中國醫藥大學 110 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
Language learners must first have an _____ of some particular language forms before any subsequent processing or intake of the forms can take place.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「固定搭配」。關鍵在於:
Language learners must first have an apprehension of some particular language forms before any subsequent processing or intake of the forms can take place.
意思是:
語言學習者必須先對某些特定的語言形式有所理解/認知,之後才可能進行對這些形式的後續處理或吸收。
句中所需的是一個表示「理解、認知、察覺」的名詞。四個選項中,只有 apprehension 能符合此語意。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
- have an _____ of ...
- before ... can take place
介系詞 of 後面接的是 some particular language forms,表示學習者對某些語言形式具有某種心理上的認知或理解。
整句的邏輯是:
- 學習者先對語言形式產生認知或理解。
- 接著才能進行後續的語言處理或吸收。
因此空格應填入表示「理解、領會、認知」的抽象名詞:
have an apprehension of ...
對……有所理解/認知
關鍵單字與片語
- language learner:語言學習者
- must first:必須先……
- particular:特定的
- language form:語言形式,例如字彙、文法結構、語音形式
- apprehension:理解、領會、認知;在其他語境也可表示憂慮、恐懼
- subsequent:後續的、接下來的
- processing:處理,特別指心理或認知處理
- intake:吸收、攝取;語言學習中指學習者真正吸收並納入自身語言系統的語言輸入
- take place:發生、進行
文法與語意重點
本句使用:
have an + 抽象名詞 + of + 名詞
例如:
- have an understanding of the problem
理解這個問題 - have an awareness of the risks
意識到這些風險 - have an apprehension of language forms
對語言形式有所理解
此外,before 引導時間副詞子句,表示前後順序:
A must occur before B can take place.
A 必須先發生,B 才能進行。
本題的語意順序是「先認知,後處理」,因此答案必須是與認知活動相關的字。
選項分析
(A) artefact
artefact 是名詞,意為「人工製品、文物、工藝品」,也可指研究或實驗中因方法造成的「人為偏差」。
代入句中:
Language learners must first have an artefact of some particular language forms ...
語意變成「語言學習者必須先擁有某些語言形式的人工製品」,與語言學習的認知歷程完全不合,故錯誤。
補充:artefact 是英式拼法,美式常寫作 artifact;拼法不是本題關鍵,真正問題是字義不符。
第 2 題2 分
The raw scores _____ from the vocabulary tests were analyzed by using a non-parametric statistical test.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 分詞作後置修飾語
- 動詞與名詞的語意搭配
- 學術英文常見字彙
句中主詞為:
The raw scores _____ from the vocabulary tests
空格修飾前面的名詞 scores,可還原為:
The raw scores that were obtained from the vocabulary tests
因此,空格應填入過去分詞 obtained,形成被動意義:「從字彙測驗中取得的原始分數」。
題幹定位與翻譯
The raw scores obtained from the vocabulary tests were analyzed by using a non-parametric statistical test.
翻譯:
從字彙測驗中取得的原始分數,利用無母數統計檢定進行分析。
其中:
- raw scores:原始分數、未經轉換的分數
- obtained from:從……取得、獲得
- vocabulary tests:字彙測驗
- were analyzed:被分析
- by using:藉由使用……
- non-parametric statistical test:無母數統計檢定
解題方法
先判斷空格與 scores 的關係。
分數是「被取得」的,因此需要使用表示被動的過去分詞:
這是關係子句的簡化:
- 完整形式:scores that were obtained from the tests
- 簡化形式:scores obtained from the tests
obtained from 是自然且常見的搭配,表示「從某來源取得」。
選項分析
(A) imposed
impose 意為「施加、強加、課徵」。
imposed 意為「被施加的、被強加的」。
常見搭配包括:
- impose a penalty:施加處罰
- impose a tax:課稅
- impose restrictions:施加限制
「分數被施加於字彙測驗中」語意不通,且 scores imposed from the vocabulary tests 不是自然搭配,因此錯誤。
(B) obtained
第 3 題2 分
This patient’s cognitive ability is recoverable but considerable rehabilitative _____ is required.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫療情境中的字義判斷」與「固定搭配」。句中關鍵結構為:
cognitive ability:認知能力recoverable:可恢復的considerable:相當大的、可觀的rehabilitative:復健的、促進功能恢復的treatment:治療、療法
rehabilitative treatment 是醫療語境中合理的搭配,意指「復健治療」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原文:
This patient’s cognitive ability is recoverable but considerable rehabilitative _____ is required.
翻譯為:
這位病人的認知能力是可以恢復的,但是仍需要相當程度的復健治療。
句中 but 連接兩個語意相反但並存的情況:
- 認知能力可以恢復;
- 要恢復認知能力,仍需要大量復健治療。
因此空格應填入表示「治療」的名詞。
解題方法
空格位於形容詞 rehabilitative 之後,應填入名詞:
四個選項皆屬名詞,單靠詞性無法排除,因此必須依據「醫療語境」與「語意搭配」判斷。
rehabilitative treatment 表示「復健治療」,符合病人認知功能恢復的情境;其餘選項雖然在文法上可作名詞,卻無法與 rehabilitative 形成合理語意。
選項分析
(A) tournament
tournament 意為「錦標賽、比賽」。
rehabilitative tournament 會變成「復健錦標賽」,與病人接受治療的語境完全不合。題幹談的是恢復認知能力所需的醫療措施,不是競賽活動,因此錯誤。
(B) interplay
interplay 意為「相互作用、彼此影響」。
rehabilitative interplay 可勉強形成名詞片語,但語意是「復健方面的相互作用」,不能表示病人需要接受的具體治療。題幹的 is required 需要一項醫療處置,interplay 不符合此語意,因此錯誤。
(C) canvas
canvas 意為「帆布;畫布」。
第 4 題2 分
Agrammatism is considered to be the grammatical ____ experienced by aphasia patients.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學英文單字」與「語意搭配」。
Agrammatism(失語症中的失語法、語法缺失)是指患者說話或寫作時,無法正常使用文法結構,例如省略冠詞、介系詞、助動詞、詞尾變化,或無法正確安排句子結構。因此,agrammatism 可視為失語症患者所經歷的 grammatical deficit(語法缺損)。
題幹中的關鍵語意是:
Agrammatism is considered to be the grammatical deficit experienced by aphasia patients.
失語法被認為是失語症患者所經歷的語法缺損。
解題方法
空格前有形容詞 grammatical(語法的),空格後接 experienced by aphasia patients(失語症患者所經歷的)。整句需要一個表示「缺陷、缺損、功能不足」的名詞,描述失語症患者在語法能力上的異常。
四個選項中,只有 deficit 能與 grammatical 形成自然且符合醫學語境的搭配:
- grammatical deficit:語法缺損、語法能力缺失
因此答案選 (B) deficit。
選項分析
(A) pledge
pledge 是名詞,意為「誓言、承諾、保證」,也可作動詞表示「發誓、保證」。
例如:
- make a pledge:作出承諾
- pledge one’s support:承諾支持
grammatical pledge 意為「語法上的承諾」,與失語症患者的語法障礙完全不符,語意不成立。
(B) deficit
deficit 是名詞,意為「不足、缺乏、缺損、赤字」。在醫學及心理語言學中,常用來描述某項能力低於正常水平,例如:
- cognitive deficit:認知缺損
- memory deficit:記憶缺損
- language deficit:語言能力缺損
- grammatical deficit:語法缺損
Agrammatism 本身就是語法能力受損,因此 grammatical deficit 最符合題意。
(C) delinquency
第 5 題2 分
The limited storage space of the brain cannot store the _____ number of sentences that we may ever need to produce.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞」的用法。
空格位於名詞片語中:
the _____ number of sentences
……句子的_____數量
題意強調:人類一生可能需要產生的句子數量非常龐大,甚至沒有明確上限;相較之下,大腦的儲存空間是有限的。因此應填入表示「無限的」的形容詞 infinite。
題幹定位與翻譯
The limited storage space of the brain cannot store the infinite number of sentences that we may ever need to produce.
翻譯:
大腦有限的儲存空間,無法儲存我們一生中可能需要產生的無限數量句子。
句中的 limited(有限的)與 infinite(無限的)形成語意對比,是判斷答案的關鍵。
解題方法
先辨認空格所修飾的名詞為 number,四個選項皆為形容詞,因此文法上都能放在空格位置;真正的判斷重點在語意。
句子的邏輯為:
- 大腦的儲存空間是有限的:limited storage space
- 人類可能需要產生的句子數量沒有明確上限
- 有限的容量無法容納無限的句子數量
因此空格應填入 infinite。
其中 that we may ever need to produce 是關係子句,修飾前面的 sentences:
- that:那些
- may ever need to produce:一生中可能需要產生的
選項分析
(A) infinite 無限的
正確。infinite 表示「無限的、無窮的」,符合人類可能產生的句子數量沒有明確上限的語意。
常見搭配包括:
- an infinite number of possibilities:無限多種可能性
- infinite variety:無窮的多樣性
- infinite space:無限空間
第 6 題2 分
The view from the top is heady — particularly if you’re _____ in one of the Straits Suites, which are at least 50 floors up.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 關鍵單字的語意辨析。
- 過去分詞作形容詞,置於
be動詞後作主詞補語。 - 固定搭配:
be ensconced in+地點,表示「舒適地安置/待在某處」。
句型為:
you’re _____ in one of the Straits Suites
其中 you’re 是 you are,空格需填入過去分詞,描述「你所處的狀態」。
題幹定位與翻譯
The view from the top is heady — particularly if you’re ensconced in one of the Straits Suites, which are at least 50 floors up.
翻譯:
從頂端俯瞰的景色令人心醉神迷;尤其是當你舒適地待在 Straits Suites 其中一間套房裡,而這些套房至少位於 50 層樓以上時。
heady 在此不是「頭部的」,而是「令人陶醉的、令人興奮的、使人飄飄然的」。
句中 particularly if 引出條件,意義是「尤其當……時」。住在高樓層、景觀優良的套房中,能與前面的 heady 形成合理語意,因此空格應填入表示「舒適地待在某處」的字。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的介系詞 in:
be _____ in one of the Straits Suites
最自然的結構是「某人被安置/舒適地待在某個地方」。ensconce 常用於被動形式:
be ensconced in/at+地點
舒適地安置於某處;安穩地待在某處
因此:
you’re ensconced in one of the Straits Suites
意思是:
你舒適地待在其中一間 Straits Suites 套房裡。
這不只符合文法,也符合上下文「住在高樓套房,享受令人陶醉的景色」的語意。
選項分析
(A) disgorged
disgorge 意為「吐出、噴出;大量排出;把人驅逐出」。be disgorged 通常指某物被吐出或排出,例如:
The contents were disgorged from the pipe.
內容物從管子中排出。
若放入題句:
第 7 題2 分
Society is crumbling, with the rich living lives of decadent ease while the majority toil and _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:依上下文判斷動詞意義。
- 平行結構:
toil and _____中,兩個動詞並列,描述多數人的生活狀態。 - 語意對比:
the rich與the majority形成貧富階級對照。
題幹中的關鍵句為:
Society is crumbling, with the rich living lives of decadent ease while the majority toil and scrimp.
翻譯為:
社會正在崩解:富人過著腐化奢靡、安逸的生活,而大多數人則辛勤工作、節衣縮食。
其中 toil and scrimp 是並列動詞,表示「辛苦工作並且省吃儉用」,符合多數勞動階級生活困苦的語境。
解題方法
先觀察句意對比:
the rich:富人decadent ease:腐化奢靡的安逸生活the majority:大多數人toil and _____:大多數人的辛苦生活
前半句描寫富人生活奢侈,後半句應描寫一般大眾「辛勞工作、盡力節省開支」。因此空格需要填入與「節省、節儉度日」有關的動詞。
toil 意為「辛苦工作、苦幹」,與 scrimp 意義相互搭配:
toil and scrimp:辛苦工作並節衣縮食
因此選擇 (C) scrimp。
選項分析
(A) perjure
perjure 是動詞,意為「作偽證、發假誓」,常見用法為 perjure oneself,表示「發假誓;作偽證」。
代入後:
the majority toil and perjure
意思變成「大多數人辛苦工作並作偽證」,與前文的貧富差距及生活困苦沒有合理關聯,語意不成立。
(B) volatilize
volatilize 是動詞,意為「使揮發;使變成氣體」,屬於化學或物理變化相關用語。
代入後:
the majority toil and volatilize
第 8 題2 分
This is not a polemic about oppressive men and _____ women, but a subtle drama in which neither party is guilty.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析
- 形容詞修飾名詞的用法
- 依上下文判斷語意搭配
句中空格位於名詞片語:
oppressive men and _____ women
空格後接名詞 women,因此需要填入能描述女性處境的形容詞。前半的 oppressive men 意為「壓迫人的男性」,後半應搭配表示「受到壓迫、受委屈的女性」之形容詞,才能形成合理的語意對比。
題幹定位與翻譯
This is not a polemic about oppressive men and put-upon women, but a subtle drama in which neither party is guilty.
翻譯:
這不是一篇關於壓迫人的男性與受委屈女性的論戰,而是一齣細膩的戲劇,其中任何一方都沒有罪。
句中的 but 表示轉折,前面先排除「壓迫者對受害者」的單純二分法,後面說明這是一齣「雙方都沒有過錯」的細膩劇情。因此,空格必須能表達女性受到不公平對待、被壓迫的語意。
解題方法
先判斷詞性,再檢查語意:
- women 是名詞。
- 空格應填形容詞,修飾 women。
- 句意提到 oppressive men,需要與「被壓迫的女性」形成語意上的對應。
- 四個選項中,只有 put-upon 表示「受欺負的、受委屈的、受壓迫的」。
因此正確答案為 (A) put-upon。
選項分析
(A) put-upon
put-upon 是形容詞,意為:
- 受欺負的
- 受委屈的
- 被不公平對待的
- 受壓迫的
例如:
a put-upon employee
一名受到不公平對待的員工
放入句中:
oppressive men and put-upon women
即「壓迫人的男性與受到壓迫的女性」,語意自然,也符合後文所說的「雙方都沒有罪」:作者否定這種單純將男性視為加害者、女性視為受害者的解讀。
所以 (A) 正確。
(B) ill-founded
ill-founded 意為「缺乏充分根據的、沒有道理的、建立在錯誤基礎上的」。
例如:
an ill-founded argument
一個缺乏根據的論點
它通常修飾:
- argument
- belief
- claim
- theory
- suspicion
若填入句中,會變成:
第 9 題2 分
Smugglers exploit refugees by charging _____ fees to smuggle them across European borders, hiding them in trucks and containers, where they are at high risk of abuse, injury, sickness, detection, and even death.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞」:
- 空格後的名詞為 fees(費用),空格應填入能描述「費用高低或合理性」的形容詞。
- 題幹語意指出走私者剝削難民,向他們收取高額費用,因此答案須具有「過高、過分昂貴」之意。
關鍵定位句
Smugglers exploit refugees by charging _____ fees to smuggle them across European borders.
