it, images rob belief in the logical procedure of discourse—the (28) movement of intellectual inquiry from opinion to truth, cheating reason of its rightful place in ascertaining the truth of a matter.
Yet the distrust of images presumes something deeper about them. Images work their magic by a subtle and often irresistible effect on the body: provoking fear, envy, pride, desire, obsession, rage—all the strong feelings and passions that grip the chest or rise in the blood, creep over the flesh, (29) as tears in the eyes. Images appeal to and rely on the body. It is precisely this that philosophers, teachers, moralists, clergy, and parents have resented about the power of images. Images are understood to traffic in the body’s energies and to threaten to (30) the strictures of thought and conscience that moral authorities work hard to nurture and inculcate.
Which is the best answer for blank (30)?
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核心觀念
本題考查克漏字中的「動詞語意判斷」，並結合上下文理解。空格位於：
Images are understood to traffic in the body’s energies and to threaten to (30) the strictures of thought and conscience that moral authorities work hard to nurture and inculcate.
句型為：
threaten to + 原形動詞
因此四個選項在文法上皆可接於 to 後，但必須依據語意選出最合適者。
關鍵字義如下：
traffic in：以……為交易對象；在此指「利用、操弄」the body’s energies：身體的能量，此處指恐懼、嫉妒、欲望、憤怒等情緒力量threaten to：有……的威脅；可能會……strictures：嚴格規範、約束、限制thought and conscience：思想與良知nurture and inculcate：培養並灌輸
解題方法
先觀察文章的邏輯：
前文指出，影像會透過身體與情緒產生強大影響，例如引發恐懼、欲望、憤怒等。這些情緒力量可能使人不再服從哲學家、教師、道德家、宗教人士與父母所建立的思想和良知規範。
因此，影像所造成的結果應是「破壞、顛覆這些規範」，最符合的動詞是 overturn。
定位答案的關鍵句為：
Images are understood to traffic in the body’s energies and to threaten to overturn the strictures of thought and conscience that moral authorities work hard to nurture and inculcate.
翻譯：
人們認為影像操弄身體的能量，並可能顛覆道德權威努力培養與灌輸的思想及良知規範。
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historically, Bristleworms have had a bad reputation among saltwater aquarium aficionados. These marine worms usually enter the hobbyist’s aquarium by (31) a ride on a piece of coral. Once established, they become part of the tank’s ecosystem. Bristleworms range greatly in size. The smallest ones are about an inch long, and the large ones can grow to over 20 inches, although, being segmented, their bodies are often (32) and so not usually seen at their greatest extent. Literature has frequently (33) that bristleworms are harmful, asserting that they eat clams, anemones and even oral fish. However, most enthusiasts now conclude that small bristleworms (34) no threat, and are merely scavengers, clearing the tank from detritus and carcasses of animals that are already dead. However, larger worms, particularly those of the species known as fireworms, are (35) eaters and can do irreparable damage. These worms are better removed, although this is a challenge in itself, as the worms are nocturnal and sensitive to light, and will go into hiding at the slightest disturbance.
Which is the best answer for blank (31)?
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核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」與「語意判斷」，尤其是片語 hitch a ride，意為「搭便車、順便搭乘」，也可引申為「附著在某物上，藉此被帶到另一處」。
題幹句型為：
These marine worms usually enter the hobbyist’s aquarium by (31) a ride on a piece of coral.
這些海洋蠕蟲通常是藉由搭乘一塊珊瑚，進入水族愛好者的水族箱。
空格位於介系詞 by 之後，因此應使用動名詞。四個選項皆為 形式，文法形式均可成立，關鍵在於哪一個動詞能與 a ride 形成自然且固定的搭配。
解題方法
先觀察搭配：
因此句型是：
hitch a ride 是固定片語，表示「搭便車」或「順勢被帶走」。文章描述的是：鬚毛蟲附著在珊瑚上，珊瑚被放入水族箱時，鬚毛蟲也隨之進入。因此「搭珊瑚的便車」最符合語意。
完整句子為：
These marine worms usually enter the hobbyist’s aquarium by hitching a ride on a piece of coral.
翻譯：
這些海洋蠕蟲通常藉由搭乘附在一塊珊瑚上的便車，進入水族愛好者的水族箱。
選項分析
(A) attaching
attach 意為「附著、連接、附加」。
雖然鬚毛蟲確實可能「附著」在珊瑚上，但 attach a ride 並不是自然的英文搭配。
若要使用 attach，通常會說：
attach themselves to a piece of coral
使自己附著在一塊珊瑚上
而不會說：
attaching a ride
因此此選項在搭配上不成立。
(B) tethering
tether 意為「用繩子拴住、繫住」。
tethering a ride 的意思近似「把交通工具拴住」，與鬚毛蟲藉珊瑚進入水族箱的語意無關。
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historically, Bristleworms have had a bad reputation among saltwater aquarium aficionados. These marine worms usually enter the hobbyist’s aquarium by (31) a ride on a piece of coral. Once established, they become part of the tank’s ecosystem. Bristleworms range greatly in size. The smallest ones are about an inch long, and the large ones can grow to over 20 inches, although, being segmented, their bodies are often (32) and so not usually seen at their greatest extent. Literature has frequently (33) that bristleworms are harmful, asserting that they eat clams, anemones and even oral fish. However, most enthusiasts now conclude that small bristleworms (34) no threat, and are merely scavengers, clearing the tank from detritus and carcasses of animals that are already dead. However, larger worms, particularly those of the species known as fireworms, are (35) eaters and can do irreparable damage. These worms are better removed, although this is a challenge in itself, as the worms are nocturnal and sensitive to light, and will go into hiding at the slightest disturbance.
Which is the best answer for blank (32)?
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核心觀念
本題考「克漏字語意判斷」與「動詞搭配」。解題關鍵是依據前後文，判斷海毛蟲身體因為具有分節構造，會呈現何種狀態。
關鍵句為：
although, being segmented, their bodies are often (32) and so not usually seen at their greatest extent.
翻譯：
「雖然牠們的身體具有分節構造，經常會收縮，因此通常不會以最大長度呈現。」
前文提到海毛蟲大小差異很大，最大的可超過 20 英吋；但由於身體分節，牠們常將身體收縮、蜷曲，實際看到的長度便小於完全伸展時的長度。因此空格應填表示「縮回、收縮」的 retracted。
解題方法
先觀察句型：
their bodies are often ___ and so not usually seen at their greatest extent
空格位於 be 動詞 are 之後，須填入過去分詞作為主詞補語，描述身體的狀態。
再根據語意判斷：
- at their greatest extent：以其最大延伸程度、完全伸展的狀態
- not usually seen：通常不會被看見
- 前面的 being segmented：因為身體由許多節段組成
身體具有分節構造，會收縮或縮回，便不會呈現最大長度。retracted 正好符合「收縮的、縮回的」之意。
選項分析
(A) retracted
Retract 可作「縮回、收縮、撤回」。
retracted 是過去分詞，也可作形容詞，表示「已收縮的、縮回的」。
their bodies are often retracted
意為「牠們的身體經常是收縮的」。身體收縮後，便不會以最大延伸長度出現，與後面的：
so not usually seen at their greatest extent
完全銜接。
因此 (A) 正確。
(B) reconciled
Reconcile 的意思是「使和解、調和、使一致」。
reconciled 表示「已和解的、已調和的」，通常用於人際關係、觀點、衝突或不同事物之間，例如：
- reconcile two conflicting opinions
調和兩個相互衝突的觀點 - become reconciled to reality
接受現實
海毛蟲的身體不涉及「和解」或「調和」，且 reconciled 無法合理解釋為何身體不會呈現最大長度。因此 (B) 錯誤。
(C) revolted
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historically, Bristleworms have had a bad reputation among saltwater aquarium aficionados. These marine worms usually enter the hobbyist’s aquarium by (31) a ride on a piece of coral. Once established, they become part of the tank’s ecosystem. Bristleworms range greatly in size. The smallest ones are about an inch long, and the large ones can grow to over 20 inches, although, being segmented, their bodies are often (32) and so not usually seen at their greatest extent. Literature has frequently (33) that bristleworms are harmful, asserting that they eat clams, anemones and even oral fish. However, most enthusiasts now conclude that small bristleworms (34) no threat, and are merely scavengers, clearing the tank from detritus and carcasses of animals that are already dead. However, larger worms, particularly those of the species known as fireworms, are (35) eaters and can do irreparable damage. These worms are better removed, although this is a challenge in itself, as the worms are nocturnal and sensitive to light, and will go into hiding at the slightest disturbance.
Which is the best answer for blank (33)?
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「字義判斷」與動詞搭配。空格位於：
Literature has frequently (33) that bristleworms are harmful, asserting that they eat clams, anemones and even oral fish.
句型為：
主詞 + contend + that 子句
其中 contend that... 表示「主張……、聲稱……、爭辯……」，語意上接近 assert that...、claim that...。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的內容：
that bristleworms are harmful
「剛毛蟲有害」
後面又接：
asserting that they eat clams, anemones and even oral fish
「主張牠們會吃蛤蜊、海葵，甚至觀賞魚」
可見前後都在表達文獻對剛毛蟲危害性的「主張」或「聲稱」。因此空格需要填入具有「主張、斷言」之意，且能搭配 that 子句 的動詞。
完整句意為：
Literature has frequently contended that bristleworms are harmful, asserting that they eat clams, anemones and even oral fish.