翻譯為:
走私者藉由收取___的費用,協助難民偷渡歐洲邊境,以此剝削難民。
其中 exploit refugees 表示「剝削難民」,帶有負面語氣;因此空格應填入表示費用過高、不合理的形容詞。
解題方法
句型為:
charge + 人 + 形容詞 + fees
其中:
- charge:收取、索價
- refugees:難民
- fees:費用、費用金額
- 空格中的形容詞直接修飾 fees
依照語意,走私者剝削難民,通常是收取「高得不合理」的費用。exorbitant 正好符合此語意,因此選擇 A。
選項分析
(A) exorbitant 過高的、昂貴得不合理的
exorbitant fees 表示「過高的費用、 exorbitant charges」,常用來描述價格、費用或要求高得不合理。
放入句中:
Smugglers exploit refugees by charging exorbitant fees...
意為:
走私者藉由收取高得不合理的費用來剝削難民……
語意、文法皆正確,故選 A。
(B) nonchalant 漠不關心的、冷淡從容的
nonchalant 用來形容人的態度或舉止,表示對危險、問題等表現得漠不關心,例如:
a nonchalant attitude
漠不關心的態度
第 10 題2 分
Some voters find themselves in a _____ when they dislike all of the candidates.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與固定搭配。句意是:有些選民不喜歡所有候選人時,會發現自己陷入一種「進退兩難、左右為難」的困境。
關鍵結構為:
- find oneself in a quandary:發現自己陷入困境/進退兩難
- dislike all of the candidates:不喜歡所有候選人
- candidate:候選人
- voter:選民
解題方法
定位題幹中的語意線索:
Some voters find themselves in a _____ when they dislike all of the candidates.
有些選民在不喜歡所有候選人時,發現自己陷入一種 _____。
當選民不喜歡任何候選人,卻仍須在候選人中作出選擇,就會陷入「兩難困境」。因此空格應填入表示「困境、窘境、進退兩難」的名詞 quandary。
完整句意為:
Some voters find themselves in a quandary when they dislike all of the candidates.
有些選民在不喜歡所有候選人時,會發現自己陷入進退兩難的困境。
選項分析
(A) mandate
mandate 為名詞,意為:
- 授權
- 任期
- 選民所賦予的政治授權
- 命令、指令
例如:
- The president received a strong mandate from the voters.
總統獲得選民強力的授權。
本題談的是選民因不喜歡所有候選人而陷入兩難,並非取得授權或接受命令。
mandate 無法符合句意,故錯誤。
(B) patriarchy
patriarchy 為名詞,意為:
- 父權制度
- 父系社會
- 男性主導的社會結構
例如:
- Feminists have criticized the patriarchy.
女性主義者批判父權制度。
本題沒有討論性別權力結構、父系制度或男性支配社會,因此 patriarchy 與「選民不喜歡候選人而感到為難」的語意無關,故錯誤。
(C) quandary
quandary 為名詞,意為:
- 困境
- 窘境
- 進退兩難
- 左右為難的情況
例如:
第 11 題2 分
Broca’s aphasia is typically described _______ laborious speech, little intonational variation, and difficulties in putting words in order.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
Broca’s aphasia is typically described as having laborious speech, little intonational variation, and difficulties in putting words in order.
翻譯:
Broca 失語症通常被描述為具有說話吃力、語調變化少,以及排列詞語順序有困難等特徵。
其中 as having 正好引出 Broca 失語症所具有的症狀特徵,因此官方答案為 (D)。
核心觀念
本題考查固定句型:
be described as + 名詞/動名詞片語
意為「被描述為……」「被形容具有……特徵」。
本句的主詞是 Broca’s aphasia,動詞為被動語態 is described。後面須接 as having,表示「被描述為具有某些特徵」:
句中 having 後面接三個並列項目:
- laborious speech:吃力、費力的言語
- little intonational variation:很少的語調變化
- difficulties in putting words in order:排列詞語順序的困難
整體結構為:
解題方法
先找主要結構:
Broca’s aphasia is typically described _______ ...
看到 is described,應立即聯想到被動描述句型 be described as。
接著判斷空格後方:
laborious speech, little intonational variation, and difficulties ...
空格後是一串「症狀或特徵」,需要一個能表示「具有」的結構。加入 as having 後:
is described as having laborious speech, little intonational variation, and difficulties ...
語意與文法均完整。
選項分析
(A) is having
填入後為:
Broca’s aphasia is typically described is having ...
兩個問題:
- described 後面不能直接接 is having。
被動描述句型應為 described as having,不能寫成 described is having。 - 句中出現兩個連續的限定動詞結構 described is,造成句法錯誤。
因此 (A) 錯誤。
(B) as is
填入後為:
第 12 題2 分
In ________ papers starting in the 90’s Michael and his colleagues demonstrated that aphasia patients are less efficient in processing rapid or brief spoken stimuli.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 介系詞片語的語意與句中功能。
- 固定搭配 a collection of + 複數名詞。
- 依據上下文判斷「在一系列研究論文中」的合理表達。
句型結構如下:
In a collection of papers starting in the 90’s, Michael and his colleagues demonstrated that aphasia patients are less efficient in processing rapid or brief spoken stimuli.
其中:
- In a collection of papers:在一系列論文中
- starting in the 90’s:始於 1990 年代
- demonstrated that...:證明/顯示……
- aphasia patients:失語症患者
- be less efficient in V-ing:在做某事方面效率較差
- processing rapid or brief spoken stimuli:處理快速或短暫的語音刺激
題幹定位與翻譯
定位答案的關鍵是:
In a collection of papers starting in the 90’s, Michael and his colleagues demonstrated that...
翻譯為:
Michael 及其同事在一系列始於 1990 年代的研究論文中,證明失語症患者在處理快速或短暫的語音刺激時,效率較差。
空格後接 papers,需要一個能表示「一系列、一組」的名詞片語,因此 a collection of papers 最符合文法與語意。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的名詞 papers,再將各選項代入:
- a collection of papers:一系列論文,語意完整。
- order to papers:無法形成正確結構。
- short of papers:表示「缺少論文」,與句意不合。
- the power of papers:表示「論文的力量」,不符合此處要表達的「一系列論文」。
句首的 In 表示「在某範圍或某資料中」,因此:
可理解為「在一系列論文中」。
選項分析
(A) a collection of
a collection of 意為「一系列;一批;一組」,後面接複數名詞:
- a collection of papers:一系列論文
- a collection of articles:一系列文章
- a collection of data:一批資料
代入後:
第 13 題
Genes can _____ different forms called alleles.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動詞片語的語意辨析。
- 情態動詞
can後接原形動詞。 - 生物學用語
forms called alleles的語意。
題幹:
Genes can _____ different forms called alleles.
基因可以呈現出不同的形式,這些形式稱為等位基因。
其中 different forms 表示「不同形式」,因此空格需要填入表示「以某種形式存在、呈現某種形式」的片語。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
Genes can _____ different forms called alleles.
can 是情態動詞,後面必須接動詞原形,因此四個選項在形式上皆可接於 can 後面。真正的判斷關鍵是語意。
come in + 顏色/尺寸/形式/種類 表示「有……形式、以……種類提供或存在」。
因此:
Genes can come in different forms called alleles.
意思是:
基因可以有不同的形式,這些形式稱為等位基因。
句中的定位關鍵是:
different forms called alleles
「稱為等位基因的不同形式」
這段直接提示空格應填入「呈現、具有不同形式」的片語,故選 come in。
選項分析
(A) keep order
keep order 表示「維持秩序」。
代入後:
Genes can keep order different forms called alleles.
語意不通。keep order 的受詞通常是 order 所代表的秩序狀態,不能用來表示「具有不同形式」。此外,different forms called alleles 也不是 keep order 合理的受詞結構。
因此錯誤。
(B) turn down
turn down 常見意思有:
- 拒絕
- 調低音量、溫度等
- 將某物轉向下方
代入後:
Genes can turn down different forms called alleles.
句意變成「基因可以拒絕/調低稱為等位基因的不同形式」,不符合生物學語境,也不符合 different forms 所要求的「存在形式」概念。
因此錯誤。
(C) take note of
第 14 題
Insights into attention deployment may be obtained by attending to what have been _____ key events in real-time input processing.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「被動語態+補語」以及關係代名詞 what 的用法。
題幹中的關鍵結構是:
what have been established as key events
其中:
- what:……的事物、……者,等於 the things that
- have been established:已經被確立、認定
- as key events:作為關鍵事件
- establish A as B:將 A 確立/認定為 B
因此,what have been established as key events 的意思是「那些已被認定為關鍵事件的事物」。
題幹定位與翻譯
Insights into attention deployment may be obtained by attending to what have been established as key events in real-time input processing.
翻譯:
透過注意即時輸入處理過程中那些已被認定為關鍵事件的部分,或許可以獲得對注意力部署的深入了解。
句型分析:
- Insights into attention deployment:對注意力部署的洞見
- may be obtained:可能被獲得
- by attending to...:藉由注意……、留意……
- what have been established as key events...:那些已被認定為關鍵事件的事物
解題方法
先觀察空格後方:
_____ key events
若要表達「被認定為關鍵事件」,需要使用:
改成被動語態後為:
本句的 A 是 what,B 是 key events,所以完整結構為:
what have been established as key events
選擇 (C) established as。
此處 what 可視為「the things that」,語意上指複數事物,因此搭配 have been。
選項分析
(A) established
若填入後為:
what have been established key events
此句缺少介系詞 as。動詞 establish 在此採用「認定為」的句型:
establish A as B
不能直接說:
第 15 題
The reviewers’ challenges need to be embraced because it is indeed imperative to base learning theories _____ empirical evidence.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」與介系詞用法:
- base A on B:把 A 建立在 B 的基礎上;以 B 為依據
- empirical evidence:實證證據、經驗證據
- learning theories:學習理論
句型為:
base learning theories on empirical evidence
意義是「以實證證據為基礎建立學習理論」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原文:
The reviewers’ challenges need to be embraced because it is indeed imperative to base learning theories _____ empirical evidence.
翻譯:
評論者提出的挑戰需要被接受,因為學習理論確實有必要建立在實證證據之上。
其中,關鍵結構是 base A on B,因此空格應填 on。
文法與語意重點
1. base A on B
base 作動詞時,常用結構為:
base + 受詞 A + on + 依據 B
例如:
- The study is based on reliable data.
這項研究是以可靠資料為基礎。 - We should base our decisions on evidence.
我們應該以證據作為決策依據。 - The theory is based on empirical observations.
這項理論是建立在實證觀察之上。
本題中:
- A = learning theories
- B = empirical evidence
所以完整句為:
base learning theories on empirical evidence
2. imperative to V
題幹中的 it is imperative to base... 是重要句型:
It is imperative to + 原形動詞
意思是「做某事是必要的、極其重要的」。
imperative 比單純的 important 語氣更強,表示具有迫切性或必要性。
選項分析
(A) off
第 16 題
He wants to throw off the dutiful restraint _____ he’s staked his life — as the injured son of an angry father, and as the patient husband of a demanding, irrational woman.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「介系詞+關係代名詞」及固定片語搭配。
關鍵片語是:
- stake one’s life on/upon something:把一生押在某事上;以某事作為人生賭注
- throw off:擺脫、甩開
- dutiful restraint:出於責任感的克制、抑制
- injured son:受到傷害的兒子
- demanding, irrational woman:要求很多且不理性的女人
題目中的先行詞是 the dutiful restraint,空格後的子句為:
he’s staked his life _____ the dutiful restraint
英文固定說法是 stake one’s life on something,因此必須使用介系詞 on。當介系詞置於關係代名詞前時,形成 on which。
解題方法
先找出動詞片語的固定搭配:
將 something 改為指涉前面 the dutiful restraint 的關係代名詞 which:
完整句意是:
He wants to throw off the dutiful restraint on which he’s staked his life—as the injured son of an angry father, and as the patient husband of a demanding, irrational woman.
翻譯:
他想擺脫那種出於責任感的克制;身為憤怒父親那個受傷的兒子,以及要求很多又不理性的女人那個耐心的丈夫,他已把自己的一生押在這種克制之上。
定位答案的關鍵就在:
on which he’s staked his life
其中 on 是 stake one’s life on 的固定介系詞,which 代替前面的 the dutiful restraint。
選項分析
(A) on which 正確
stake one’s life on something 是正確固定搭配,表示「把人生押在某事上」。
- on:符合固定片語
- which:代替前面的先行詞 the dutiful restraint
因此:
the restraint on which he’s staked his life
語法與語意皆正確。
(B) against that 錯誤
第 17 題
For years, Asian Americans were among _____ likely of any racial or ethnic group to vote or to join community or advocacy groups.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「最高級形容詞」與固定句型:
among the + 最高級形容詞 + 名詞/形容詞片語 + of any ...
句型中的 likely 是形容詞,意為「可能的」。題幹要表達「在所有種族或族群中,最不可能……的一群」,因此須使用 the least likely:
- likely:可能的
- less likely:較不可能的
- the least likely:最不可能的
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
For years, Asian Americans were among the least likely of any racial or ethnic group to vote or to join community or advocacy groups.
翻譯:
多年來,亞裔美國人一直是所有種族或族群中,最不可能投票,或加入社區團體及倡議團體的人群之一。
其中:
- for years:多年來
- Asian Americans:亞裔美國人
- racial or ethnic group:種族或族群
- vote:投票
- join:加入
- community groups:社區團體
- advocacy groups:倡議團體
- be among the least likely to V:是最不可能做某事的群體之一
to vote or to join 是對稱結構,表示「投票或加入……」。
解題方法
先觀察空格後方的結構:
among _____ likely of any racial or ethnic group
題意是在各種族或族群之間進行程度比較,判斷誰「最不可能」投票或參加團體,因此要使用最高級:
完整結構為:
among the least likely of any racial or ethnic group to ...
the least likely 修飾 Asian Americans,表示「最不可能的族群之一」。因此正確答案是 (C) the least。
選項分析
(A) the few
第 18 題
For over a decade, U.S. military and counterterrorism officials have warned that Africa was poised to become the next frontier _____ international terrorist organizations.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「名詞與介系詞的固定搭配」及語意判斷。
句型為:
the next frontier for international terrorist organizations
此處的 frontier 並非單指國界,而是「尚待開發的新領域、新戰場」。介系詞 for 表示「對某人或某組織而言」,因此 a frontier for someone 意為「某人可進入、拓展或發展的新領域」。
完整句意是:非洲可能成為國際恐怖組織下一個拓展勢力的新戰場。
解題方法
定位空格前後的結構:
Africa was poised to become the next frontier _____ international terrorist organizations.
其中:
- be poised to become:準備成為、很可能成為
- the next frontier:下一個新領域/新戰場
- for international terrorist organizations:對國際恐怖組織而言
將 for 代入後:
Africa was poised to become the next frontier for international terrorist organizations.
語法完整,語意也合理,表示「非洲將成為國際恐怖組織下一個拓展勢力的地區」。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
For over a decade, U.S. military and counterterrorism officials have warned that Africa was poised to become the next frontier for international terrorist organizations.
翻譯:
十多年來,美國軍方及反恐官員一直警告,非洲很可能成為國際恐怖組織下一個拓展勢力的新戰場。
句中 for international terrorist organizations 修飾 the next frontier,說明「這個新戰場是對誰而言的新領域」,因此使用 for。
選項分析
(A) out
out 常表示「在外面、向外、出現」,也可構成片語,例如:
- go out:出去
- find out:查明
- carry out:執行
第 19 題
The coronavirus-denier movement, _____ in part by wild conspiracy theories, has grown from criticizing coronavirus lockdown measures and hygiene rules to targeting the state, its leaders, businesses, the news media and globalism.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考兩個重點:
- 分詞片語作後置修飾語
- 過去分詞的被動意義
句中主句為:
The coronavirus-denier movement has grown from criticizing coronavirus lockdown measures and hygiene rules to targeting the state, its leaders, businesses, the news media and globalism.
主詞是 The coronavirus-denier movement,主要動詞是 has grown。空格位於主詞後、逗號前,應填入分詞片語修飾前面的名詞 movement:
the movement, fueled in part by wild conspiracy theories, ...
fueled in part by wild conspiracy theories 可還原為:
which is fueled in part by wild conspiracy theories
意思是「部分受到荒誕陰謀論推動的」。
由於「陰謀論推動這個否認新冠病毒的運動」,movement 是接受推動的對象,因此使用過去分詞 fueled 表示被動關係。
解題方法
先找出句子的主要結構:
The coronavirus-denier movement, _____ in part by wild conspiracy theories, has grown ...
去除逗號中的插入修飾語後,句子仍然完整:
The coronavirus-denier movement has grown ...
因此,空格部分不是主句主要動詞,而是用來補充說明 movement 的分詞片語。
判斷主動或被動關係:
- Wild conspiracy theories fuel the movement.
- The movement is fueled by wild conspiracy theories.
因為空格後面有 by wild conspiracy theories,明顯表示「被荒誕陰謀論推動」,所以應使用過去分詞 fueled。
完整句意為:
這個部分受到荒誕陰謀論推動的新冠病毒否認者運動,已經從批評新冠病毒封鎖措施與衛生規定,發展到針對國家、國家領導人、企業、新聞媒體以及全球主義。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
The coronavirus-denier movement, _____ in part by wild conspiracy theories, has grown from criticizing coronavirus lockdown measures and hygiene rules to targeting the state, its leaders, businesses, the news media and globalism.
代入答案 D:
The coronavirus-denier movement, fueled in part by wild conspiracy theories, has grown ...
翻譯:
這個部分受到荒誕陰謀論推動的新冠病毒否認者運動,已經從批評新冠病毒封鎖措施與衛生規定,發展到針對國家、國家領導人、企業、新聞媒體以及全球主義。
其中:
fueled in part by wild conspiracy theories
等於:
which is fueled in part by wild conspiracy theories
也就是「部分受到荒誕陰謀論推動的」。
選項分析
(A) to fuel
to fuel 是不定詞,表示「去推動、以推動」。
若填入後為:
The coronavirus-denier movement, to fuel in part by wild conspiracy theories, has grown ...
第 20 題
When the New York Police Department acquired a robotic dog last year, officials heralded the _____ device as a futuristic tool that could go places that were too dangerous to send officers.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「複合形容詞」與「數字+名詞+-ed」的構詞方式。
four-legged 表示「有四條腿的」,由:
- four:四
- leg:腿
- -ed:表示「具有……的」
三者組合成形容詞 four-legged,放在名詞 device 前面,修飾這項裝置的外觀或構造。
句型為:
the four-legged device
這個有四條腿的裝置
解題方法
先觀察空格後的名詞 device,空格需要填入形容詞,說明這項裝置的特徵。
題幹描述的是一隻「機器狗」,機器狗具有四條腿,因此最自然的英文表達是:
four-legged device
定位答案的關鍵句為:
officials heralded the _____ device as a futuristic tool that could go places that were too dangerous to send officers.
翻譯:
官員將這個有四條腿的裝置譽為一種未來科技工具,能夠前往那些危險到不適合派警員前往的地方。
其中,four-legged 合乎文法,也符合「機器狗」的語意,因此選 (D)。
選項分析
(A) fourth-legs
fourth 是序數「第四的」,表示順序;four 才是基數「四」。
此外,legs 是複數名詞,無法按照正確的複合形容詞結構修飾 device。英文不會用 fourth-legs 表示「四條腿的」。
因此錯誤。
(B) four-legging
-ing 通常形成現在分詞或動名詞,例如:
- running:跑步中的;跑步
- swimming:游泳中的;游泳
four-legging 表示「用四條腿行走的行為」之類的動作概念,不是描述裝置具有四條腿的標準形容詞。放入 the four-legging device 後,語意不自然。
因此錯誤。
第 21 題
【題組共用題幹】
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (21) a clinical condition that language users are constrained in their ability to comprehend, process, and produce a language despite the absence of obvious problems in intelligence, cognitive development, motor function, neurology, etc. (22) many children can acquire their first language effortlessly, this is not the case for some children. A recent survey shows that SLI affects approximately 8% of the first-language population. Notably, SLI appears to be more common in males than females. To depict this language deficiency more precisely, scientists (23) SLI patients to normally developing language users. Leonard (1998) posits that SLI children can differ from normally developing children in five ways: a) delay in cognitive and linguistic development; b) plateau in language attainment; c) profile difference; d) high frequency of error; and e) qualitative difference. To begin with, because of cognitive and linguistic delay, children with SLI start learning later than their peers; they also (24) at much a slower rate of development; in this regard, the gap between them and their peers becomes more manifest over time. As for plateau, in addition to suffering from delayed protracted development, SLI patients may never attain full (25) of the language even after years of learning. In regard to profile difference, a SLI patient may be identical to a normally developing child in one aspect but may be disparate in another. As for frequency of error, SLI patients sometimes make the same (26) of errors as normally developing peers, but with a much greater variety of variants. Finally, SLI patients often produce language errors that are qualitatively different from the ones in normally developing children.
(21) _____
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞片語的語意與搭配」。句型為:
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (21) a clinical condition ...
主詞 Specific Language Impairment (SLI) 是單數名詞,空格後接名詞片語 a clinical condition,需要填入能表達「指的是、意指」的動詞片語。
解題方法
定位句意:
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) refers to a clinical condition that language users are constrained in their ability to comprehend, process, and produce a language despite the absence of obvious problems in intelligence, cognitive development, motor function, neurology, etc.
翻譯:
特定語言障礙(SLI)是指一種臨床狀況:語言使用者雖然沒有明顯的智力、認知發展、動作功能或神經學等方面的問題,卻在理解、處理及產出語言的能力上受到限制。
refer to 是重要片語,意為「指的是、提到、涉及」。本句是在對 Specific Language Impairment 下定義,因此填入 refers to 最符合語意。
主詞 Specific Language Impairment 為第三人稱單數,現在式動詞需加 -s,故使用 refers to,而不是 refer to。
選項分析
- (A) cancels out
cancel out 意為「抵消、相互抵銷」。例如:
The two effects cancel each other out.
這兩種效應彼此抵銷。
本句是在說 SLI「指的是一種臨床狀況」,不是「抵消一種臨床狀況」,語意不合。
第 22 題
【題組共用題幹】
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (21) a clinical condition that language users are constrained in their ability to comprehend, process, and produce a language despite the absence of obvious problems in intelligence, cognitive development, motor function, neurology, etc. (22) many children can acquire their first language effortlessly, this is not the case for some children. A recent survey shows that SLI affects approximately 8% of the first-language population. Notably, SLI appears to be more common in males than females. To depict this language deficiency more precisely, scientists (23) SLI patients to normally developing language users. Leonard (1998) posits that SLI children can differ from normally developing children in five ways: a) delay in cognitive and linguistic development; b) plateau in language attainment; c) profile difference; d) high frequency of error; and e) qualitative difference. To begin with, because of cognitive and linguistic delay, children with SLI start learning later than their peers; they also (24) at much a slower rate of development; in this regard, the gap between them and their peers becomes more manifest over time. As for plateau, in addition to suffering from delayed protracted development, SLI patients may never attain full (25) of the language even after years of learning. In regard to profile difference, a SLI patient may be identical to a normally developing child in one aspect but may be disparate in another. As for frequency of error, SLI patients sometimes make the same (26) of errors as normally developing peers, but with a much greater variety of variants. Finally, SLI patients often produce language errors that are qualitatively different from the ones in normally developing children.
(22) _____
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核心觀念
第 22 題考「連接詞的語意與句型」。空格後為讓步副詞子句:
Although many children can acquire their first language effortlessly, this is not the case for some children.
雖然許多兒童可以毫不費力地習得第一語言,但有些兒童並非如此。
句型為:
Although 表示「雖然……但是……」,用來連接前後具有對比或讓步關係的兩個子句。
解題方法
先判斷前後句的邏輯:
- 前半句:許多兒童能輕鬆習得母語。
- 後半句:有些兒童並非如此,這些兒童正是文章討論的 SLI 患者。
前後形成「一般情況」與「例外情況」的對比,因此需要表示讓步的連接詞 Although。
此外,Although 引導的副詞子句置於句首時,後面通常接逗號,正符合題目句型。
選項分析
(A) After
After 表示「在……之後」,用於時間先後關係,例如:
After children acquire their first language, they begin to learn a second language.
題目並非表達「某件事發生之後」,而是比較一般兒童與部分兒童的語言習得情形,因此不合語意。
(B) Before
Before 表示「在……之前」,同樣是時間連接詞。題目前後沒有「先後順序」的概念,而是「雖然多數兒童如此,但部分兒童不是如此」的讓步關係,因此錯誤。
(C) Although
Although 表示「雖然」,可引導讓步副詞子句:
Although many children can acquire their first language effortlessly, this is not the case for some children.
前半句說明多數兒童的語言習得情況,後半句指出 SLI 兒童的相反情形,語意與句型均完全符合,因此為正確答案。
(D) For instance
第 23 題
【題組共用題幹】
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (21) a clinical condition that language users are constrained in their ability to comprehend, process, and produce a language despite the absence of obvious problems in intelligence, cognitive development, motor function, neurology, etc. (22) many children can acquire their first language effortlessly, this is not the case for some children. A recent survey shows that SLI affects approximately 8% of the first-language population. Notably, SLI appears to be more common in males than females. To depict this language deficiency more precisely, scientists (23) SLI patients to normally developing language users. Leonard (1998) posits that SLI children can differ from normally developing children in five ways: a) delay in cognitive and linguistic development; b) plateau in language attainment; c) profile difference; d) high frequency of error; and e) qualitative difference. To begin with, because of cognitive and linguistic delay, children with SLI start learning later than their peers; they also (24) at much a slower rate of development; in this regard, the gap between them and their peers becomes more manifest over time. As for plateau, in addition to suffering from delayed protracted development, SLI patients may never attain full (25) of the language even after years of learning. In regard to profile difference, a SLI patient may be identical to a normally developing child in one aspect but may be disparate in another. As for frequency of error, SLI patients sometimes make the same (26) of errors as normally developing peers, but with a much greater variety of variants. Finally, SLI patients often produce language errors that are qualitatively different from the ones in normally developing children.
(23) _____
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核心觀念
本題考查克漏字中的「動詞語意與固定搭配」。關鍵句為:
To depict this language deficiency more precisely, scientists (23) SLI patients to normally developing language users.
中文意為:「為了更精確地描述這種語言缺陷,科學家將 SLI 患者與語言發展正常的使用者加以比較。」
句意需要表達「把 A 和 B 比較」,英文固定搭配為:
- compare A to B:將 A 與 B 比較
- compare A with B:將 A 與 B 比較
因此空格應填入 compare。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的結構:
空格後方是:
- 受詞:SLI patients
- 介系詞:to
- 比較對象:normally developing language users
這正好符合:
其中:
- SLI patients
- normally developing language users
前文提到 SLI 是一種語言能力受限的臨床狀況,後文則列出 SLI 兒童與正常發展兒童的五項差異。因此,本句的語意核心就是「比較兩類語言使用者」,答案為 compare。
選項分析
(A) notarize
notarize 是動詞,意為「由公證人公證、認證文件」。
例如:
- notarize a contract:公證合約
- notarize a signature:認證簽名
本句討論的是比較 SLI 患者與正常語言使用者的語言發展,與文件公證無關;且 notarize A to B 也不是表示「比較 A 與 B」的搭配,因此錯誤。
第 24 題
【題組共用題幹】
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (21) a clinical condition that language users are constrained in their ability to comprehend, process, and produce a language despite the absence of obvious problems in intelligence, cognitive development, motor function, neurology, etc. (22) many children can acquire their first language effortlessly, this is not the case for some children. A recent survey shows that SLI affects approximately 8% of the first-language population. Notably, SLI appears to be more common in males than females. To depict this language deficiency more precisely, scientists (23) SLI patients to normally developing language users. Leonard (1998) posits that SLI children can differ from normally developing children in five ways: a) delay in cognitive and linguistic development; b) plateau in language attainment; c) profile difference; d) high frequency of error; and e) qualitative difference. To begin with, because of cognitive and linguistic delay, children with SLI start learning later than their peers; they also (24) at much a slower rate of development; in this regard, the gap between them and their peers becomes more manifest over time. As for plateau, in addition to suffering from delayed protracted development, SLI patients may never attain full (25) of the language even after years of learning. In regard to profile difference, a SLI patient may be identical to a normally developing child in one aspect but may be disparate in another. As for frequency of error, SLI patients sometimes make the same (26) of errors as normally developing peers, but with a much greater variety of variants. Finally, SLI patients often produce language errors that are qualitatively different from the ones in normally developing children.
(24) _____
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核心觀念
本題考查克漏字中的「語意判斷+動詞搭配」。空格所在句子描述 SLI 患者的語言發展速度比正常兒童慢,因此應選擇表示「進展、進行」的動詞。
關鍵句為:
they also (24) at much a slower rate of development
他們的發展速度也慢得多。
上下文先指出 SLI 兒童具有 cognitive and linguistic delay(認知與語言發展遲緩),接著說明他們開始學習的時間較晚,且發展速度較慢。因此空格需要填入能與 at a rate of development 搭配、表示「進展」的動詞。
解題方法
先判斷空格的語意:
- 主詞:they,指患有 SLI 的兒童。
- 後接片語:at ... a slower rate of development,表示「以較慢的發展速度」。
- 前文:because of cognitive and linguistic delay,說明兒童發展遲緩。
- 後文:the gap between them and their peers becomes more manifest over time,表示隨時間經過,他們與同儕的差距更加明顯。
因此,句意應為:
「他們也以更慢的速度發展。」
proceed 可表示「進展、進行」,符合此處語意與搭配,故依官方答案選 A。
選項分析
(A) proceed
proceed 為動詞,意為「進行、進展、繼續」。
proceed at a rate 可表示「以某種速度進展」,例如:
- proceed at a slower rate
以較慢的速度進展
放入本文後,句意是 SLI 兒童的語言發展速度較慢,與前文的 delay 及後文的 gap becomes more manifest 完全一致。
因此選 A。
(B) dilute
dilute 為動詞,意為「稀釋、沖淡、削弱」。通常用於液體、濃度、影響或效果,例如:
- dilute the solution
稀釋溶液 - dilute the impact
削弱影響
它不能自然地與 at a slower rate of development 搭配,也不符合「兒童發展速度較慢」的語意,因此錯誤。
(C) blur
blur 為動詞,意為「使模糊、變模糊」,可用於視線、界線、差異或記憶,例如:
- blur the distinction
模糊區別 - The image blurred.