文獻經常主張剛毛蟲具有危害性，聲稱牠們會吃蛤蜊、海葵，甚至觀賞魚。
因此答案為 contended。
選項分析
(A) agitated
agitate 是「使焦躁、煽動、攪動」之意。例如：
- agitate the public：煽動大眾
- agitate the water：攪動水
agitated 無法表示「文獻主張某件事」，也不能自然搭配：
Literature has frequently agitated that...
此處語意與文法搭配皆不成立。
(B) precluded
preclude 是「排除、預防、使……不可能」之意。例如：
- preclude the possibility：排除可能性
- preclude further discussion：使進一步討論無法進行
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historically, Bristleworms have had a bad reputation among saltwater aquarium aficionados. These marine worms usually enter the hobbyist’s aquarium by (31) a ride on a piece of coral. Once established, they become part of the tank’s ecosystem. Bristleworms range greatly in size. The smallest ones are about an inch long, and the large ones can grow to over 20 inches, although, being segmented, their bodies are often (32) and so not usually seen at their greatest extent. Literature has frequently (33) that bristleworms are harmful, asserting that they eat clams, anemones and even oral fish. However, most enthusiasts now conclude that small bristleworms (34) no threat, and are merely scavengers, clearing the tank from detritus and carcasses of animals that are already dead. However, larger worms, particularly those of the species known as fireworms, are (35) eaters and can do irreparable damage. These worms are better removed, although this is a challenge in itself, as the worms are nocturnal and sensitive to light, and will go into hiding at the slightest disturbance.
Which is the best answer for blank (34)?
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「固定搭配」與「語意判斷」。
空格位於：
However, most enthusiasts now conclude that small bristleworms (34) no threat, and are merely scavengers...
句意是：多數愛好者認為，小型鬚蟲「不會造成威脅」，只是清除殘骸的腐食者。
英文中表示「對某人／某物構成威脅」最自然、最常見的搭配是：
pose a threat to someone/something
對某人／某物構成威脅
否定句為：
pose no threat
不構成威脅
因此空格應填 pose。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的名詞片語：
no threat
「構成威脅」的慣用動詞是 pose，而不是一般表示「拿、承受、包含」的動詞。
完整句子為：
However, most enthusiasts now conclude that small bristleworms pose no threat, and are merely scavengers, clearing the tank from detritus and carcasses of animals that are already dead.
翻譯：
然而，現在大多數水族愛好者認為，小型鬚蟲並不構成威脅；牠們只是腐食者，清除水族箱中的碎屑以及已經死亡動物的屍骸。
前文指出，文獻過去常宣稱鬚蟲有害；本句的 However 表示語意轉折，說明現在的主流看法是「小型鬚蟲沒有危險」。因此「pose no threat」在文法與語意上都最恰當。
選項分析
(A) take
take 常見意思是「拿取、帶走、花費、接受、採取」等，例如：
- take a book：拿一本書
- take action：採取行動
- take responsibility：承擔責任
但英文不說 take no threat 來表示「不構成威脅」。此處需要的是與 threat 搭配、表示「造成威脅」的動詞，因此錯誤。
(B) pose
pose 除了「擺姿勢」之外，也可表示「造成、構成」，常與 threat、danger、risk、problem、challenge 等名詞搭配：
- pose a threat：構成威脅
- pose a danger：造成危險
- pose a risk：帶來風險
- pose a problem：造成問題
pose no threat 即「不構成威脅」，完全符合本句語意，故為正確答案。
(C) bear
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Historically, Bristleworms have had a bad reputation among saltwater aquarium aficionados. These marine worms usually enter the hobbyist’s aquarium by (31) a ride on a piece of coral. Once established, they become part of the tank’s ecosystem. Bristleworms range greatly in size. The smallest ones are about an inch long, and the large ones can grow to over 20 inches, although, being segmented, their bodies are often (32) and so not usually seen at their greatest extent. Literature has frequently (33) that bristleworms are harmful, asserting that they eat clams, anemones and even oral fish. However, most enthusiasts now conclude that small bristleworms (34) no threat, and are merely scavengers, clearing the tank from detritus and carcasses of animals that are already dead. However, larger worms, particularly those of the species known as fireworms, are (35) eaters and can do irreparable damage. These worms are better removed, although this is a challenge in itself, as the worms are nocturnal and sensitive to light, and will go into hiding at the slightest disturbance.
Which is the best answer for blank (35)?
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「字義判斷」與「形容詞搭配」。空格位於：
However, larger worms, particularly those of the species known as fireworms, are (35) eaters and can do irreparable damage.
然而，較大的蠕蟲，尤其是被稱為火焰蟲的種類，是十分＿＿的食者，可能造成無法挽回的傷害。
文法上，空格應填入形容詞，修飾名詞 eaters。判斷重點在於前後文描述這些大型蠕蟲「會造成嚴重傷害」，因此需要表示「食量極大、貪食」的形容詞。
解題方法
文章先說明小型 bristleworms 多半只是清除殘骸的 scavengers（食腐者），對水族箱沒有威脅；接著以 However 轉折，指出大型蠕蟲，特別是 fireworms，具有更強的危害性：
larger worms ... are (35) eaters and can do irreparable damage.
較大的蠕蟲……是＿＿的食者，並且可能造成無法挽回的傷害。
能與 eaters 自然搭配，並符合「大量進食、造成破壞」語意的選項是 voracious，意思是「貪食的、狼吞虎嚥的、食量極大的」。
因此：
voracious eaters = 貪食者、食量極大的生物
選項分析
(A) mendacious
mendacious 意為「說謊的、不誠實的」，通常用來形容人、言論或陳述，例如 a mendacious statement（不實的陳述）。
將其放入句中成為 mendacious eaters，意思接近「說謊的食者」，與蠕蟲吃得很多、造成水族箱損害的語境無關，因此錯誤。
(B) capricious
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
All education systems may ultimately be judged in terms of equality of opportunity. This is often referred to in the debates over selective versus comprehensive schooling. The main issue is whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether (36) of one sort or another is (37) the system. League tables for schools and colleges may actually help unintentionally to (38) inequalities, while claiming to promote the raising of standards. Inevitably, league tables divide educational institutions into good and bad, successful and failing, resulting in a two-tier system, or at least that is how the public (39) it. The ability of better-off parents and well-endowed schools to push children towards the institutions at the top of the league may, in the long term, have the effect of depressing opportunity for the less well-off or for children from home environments that do not provide the push and motivation to excel. Financial support of different kinds can help to make educational opportunity more equal. There are, for example, scholarships or bursaries that make it possible for less (40) youngsters to afford tertiary education. Student loans allow undergraduates to pay for their tuition fees and living expenses while they are studying. But few would claim that real equality of opportunity has been achieved.
Which is the best answer for blank (36)?
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與抽象名詞辨識。空格所在句子的核心結構為：
whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether (36) of one sort or another is (37) the system.
前半句談「每個人是否擁有相同的教育成就機會」，後半句應承接相反概念，表示教育制度中是否存在某種形式的「菁英主義」，造成教育機會不平等。
定位答案的關鍵句
whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether elitism of one sort or another is built into the system.
翻譯：
關鍵在於，每個人是否都擁有取得教育成就的相同機會，抑或教育制度本身是否根深蒂固地帶有某種形式的菁英主義。
其中：
- elitism：菁英主義；認為少數菁英應享有較高地位、權力或資源的思想。
- of one sort or another：某一種形式的；各式各樣的。
- be built into：內建於；根深蒂固地存在於。
- the system：此處指教育制度。
後文提到學校排名表會把教育機構分成「優良與不良、成功與失敗」，並使富裕家庭的子女更容易進入頂尖學校，反而壓縮弱勢學生的機會，正是教育制度存在菁英主義的具體表現。
解題方法
先觀察句意對比：
- whether everyone has the same opportunities：強調教育機會平等。
- or whether ______ is built into the system：應填入與平等相對、會造成階級差異的概念。
因此，空格需要一個表示「偏重少數優勢階層」的抽象名詞。四個選項中，只有 elitism 符合文章主題與上下文。
此外，elitism 是不可數的抽象名詞，可直接作為句子的主詞：
Elitism is built into the system.
意思是「菁英主義根深蒂固地存在於制度中」。
選項分析
(A) egoism
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
All education systems may ultimately be judged in terms of equality of opportunity. This is often referred to in the debates over selective versus comprehensive schooling. The main issue is whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether (36) of one sort or another is (37) the system. League tables for schools and colleges may actually help unintentionally to (38) inequalities, while claiming to promote the raising of standards. Inevitably, league tables divide educational institutions into good and bad, successful and failing, resulting in a two-tier system, or at least that is how the public (39) it. The ability of better-off parents and well-endowed schools to push children towards the institutions at the top of the league may, in the long term, have the effect of depressing opportunity for the less well-off or for children from home environments that do not provide the push and motivation to excel. Financial support of different kinds can help to make educational opportunity more equal. There are, for example, scholarships or bursaries that make it possible for less (40) youngsters to afford tertiary education. Student loans allow undergraduates to pay for their tuition fees and living expenses while they are studying. But few would claim that real equality of opportunity has been achieved.