影像變模糊。
本句需要的是「發展」,不是「使發展模糊」。blur at a slower rate of development 在文法搭配與語意上皆不成立,因此錯誤。
(D) encompass
encompass 為動詞,意為「包含、涵蓋、包圍」,例如:
- The course encompasses several subjects.
這門課涵蓋數個科目。
它表示範圍上的包含,不能表示「以某種速度發展」,因此無法與 at ... a rate of development 搭配,錯誤。
文法與語意重點
- rate of development
rate 是「速度、速率」,常見結構為:
- at a fast rate of development
以快速的發展速度 - at a slower rate of development
以較慢的發展速度
第 25 題
【題組共用題幹】
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (21) a clinical condition that language users are constrained in their ability to comprehend, process, and produce a language despite the absence of obvious problems in intelligence, cognitive development, motor function, neurology, etc. (22) many children can acquire their first language effortlessly, this is not the case for some children. A recent survey shows that SLI affects approximately 8% of the first-language population. Notably, SLI appears to be more common in males than females. To depict this language deficiency more precisely, scientists (23) SLI patients to normally developing language users. Leonard (1998) posits that SLI children can differ from normally developing children in five ways: a) delay in cognitive and linguistic development; b) plateau in language attainment; c) profile difference; d) high frequency of error; and e) qualitative difference. To begin with, because of cognitive and linguistic delay, children with SLI start learning later than their peers; they also (24) at much a slower rate of development; in this regard, the gap between them and their peers becomes more manifest over time. As for plateau, in addition to suffering from delayed protracted development, SLI patients may never attain full (25) of the language even after years of learning. In regard to profile difference, a SLI patient may be identical to a normally developing child in one aspect but may be disparate in another. As for frequency of error, SLI patients sometimes make the same (26) of errors as normally developing peers, but with a much greater variety of variants. Finally, SLI patients often produce language errors that are qualitatively different from the ones in normally developing children.
(25) _____
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「固定搭配」。空格位於:
“SLI patients may never attain full (25) of the language even after years of learning.”
即使經過多年的學習,SLI 患者仍可能永遠無法完全掌握該語言。
句中有關鍵搭配 attain full mastery of a language,意思是「完全精通一種語言」。因此空格應填名詞 mastery。
解題方法
- 觀察空格前有形容詞 full,空格後接介系詞片語 of the language,需要填入能表示「對語言的掌握程度」的名詞。
- 文章正在說明 SLI 患者的 plateau 特徵:語言能力發展遲緩,甚至經過多年學習仍無法達到完整程度。
- mastery 表示「精通、掌握」,與 attain full mastery of... 構成自然且符合語意的搭配。
句型結構如下:
- attain:達到
- full mastery:完全精通、完整掌握
- of the language:對該語言
整句意為:SLI 患者即使學習多年,也可能無法完全掌握該語言。
選項分析
(A) compartment
意為「隔間;部門;部分」。
full compartment of the language 不符合英文慣用搭配,也無法表達「完全掌握語言」的意思,因此錯誤。
(B) impasse
意為「僵局;困境;無法進展的狀態」。
雖然 SLI 患者的語言發展可能停滯,但 attain full impasse of the language 在文法與語意上都不成立。impasse 不是可以被 attain 的「語言能力程度」,也不與 of the language 搭配,因此錯誤。
(C) mastery
第 26 題
【題組共用題幹】
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (21) a clinical condition that language users are constrained in their ability to comprehend, process, and produce a language despite the absence of obvious problems in intelligence, cognitive development, motor function, neurology, etc. (22) many children can acquire their first language effortlessly, this is not the case for some children. A recent survey shows that SLI affects approximately 8% of the first-language population. Notably, SLI appears to be more common in males than females. To depict this language deficiency more precisely, scientists (23) SLI patients to normally developing language users. Leonard (1998) posits that SLI children can differ from normally developing children in five ways: a) delay in cognitive and linguistic development; b) plateau in language attainment; c) profile difference; d) high frequency of error; and e) qualitative difference. To begin with, because of cognitive and linguistic delay, children with SLI start learning later than their peers; they also (24) at much a slower rate of development; in this regard, the gap between them and their peers becomes more manifest over time. As for plateau, in addition to suffering from delayed protracted development, SLI patients may never attain full (25) of the language even after years of learning. In regard to profile difference, a SLI patient may be identical to a normally developing child in one aspect but may be disparate in another. As for frequency of error, SLI patients sometimes make the same (26) of errors as normally developing peers, but with a much greater variety of variants. Finally, SLI patients often produce language errors that are qualitatively different from the ones in normally developing children.
(26) _____
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核心觀念
本題考「克漏字的語意判斷與名詞搭配」。空格所在句為:
SLI patients sometimes make the same (26) _____ of errors as normally developing peers, but with a much greater variety of variants.
其中關鍵搭配是 types of errors,意為「錯誤的類型」。句意是:SLI 患者有時會犯下與正常發展同儕相同類型的錯誤,但其錯誤變化種類更多。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的介系詞 of,空格應填入可與 of errors 搭配的複數名詞。再依上下文判斷:
- 前文正在說明 SLI 患者與正常兒童的差異。
- 本句主題是「錯誤出現的頻率與形式」。
- the same types of errors 是自然且常見的英文搭配,表示「相同類型的錯誤」。
代入後:
SLI patients sometimes make the same types of errors as normally developing peers, but with a much greater variety of variants.
翻譯:
SLI 患者有時會犯下與正常發展同儕相同類型的錯誤,但其錯誤變化的種類多得多。
因此空格填 types。
選項分析
(A) caveats:注意事項、警語、保留條件。
caveat 通常指對某項說法的提醒或限制,例如 with some caveats。
the same caveats of errors 不符合英文慣用搭配,也不合文章語意;患者不會「犯下相同的注意事項」。
(B) types:類型、種類。
types of errors 是正確搭配,意為「錯誤的類型」。
the same types of errors 在文法與語意上都成立,符合本段討論 SLI 患者錯誤特徵的內容。
(C) badges:徽章、標誌、識別章。
badge 指可代表身分、榮譽或組織的徽章,例如 a police badge。
第 27 題
【題組共用題幹】
The persistent and universal belief in an afterlife is a very odd phenomenon. It is (27) the rational part of the brain makes man unique in his awareness that the one inevitable event in his life is death, while at a deeper level of consciousness the more intuitive part of the brain cannot reconcile itself to the fact of the inescapable extinction of oneself and those to whom one is attached. The individual therefore postulates the existence of the (28), as an entity which will live on after his physical decay. It almost looks as if for half a million years the two parts of the brain (29) irreconcilably at war with each other, each refusing to accept the conclusions of the other. As Erwin Panofsky pointed out, “There is (30) any sphere of human experience where rationally incompatible beliefs so easily coexist, and where pre-logical, one might almost say metalogical feelings so stubbornly survive in periods of advanced civilization as in our attitudes towards the dead.” A final twist to the (31) is that the concept of rationality developed in the West in the eighteenth century concurrently with the concept of individualism. (32), the probability of personal extinction became at the same time more logically compelling and more emotionally unacceptable. The intellectual and psychological tension has actually intensified in the last 200 years.
(27) _____
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 連接詞片語
as if的用法 - 上下文語意判斷
It is as if ...的固定句型
as if 意為「彷彿、好像」,後面接完整子句,用來表達與事實相似的假設情況。
句型:
It is as if + 主詞 + 動詞……
題幹中的句子:
It is as if the rational part of the brain makes man unique in his awareness that the one inevitable event in his life is death, while at a deeper level of consciousness the more intuitive part of the brain cannot reconcile itself to the fact of the inescapable extinction of oneself and those to whom one is attached.
翻譯:
這彷彿是因為,人類大腦中理性的部分,使人意識到生命中唯一不可避免的事件就是死亡;然而,在更深層的意識中,大腦較直覺的部分卻無法接受自己以及與自己有情感連結的人終將不可避免地消逝這項事實。
句首的 It is as if 引出作者對人類心理狀態的比喻性描述,意思是「情況彷彿是……」。從語法與語意看,空格必須填入能引導完整子句的連接詞片語。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的結構:
the rational part of the brain makes man unique ...
空格後方已經有完整的「主詞 + 動詞」結構:
- 主詞:
the rational part of the brain - 動詞:
makes
因此,空格應填入能放在 It is 後面、並引導完整子句的詞語。
完整句為:
It is as if the rational part of the brain makes man unique ...
It is as if ... 是自然且完整的英文句型,表示「這彷彿……」。
此外,句中 while 連接兩種相對的心理狀態:
- 理性部分接受死亡是必然的
- 直覺部分無法接受自身及親近的人終將消逝
這種「彷彿存在某種內在衝突」的語意,也正好符合 as if。
選項分析
(A) similarly
similarly 是副詞,意為「同樣地、類似地」。
若填入後為:
It is similarly the rational part of the brain makes man unique ...
此句缺少適當的連接結構。similarly 不能像 as if 一樣引導後面的完整子句,也無法表達「彷彿」的假設語氣。
因此錯誤。
(B) secularly
secularly 是副詞,意為「世俗地、非宗教地」。
填入後:
第 28 題
【題組共用題幹】
The persistent and universal belief in an afterlife is a very odd phenomenon. It is (27) the rational part of the brain makes man unique in his awareness that the one inevitable event in his life is death, while at a deeper level of consciousness the more intuitive part of the brain cannot reconcile itself to the fact of the inescapable extinction of oneself and those to whom one is attached. The individual therefore postulates the existence of the (28), as an entity which will live on after his physical decay. It almost looks as if for half a million years the two parts of the brain (29) irreconcilably at war with each other, each refusing to accept the conclusions of the other. As Erwin Panofsky pointed out, “There is (30) any sphere of human experience where rationally incompatible beliefs so easily coexist, and where pre-logical, one might almost say metalogical feelings so stubbornly survive in periods of advanced civilization as in our attitudes towards the dead.” A final twist to the (31) is that the concept of rationality developed in the West in the eighteenth century concurrently with the concept of individualism. (32), the probability of personal extinction became at the same time more logically compelling and more emotionally unacceptable. The intellectual and psychological tension has actually intensified in the last 200 years.
(28) _____
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核心觀念
本題考查克漏字的「上下文語意判斷」與字義辨識。空格前有定冠詞 the,後接 existence of the ___,需要填入一個能代表「人在肉體死亡後仍持續存在的非物質本體」的名詞。
文章主旨討論人類普遍相信死後仍有生命,並指出人的理性認知道死亡不可避免,但直覺與情感卻無法接受自我及親人的完全消滅。因此,人類便假設存在某種死後仍能延續的精神實體。
解題方法
定位空格所在句:
The individual therefore postulates the existence of the (28), as an entity which will live on after his physical decay.
翻譯為:
因此,個人便假設有某種存在;它是一種在人肉體腐朽後仍會延續存在的實體。
其中:
- postulate:假設、主張某事存在
- existence of:……的存在
- entity:實體、存在物
- live on:繼續存在、延續下去
- physical decay:肉體腐朽、身體衰敗
能與「死後仍延續存在的精神實體」相符的名詞是 soul,意為「靈魂」。完整句意為:
The individual therefore postulates the existence of the soul, as an entity which will live on after his physical decay.
也就是:
因此,個人便假設靈魂存在,認為靈魂是一種在人肉體腐朽後仍會繼續存在的實體。
選項分析
(A) dictator:獨裁者、專制統治者
第 29 題
【題組共用題幹】
The persistent and universal belief in an afterlife is a very odd phenomenon. It is (27) the rational part of the brain makes man unique in his awareness that the one inevitable event in his life is death, while at a deeper level of consciousness the more intuitive part of the brain cannot reconcile itself to the fact of the inescapable extinction of oneself and those to whom one is attached. The individual therefore postulates the existence of the (28), as an entity which will live on after his physical decay. It almost looks as if for half a million years the two parts of the brain (29) irreconcilably at war with each other, each refusing to accept the conclusions of the other. As Erwin Panofsky pointed out, “There is (30) any sphere of human experience where rationally incompatible beliefs so easily coexist, and where pre-logical, one might almost say metalogical feelings so stubbornly survive in periods of advanced civilization as in our attitudes towards the dead.” A final twist to the (31) is that the concept of rationality developed in the West in the eighteenth century concurrently with the concept of individualism. (32), the probability of personal extinction became at the same time more logically compelling and more emotionally unacceptable. The intellectual and psychological tension has actually intensified in the last 200 years.
(29) _____
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核心觀念
本題考「主詞一致」與「現在完成式」:
- 主詞為 the two parts of the brain,核心名詞 parts 為複數,因此助動詞須用 have。
- 句中有時間片語 for half a million years,表示「持續了五十萬年,且延續至今」,應使用現在完成式。
- 結構為:
本句中的補語是 irreconcilably at war with each other,意為「彼此不可調和地處於對立狀態」。
定位答案的原句
It almost looks as if for half a million years the two parts of the brain have been irreconcilably at war with each other, each refusing to accept the conclusions of the other.
翻譯:
看起來,這兩個大腦部分在五十萬年來幾乎一直彼此不可調和地對立,各自拒絕接受另一方的結論。
解題方法
第一步判斷主詞:
the two parts of the brain
其中 two parts 是複數主詞,所以不能使用單數形式 has。
第二步判斷時態:
for half a million years
for + 一段時間 常用於表達某動作或狀態持續一段時間。文章描述理性與直覺兩個部分長期以來一直處於衝突狀態,而且此狀態延續到現在,因此使用現在完成式:
have been at war
第三步代入:
the two parts of the brain have been irreconcilably at war with each other
句意與文法皆完整,故選 (A)。
選項分析
- (A) have been:正確
have been 是複數主詞所搭配的現在完成式。
the two parts 為複數,且 for half a million years 表示狀態從過去持續至今,故:
the two parts of the brain have been at war with each other
意為「大腦的兩個部分一直彼此對立」。
- (B) has been:錯誤
has been 用於第三人稱單數主詞,例如:
The brain has been affected.
本句主詞是 the two parts,不是單數的 brain。
第 30 題
【題組共用題幹】
The persistent and universal belief in an afterlife is a very odd phenomenon. It is (27) the rational part of the brain makes man unique in his awareness that the one inevitable event in his life is death, while at a deeper level of consciousness the more intuitive part of the brain cannot reconcile itself to the fact of the inescapable extinction of oneself and those to whom one is attached. The individual therefore postulates the existence of the (28), as an entity which will live on after his physical decay. It almost looks as if for half a million years the two parts of the brain (29) irreconcilably at war with each other, each refusing to accept the conclusions of the other. As Erwin Panofsky pointed out, “There is (30) any sphere of human experience where rationally incompatible beliefs so easily coexist, and where pre-logical, one might almost say metalogical feelings so stubbornly survive in periods of advanced civilization as in our attitudes towards the dead.” A final twist to the (31) is that the concept of rationality developed in the West in the eighteenth century concurrently with the concept of individualism. (32), the probability of personal extinction became at the same time more logically compelling and more emotionally unacceptable. The intellectual and psychological tension has actually intensified in the last 200 years.
(30) _____
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 副詞的語意判斷。
- 否定極性詞(negative polarity item)的搭配。
- 文章上下文對語氣與邏輯的限制。
關鍵句為:
“There is (30) any sphere of human experience where rationally incompatible beliefs so easily coexist, and where pre-logical, one might almost say metalogical feelings so stubbornly survive in periods of advanced civilization as in our attitudes towards the dead.”
翻譯:
「在人類經驗的任何領域中,幾乎沒有一個領域像我們對待死者的態度一樣,能讓理性上互不相容的信念如此輕易地共存,也能讓前邏輯的,甚至幾乎可說是超邏輯的情感,在高度文明時期仍如此頑強地延續。」
解題方法
空格位於:
There is ______ any sphere of human experience...
此處需要填入具有「幾乎不、幾乎沒有」意義的副詞,使句子表達:在人類經驗中,幾乎沒有任何領域會出現如此強烈的矛盾現象。
「hardly any + 可數名詞」是常見搭配,意思是「幾乎沒有任何……」:
- hardly any sphere = 幾乎沒有任何領域
- hardly any evidence = 幾乎沒有證據
- hardly any students = 幾乎沒有學生
因此:
There is hardly any sphere...
意思是「幾乎沒有任何領域……」。
文章前文指出,人類一方面理性地知道死亡不可避免,另一方面又在情感上無法接受自身與親近者的消逝。此處進一步強調:這種理性與情感的矛盾,在人類經驗中極為特殊,幾乎沒有其他領域能與之相比。因此應選擇表示「幾乎沒有」的 hardly。
選項分析
(A) hardly
正確。hardly 是具有近乎否定意義的副詞,表示「幾乎不、幾乎沒有」。
第 31 題
【題組共用題幹】
The persistent and universal belief in an afterlife is a very odd phenomenon. It is (27) the rational part of the brain makes man unique in his awareness that the one inevitable event in his life is death, while at a deeper level of consciousness the more intuitive part of the brain cannot reconcile itself to the fact of the inescapable extinction of oneself and those to whom one is attached. The individual therefore postulates the existence of the (28), as an entity which will live on after his physical decay. It almost looks as if for half a million years the two parts of the brain (29) irreconcilably at war with each other, each refusing to accept the conclusions of the other. As Erwin Panofsky pointed out, “There is (30) any sphere of human experience where rationally incompatible beliefs so easily coexist, and where pre-logical, one might almost say metalogical feelings so stubbornly survive in periods of advanced civilization as in our attitudes towards the dead.” A final twist to the (31) is that the concept of rationality developed in the West in the eighteenth century concurrently with the concept of individualism. (32), the probability of personal extinction became at the same time more logically compelling and more emotionally unacceptable. The intellectual and psychological tension has actually intensified in the last 200 years.
(31) _____
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析
- 上下文語意判斷
- 抽象名詞與固定搭配
第 31 格所在句為:
A final twist to the (31) is that the concept of rationality developed in the West in the eighteenth century concurrently with the concept of individualism.
翻譯:
這個悖論最後的一個轉折是:理性概念在十八世紀的西方發展的同時,個人主義的概念也隨之發展。
句中 A final twist to the paradox 意為「這個悖論最後的一個轉折」。因此第 31 格應填入表示「悖論、似乎矛盾的現象」的 paradox。
解題方法
先觀察前文的核心矛盾:
- 人的理性使人知道死亡是生命中不可避免的事件。
- 人較深層、直覺性的意識卻無法接受自己及所愛之人的死亡。
- 因此,人一方面知道肉體必然死亡,另一方面又相信死後仍有某種存在。
- 文章稱這兩種互相衝突的信念長期共存。
這正是 paradox 的概念:表面上互相矛盾,卻同時存在,甚至反映某種深層的人性或思想現象。
句型 a twist to the paradox 表示「為這個悖論增添的一個轉折或新面向」。後句說明新的矛盾:西方理性與個人主義同時發展,使個人死亡在邏輯上更容易被接受,情感上卻更難以接受。這仍然是在補充前文的「悖論」,所以選 paradox 最符合全文語意。
選項分析
(A) batch
batch 是名詞,意為「一批、一組;一批製造的產品」。
例如:
- a batch of cookies:一批餅乾
- the next batch of students:下一批學生
a final twist to the batch 意為「對這一批東西的最後轉折」,語意不通。全文討論的是理性與信仰、死亡與來世之間的矛盾,不是某一批人或物品,因此錯誤。
(B) paradox
paradox 是名詞,意為「悖論;似乎矛盾但可能同時成立的說法或現象」。
文章前文描述:
There is ... any sphere of human experience where rationally incompatible beliefs so easily coexist...
意為:
在人類經驗的任何領域中,很少有哪個領域像面對死者的態度一樣,能讓理性上互不相容的信念如此輕易地共存。
這正是「悖論」的定義與具體內容。後文又指出理性與個人主義的發展,使死亡在理智上更能被接受,在情感上卻更難被接受,進一步強化矛盾性。
第 32 題
【題組共用題幹】
The persistent and universal belief in an afterlife is a very odd phenomenon. It is (27) the rational part of the brain makes man unique in his awareness that the one inevitable event in his life is death, while at a deeper level of consciousness the more intuitive part of the brain cannot reconcile itself to the fact of the inescapable extinction of oneself and those to whom one is attached. The individual therefore postulates the existence of the (28), as an entity which will live on after his physical decay. It almost looks as if for half a million years the two parts of the brain (29) irreconcilably at war with each other, each refusing to accept the conclusions of the other. As Erwin Panofsky pointed out, “There is (30) any sphere of human experience where rationally incompatible beliefs so easily coexist, and where pre-logical, one might almost say metalogical feelings so stubbornly survive in periods of advanced civilization as in our attitudes towards the dead.” A final twist to the (31) is that the concept of rationality developed in the West in the eighteenth century concurrently with the concept of individualism. (32), the probability of personal extinction became at the same time more logically compelling and more emotionally unacceptable. The intellectual and psychological tension has actually intensified in the last 200 years.
(32) _____
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核心觀念
本題考「克漏字的語意銜接」與「連接副詞片語」的用法。空格位於句首,後接逗號:
A final twist to the problem is that the concept of rationality developed in the West in the eighteenth century concurrently with the concept of individualism. (32), the probability of personal extinction became at the same time more logically compelling and more emotionally unacceptable.
前句說明「理性觀念」與「個人主義」同時發展;後句說明其結果:個人死亡、消滅的可能性,在邏輯上更令人信服,在情感上卻更難接受。因此空格需要表達「因此、結果」。
解題方法
先判斷前後句的邏輯關係:
- 前句:西方的理性觀念與個人主義同時發展。
- 後句:個人消滅的可能性因此變得更具邏輯說服力,也更令人情感上難以接受。
前因後果明確,應選表示「結果」的片語 In consequence。
完整句意為:
In consequence, the probability of personal extinction became at the same time more logically compelling and more emotionally unacceptable.
因此,個人消滅的可能性同時變得在理性上更具說服力,在情感上也更令人難以接受。
其中:
- in consequence:因此;結果
- probability:可能性
- personal extinction:個人的消滅、個體生命的終結
- logically compelling:在邏輯上令人信服、無法輕易反駁
第 33 題
Pity the poor semicolon, punctuation’s wallflower, wrongfully maligned and too seldom asked to dance. ____. (A) It can create rhythm and structure; can be weighty or breathless; can hold a sentence back or flick it forward “like a stone skipping across water.” (B) A historian and a philosopher of science, she is indeed a witty, elegant writer with no nonsense about her. (C) Fortunately, this modest little powerhouse has found its defender. (D) Her message is that punctuation is not about limits; it’s about making language richer.
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核心觀念
本題是「段落銜接與語意連貫」的克漏字,重點包括:
- 代名詞與指涉對象是否明確。
- 轉折、副詞與上下文的邏輯關係。
- 句子在段落中的功能:承接前文、引出人物,或補充說明。
- 選項之間的敘事順序是否合理。
題幹先以擬人法描寫分號,接著最合理的發展應是:先指出分號雖然被忽視,卻有人替它辯護;再介紹這位辯護者及其觀點。
題幹與關鍵字詞
題幹:
Pity the poor semicolon, punctuation’s wallflower, wrongfully maligned and too seldom asked to dance.
翻譯:
可憐的分號啊!它是標點符號中的壁花,受到不公正的詆毀,而且很少有人邀請它共舞。
關鍵字詞:
- pity:同情;可憐
- semicolon:分號
- punctuation:標點符號
- wallflower:在社交場合沉默、被冷落的人;此處指不受重視的標點符號
- wrongfully:不公正地;錯誤地
- malign:誹謗;惡意批評
- seldom:很少
- ask someone to dance:邀請某人跳舞;此處為擬人化用法
題幹使用 wallflower 與 dance,將分號描寫成被冷落、缺乏存在感的人,因此下一句應承接「分號受到冷落」這個主題,並進一步介紹有人替它發聲。
解題方法
先判斷空格後句子的功能。
前文對分號的態度是負面的:
- Pity 表示同情。
- wrongfully maligned 表示分號受到不公平的批評。
- too seldom asked to dance 表示分號很少被使用或重視。
因此,最適合的下一句應該具有「正面轉折」功能,例如 Fortunately,並且要明確承接前文的 semicolon。
選項 C:
Fortunately, this modest little powerhouse has found its defender.
其中:
- Fortunately:幸運的是;幸好
- modest:謙遜的;不起眼的
- little powerhouse:小而強大的事物
- defender:辯護者;捍衛者
- find one’s defender:找到替自己辯護的人
this modest little powerhouse 指的就是前一句的 semicolon。本句先承接分號,再以 defender 引出後文即將介紹的人物,語意與篇章結構都完整。
定位答案的關鍵句
Fortunately, this modest little powerhouse has found its defender.
翻譯:
幸運的是,這個不起眼卻威力十足的小東西,已經找到了一位替它辯護的人。
本句中的 this 回指前文的 semicolon;defender 則預告後文將介紹一位替分號辯護的人。這種「先提出主題,再引出代表人物」的寫法最符合段落發展,因此選 C。
選項分析
(A) It can create rhythm and structure; can be weighty or breathless; can hold a sentence back or flick it forward “like a stone skipping across water.”
翻譯:
它能創造節奏與結構;可以顯得沉重或令人屏息;可以讓句子暫停,也可以讓句子向前跳躍,「就像一顆在水面上跳躍的石頭」。
此句的 It 確實可以指分號,內容也在描述分號的功能,語意本身並非完全錯誤。然而它不適合作為本空格的答案,原因有二:
- 題幹剛描述分號受到忽視,下一步最自然的是引出「替分號辯護的人」,而不是立即詳述分號的功能。
- 後文的 B、D 都涉及一位女性作者及其訊息,C 可自然引出這位人物;A 則無法承接或介紹後文人物。
此外,A 中第二、第三個分句省略了主詞 It:
第 34 題
Cecelia Watson, in Semicolon: The Past, Present, and Future of a Misunderstood Mark, sweeps away the myths that have sidelined the semicolon and demonstrates what impressive chops it has. ____. (A) It can create rhythm and structure; can be weighty or breathless; can hold a sentence back or flick it forward “like a stone skipping across water.” (B) A historian and a philosopher of science, she is indeed a witty, elegant writer with no nonsense about her. (C) Fortunately, this modest little powerhouse has found its defender. (D) Her message is that punctuation is not about limits; it’s about making language richer.
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核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 篇章銜接與語意順序
- 代名詞指涉
- 作者與作品主題的區分
- 形容作者的同位語結構
題幹先介紹 Cecelia Watson 的著作,以及她如何重新肯定分號的功能;空格後最自然的發展,是繼續介紹 Watson 本人,而非突然改談分號的功能。
題幹關鍵句:
Cecelia Watson ... sweeps away the myths that have sidelined the semicolon and demonstrates what impressive chops it has.
翻譯:
Cecelia Watson 在《分號:一個被誤解標點符號的過去、現在與未來》一書中,破除那些使分號受到冷落的迷思,並展現分號具有多麼令人印象深刻的本領。
其中:
- sweep away:掃除、破除
- myth:迷思、錯誤觀念
- sideline:使邊緣化、使受到冷落
- semicolon:分號
- impressive chops:令人印象深刻的本領、能力
- chops 在此為口語用法,指能力或技巧。
題幹已經說明 Watson 的書「展現分號的本領」,下一句若接著描述 Watson 是怎樣的作者,語意最順暢,因此選 B。
解題方法
先判斷題幹目前的敘述焦點:
- 句首主詞是 Cecelia Watson。
- 中間提到她的書 Semicolon。
- 句尾的 it 指的是 the semicolon,不是 Watson。
- 題幹的主要功能是介紹 Watson 如何替分號平反。
接著觀察各選項:
- 若選項繼續談 semicolon 的功能,會與前句重複。
- 若選項繼續談 Watson 的身分與寫作風格,則能自然延續句首主題。
B 的句型如下:
A historian and a philosopher of science, she is indeed a witty, elegant writer with no nonsense about her.
句首的 A historian and a philosopher of science 是同位語,補充說明 she 所指的 Cecelia Watson;主句主詞仍是 she。因此,B 在文法與篇章意義上都能承接題幹。
選項分析
(A) It can create rhythm and structure; can be weighty or breathless; can hold a sentence back or flick it forward “like a stone skipping across water.”
翻譯:
它能創造節奏與結構;能顯得莊重或輕快急促;能使句子暫緩,也能像石頭掠過水面般使句子向前躍進。
- It 可指前文的 the semicolon。
- create rhythm and structure:創造節奏與結構
- weighty:莊重的、沉甸甸的
- breathless:急促的、令人屏息的
- hold ... back:使……暫緩
- flick ... forward:使……輕快地向前推進
此選項本身並非完全不合文法,且內容也符合分號的功能;但它再次說明分號能做什麼,與題幹已經說明「demonstrates what impressive chops it has」的內容重複。篇章焦點也從 Watson 突然轉回分號,銜接不如 B 自然。
因此不選 A。
第 35 題
The semicolon is a miracle of prosody. ____. A semicolon can be like a sigh. (A) It can create rhythm and structure; can be weighty or breathless; can hold a sentence back or flick it forward “like a stone skipping across water.” (B) A historian and a philosopher of science, she is indeed a witty, elegant writer with no nonsense about her. (C) Fortunately, this modest little powerhouse has found its defender. (D) Her message is that punctuation is not about limits; it’s about making language richer.
校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾收合 ▴
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 篇章銜接與語意連貫
- 代名詞的指涉
- 主題延續
- 標點符號與寫作風格相關字彙
題幹首句提出主題:
The semicolon is a miracle of prosody.