Which is the best answer for blank (37)?
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞＋介系詞」的固定搭配，以及字義是否符合上下文。
關鍵句為：
The main issue is whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether discrimination of one sort or another is inherent in the system.
翻譯：
主要問題在於，每個人是否都擁有相同的教育成就機會，抑或某種形式的歧視已經內在於這個制度之中。
其中：
- discrimination：歧視；差別待遇
- of one sort or another：某一種形式的；各式各樣的
- inherent in：內在於；固有於；本身即存在於
- educational achievement：教育成就
- equality of opportunity：機會均等
- selective schooling：選擇性學校教育，依能力或成績篩選學生
- comprehensive schooling：綜合型學校教育，不以學業能力作主要篩選
- league tables：排名表，常指學校或大學的成績排名
- inequality：不平等
- tertiary education：高等教育
- bursary：助學金
解題方法
句型為：
discrimination ... is ______ the system
空格後接名詞片語 the system，因此需要能表達「存在於某制度之內」的形容詞介系詞搭配。
inherent in 的意思是「本質上存在於……之中」，可直接接制度、問題、特性等名詞：
- inherent in the system：內在於制度之中
- inherent in the problem：問題本身固有的
- inherent in human nature：人性中固有的
文章討論教育制度是否真正提供平等機會，並指出排名制度可能加劇階級差異。因此，「歧視本身即存在於制度內」在語意與文法上都完全成立。
選項分析
(A) inextricable for
inextricable 意為「無法分離的；不可解脫的」，通常搭配 from，表示「與……密不可分」：
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
All education systems may ultimately be judged in terms of equality of opportunity. This is often referred to in the debates over selective versus comprehensive schooling. The main issue is whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether (36) of one sort or another is (37) the system. League tables for schools and colleges may actually help unintentionally to (38) inequalities, while claiming to promote the raising of standards. Inevitably, league tables divide educational institutions into good and bad, successful and failing, resulting in a two-tier system, or at least that is how the public (39) it. The ability of better-off parents and well-endowed schools to push children towards the institutions at the top of the league may, in the long term, have the effect of depressing opportunity for the less well-off or for children from home environments that do not provide the push and motivation to excel. Financial support of different kinds can help to make educational opportunity more equal. There are, for example, scholarships or bursaries that make it possible for less (40) youngsters to afford tertiary education. Student loans allow undergraduates to pay for their tuition fees and living expenses while they are studying. But few would claim that real equality of opportunity has been achieved.
Which is the best answer for blank (38)?
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。空格位於：
League tables for schools and colleges may actually help unintentionally to (38) inequalities, while claiming to promote the raising of standards.
學校與大專院校的排名表，聲稱能提升教育標準，實際上卻可能在無意間助長不平等現象持續存在。
關鍵在於：
- perpetuate：使某事持續、延續；使不良現象長期存在
- inequalities：不平等；差異
教育排名將學校分成優劣，也讓富裕家庭與資源充足的學校更容易集中優勢，因此可能使教育不平等「持續下去」。故應選 perpetuate。
解題方法
先觀察句意：
- 前文指出排名表將教育機構分成「好的」與「差的」。
- 後文說富裕家庭與資源充足的學校，能把孩子推向排名前段的學校。
- 這種結果會壓縮弱勢學生的教育機會。
- 因此，排名表雖然宣稱要提升教育水準，實際上可能使原有的不平等延續。
文法上，句型為：
help + to V
因此空格需要填入能直接接受 inequalities 作受詞的及物動詞。語意則必須表達「使不平等延續」：
help unintentionally to perpetuate inequalities
無意間助長不平等持續存在
選項分析
(A) permeate
permeate 意為「滲透、遍布、瀰漫」。例如：
- Water permeated the soil.
水滲入土壤。 - Fear permeated the community.
恐懼瀰漫整個社區。
它通常描述某種事物廣泛存在於某個環境中，常見搭配是 permeate society／the system／the atmosphere。本句需要表達「使不平等延續」，而不是「使不平等滲透」，因此語意與搭配均不合。
(B) perpetrate
perpetrate 意為「犯下、實施」某種犯罪、錯誤或不正行為，常見搭配包括：
- perpetrate a crime
犯罪 - perpetrate fraud
進行詐欺 - perpetrate an injustice
造成不公
雖然 perpetrate 可與負面概念連用，但 perpetrate inequalities 並非本句自然的搭配。
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
All education systems may ultimately be judged in terms of equality of opportunity. This is often referred to in the debates over selective versus comprehensive schooling. The main issue is whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether (36) of one sort or another is (37) the system. League tables for schools and colleges may actually help unintentionally to (38) inequalities, while claiming to promote the raising of standards. Inevitably, league tables divide educational institutions into good and bad, successful and failing, resulting in a two-tier system, or at least that is how the public (39) it. The ability of better-off parents and well-endowed schools to push children towards the institutions at the top of the league may, in the long term, have the effect of depressing opportunity for the less well-off or for children from home environments that do not provide the push and motivation to excel. Financial support of different kinds can help to make educational opportunity more equal. There are, for example, scholarships or bursaries that make it possible for less (40) youngsters to afford tertiary education. Student loans allow undergraduates to pay for their tuition fees and living expenses while they are studying. But few would claim that real equality of opportunity has been achieved.
Which is the best answer for blank (39)?
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的：
- 動詞語意判斷
- 固定句型與代名詞指涉
- 上下文邏輯
關鍵句為：
Inevitably, league tables divide educational institutions into good and bad, successful and failing, resulting in a two-tier system, or at least that is how the public (39) it.
翻譯：
不可避免地，排名表將教育機構分成好的與差的、成功的與失敗的，造成雙層制度；至少，這就是大眾對它的看法。
空格後方有受詞 it，因此空格應填入能表示「看待、認為」的及物動詞。
解題方法
句中 that is how the public ___ it 是常見結構：
that is how + 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞
那就是某人如何看待某事
本句主詞為 the public，在文法上視為單數集合名詞，因此動詞需使用第三人稱單數形式。
四個選項中，只有 perceives 能表達「大眾如何看待這件事」，且能直接接受詞 it：
the public perceives it
大眾看待它／大眾認為它是如此
文意上，前文說排名表將學校分成好壞、成功與失敗，形成雙層制度。作者補充說，至少這是大眾所「認知」或「看待」的情形，因此選 perceives。
選項分析
(A) perceives
perceive 意為「察覺、認知、理解、看待」，可用於表示某人對事物的主觀看法。
句型：
perceive + 受詞 + as + 補語
將某物看作……
本句使用：
the public perceives it
語意為「大眾如此看待它」，與前文的 that is how 完全搭配。
此外，主詞 the public 視為單數，故使用 perceives，而非原形 perceive。
因此 (A) 正確。
(B) aggravates
aggravate 意為「使惡化、加劇」，通常表示某種情況變得更嚴重。
例如：
aggravate inequality
加劇不平等
雖然文章前文提到排名表可能會加劇不平等：
League tables for schools and colleges may actually help unintentionally to aggravate inequalities.
但第 39 格所在句子的結構是：
that is how the public ___ it
若填入 aggravates，便成為：
大眾加劇它
語意不合理。此處需要的是「大眾如何看待這個制度」，不是「大眾使某事惡化」。
因此 (B) 錯誤。
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
All education systems may ultimately be judged in terms of equality of opportunity. This is often referred to in the debates over selective versus comprehensive schooling. The main issue is whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether (36) of one sort or another is (37) the system. League tables for schools and colleges may actually help unintentionally to (38) inequalities, while claiming to promote the raising of standards. Inevitably, league tables divide educational institutions into good and bad, successful and failing, resulting in a two-tier system, or at least that is how the public (39) it. The ability of better-off parents and well-endowed schools to push children towards the institutions at the top of the league may, in the long term, have the effect of depressing opportunity for the less well-off or for children from home environments that do not provide the push and motivation to excel. Financial support of different kinds can help to make educational opportunity more equal. There are, for example, scholarships or bursaries that make it possible for less (40) youngsters to afford tertiary education. Student loans allow undergraduates to pay for their tuition fees and living expenses while they are studying. But few would claim that real equality of opportunity has been achieved.
Which is the best answer for blank (40)?
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「搭配用法」。關鍵在於：
- privileged：享有特權的、條件優越的
- less privileged：較缺乏優勢的、社會或經濟條件較弱的
- afford tertiary education：負擔得起高等教育費用
句型為：
scholarships or bursaries that make it possible for less (40) youngsters to afford tertiary education.
其中 less + 形容詞 表示「較不……的」。因此 less privileged youngsters 意為「較不具優勢的年輕人」，符合獎學金與助學金協助弱勢學生接受高等教育的語意。
解題方法
先觀察空格所在句子的前後文：
Financial support of different kinds can help to make educational opportunity more equal.