分號是韻律上的奇蹟。
下一句則寫:
A semicolon can be like a sigh.
分號可以像一聲嘆息。
因此,空格應填入說明分號如何創造節奏、停頓與語氣的句子,才能自然銜接後面的比喻。
解題方法
文章的語意順序是:
(A) 以 It 承接前句的 The semicolon,並具體說明分號的多種功能:
It can create rhythm and structure; can be weighty or breathless; can hold a sentence back or flick it forward “like a stone skipping across water.”
翻譯:
它能創造節奏與結構;可以顯得沉重,也可以顯得急促輕盈;可以使句子暫緩,也可以使句子向前飛掠,「就像石頭在水面上跳躍」。
這段內容直接呼應 prosody,也為下一句的 like a sigh 作鋪陳,因此選 A。
選項分析
(A) 正確
It 指前句的 the semicolon,指涉清楚。句中以平行結構描述分號的作用:
- create rhythm and structure:創造節奏與結構
- be weighty or breathless:呈現沉重或急促輕盈的語氣
- hold a sentence back:使句子暫緩
- flick it forward:使句子快速向前推進
這些功能都與分號的節奏效果有關,並能自然連接後文的「像一聲嘆息」。
嚴格文法上,分號通常連接兩個完整子句;本句後兩個片語省略重複的主詞與 can,屬於文學性、修辭性較強的寫法。此處分號本身也被用來製造節奏,符合文章主題。
(B) 錯誤
A historian and a philosopher of science, she is indeed a witty, elegant writer with no nonsense about her.
翻譯:
她是一位歷史學家兼科學哲學家,確實是一位機智、優雅而不說廢話的作家。
第 36 題
Great writers, Watson says, break the rules that would dole out semicolons as if they were “a controlled substance.” ____. (A) It can create rhythm and structure; can be weighty or breathless; can hold a sentence back or flick it forward “like a stone skipping across water.” (B) A historian and a philosopher of science, she is indeed a witty, elegant writer with no nonsense about her. (C) Fortunately, this modest little powerhouse has found its defender. (D) Her message is that punctuation is not about limits; it’s about making language richer.
校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾收合 ▴
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是克漏字,主要考:
- 上下文語意連貫
- 代名詞與指涉對象
- 轉折與對比結構
- 文章主旨的承接
題幹先指出:
Great writers, Watson says, break the rules that would dole out semicolons as if they were “a controlled substance.”
翻譯:Watson 說,偉大的作家會打破那些把分號當成「管制物質」般嚴格限量使用的規則。
句中將「嚴格限制分號使用」比喻為管制藥物,帶有批判傳統標點規則過度拘束的意味。因此,下一句應該進一步說明 Watson 對標點符號的核心看法。
解題方法
先掌握前句的語意方向:
- break the rules:打破規則
- dole out:定量分配、嚴格限量
- as if they were “a controlled substance”:彷彿分號是管制物質
前句的重點是「標點符號不應被僵化規則限制」。因此,空格後最適合接一個能夠:
- 指回 Watson;
- 概括她對標點符號的看法;
- 與前句的「rules」「limits」形成語意對比。
(D) 的句型:
Her message is that A is not about limits; it’s about B.
其中:
- Her message:她所傳達的訊息
- is that...:是……
- not about A; it’s about B:不是關於 A,而是關於 B
「limits」正好承接前句的嚴格限制,「making language richer」則提出 Watson 對標點符號的正面功能,語意完整且銜接自然。
答案選項翻譯與分析
(A) It can create rhythm and structure; can be weighty or breathless; can hold a sentence back or flick it forward “like a stone skipping across water.”
翻譯:它可以創造節奏與結構;可以顯得沉重,也可以令人喘不過氣;可以讓句子暫停,也可以讓句子像「在水面跳躍的石頭」般向前飛掠。
本選項主要說明某種標點符號能產生的效果,內容描寫節奏、結構與句子速度。然而置於題幹之後有兩項問題:
-
It 的指涉不清楚
前句提到的是 great writers、rules、semicolons,若以 It 指稱 semicolon,語意並不明確,且後面的功能描述較像在談「標點符號整體」或某一特定符號,沒有清楚銜接。 -
缺乏主旨承接功能
前句強調作家打破限制,A 卻直接列舉某物的功能,沒有明確說明「為何不應限制標點符號」,論述跳躍。
因此,A 雖然本身文法大致成立,且內容可能符合文章主題,卻不是最適合接在此處的句子。
(B) A historian and a philosopher of science, she is indeed a witty, elegant writer with no nonsense about her.
翻譯:她是一位歷史學家與科學哲學家,確實也是一位機智、優雅,而且不矯揉造作的作家。
本選項的問題在於:
-
文章焦點突然轉為人物介紹
題幹正在討論 Watson 對標點規則的看法,B 卻補充她的職業、文風與個性,沒有直接延續前句的論點。 -
資訊功能不合適
「A historian and a philosopher of science」是人物背景介紹;「witty, elegant writer」是文風評價。這些內容沒有解釋前句中「break the rules」及「controlled substance」的意義。 -
代名詞雖可能有所指,銜接仍不自然
she 理論上可指 Watson,但本題需要的是對前句的語意總結,而不是再次介紹 Watson。
因此,B 並非主要錯在單句文法,而是錯在上下文銜接與論述方向。
(C) Fortunately, this modest little powerhouse has found its defender.
翻譯:幸運的是,這個謙遜而小巧、卻充滿力量的事物找到了替它辯護的人。
本選項不適合的原因如下:
第 37 題
【題組共用題幹】
(37). As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays and problems in decoding speech sounds during the first year of my life. Unlike other babies, language did not come naturally to me; my language learning experience involved serious effort. I nonetheless attained native-like proficiency in my first language, Mandarin, became a highly proficient speaker of my second language, English, and am currently a speech pathologist. (38). Some might say that this incredible feat was made possible thanks to the brain’s ability to reorganize and restructure itself. The fortune of encountering several inspiring mentors, however, is the main reason in how I overcame the biological and mental barriers in my own personal growth over the years. These inspiring mentors have taught me a number of teaching philosophies, which are quite instrumental in shaping my own teaching. Among these important philosophies, I have come to realize that instruction needs to be continuously developed, nurtured and evaluated by teachers and students, experts and novices, and by peers.
(39). In spite of this comprehension issue, I was fortunate enough to come across several teachers whose patience, creativity, and, most importantly, adaptation of their teaching structures allowed me to access each concept in a supporting environment. (40). Instead, I saw alternatives that enabled me to accomplish the particular goal of learning. Thus, in my own personal growth as a teacher over the years, I have worked very hard to understand my students’ individual learning styles, accommodate their instructional/learning needs, deliver my courses at their levels, and teach by illustration and analogy.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「克漏句」的篇章銜接與語意邏輯,判斷句子放入空格時,須注意:
- 前後文的因果關係。
- 代名詞與指示語的所指對象。
- 時間順序與敘事發展。
- 轉折語、承接語與問答關係。
第 37 格位於全文開頭,後接:
As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays and problems in decoding speech sounds during the first year of my life.
正如醫生所預測的,我在出生後第一年經歷了令人苦惱的語言發展遲緩,以及辨識語音方面的問題。
因此,第 37 格需要先交代「醫生的診斷與預測內容」,下一句才能使用 As predicted by the doctor 順利承接。
解題方法
先觀察第 37 格後的句子:
As predicted by the doctor
這是「正如醫生所預測的」之意,表示前文必須先出現醫生的診斷或預測。四個選項中,只有 (B) 明確提到:
- 早產出生;
- 體重極低;
- 被醫生診斷;
- 可能影響未來的語言發展。
因此文章的邏輯順序是:
- 出生背景與醫生診斷;
- 語言發展遲緩果然發生;
- 說明如何克服障礙;
- 描述教師的幫助;
- 延伸到作者自己的教學理念。
答案選項分析
(B) Born two months premature, I weighed only 35 ounces — a little more than a venti-size Starbucks coffee — and was diagnosed by the doctor as having suffered slight brain damage that might debilitate my future language development.
中文意義:
我早產兩個月,出生時體重只有 35 盎司——只比星巴克特大杯咖啡重一點——並被醫生診斷為曾受到輕微腦損傷,這可能會削弱我未來的語言發展。
本句正確,理由如下:
- 語意承接正確
本句提到醫生診斷「可能影響語言發展」,下一句說:
As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays...
意即「正如醫生預測的,我確實出現語言遲緩」。前句的 might debilitate my future language development 與後句的 language delays 形成清楚的預測—結果關係。
-
時間順序合理
先交代出生時的早產、低體重與腦損傷,再敘述出生後第一年的語言發展情況,符合由背景到結果的敘事順序。 -
文法結構自然
Born two months premature 是分詞片語,主詞為後面的 I,表示「我出生時早產兩個月」。
was diagnosed by the doctor as having suffered slight brain damage 表示「被醫生診斷為曾遭受輕微腦損傷」。
因此,(B) 能同時滿足前後文的語意、時間與文法銜接。
(A) Being a linguistically deficient learner, I often needed more time and help than my peers in comprehending the concepts presented by my teachers.
中文意義:
由於是一名語言能力不足的學習者,我在理解老師所講授的概念時,經常比同儕需要更多時間與協助。
本句不適合第 37 格,原因是:
-
內容過早進入學習情境
本句已提到 my peers、my teachers 與理解課程概念,應放在後文談到學習困難與教師協助的位置。 -
與下一句缺乏直接銜接
後句的 As predicted by the doctor 需要前文先交代醫生的預測,(A) 並未提及醫生、診斷或語言發展預測。 -
較適合第 39 格
第 39 格後為:
In spite of this comprehension issue, I was fortunate enough to come across several teachers...
第 38 題
【題組共用題幹】
(37). As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays and problems in decoding speech sounds during the first year of my life. Unlike other babies, language did not come naturally to me; my language learning experience involved serious effort. I nonetheless attained native-like proficiency in my first language, Mandarin, became a highly proficient speaker of my second language, English, and am currently a speech pathologist. (38). Some might say that this incredible feat was made possible thanks to the brain’s ability to reorganize and restructure itself. The fortune of encountering several inspiring mentors, however, is the main reason in how I overcame the biological and mental barriers in my own personal growth over the years. These inspiring mentors have taught me a number of teaching philosophies, which are quite instrumental in shaping my own teaching. Among these important philosophies, I have come to realize that instruction needs to be continuously developed, nurtured and evaluated by teachers and students, experts and novices, and by peers.
(39). In spite of this comprehension issue, I was fortunate enough to come across several teachers whose patience, creativity, and, most importantly, adaptation of their teaching structures allowed me to access each concept in a supporting environment. (40). Instead, I saw alternatives that enabled me to accomplish the particular goal of learning. Thus, in my own personal growth as a teacher over the years, I have worked very hard to understand my students’ individual learning styles, accommodate their instructional/learning needs, deliver my courses at their levels, and teach by illustration and analogy.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「克漏句」的篇章銜接與語意邏輯,判斷句子放入空格時,須注意:
- 前後文的因果關係。
- 代名詞與指示語的所指對象。
- 時間順序與敘事發展。
- 轉折語、承接語與問答關係。
第 37 格位於全文開頭,後接:
As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays and problems in decoding speech sounds during the first year of my life.
正如醫生所預測的,我在出生後第一年經歷了令人苦惱的語言發展遲緩,以及辨識語音方面的問題。
因此,第 37 格需要先交代「醫生的診斷與預測內容」,下一句才能使用 As predicted by the doctor 順利承接。
解題方法
先觀察第 37 格後的句子:
As predicted by the doctor
這是「正如醫生所預測的」之意,表示前文必須先出現醫生的診斷或預測。四個選項中,只有 (B) 明確提到:
- 早產出生;
- 體重極低;
- 被醫生診斷;
- 可能影響未來的語言發展。
因此文章的邏輯順序是:
- 出生背景與醫生診斷;
- 語言發展遲緩果然發生;
- 說明如何克服障礙;
- 描述教師的幫助;
- 延伸到作者自己的教學理念。
答案選項分析
(B) Born two months premature, I weighed only 35 ounces — a little more than a venti-size Starbucks coffee — and was diagnosed by the doctor as having suffered slight brain damage that might debilitate my future language development.
中文意義:
我早產兩個月,出生時體重只有 35 盎司——只比星巴克特大杯咖啡重一點——並被醫生診斷為曾受到輕微腦損傷,這可能會削弱我未來的語言發展。
本句正確,理由如下:
- 語意承接正確
本句提到醫生診斷「可能影響語言發展」,下一句說:
As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays...
意即「正如醫生預測的,我確實出現語言遲緩」。前句的 might debilitate my future language development 與後句的 language delays 形成清楚的預測—結果關係。
-
時間順序合理
先交代出生時的早產、低體重與腦損傷,再敘述出生後第一年的語言發展情況,符合由背景到結果的敘事順序。 -
文法結構自然
Born two months premature 是分詞片語,主詞為後面的 I,表示「我出生時早產兩個月」。
was diagnosed by the doctor as having suffered slight brain damage 表示「被醫生診斷為曾遭受輕微腦損傷」。
因此,(B) 能同時滿足前後文的語意、時間與文法銜接。
(A) Being a linguistically deficient learner, I often needed more time and help than my peers in comprehending the concepts presented by my teachers.
中文意義:
由於是一名語言能力不足的學習者,我在理解老師所講授的概念時,經常比同儕需要更多時間與協助。
本句不適合第 37 格,原因是:
-
內容過早進入學習情境
本句已提到 my peers、my teachers 與理解課程概念,應放在後文談到學習困難與教師協助的位置。 -
與下一句缺乏直接銜接
後句的 As predicted by the doctor 需要前文先交代醫生的預測,(A) 並未提及醫生、診斷或語言發展預測。 -
較適合第 39 格
第 39 格後為:
In spite of this comprehension issue, I was fortunate enough to come across several teachers...
第 39 題
【題組共用題幹】
(37). As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays and problems in decoding speech sounds during the first year of my life. Unlike other babies, language did not come naturally to me; my language learning experience involved serious effort. I nonetheless attained native-like proficiency in my first language, Mandarin, became a highly proficient speaker of my second language, English, and am currently a speech pathologist. (38). Some might say that this incredible feat was made possible thanks to the brain’s ability to reorganize and restructure itself. The fortune of encountering several inspiring mentors, however, is the main reason in how I overcame the biological and mental barriers in my own personal growth over the years. These inspiring mentors have taught me a number of teaching philosophies, which are quite instrumental in shaping my own teaching. Among these important philosophies, I have come to realize that instruction needs to be continuously developed, nurtured and evaluated by teachers and students, experts and novices, and by peers.
(39). In spite of this comprehension issue, I was fortunate enough to come across several teachers whose patience, creativity, and, most importantly, adaptation of their teaching structures allowed me to access each concept in a supporting environment. (40). Instead, I saw alternatives that enabled me to accomplish the particular goal of learning. Thus, in my own personal growth as a teacher over the years, I have worked very hard to understand my students’ individual learning styles, accommodate their instructional/learning needs, deliver my courses at their levels, and teach by illustration and analogy.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「克漏句」的篇章銜接與語意邏輯,判斷句子放入空格時,須注意:
- 前後文的因果關係。
- 代名詞與指示語的所指對象。
- 時間順序與敘事發展。
- 轉折語、承接語與問答關係。
第 37 格位於全文開頭,後接:
As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays and problems in decoding speech sounds during the first year of my life.
正如醫生所預測的,我在出生後第一年經歷了令人苦惱的語言發展遲緩,以及辨識語音方面的問題。
因此,第 37 格需要先交代「醫生的診斷與預測內容」,下一句才能使用 As predicted by the doctor 順利承接。
解題方法
先觀察第 37 格後的句子:
As predicted by the doctor
這是「正如醫生所預測的」之意,表示前文必須先出現醫生的診斷或預測。四個選項中,只有 (B) 明確提到:
- 早產出生;
- 體重極低;
- 被醫生診斷;
- 可能影響未來的語言發展。
因此文章的邏輯順序是:
- 出生背景與醫生診斷;
- 語言發展遲緩果然發生;
- 說明如何克服障礙;
- 描述教師的幫助;
- 延伸到作者自己的教學理念。
答案選項分析
(B) Born two months premature, I weighed only 35 ounces — a little more than a venti-size Starbucks coffee — and was diagnosed by the doctor as having suffered slight brain damage that might debilitate my future language development.
中文意義:
我早產兩個月,出生時體重只有 35 盎司——只比星巴克特大杯咖啡重一點——並被醫生診斷為曾受到輕微腦損傷,這可能會削弱我未來的語言發展。
本句正確,理由如下:
- 語意承接正確
本句提到醫生診斷「可能影響語言發展」,下一句說:
As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays...
意即「正如醫生預測的,我確實出現語言遲緩」。前句的 might debilitate my future language development 與後句的 language delays 形成清楚的預測—結果關係。
-
時間順序合理
先交代出生時的早產、低體重與腦損傷,再敘述出生後第一年的語言發展情況,符合由背景到結果的敘事順序。 -
文法結構自然
Born two months premature 是分詞片語,主詞為後面的 I,表示「我出生時早產兩個月」。
was diagnosed by the doctor as having suffered slight brain damage 表示「被醫生診斷為曾遭受輕微腦損傷」。
因此,(B) 能同時滿足前後文的語意、時間與文法銜接。
(A) Being a linguistically deficient learner, I often needed more time and help than my peers in comprehending the concepts presented by my teachers.
中文意義:
由於是一名語言能力不足的學習者,我在理解老師所講授的概念時,經常比同儕需要更多時間與協助。
本句不適合第 37 格,原因是:
-
內容過早進入學習情境
本句已提到 my peers、my teachers 與理解課程概念,應放在後文談到學習困難與教師協助的位置。 -
與下一句缺乏直接銜接
後句的 As predicted by the doctor 需要前文先交代醫生的預測,(A) 並未提及醫生、診斷或語言發展預測。 -
較適合第 39 格
第 39 格後為:
In spite of this comprehension issue, I was fortunate enough to come across several teachers...
第 40 題
【題組共用題幹】
(37). As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays and problems in decoding speech sounds during the first year of my life. Unlike other babies, language did not come naturally to me; my language learning experience involved serious effort. I nonetheless attained native-like proficiency in my first language, Mandarin, became a highly proficient speaker of my second language, English, and am currently a speech pathologist. (38). Some might say that this incredible feat was made possible thanks to the brain’s ability to reorganize and restructure itself. The fortune of encountering several inspiring mentors, however, is the main reason in how I overcame the biological and mental barriers in my own personal growth over the years. These inspiring mentors have taught me a number of teaching philosophies, which are quite instrumental in shaping my own teaching. Among these important philosophies, I have come to realize that instruction needs to be continuously developed, nurtured and evaluated by teachers and students, experts and novices, and by peers.
(39). In spite of this comprehension issue, I was fortunate enough to come across several teachers whose patience, creativity, and, most importantly, adaptation of their teaching structures allowed me to access each concept in a supporting environment. (40). Instead, I saw alternatives that enabled me to accomplish the particular goal of learning. Thus, in my own personal growth as a teacher over the years, I have worked very hard to understand my students’ individual learning styles, accommodate their instructional/learning needs, deliver my courses at their levels, and teach by illustration and analogy.
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核心觀念
本題考「克漏句」的篇章銜接與語意邏輯,判斷句子放入空格時,須注意:
- 前後文的因果關係。
- 代名詞與指示語的所指對象。
- 時間順序與敘事發展。
- 轉折語、承接語與問答關係。
第 37 格位於全文開頭,後接:
As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays and problems in decoding speech sounds during the first year of my life.
正如醫生所預測的,我在出生後第一年經歷了令人苦惱的語言發展遲緩,以及辨識語音方面的問題。
因此,第 37 格需要先交代「醫生的診斷與預測內容」,下一句才能使用 As predicted by the doctor 順利承接。
解題方法
先觀察第 37 格後的句子:
As predicted by the doctor
這是「正如醫生所預測的」之意,表示前文必須先出現醫生的診斷或預測。四個選項中,只有 (B) 明確提到:
- 早產出生;
- 體重極低;
- 被醫生診斷;
- 可能影響未來的語言發展。
因此文章的邏輯順序是:
- 出生背景與醫生診斷;
- 語言發展遲緩果然發生;
- 說明如何克服障礙;
- 描述教師的幫助;
- 延伸到作者自己的教學理念。
答案選項分析
(B) Born two months premature, I weighed only 35 ounces — a little more than a venti-size Starbucks coffee — and was diagnosed by the doctor as having suffered slight brain damage that might debilitate my future language development.
中文意義:
我早產兩個月,出生時體重只有 35 盎司——只比星巴克特大杯咖啡重一點——並被醫生診斷為曾受到輕微腦損傷,這可能會削弱我未來的語言發展。
本句正確,理由如下:
- 語意承接正確
本句提到醫生診斷「可能影響語言發展」,下一句說:
As predicted by the doctor, I experienced exasperating language delays...
意即「正如醫生預測的,我確實出現語言遲緩」。前句的 might debilitate my future language development 與後句的 language delays 形成清楚的預測—結果關係。
-
時間順序合理
先交代出生時的早產、低體重與腦損傷,再敘述出生後第一年的語言發展情況,符合由背景到結果的敘事順序。 -
文法結構自然
Born two months premature 是分詞片語,主詞為後面的 I,表示「我出生時早產兩個月」。
was diagnosed by the doctor as having suffered slight brain damage 表示「被醫生診斷為曾遭受輕微腦損傷」。
因此,(B) 能同時滿足前後文的語意、時間與文法銜接。
(A) Being a linguistically deficient learner, I often needed more time and help than my peers in comprehending the concepts presented by my teachers.
中文意義:
由於是一名語言能力不足的學習者,我在理解老師所講授的概念時,經常比同儕需要更多時間與協助。
本句不適合第 37 格,原因是:
-
內容過早進入學習情境
本句已提到 my peers、my teachers 與理解課程概念,應放在後文談到學習困難與教師協助的位置。 -
與下一句缺乏直接銜接
後句的 As predicted by the doctor 需要前文先交代醫生的預測,(A) 並未提及醫生、診斷或語言發展預測。 -
較適合第 39 格
第 39 格後為:
In spite of this comprehension issue, I was fortunate enough to come across several teachers...
第 41 題
V. Reading
Questions 41-50: Choose the BEST answer to each question below according to what is stated and implied in the following passages.
Student motivation has repeatedly been identified as one of the most prominent factors affecting students’ ultimate learning outcomes. According to Ushida (2005), motivation is both a condition for, and a result of, effective instruction. Many empirical cognitive studies have shown that lack of motivation for learning may be overcome by providing students with a sense of competition (Gardner, 2011). Competition not only implicates “winner takes all” but also allows students who lag in certain areas to sense the imbalance between themselves and others, and then to compete with their peers to achieve “equal” status. In a competitive practice activity, students are usually in an alert state and are therefore more sensitive to the permissible conversation turns/junctures, which in turn prepares them to be better able to communicate in synchronous or “real-time” conversation (Warschauer & Healey, 1998). Such oral participation or communication skills are important in any collaborative classroom group work or whole-class conversation. In this vein, Hung, Young, and Lin (2013) found that learners are more motivated to participate in a classroom activity when the activity is competitive in nature; more importantly, a competitive activity was found to have the potential to minimize the achievement gap for disadvantage students and to facilitate the motivation of students at different developmental stages.
In traditional classroom settings where behavior management strategies are employed, learner motivation tends to be low as students are generally aware that it is the instructor who holds the power to allocate rewards. As such, these strategies do not reach their full potential as they rely mainly on extrinsic motivation, i.e., the instructor holds the balance of power, leaving learners with less control over rewards. In contrast, a behavior management strategy that targets intrinsic motivation — where learners hold the balance of power and more control over rewards — would in turn realize greater potential (Dincer, Yesilyurt, & Takkac, 2012). Note, however, that behavior management methods that target intrinsic motivation are difficult to be implemented in traditional classroom settings, because students generally vary from each other in terms of their internal/intrinsic drives for language learning. Inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation also suggests that a thorough learner motivation analysis is warranted before the design and implementation of a behavior management method; in this regard, it would involve far too much administration for one instructor to handle. Even if such a learning motivation analysis is possible, instructors are not likely to effectively attend to the needs of each individual. However, Web 2.0 behavior management system — a technology-mediated system — may potentially tackle the aforementioned power issues and reduce the inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation.
Which statement best describes the gist of this passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「文章主旨(gist)」判斷。解題重點不是尋找某一個細節,而是統整全文反覆討論的核心:
- 學習動機會影響學生的學習成果。
- 競爭活動能提升參與度,並縮小學習成就差距。
- 傳統班級經營較依賴外在動機與教師控制獎勵。
- 以內在動機為核心的管理方式較具潛力,但在傳統教室中不易實施。
- Web 2.0 科技媒介的班級經營系統,可能改善上述問題。
因此,全文同時處理「動機對學習的影響」以及「不同班級管理方式的應用問題」,最完整的主旨是 (D)。
關鍵單字與片語
- motivation:動機
- learning outcomes:學習成果
- effective instruction:有效教學
- lack of motivation:缺乏動機
- sense of competition:競爭感
- lag in certain areas:在某些方面落後
- compete with one’s peers:與同儕競爭
- achieve equal status:達到相同地位
- alert state:警覺狀態
- oral participation:口語參與
- achievement gap:成就差距
- disadvantage students:處於不利地位的學生
- behavior management strategies:行為管理策略
- extrinsic motivation:外在動機
- intrinsic motivation:內在動機
- balance of power:權力平衡;控制權
- allocate rewards:分配獎勵
- inter-learner variation:學習者之間的差異
- attend to the needs of each individual:照顧每一個人的需求
- technology-mediated system:科技媒介系統
- tackle an issue:處理、解決問題
- aforementioned:前述的
- gist:主旨、大意
定位答案的關鍵句
文章前段指出:
“Student motivation has repeatedly been identified as one of the most prominent factors affecting students’ ultimate learning outcomes.”
意思是:「學生動機一再被認為是影響學生最終學習成果的最重要因素之一。」
這句直接對應選項中的 “the effects of motivation on learning”。
文章後段則集中討論班級管理策略:
“In traditional classroom settings where behavior management strategies are employed, learner motivation tends to be low...”
意思是:「在採用行為管理策略的傳統教室中,學習者的動機往往偏低……」
接著文章比較外在動機與內在動機的管理方式,並指出實際應用上的困難:
“behavior management methods that target intrinsic motivation are difficult to be implemented in traditional classroom settings...”
意思是:「以內在動機為目標的行為管理方法,在傳統教室中很難實施……」
這正對應選項中的 “discusses various issues when applying different classroom management protocols”。
解題方法
判斷主旨時,應先觀察每一段的功能:
- 第一段:說明動機的重要性,並特別討論競爭如何提升學習參與及溝通能力。
- 第二段:比較傳統班級管理、外在動機、內在動機,以及 Web 2.0 管理系統的應用限制。
因此,主旨必須同時涵蓋「動機與學習」和「班級管理策略」。只有選項 (D) 同時包括這兩層內容。
選項 D 的句型為:
“It addresses A and discusses B.”
其中:
- address:處理、探討
- discuss:討論
- effects of motivation on learning:動機對學習的影響
- classroom management protocols:班級管理規範、管理策略
這是典型的並列結構,完整概括全文兩大重點。
選項分析
(A) It revisits the outdated pedagogical practices beyond the classroom setting.
第 42 題
【題組共用題幹】
Student motivation has repeatedly been identified as one of the most prominent factors affecting students’ ultimate learning outcomes. According to Ushida (2005), motivation is both a condition for, and a result of, effective instruction. Many empirical cognitive studies have shown that lack of motivation for learning may be overcome by providing students with a sense of competition (Gardner, 2011).
Competition not only implicates “winner takes all” but also allows students who lag in certain areas to sense the imbalance between themselves and others, and then to compete with their peers to achieve “equal” status. In a competitive practice activity, students are usually in an alert state and are therefore more sensitive to the permissible conversation turns/junctures, which in turn prepares them to be better able to communicate in synchronous or “real-time” conversation (Warschauer & Healey, 1998). Such oral participation or communication skills are important in any collaborative classroom group work or whole-class conversation.
In this vein, Hung, Young, and Lin (2013) found that learners are more motivated to participate in a classroom activity when the activity is competitive in nature; more importantly, a competitive activity was found to have the potential to minimize the achievement gap for disadvantaged students and to facilitate the motivation of students at different developmental stages.
In traditional classroom settings where behavior management strategies are employed, learner motivation tends to be low as students are generally aware that it is the instructor who holds the power to allocate rewards. As such, these strategies do not reach their full potential as they rely mainly on extrinsic motivation, i.e., the instructor holds the balance of power, leaving learners with less control over rewards.
In contrast, a behavior management strategy that targets intrinsic motivation — where learners hold the balance of power and more control over rewards — would in turn realize greater potential (Dincer, Yesilyurt, & Takkac, 2012). Note, however, that behavior management methods that target intrinsic motivation are difficult to be implemented in traditional classroom settings, because students generally vary from each other in terms of their internal/intrinsic drives for language learning.
Inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation also suggests that a thorough learner motivation analysis is warranted before the design and implementation of a behavior management method; in this regard, it would involve far too much administration for one instructor to handle. Even if such a learning motivation analysis is possible, instructors are not likely to effectively attend to the needs of each individual. However, Web 2.0 behavior management system — a technology-mediated system — may potentially tackle the aforementioned power issues and reduce the inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation.
According to the article, which statement is NOT true?