There are, for example, scholarships or bursaries that make it possible for less (40) youngsters to afford tertiary education.
翻譯：
各種形式的經濟援助有助於使教育機會更加平等。舉例而言，獎學金或助學金讓條件較不優越的年輕人能夠負擔高等教育。
前句談「使教育機會更加平等」，後句提到獎學金與助學金。這些資助主要是幫助經濟條件較差、教育資源較少的學生，因此空格必須表示「享有較少優勢」的形容詞。
文章前文也提供線索：
depressing opportunity for the less well-off
the less well-off 指「較不富裕者」。這與 less privileged youngsters 屬於同一語意方向，都是指社會或經濟條件較弱的族群。
關鍵單字與片語
- education system：教育制度
- equality of opportunity：機會平等
- selective schooling：選擇性學校制度，依能力或成績篩選學生
- comprehensive schooling：綜合型學校制度，不依能力大幅篩選學生
- educational achievement：教育成就
- league table：學校或大學排名表
- inequality：不平等
- two-tier system：雙層制度
- better-off：較富裕的、經濟條件較好的
- well-endowed schools：資源充足的學校
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of a Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have been the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great, the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time, and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land and to the stability of rural life fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility; pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country; and justitia, a sense of the natural order.
Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong and who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is, at best, the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”
Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
How did Rome’s early development differ from that of Greece?
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀測驗，考查：
- 能否從文章中找出與題目直接對應的資訊。
- 連接詞 whereas 所表達的對比關係。
- 字義與語意判斷，尤其是文章中的比喻與關鍵句。
題目問的是：Rome’s early development 與 Greece 有何不同？ 因此應定位在第二段，尋找描述兩者「早期發展」的對比句，而非依據全文印象作答。
定位答案的關鍵句
Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism.
翻譯：
希臘是由許多分散的城市發展而成；相較之下，羅馬則是由一個單一的整體發展而成。
其中：
- whereas：然而、相較之下，表示兩件事的對比。
- scores of：許多、數十個。
- scattered cities：分散的城市。
- one single organism：一個單一的有機體；此處是比喻，指羅馬自一個統一核心逐步發展。
這句話直接說明：希臘起源於許多分散的城市，羅馬則起源於單一的整體，與選項 (A) 完全相符。
解題方法
第一步，辨識題幹中的關鍵字：
- early development：早期發展
- differ from：與……不同
第二步，回文章中尋找描述 Rome 與 Greece 早期發展的對比。第二段開頭即以 Whereas Greece... Rome... 建立明確對照。
第三步，將原文資訊與選項逐一比對。閱讀測驗的正確答案通常可由原文直接支持；若選項加入文章未提及的內容，或將原文方向顛倒，即可排除。
文法與語意重點
句型：
Whereas + 子句 A, 子句 B.
表示「A 是如此，但 B 則不同」。
原句中的：
- had grown：過去完成式，說明希臘在某個過去時間點以前已由分散城市發展而成。
- grew：過去式，敘述羅馬的發展情形。
- from：由、從……發展而來。
這裡的重點不是比較希臘與羅馬後來使用哪種交通方式，而是比較兩個文明最初形成與擴張的基礎。
選項分析
(A) Rome grew from a single organism, while Greece grew from scattered cities.
正確。
此選項幾乎直接改寫原文：
Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism.
它完整保留了原文的對比關係：
- Greece：由許多分散城市發展而成。
- Rome：由單一整體發展而成。
因此為正確答案。
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of a Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have been the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great, the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time, and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land and to the stability of rural life fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility; pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country; and justitia, a sense of the natural order.
Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong and who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is, at best, the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”
Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
What does Horace’s question in the passage imply about Roman attitudes?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解，考查：
- 根據上下文判斷代名詞與比較結構的語意。
- 理解
hold novelty in disdain的片語意義。 - 掌握反問句所蘊含的態度與立場。
- 分辨文章對「希臘」與「羅馬」文化創造力、模仿性及創新觀的比較。
關鍵片語：
hold ... in disdain：鄙視、蔑視……；不重視……novelty：新奇性、創新、嶄新的事物ancient date：古老年代、古代what work of ancient date would now exist?：現在還會有什麼古代作品存在呢？imitator：模仿者continuator：延續者、承襲者derivative：因襲的、缺乏原創性的original：原創的consciously used as models：有意識地作為模仿範本made virtually no advance on：幾乎沒有超越、進步於……
答案定位
關鍵句為：
“Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”
此句可改寫為：
If the Greeks had held novelty in such disdain as we do, what ancient works would exist today?
中文意義是：
「如果希臘人也像我們一樣鄙視新奇與創新，今天還會有什麼古代作品流傳下來呢？」
其中：
as we是省略結構，完整意思是as we do，即「像我們一樣」。Had the Greeks ...是倒裝的假設語氣，等同於If the Greeks had ...。- 這是一個反問句，答案預設為「不會有多少作品存在」，藉此凸顯希臘人重視創新，而羅馬人相對不重視創新。
因此，Horace 的話暗示：羅馬人對新奇、創新的態度較為輕視。
解題方法
先抓住片語 hold novelty in disdain：
再注意句中的比較結構：
此處的 we 代表羅馬人。Horace 的意思是：假如希臘人也像羅馬人一樣不重視創新，那麼今日就不會留下那麼多古代作品。這表示希臘文化具有原創性與創新精神，而羅馬人對「新奇」較不看重，甚至抱持蔑視態度。
文章前文也提供了明確背景：
Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money.
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of a Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have been the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great, the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time, and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land and to the stability of rural life fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility; pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country; and justitia, a sense of the natural order.
Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong and who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is, at best, the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”
Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
What is the main idea of the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」。判斷文章主旨時，不能只看其中一段，而要整合全文各段的共同論點：
- 羅馬文明具有獨特而強大的「凝聚力」與統一性。
- 這種凝聚力來自軍事、道路、法律、行政及心理控制。
- 羅馬文明深受希臘影響，尤其在宗教、哲學、文學及科學方面。
- 羅馬並非只是希臘的模仿者，仍在法律、軍事組織、行政與工程方面展現自身特色。
因此，全文是在「說明羅馬文明獨特的 cohesiveness」，同時「承認羅馬對希臘文明的承襲與貢獻」，主旨為選項 (C)。
解題方法
主旨題應掌握文章的「核心對象＋主要觀點＋作者態度」。
本文的核心對象是 Roman civilization。文章先說明羅馬世界具有其他文明少見的 cohesiveness，接著分析其形成原因，再比較希臘與羅馬的發展方式，最後討論羅馬對希臘的承襲以及羅馬自身的創新。
最能概括全文的關鍵句包括：
“There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern.”
「羅馬世界具有一種凝聚力；這種特質既不適用於希臘，也可能不適用於任何其他古代或現代文明。」
此句提出全文第一個核心：羅馬文明的特殊凝聚力。
“Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous.”
「羅馬對希臘所欠下的文化債非常龐大。」
此句指出羅馬確實受到希臘深刻影響。
“Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization.”
「然而，若因此認為羅馬在希臘羅馬文明中只是次要夥伴，便是錯誤的。」
此句進一步說明：羅馬雖受希臘影響，仍具有自身不可取代的成就。
文章的整體邏輯可整理為：
所以正確主旨必須同時包含「羅馬的獨特凝聚力」與「對希臘的承襲」，選項 (C) 完整涵蓋兩者。
文章中的語意與文法重點
-
cohesiveness：凝聚力、一致性、團結性
文章以 Roman wall 作比喻，說明羅馬帝國各部分如同石牆，透過軍事、組織與心理控制緊密結合。 -
be bonded into：被結合成……
“the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity”
「羅馬領土的各個部分被結合成一個龐大而單一的整體。」
-
territorial conquest：領土征服
羅馬主要藉由陸地上的軍事征服擴張，與希臘依賴海上航線及海權有所不同。 -
be wedded to：緊密依附於、專注於
“The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land.”
「希臘人緊密依附海洋；羅馬人則緊密依附陸地。」
第二個子句省略了 “were wedded”，形成對偶句。
- in all probability：很可能、大概
“In all probability, it was the fertile plain of Latium ... that created...”
「很可能正是拉丁姆肥沃的平原，孕育了……」
此處為強調句型：
“It was A that created B” 表示「正是 A 創造了 B」。
- be predisposed to：傾向於、預先偏好
“there are the power worshippers ... who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong”
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of a Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have been the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great, the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time, and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land and to the stability of rural life fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility; pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country; and justitia, a sense of the natural order.
Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong and who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is, at best, the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”
Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解中的「找出不符合文章內容」題，重點在於：
- 掌握文章主旨與各段重點。
- 將選項逐一與原文核對。
- 注意選項中的強烈語氣，例如 completely（完全地），常是判斷錯誤敘述的關鍵。
本文比較希臘文明與羅馬文明的特色，並特別說明羅馬雖深受希臘影響，仍在法律、軍事組織、行政與工程等領域展現自身成就。
解題方法
題目問：
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
下列哪一項依據文章內容是不正確的？
因此，必須找出「文章沒有支持，甚至與文章明確相反」的選項。
判斷順序如下：
- 先找文章中直接對應選項的句子。
- 若選項與原文意思一致，該選項為正確敘述，不能選。
- 若選項與原文相反，或加入原文沒有的絕對語氣，則為答案。
關鍵單字與片語
- cohesiveness：凝聚力、一致性
- bond together：使結合、凝聚
- realm：領域、國土
- territorial conquest：領土征服
- marching legions：行軍中的軍團
- be wedded to：與……緊密相連、專注於……
- territorial imperative：領土本能、對領土的強烈需求
- landed settlement：以土地為基礎的定居
- foster：培養、促進
- virtue：美德
- derivative：模仿的、衍生的
- enormous：巨大的
- adopt：採用、接受
- moral philosophy：道德哲學
- consciously used as models：有意識地被用作典範
- fluent in Greek：能流利使用希臘語
- make virtually no advance：幾乎沒有進步
- junior partner：次要夥伴
- military organization：軍事組織
- statesman：政治家、國務家
- of high caliber：高水準的、才華卓越的
文章定位與內容理解
1. 羅馬在軍事組織方面有所成就
文章最後一段明確指出：
The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering.
翻譯：
羅馬人的天才展現在新的領域，尤其是法律、軍事組織、行政與工程方面。
這直接支持羅馬在軍事組織方面有重大發展。
2. 羅馬並未完全拒絕希臘文化
文章第五段指出：
The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy.
翻譯：
羅馬人採用了希臘的宗教與道德哲學。
同段又提到：
In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors.
翻譯：
在文學方面，希臘作家被後來的拉丁作家有意識地當作模範。
此外，文章還說：
It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek.
翻譯：
當時普遍認為，一位受過教育的羅馬人應該能流利使用希臘語。
因此，說羅馬「完全拒絕」希臘文化與思想，與原文明顯矛盾。
3. 希臘作家是拉丁作家的典範
原文已直接說明：
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of a Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have been the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great, the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time, and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land and to the stability of rural life fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility; pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country; and justitia, a sense of the natural order.
Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong and who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is, at best, the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”
Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考的是英文閱讀測驗中的「主旨與最佳標題判斷」。解題重點不是尋找文章中出現頻率最高的單一字詞，而是整合全文各段的共同核心。
本文主要說明：
- 羅馬文明具有高度的凝聚力與統一性。
- 羅馬的力量建立在軍事、道路、法律、行政與心理控制上。
- 羅馬文明源自以土地與領土征服為核心的發展模式。
- 羅馬深受希臘文明影響，但並非只是希臘的拙劣模仿者。
- 羅馬在法律、軍事組織、行政與工程等領域展現自身特色，並形成重要的 Greco-Roman cultural heritage。
因此，最佳標題必須同時涵蓋「羅馬的凝聚力與控制」以及「羅馬與希臘文明的關係」。
解題方法
判斷文章標題時，應採取「全文範圍」與「各段功能」的分析方式：
- 第一段：說明 Roman world 的 cohesiveness，以及維繫羅馬帝國的三種控制力量。
- 第二、三段：解釋羅馬偏重領土、土地與軍事組織的歷史原因。
- 第四段：呈現後世對羅馬文明的正反兩種評價。
- 第五、六段：說明羅馬受到希臘影響，但仍在法律、軍事、行政、工程及文學藝術方面形成自己的成就。
文章不是只談軍事，也不是只談希臘對羅馬的影響，而是全面評估 Roman civilization 的特色、統治方式及其在 Greco-Roman civilization 中的地位。
定位答案的關鍵句是：
“Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization.”
翻譯：
「然而，若因此認為羅馬在希臘羅馬文明中只是某種次要的夥伴，那便是錯誤的。」
接著文章列出羅馬自身的成就：
“The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering.”
翻譯：
「羅馬人的天賦展現在新的領域，尤其是法律、軍事組織、行政與工程方面。」
這兩句明確指出：文章既討論羅馬的獨特性，也討論羅馬與希臘文明的互動關係。再配合第一段的「凝聚力與控制」，即可選出涵蓋面最完整的選項 C。
關鍵單字與片語
- cohesiveness：凝聚力；團結性
- bond：連結；紐帶
- realm：領域；王國；帝國
- monolithic entity：單一而龐大的整體
- military garrison：軍事駐地；駐軍
- province：行省；省
- organizational bond：組織上的連結
- enforce：執行；強制實施
- authority：權威；統治權
- utterly destroyed：徹底摧毀
- obsession with：對……的強烈執著
- territorial conquest：領土征服
- stark：鮮明的；極端的
- sea power：海權
- marching legion：行軍中的軍團；羅馬軍團
- be wedded to：專注於；深深依附於
- landsman：陸地居民；不以航海為主的人
- territorial imperative：領土本能；對領土的強烈需求
- exploitation：開發；利用
- landed property：土地財產
- foster：促進；培養
- gravitas：莊重感；責任感
- pietas：對家庭與國家的忠誠、奉獻
- justitia：正義；自然秩序感
- power worshipper：崇拜權力者
- predisposed to：傾向於……
- imitator：模仿者
- continuator：延續者
- derivative：衍生的；缺乏原創性的
- research and development division：研究與發展部門
- debt to：對……的虧欠；受……影響
- speculative philosophy：思辨哲學
- junior partner：次要夥伴
- caliber：品質；水準
語意與文法重點
- 主旨不是單一段落的細節
第一段雖然強調 Roman cohesion，但全文後半部又討論希臘對羅馬的影響及羅馬自身的文化成就。因此，只根據第一段選擇「軍事」相關標題，會忽略全文的重要內容。
- 對比結構
文中大量使用對比：
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform healthcare decision-making but also introduces novel challenges in patient safety. AI-embedded clinical decision support (CDS) can improve diagnosis, including the identification of rare diseases, and offer higher-value treatment options. However, it can also create harm. For example, AI performance may change when applied to different populations, instead of those originally tested, potentially leading to incorrect diagnoses or treatments for certain demographic groups. Additionally, improper training can result in clinicians misusing AI, thus endangering patient safety. Moreover, implementation of new healthcare technology can improve safety but may also increase medical errors. Likewise, traditional decision support systems have resulted in alert fatigue, leading to medical errors. However, medical education has been lacking in training individuals on integrating AI algorithms into medical decisions. Thus, implementation science and quality improvement programs are required to emphasize the importance of developing plans and using simulation to mitigate potential harms.
The National Academies of Medicine (NAM) defines patient safety as “the prevention of harm to patients.” Despite two decades of focus, the effectiveness of patient safety efforts remains debated among experts. On October 30, 2023, President Biden issued an executive order on AI, mandating federal agencies to develop standards for AI applications in healthcare. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) created a task force to ensure that AI deployment reduces patient harm and encourages continuous learning. This includes roles for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in software approval, the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for AI inclusion in electronic health records, and the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) to ensure AI algorithms not violating civil rights.
The requirement for hospitals to ensure patient safety is a condition of participation (CoP) in Medicare and Medicaid, as by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Section 1861(e) of the Social Security Act authorizes the Secretary to impose additional requirements if necessary for health and safety. This involves investigating harms to determine if policies and procedures effectively protect patients and whether these measures minimize harm while maximizing safety. CMS, State Survey Agencies, or Accrediting Organizations investigate reports of abuse, neglect, or noncompliance with health and safety standards. They also investigate critical events such as unexpected deaths or serious injuries. Hospitals are obligated to conduct a Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement (QAPI) activity if harm occurs. Although there is no separate statutory authority to regulate AI in clinical care, CoPs for hospitals already require policies and procedures for AI use, detailing qualifications and responsibilities of users and those monitoring safety issues. Principles such as safety, transparency, accountability, equity, fairness, and usefulness should guide AI and governors to ensure trustworthy solutions in patient care.
The Biden-Harris administration’s Executive Order calls for national standards for trustworthy AI, developed through public-private partnerships. Local AI governance should provide organizational transparency on which AI solutions are used on which patient populations to avoid safety issues and inconsistent use. When organizations do not have the appropriate technical expertise to assure that AI is used appropriately, they can rely on independent entities such as the proposed assurance laboratories.
The CoPs also mandate governance structures to monitor safety events. When patient harm is reported, the hospital should determine if the patient was harmed through a medical error or had a poor outcome and whether the application of an AI tool or algorithm was a contributing factor in the harm a patient experienced. Although new AI regulations have been suggested, the CoPs already empower CMS and accrediting organizations to regulate AI at the bedside. If AI is a potential cause of harm, hospitals must identify if the issue lies with the algorithm, hospital policies and procedures, or staff training.
CMS can investigate hospitals and require corrective action plans if their processes and procedures do not protect patient safety. If an error is due to an intrinsic algorithm flaw, safety incidents, including non-harmful errors, should be reported to the manufacturer, with risks managed by the implementer. Poor implementation issues must be addressed through the QAPI process, and safety risks reported to the manufacturer. FDA-cleared AI technologies require medical harm reporting to the FDA and manufacturer. As for non-FDA-cleared AI technology, it will be important for the health care ecosystem to think about the mechanism to report AI-influenced medical errors, with QAPI findings reported back to the FDA and manufacturer. CMS and HHS must use their existing authority under the CoPs to ensure safe AI implementation in hospitals, with algorithm assessment left to the FDA and other bodies. While AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes and care, the critical goal is to employ AI in enhancing safety, not in creating new sources of medical harm without a clear mechanism for continuously improving and learning from any medical errors.
What is the main focus of the reading material?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷題」（main idea/main focus）。解題重點不是尋找文章提到最多的單一名詞，而是判斷全文反覆圍繞的核心議題。
本文主軸包括：
- AI 可改善醫療決策與病人照護。
- AI 也可能因族群差異、錯誤訓練、演算法缺陷或不當實施而造成傷害。
- 美國現有的病人安全制度、醫院治理架構與 QAPI，可用來監督 AI 的臨床使用。
- AI 應以安全性、透明性、問責、公平性及持續改善為原則。
因此，全文焦點是「AI 在病人安全上的潛力與挑戰」。
關鍵單字與片語
- artificial intelligence：人工智慧
- healthcare decision-making：醫療決策
- patient safety：病人安全
- clinical decision support（CDS）：臨床決策支援
- rare diseases：罕見疾病
- treatment options：治療選項
- demographic groups：人口統計族群
- improper training：不當訓練
- alert fatigue：警示疲勞
- medical errors：醫療錯誤
- implementation science：實施科學
- quality improvement：品質改善
- mitigate potential harms：減輕潛在傷害
- executive order：行政命令
- condition of participation（CoP）：參與條件
- noncompliance：不遵守規範
- corrective action plans：矯正行動計畫
- intrinsic algorithm flaw：演算法本身的缺陷
- trustworthy AI：值得信賴的人工智慧
- continuous learning：持續學習與改進
定位主旨的關鍵句
文章開頭即明確提出全文的正反兩面：
“Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform healthcare decision-making but also introduces novel challenges in patient safety.”
翻譯為：
人工智慧有潛力改變醫療決策，但也在病人安全方面帶來新的挑戰。
文中又多次重申相同概念，例如：
“While AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes and care, the critical goal is to employ AI in enhancing safety, not in creating new sources of medical harm…”
翻譯為：
雖然人工智慧有潛力改善病人治療結果與照護，最重要的目標是運用人工智慧來提升安全，而不是在缺乏持續改善與從醫療錯誤中學習機制的情況下，製造新的醫療傷害來源。
這兩句分別位於文章開頭與結尾，形成首尾呼應，最能證明全文主旨。
文法與語意重點
本題主要考語意統整，而非單一文法規則。尤其要注意：
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform healthcare decision-making but also introduces novel challenges in patient safety. AI-embedded clinical decision support (CDS) can improve diagnosis, including the identification of rare diseases, and offer higher-value treatment options. However, it can also create harm. For example, AI performance may change when applied to different populations, instead of those originally tested, potentially leading to incorrect diagnoses or treatments for certain demographic groups. Additionally, improper training can result in clinicians misusing AI, thus endangering patient safety. Moreover, implementation of new healthcare technology can improve safety but may also increase medical errors. Likewise, traditional decision support systems have resulted in alert fatigue, leading to medical errors. However, medical education has been lacking in training individuals on integrating AI algorithms into medical decisions. Thus, implementation science and quality improvement programs are required to emphasize the importance of developing plans and using simulation to mitigate potential harms.
The National Academies of Medicine (NAM) defines patient safety as “the prevention of harm to patients.” Despite two decades of focus, the effectiveness of patient safety efforts remains debated among experts. On October 30, 2023, President Biden issued an executive order on AI, mandating federal agencies to develop standards for AI applications in healthcare. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) created a task force to ensure that AI deployment reduces patient harm and encourages continuous learning. This includes roles for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in software approval, the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for AI inclusion in electronic health records, and the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) to ensure AI algorithms not violating civil rights.
The requirement for hospitals to ensure patient safety is a condition of participation (CoP) in Medicare and Medicaid, as by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Section 1861(e) of the Social Security Act authorizes the Secretary to impose additional requirements if necessary for health and safety. This involves investigating harms to determine if policies and procedures effectively protect patients and whether these measures minimize harm while maximizing safety. CMS, State Survey Agencies, or Accrediting Organizations investigate reports of abuse, neglect, or noncompliance with health and safety standards. They also investigate critical events such as unexpected deaths or serious injuries. Hospitals are obligated to conduct a Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement (QAPI) activity if harm occurs. Although there is no separate statutory authority to regulate AI in clinical care, CoPs for hospitals already require policies and procedures for AI use, detailing qualifications and responsibilities of users and those monitoring safety issues. Principles such as safety, transparency, accountability, equity, fairness, and usefulness should guide AI and governors to ensure trustworthy solutions in patient care.
The Biden-Harris administration’s Executive Order calls for national standards for trustworthy AI, developed through public-private partnerships. Local AI governance should provide organizational transparency on which AI solutions are used on which patient populations to avoid safety issues and inconsistent use. When organizations do not have the appropriate technical expertise to assure that AI is used appropriately, they can rely on independent entities such as the proposed assurance laboratories.
The CoPs also mandate governance structures to monitor safety events. When patient harm is reported, the hospital should determine if the patient was harmed through a medical error or had a poor outcome and whether the application of an AI tool or algorithm was a contributing factor in the harm a patient experienced. Although new AI regulations have been suggested, the CoPs already empower CMS and accrediting organizations to regulate AI at the bedside. If AI is a potential cause of harm, hospitals must identify if the issue lies with the algorithm, hospital policies and procedures, or staff training.
CMS can investigate hospitals and require corrective action plans if their processes and procedures do not protect patient safety. If an error is due to an intrinsic algorithm flaw, safety incidents, including non-harmful errors, should be reported to the manufacturer, with risks managed by the implementer. Poor implementation issues must be addressed through the QAPI process, and safety risks reported to the manufacturer. FDA-cleared AI technologies require medical harm reporting to the FDA and manufacturer. As for non-FDA-cleared AI technology, it will be important for the health care ecosystem to think about the mechanism to report AI-influenced medical errors, with QAPI findings reported back to the FDA and manufacturer. CMS and HHS must use their existing authority under the CoPs to ensure safe AI implementation in hospitals, with algorithm assessment left to the FDA and other bodies. While AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes and care, the critical goal is to employ AI in enhancing safety, not in creating new sources of medical harm without a clear mechanism for continuously improving and learning from any medical errors.
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 閱讀文章中的細節定位。
- 同義改寫與語意判斷。
- 否定題 NOT true：要找出「不符合文章內容」的敘述。
- 重要字詞與片語：
- transform healthcare decision-making：改變醫療決策
- patient safety：病人安全
- clinical decision support (CDS)：臨床決策支援
- rare diseases：罕見疾病
- demographic groups：人口統計群體
- alert fatigue：警示疲勞
- medical errors：醫療錯誤
- condition of participation (CoP)：參與條件
- quality assessment and performance improvement (QAPI)：品質評估與績效改善
- algorithm flaw：演算法缺陷
- corrective action plan：矯正行動計畫
- AI-influenced medical errors：受人工智慧影響的醫療錯誤
解題方法
題目問的是「下列哪一項不符合文章」。解題時須逐項回到文章，確認：
- 主體是否相同；
- 動作是否相同；
- 程度與義務性是否被誇大；
- 是否將文章沒有提到的責任加到某個主體身上。
本題最關鍵的定位句是：
“If AI is a potential cause of harm, hospitals must identify if the issue lies with the algorithm, hospital policies and procedures, or staff training.”
翻譯為：
如果人工智慧可能是造成傷害的原因，醫院必須確認問題究竟出在演算法、醫院的政策與程序，或員工訓練。
文章明確規定由 hospitals 判斷問題來源，並未說明 manufacturers 也必須負責辨認問題究竟出在演算法、員工訓練或政策程序。因此 D 將文章沒有賦予製造商的責任加以擴張，內容不正確。
選項分析
(A) Both FDA-cleared and non-FDA-cleared AI technology requires a mechanism to report AI-influenced medical errors back to the manufacturer.
FDA 核准的人工智慧科技，文章指出：
“FDA-cleared AI technologies require medical harm reporting to the FDA and manufacturer.”
翻譯為：
FDA 核准的人工智慧技術，若造成醫療傷害，必須向 FDA 與製造商通報。
至於未經 FDA 核准的人工智慧技術，文章指出：
“As for non-FDA-cleared AI technology, it will be important for the health care ecosystem to think about the mechanism to report AI-influenced medical errors, with QAPI findings reported back to the FDA and manufacturer.”
翻譯為：
至於未經 FDA 核准的人工智慧技術，醫療照護體系應思考通報人工智慧影響之醫療錯誤的機制，並將 QAPI 的調查結果回報給 FDA 與製造商。
因此文章的整體方向是：不論 AI 是否經 FDA 核准，都應建立將相關錯誤回報製造商的機制。A 符合文章內容。
需注意的是，非 FDA 核准技術的原文使用 it will be important to think about，語氣偏向「有必要建立、應加以思考」，不如 require 強烈。這是本選項較細微的語氣爭議，但依文章整體內容與官方答案判斷，A 仍視為正確。
(B) Both AI and governors should be guided under the principles of safety, transparency, accountability, equity, fairness, and usefulness.
文章明確提到：
“Principles such as safety, transparency, accountability, equity, fairness, and usefulness should guid
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform healthcare decision-making but also introduces novel challenges in patient safety. AI-embedded clinical decision support (CDS) can improve diagnosis, including the identification of rare diseases, and offer higher-value treatment options. However, it can also create harm. For example, AI performance may change when applied to different populations, instead of those originally tested, potentially leading to incorrect diagnoses or treatments for certain demographic groups. Additionally, improper training can result in clinicians misusing AI, thus endangering patient safety. Moreover, implementation of new healthcare technology can improve safety but may also increase medical errors. Likewise, traditional decision support systems have resulted in alert fatigue, leading to medical errors. However, medical education has been lacking in training individuals on integrating AI algorithms into medical decisions. Thus, implementation science and quality improvement programs are required to emphasize the importance of developing plans and using simulation to mitigate potential harms.
The National Academies of Medicine (NAM) defines patient safety as “the prevention of harm to patients.” Despite two decades of focus, the effectiveness of patient safety efforts remains debated among experts. On October 30, 2023, President Biden issued an executive order on AI, mandating federal agencies to develop standards for AI applications in healthcare. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) created a task force to ensure that AI deployment reduces patient harm and encourages continuous learning. This includes roles for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in software approval, the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for AI inclusion in electronic health records, and the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) to ensure AI algorithms not violating civil rights.
The requirement for hospitals to ensure patient safety is a condition of participation (CoP) in Medicare and Medicaid, as by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Section 1861(e) of the Social Security Act authorizes the Secretary to impose additional requirements if necessary for health and safety. This involves investigating harms to determine if policies and procedures effectively protect patients and whether these measures minimize harm while maximizing safety. CMS, State Survey Agencies, or Accrediting Organizations investigate reports of abuse, neglect, or noncompliance with health and safety standards. They also investigate critical events such as unexpected deaths or serious injuries. Hospitals are obligated to conduct a Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement (QAPI) activity if harm occurs. Although there is no separate statutory authority to regulate AI in clinical care, CoPs for hospitals already require policies and procedures for AI use, detailing qualifications and responsibilities of users and those monitoring safety issues. Principles such as safety, transparency, accountability, equity, fairness, and usefulness should guide AI and governors to ensure trustworthy solutions in patient care.
The Biden-Harris administration’s Executive Order calls for national standards for trustworthy AI, developed through public-private partnerships. Local AI governance should provide organizational transparency on which AI solutions are used on which patient populations to avoid safety issues and inconsistent use. When organizations do not have the appropriate technical expertise to assure that AI is used appropriately, they can rely on independent entities such as the proposed assurance laboratories.
The CoPs also mandate governance structures to monitor safety events. When patient harm is reported, the hospital should determine if the patient was harmed through a medical error or had a poor outcome and whether the application of an AI tool or algorithm was a contributing factor in the harm a patient experienced. Although new AI regulations have been suggested, the CoPs already empower CMS and accrediting organizations to regulate AI at the bedside. If AI is a potential cause of harm, hospitals must identify if the issue lies with the algorithm, hospital policies and procedures, or staff training.
CMS can investigate hospitals and require corrective action plans if their processes and procedures do not protect patient safety. If an error is due to an intrinsic algorithm flaw, safety incidents, including non-harmful errors, should be reported to the manufacturer, with risks managed by the implementer. Poor implementation issues must be addressed through the QAPI process, and safety risks reported to the manufacturer. FDA-cleared AI technologies require medical harm reporting to the FDA and manufacturer. As for non-FDA-cleared AI technology, it will be important for the health care ecosystem to think about the mechanism to report AI-influenced medical errors, with QAPI findings reported back to the FDA and manufacturer. CMS and HHS must use their existing authority under the CoPs to ensure safe AI implementation in hospitals, with algorithm assessment left to the FDA and other bodies. While AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes and care, the critical goal is to employ AI in enhancing safety, not in creating new sources of medical harm without a clear mechanism for continuously improving and learning from any medical errors.
What does the word “mandate” most nearly mean as used in the text?
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「語境推論」。關鍵字為 mandate，出現在：
“On October 30, 2023, President Biden issued an executive order on AI, mandating federal agencies to develop standards for AI applications in healthcare.”
2023 年 10 月 30 日，拜登總統發布人工智慧行政命令，要求聯邦機構制定醫療人工智慧應用的標準。
mandate 作動詞時，指「命令、授權、要求某人執行某事」。本句中是總統透過行政命令，要求聯邦機構制定相關標準。
四個選項中，官方答案 commission 可作動詞，表示「委託、交付任務」，與「要求某機構負責執行特定工作」最接近。
解題方法
先判斷句中 mandating 的詞性。它是現在分詞，修飾前面的 an executive order，結構為：
an executive order mandating federal agencies to develop standards
可改寫為：
an executive order that mandates federal agencies to develop standards
意思是：
一項要求聯邦機構制定標準的行政命令。
再將各選項代入「要求、交付任務」的語境中比較：
- commission：委託、交辦任務，最接近。
- attenuate：減弱、降低，與「制定標準」的行動無關。
- concede：承認、讓步，語意不合。
- reciprocate：回報、互換，語意不合。
因此依官方答案選 commission。
選項分析
(A) commission 委託；交辦 —— 正確
commission 作動詞時，可表示「委託某人執行工作、交辦任務」。句中總統要求聯邦機構制定醫療 AI 標準，具有交付任務、授權執行的含意，因此是四個選項中最接近 mandate 的字。
常見用法：
- commission someone to do something
委託某人做某事 - commission a report
委託撰寫報告 - a commissioned project
受委託的計畫
(B) attenuate 減弱；削弱 —— 錯誤
attenuate 表示使力量、程度、影響減弱，例如：
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform healthcare decision-making but also introduces novel challenges in patient safety. AI-embedded clinical decision support (CDS) can improve diagnosis, including the identification of rare diseases, and offer higher-value treatment options. However, it can also create harm. For example, AI performance may change when applied to different populations, instead of those originally tested, potentially leading to incorrect diagnoses or treatments for certain demographic groups. Additionally, improper training can result in clinicians misusing AI, thus endangering patient safety. Moreover, implementation of new healthcare technology can improve safety but may also increase medical errors. Likewise, traditional decision support systems have resulted in alert fatigue, leading to medical errors. However, medical education has been lacking in training individuals on integrating AI algorithms into medical decisions. Thus, implementation science and quality improvement programs are required to emphasize the importance of developing plans and using simulation to mitigate potential harms.
The National Academies of Medicine (NAM) defines patient safety as “the prevention of harm to patients.” Despite two decades of focus, the effectiveness of patient safety efforts remains debated among experts. On October 30, 2023, President Biden issued an executive order on AI, mandating federal agencies to develop standards for AI applications in healthcare. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) created a task force to ensure that AI deployment reduces patient harm and encourages continuous learning. This includes roles for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in software approval, the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for AI inclusion in electronic health records, and the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) to ensure AI algorithms not violating civil rights.
The requirement for hospitals to ensure patient safety is a condition of participation (CoP) in Medicare and Medicaid, as by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Section 1861(e) of the Social Security Act authorizes the Secretary to impose additional requirements if necessary for health and safety. This involves investigating harms to determine if policies and procedures effectively protect patients and whether these measures minimize harm while maximizing safety. CMS, State Survey Agencies, or Accrediting Organizations investigate reports of abuse, neglect, or noncompliance with health and safety standards. They also investigate critical events such as unexpected deaths or serious injuries. Hospitals are obligated to conduct a Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement (QAPI) activity if harm occurs. Although there is no separate statutory authority to regulate AI in clinical care, CoPs for hospitals already require policies and procedures for AI use, detailing qualifications and responsibilities of users and those monitoring safety issues. Principles such as safety, transparency, accountability, equity, fairness, and usefulness should guide AI and governors to ensure trustworthy solutions in patient care.
The Biden-Harris administration’s Executive Order calls for national standards for trustworthy AI, developed through public-private partnerships. Local AI governance should provide organizational transparency on which AI solutions are used on which patient populations to avoid safety issues and inconsistent use. When organizations do not have the appropriate technical expertise to assure that AI is used appropriately, they can rely on independent entities such as the proposed assurance laboratories.
The CoPs also mandate governance structures to monitor safety events. When patient harm is reported, the hospital should determine if the patient was harmed through a medical error or had a poor outcome and whether the application of an AI tool or algorithm was a contributing factor in the harm a patient experienced. Although new AI regulations have been suggested, the CoPs already empower CMS and accrediting organizations to regulate AI at the bedside. If AI is a potential cause of harm, hospitals must identify if the issue lies with the algorithm, hospital policies and procedures, or staff training.
CMS can investigate hospitals and require corrective action plans if their processes and procedures do not protect patient safety. If an error is due to an intrinsic algorithm flaw, safety incidents, including non-harmful errors, should be reported to the manufacturer, with risks managed by the implementer. Poor implementation issues must be addressed through the QAPI process, and safety risks reported to the manufacturer. FDA-cleared AI technologies require medical harm reporting to the FDA and manufacturer. As for non-FDA-cleared AI technology, it will be important for the health care ecosystem to think about the mechanism to report AI-influenced medical errors, with QAPI findings reported back to the FDA and manufacturer. CMS and HHS must use their existing authority under the CoPs to ensure safe AI implementation in hospitals, with algorithm assessment left to the FDA and other bodies. While AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes and care, the critical goal is to employ AI in enhancing safety, not in creating new sources of medical harm without a clear mechanism for continuously improving and learning from any medical errors.
What is the author’s likely intention in discussing the importance of developing plans and using simulation in healthcare technology implementation?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解中的「作者寫作意圖題」（author’s intention）。解題重點不是只翻譯 plans 或 simulation，而是判斷作者在全文脈絡中，為何提出「制定計畫」與「使用模擬」：
- AI 應用於醫療可能提升診斷與治療品質。
- AI 也可能因族群差異、訓練不足、錯誤使用或系統缺陷而造成病人傷害。
- 因此，醫療機構必須在導入科技前做好規畫，並透過模擬演練預先發現、降低潛在風險。
故作者的目的在於強調「充分準備與風險管理」的重要性。
定位答案的關鍵句
“Thus, implementation science and quality improvement programs are required to emphasize the importance of developing plans and using simulation to mitigate potential harms.”
翻譯：
因此，實施科學與品質改善計畫必須強調制定計畫及使用模擬演練的重要性，以減輕潛在傷害。
句中的 Thus 表示前文所述各種 AI 風險所導出的結論；
are required to 表示「被要求去……」；
mitigate potential harms 表示「降低潛在傷害」。
這句明確指出，制定計畫與模擬演練的目的，是預防或減少 AI 導入醫療時可能產生的危害，與選項 D 完全相符。
關鍵單字與片語
- artificial intelligence：人工智慧
- healthcare decision-making：醫療決策
- patient safety：病人安全
- clinical decision support：臨床決策支援
- rare diseases：罕見疾病
- demographic groups：人口統計群體、不同族群
- improper training：不適當的訓練
- endanger：危及
- medical errors：醫療錯誤
- alert fatigue：警示疲勞
- implementation science：實施科學，研究如何將新措施有效導入實務
- quality improvement：品質改善
- develop plans：制定計畫
- simulation：模擬、模擬演練
- mitigate：減輕、降低
- potential harms：潛在傷害
- regulation：監管、規範
- trustworthy：值得信賴的
解題方法
第一步，觀察題幹問的是作者討論某一觀念的「目的」，因此必須回到該觀念所在的段落，不宜只依單一名詞判斷。
第二步，抓住關鍵因果關係：
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform healthcare decision-making but also introduces novel challenges in patient safety. AI-embedded clinical decision support (CDS) can improve diagnosis, including the identification of rare diseases, and offer higher-value treatment options. However, it can also create harm. For example, AI performance may change when applied to different populations, instead of those originally tested, potentially leading to incorrect diagnoses or treatments for certain demographic groups. Additionally, improper training can result in clinicians misusing AI, thus endangering patient safety. Moreover, implementation of new healthcare technology can improve safety but may also increase medical errors. Likewise, traditional decision support systems have resulted in alert fatigue, leading to medical errors. However, medical education has been lacking in training individuals on integrating AI algorithms into medical decisions. Thus, implementation science and quality improvement programs are required to emphasize the importance of developing plans and using simulation to mitigate potential harms.
The National Academies of Medicine (NAM) defines patient safety as “the prevention of harm to patients.” Despite two decades of focus, the effectiveness of patient safety efforts remains debated among experts. On October 30, 2023, President Biden issued an executive order on AI, mandating federal agencies to develop standards for AI applications in healthcare. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) created a task force to ensure that AI deployment reduces patient harm and encourages continuous learning. This includes roles for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in software approval, the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for AI inclusion in electronic health records, and the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) to ensure AI algorithms not violating civil rights.
The requirement for hospitals to ensure patient safety is a condition of participation (CoP) in Medicare and Medicaid, as by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Section 1861(e) of the Social Security Act authorizes the Secretary to impose additional requirements if necessary for health and safety. This involves investigating harms to determine if policies and procedures effectively protect patients and whether these measures minimize harm while maximizing safety. CMS, State Survey Agencies, or Accrediting Organizations investigate reports of abuse, neglect, or noncompliance with health and safety standards. They also investigate critical events such as unexpected deaths or serious injuries. Hospitals are obligated to conduct a Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement (QAPI) activity if harm occurs. Although there is no separate statutory authority to regulate AI in clinical care, CoPs for hospitals already require policies and procedures for AI use, detailing qualifications and responsibilities of users and those monitoring safety issues. Principles such as safety, transparency, accountability, equity, fairness, and usefulness should guide AI and governors to ensure trustworthy solutions in patient care.
The Biden-Harris administration’s Executive Order calls for national standards for trustworthy AI, developed through public-private partnerships. Local AI governance should provide organizational transparency on which AI solutions are used on which patient populations to avoid safety issues and inconsistent use. When organizations do not have the appropriate technical expertise to assure that AI is used appropriately, they can rely on independent entities such as the proposed assurance laboratories.
The CoPs also mandate governance structures to monitor safety events. When patient harm is reported, the hospital should determine if the patient was harmed through a medical error or had a poor outcome and whether the application of an AI tool or algorithm was a contributing factor in the harm a patient experienced. Although new AI regulations have been suggested, the CoPs already empower CMS and accrediting organizations to regulate AI at the bedside. If AI is a potential cause of harm, hospitals must identify if the issue lies with the algorithm, hospital policies and procedures, or staff training.
CMS can investigate hospitals and require corrective action plans if their processes and procedures do not protect patient safety. If an error is due to an intrinsic algorithm flaw, safety incidents, including non-harmful errors, should be reported to the manufacturer, with risks managed by the implementer. Poor implementation issues must be addressed through the QAPI process, and safety risks reported to the manufacturer. FDA-cleared AI technologies require medical harm reporting to the FDA and manufacturer. As for non-FDA-cleared AI technology, it will be important for the health care ecosystem to think about the mechanism to report AI-influenced medical errors, with QAPI findings reported back to the FDA and manufacturer. CMS and HHS must use their existing authority under the CoPs to ensure safe AI implementation in hospitals, with algorithm assessment left to the FDA and other bodies. While AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes and care, the critical goal is to employ AI in enhancing safety, not in creating new sources of medical harm without a clear mechanism for continuously improving and learning from any medical errors.
What would be the most suitable title for the article?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解中的「文章主旨與標題判斷題」，重點在於整合全文，而非只尋找單一細節。
文章同時討論人工智慧在醫療中的：
- 正面效益（opportunities）：改善診斷、辨識罕見疾病、提供更高價值的治療選項。
- 潛在危險（risks）：不同族群間表現不一致、誤診誤治、醫護人員使用不當、醫療錯誤、病人安全受損。
- 管理與監管措施：CMS、HHS、FDA、ONC、OCR 等機構如何透過治理、通報、品質改善與監督機制降低風險。
因此，最適合的標題必須同時涵蓋「AI 的醫療價值」與「AI 對病人安全造成的風險」。
解題方法
判斷文章標題時，應掌握以下三點：
- 觀察全文反覆出現的核心名詞，例如 AI、patient safety、medical harm、medical errors、regulation、governance。
- 比較文章前後段落是否具有一致主軸。本文前段談 AI 的優點與危害，中後段談病人安全、監管與風險管理。
- 排除只涵蓋單一面向或單一機構的選項。
最能概括全文的定位句是：
“While AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes and care, the critical goal is to employ AI in enhancing safety, not in creating new sources of medical harm without a clear mechanism for continuously improving and learning from any medical errors.”
翻譯為：
「雖然 AI 有潛力改善病人的治療結果與照護，但最重要的目標是運用 AI 來提升安全，而不是在缺乏持續改進及從醫療錯誤中學習的明確機制下，製造新的醫療傷害來源。」
這句明確呈現文章的雙重焦點：AI 能帶來改善，也可能造成傷害；核心議題是如何兼顧 AI 的機會與病人安全。
關鍵單字、片語與語意重點
- potential：潛力；可能性
- transform healthcare decision-making：改變醫療決策
- patient safety：病人安全
- clinical decision support（CDS）：臨床決策支援
- rare diseases：罕見疾病
- higher-value treatment options：價值較高、效益較佳的治療選項
- demographic groups：人口統計群體；不同族群
- incorrect diagnoses or treatments：錯誤診斷或治療
- alert fatigue：警示疲勞，指醫護人員因接收過多警示而逐漸忽略警示
- implementation science：實施科學，研究如何將方法有效落實於實務
- mitigate potential harms：減輕潛在傷害
- mandate：授權；強制要求
- executive order：行政命令
- condition of participation（CoP）：參與 Medicare、Medicaid 等計畫所需符合的條件
- noncompliance：不遵守規定；不合規