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核心觀念
本題為學術文章閱讀理解,考查:
- 文章主旨與細節定位。
- 因果關係與對比語氣。
extrinsic motivation(外在動機)與intrinsic motivation(內在動機)的區別。- 判斷選項是否「過度推論」或加入原文沒有的絕對語氣。
文章主要討論三個重點:
- 競爭活動能提升學生的學習動機與課堂參與。
- 傳統班級管理偏重教師掌握獎賞,因此較依賴外在動機。
- 內在動機因學生個別差異而難以在傳統課堂中有效實施,科技媒介系統則有機會改善權力分配與個別差異問題。
關鍵單字與片語
motivation:動機learning outcomes:學習成果effective instruction:有效的教學lack of motivation:缺乏動機sense of competition:競爭感lag in certain areas:在某些方面落後compete with their peers:與同儕競爭achieve equal status:達到平等地位in an alert state:處於警覺狀態oral participation:口語參與achievement gap:成就落差behavior management strategies:行為管理策略allocate rewards:分配獎賞extrinsic motivation:外在動機intrinsic motivation:內在動機hold the balance of power:掌握權力平衡inter-learner variation:學習者之間的差異individual difference:個別差異technology-mediated system:科技媒介系統tackle an issue:處理、解決問題aforementioned:上述的、前述的be warranted:有必要、具正當性
解題方法
題目問:
According to the article, which statement is NOT true?
根據本文,下列哪一項敘述不正確?
解題時應逐一將選項與文章內容比對,特別注意:
- 選項是否符合原文;
- 選項是否把「可能、傾向、具有潛力」誇大成「一定、全部、毫無例外」;
- 選項是否混淆外在動機與內在動機。
本文明確指出,競爭活動有助於提升動機與參與;傳統班級管理面臨內在動機個別差異的問題;科技媒介系統則可能改善課堂中的權力問題。因此,只有將傳統內在動機管理方法誇大為「必然提升所有學生潛能」的選項不符合文章。
定位答案的關鍵原文
文章指出:
“Note, however, that behavior management methods that target intrinsic motivation are difficult to be implemented in traditional classroom settings, because students generally vary from each other in terms of their internal/intrinsic drives for language learning.”
翻譯:
然而,針對內在動機的行為管理方法,在傳統課堂中很難實施,因為學生在語言學習的內在動力方面通常彼此不同。
這句話直接說明:
- 傳統課堂中,內在動機管理方法「難以實施」;
- 學生的內在動機存在個別差異;
- 文章沒有說這類方法能「毫無疑問地提升所有學生的學習潛能」。
因此,選項 B 的敘述與本文相反。
選項分析
(A) Competitive activities may enhance students’ motivation and participation.
競爭活動可能提升學生的動機與參與。
正確。文章明確指出:
“learners are more motivated to participate in a classroom activity when the activity is competitive in nature”
翻譯:
當課堂活動具有競爭性質時,學習者更有動機參與其中。
選項使用 may enhance,表示「可能提升」,語氣保守,符合原文所說競爭活動具有提升動機與參與的潛力。
第 43 題
【題組共用題幹】
Student motivation has repeatedly been identified as one of the most prominent factors affecting students’ ultimate learning outcomes. According to Ushida (2005), motivation is both a condition for, and a result of, effective instruction. Many empirical cognitive studies have shown that lack of motivation for learning may be overcome by providing students with a sense of competition (Gardner, 2011).
Competition not only implicates “winner takes all” but also allows students who lag in certain areas to sense the imbalance between themselves and others, and then to compete with their peers to achieve “equal” status. In a competitive practice activity, students are usually in an alert state and are therefore more sensitive to the permissible conversation turns/junctures, which in turn prepares them to be better able to communicate in synchronous or “real-time” conversation (Warschauer & Healey, 1998). Such oral participation or communication skills are important in any collaborative classroom group work or whole-class conversation.
In this vein, Hung, Young, and Lin (2013) found that learners are more motivated to participate in a classroom activity when the activity is competitive in nature; more importantly, a competitive activity was found to have the potential to minimize the achievement gap for disadvantaged students and to facilitate the motivation of students at different developmental stages.
In traditional classroom settings where behavior management strategies are employed, learner motivation tends to be low as students are generally aware that it is the instructor who holds the power to allocate rewards. As such, these strategies do not reach their full potential as they rely mainly on extrinsic motivation, i.e., the instructor holds the balance of power, leaving learners with less control over rewards.
In contrast, a behavior management strategy that targets intrinsic motivation — where learners hold the balance of power and more control over rewards — would in turn realize greater potential (Dincer, Yesilyurt, & Takkac, 2012). Note, however, that behavior management methods that target intrinsic motivation are difficult to be implemented in traditional classroom settings, because students generally vary from each other in terms of their internal/intrinsic drives for language learning.
Inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation also suggests that a thorough learner motivation analysis is warranted before the design and implementation of a behavior management method; in this regard, it would involve far too much administration for one instructor to handle. Even if such a learning motivation analysis is possible, instructors are not likely to effectively attend to the needs of each individual. However, Web 2.0 behavior management system — a technology-mediated system — may potentially tackle the aforementioned power issues and reduce the inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation.
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “implicate” in the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查字義辨析與上下文語意。關鍵字為 implicate,必須依句意判斷其在文章中的適當近義詞,而非只背單一中文意思。
原句:
Competition not only implicates “winner takes all” but also allows students who lag in certain areas to sense the imbalance between themselves and others...
此句說明「競爭」不只是涉及「勝者全取」的概念,也能讓落後的學生察覺自己與他人之間的不平衡。因此,implicate 在此可理解為「涉及、包含、牽涉到」,最接近 entail。
解題方法
先將四個選項分成語意類別:
- entail:涉及;包含;必然導致
- restrict:限制
- retract:撤回;收回
- curtail:縮減;削減
再把各選項代回原句:
Competition not only entails “winner takes all” but also allows students...
句意為:「競爭不只包含『勝者全取』,也能讓落後學生察覺彼此差距。」語意通順,且符合文章對 competition 的說明。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
Competition not only implicates “winner takes all” but also allows students who lag in certain areas to sense the imbalance between themselves and others.
翻譯:
「競爭不僅涉及『勝者全取』,也讓在某些方面落後的學生察覺自己與他人之間的不平衡。」
其中 implicate 對應「涉及、包含」,所以選 entail。
選項分析
(A) entail:涉及;包含;必然導致
正確。entail 可表示「包含某事物作為必要或內含部分」,在本句中可解作「涉及、包含」。將其代入後,句意與文法皆通順:
Competition not only entails “winner takes all”...
「競爭不只包含『勝者全取』的概念……」
這與後文「競爭也能幫助落後學生察覺差距並努力追上」的內容一致。
(B) restrict:限制
錯誤。restrict 表示限制範圍、自由或活動,例如:
restrict access
限制進入
若代入原句,會變成「競爭不只限制『勝者全取』」,語意不合理;文章也沒有說競爭會限制這個概念,而是說競爭涉及或包含這個概念。
(C) retract:撤回;收回
第 44 題
【題組共用題幹】
Student motivation has repeatedly been identified as one of the most prominent factors affecting students’ ultimate learning outcomes. According to Ushida (2005), motivation is both a condition for, and a result of, effective instruction. Many empirical cognitive studies have shown that lack of motivation for learning may be overcome by providing students with a sense of competition (Gardner, 2011).
Competition not only implicates “winner takes all” but also allows students who lag in certain areas to sense the imbalance between themselves and others, and then to compete with their peers to achieve “equal” status. In a competitive practice activity, students are usually in an alert state and are therefore more sensitive to the permissible conversation turns/junctures, which in turn prepares them to be better able to communicate in synchronous or “real-time” conversation (Warschauer & Healey, 1998). Such oral participation or communication skills are important in any collaborative classroom group work or whole-class conversation.
In this vein, Hung, Young, and Lin (2013) found that learners are more motivated to participate in a classroom activity when the activity is competitive in nature; more importantly, a competitive activity was found to have the potential to minimize the achievement gap for disadvantaged students and to facilitate the motivation of students at different developmental stages.
In traditional classroom settings where behavior management strategies are employed, learner motivation tends to be low as students are generally aware that it is the instructor who holds the power to allocate rewards. As such, these strategies do not reach their full potential as they rely mainly on extrinsic motivation, i.e., the instructor holds the balance of power, leaving learners with less control over rewards.
In contrast, a behavior management strategy that targets intrinsic motivation — where learners hold the balance of power and more control over rewards — would in turn realize greater potential (Dincer, Yesilyurt, & Takkac, 2012). Note, however, that behavior management methods that target intrinsic motivation are difficult to be implemented in traditional classroom settings, because students generally vary from each other in terms of their internal/intrinsic drives for language learning.
Inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation also suggests that a thorough learner motivation analysis is warranted before the design and implementation of a behavior management method; in this regard, it would involve far too much administration for one instructor to handle. Even if such a learning motivation analysis is possible, instructors are not likely to effectively attend to the needs of each individual. However, Web 2.0 behavior management system — a technology-mediated system — may potentially tackle the aforementioned power issues and reduce the inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation.
How do you describe the author’s attitude toward technology-mediated classroom management?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者態度(author’s attitude)」判斷,以及利用上下文辨識褒貶語氣。
判斷作者態度時,應特別注意:
- 作者對研究結果的評價
- 文章中的轉折語與結論語
- 帶有正面或負面意義的形容詞、動詞
- 作者是否認為某項方法具有改善問題的功能
本文先說明傳統課堂管理策略的限制,再介紹科技媒介的行為管理系統能夠處理這些問題。因此,作者整體上對 technology-mediated classroom management 持正面且支持的態度。
解題方法
定位文章最後一段的結論句:
However, Web 2.0 behavior management system — a technology-mediated system — may potentially tackle the aforementioned power issues and reduce the inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation.
翻譯為:
然而,Web 2.0 行為管理系統——一種由科技媒介促成的系統——可能可以處理上述的權力問題,並降低學習者之間內在動機的差異。
句中的關鍵表達如下:
- However:然而,表示轉折,將討論方向從傳統方法的缺點轉向科技系統的可能優勢。
- may potentially tackle:可能能夠處理、解決。雖然語氣較保守,但仍表示作者認為此方法具有正面功能。
- reduce:降低、減少。
- power issues:權力分配問題。
- inter-learner variation:學習者彼此之間的差異。
- intrinsic motivation:內在動機。
文章前文也明確指出,針對內在動機的管理策略具有較大發展潛力:
A behavior management strategy that targets intrinsic motivation ... would in turn realize greater potential.
翻譯為:
針對內在動機的行為管理策略,將因此展現更大的潛力。
最後,作者提出科技媒介系統可以解決傳統課堂難以處理的個別差異與權力分配問題。這表示作者雖然承認科技系統仍屬「potentially」可行,卻對其功能與發展抱持正面期待,故選 optimistic。
選項分析
(A) suspicious:懷疑的、猜疑的
錯誤。若作者抱持 suspicious 態度,文章通常會出現對科技系統的不信任、質疑其效果,或強調其可能造成的風險與問題。本文雖使用 may potentially 表示尚非絕對肯定,但內容集中於科技系統能夠:
- 處理權力分配問題
- 降低學習者內在動機的差異
- 彌補傳統課堂管理的不足
全文沒有明顯的猜疑或負面批判語氣。
(B) optimistic:樂觀的
正確。作者認為科技媒介的行為管理系統「可能」能解決傳統方法無法有效處理的問題,並使用 greater potential、tackle、reduce 等正面表達,顯示作者對此系統的未來效能抱持樂觀期待。
(C) distrustful:不信任的
錯誤。distrustful 比 suspicious 更直接表示缺乏信任。本文沒有說明科技媒介會失效、造成傷害,或不值得採用;相反地,作者將其視為可能改善課堂管理與學習動機的工具,因此不屬於 distrustful。
(D) cynical:憤世嫉俗的、冷嘲的
錯誤。cynical 表示對人性、動機或理想抱持嘲諷、犬儒式的不信任。
第 45 題
【題組共用題幹】
Student motivation has repeatedly been identified as one of the most prominent factors affecting students’ ultimate learning outcomes. According to Ushida (2005), motivation is both a condition for, and a result of, effective instruction. Many empirical cognitive studies have shown that lack of motivation for learning may be overcome by providing students with a sense of competition (Gardner, 2011).
Competition not only implicates “winner takes all” but also allows students who lag in certain areas to sense the imbalance between themselves and others, and then to compete with their peers to achieve “equal” status. In a competitive practice activity, students are usually in an alert state and are therefore more sensitive to the permissible conversation turns/junctures, which in turn prepares them to be better able to communicate in synchronous or “real-time” conversation (Warschauer & Healey, 1998). Such oral participation or communication skills are important in any collaborative classroom group work or whole-class conversation.
In this vein, Hung, Young, and Lin (2013) found that learners are more motivated to participate in a classroom activity when the activity is competitive in nature; more importantly, a competitive activity was found to have the potential to minimize the achievement gap for disadvantaged students and to facilitate the motivation of students at different developmental stages.
In traditional classroom settings where behavior management strategies are employed, learner motivation tends to be low as students are generally aware that it is the instructor who holds the power to allocate rewards. As such, these strategies do not reach their full potential as they rely mainly on extrinsic motivation, i.e., the instructor holds the balance of power, leaving learners with less control over rewards.
In contrast, a behavior management strategy that targets intrinsic motivation — where learners hold the balance of power and more control over rewards — would in turn realize greater potential (Dincer, Yesilyurt, & Takkac, 2012). Note, however, that behavior management methods that target intrinsic motivation are difficult to be implemented in traditional classroom settings, because students generally vary from each other in terms of their internal/intrinsic drives for language learning.
Inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation also suggests that a thorough learner motivation analysis is warranted before the design and implementation of a behavior management method; in this regard, it would involve far too much administration for one instructor to handle. Even if such a learning motivation analysis is possible, instructors are not likely to effectively attend to the needs of each individual. However, Web 2.0 behavior management system — a technology-mediated system — may potentially tackle the aforementioned power issues and reduce the inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation.
Which statement can be added to the end of this passage without disrupting the flow of this passage?
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核心觀念
本題考「篇章銜接與文章結構」。判斷句子能否接在段落末尾,須觀察:
- 前文討論的主題是什麼。
- 末段留下哪些尚未具體說明的概念。
- 選項是否能承接前文的指涉語、邏輯關係與文章發展方向。
- 選項加入後,文章是否自然地由「問題分析」進入「解決方案或研究目的」。
本文的論述脈絡如下:
- 學習動機會影響學習成果。
- 競爭活動能提升學習動機,縮小成就差距。
- 傳統課堂的行為管理多依賴教師掌握獎勵,因此偏向外在動機。
- 以內在動機為基礎的管理方式較具潛力,但難以在傳統課堂中實施。
- Web 2.0 科技媒介的行為管理系統,能處理權力分配問題,並降低學習者內在動機差異所造成的困難。
- 因此,文章結尾最自然的發展,是介紹一個具體的 Web 2.0 行為管理系統,以及它在研究中的用途。
解題方法
本題可採「前後文指涉+文章功能」判斷法。
末句為:
However, Web 2.0 behavior management system — a technology-mediated system — may potentially tackle the aforementioned power issues and reduce the inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation.
翻譯為:
然而,Web 2.0 行為管理系統——一種由科技媒介促成的系統——可能可以處理前述的權力問題,並降低學習者之間內在動機的差異。
這句已經提出一個尚未具體說明的解決方案:Web 2.0 behavior management system。其中:
- the aforementioned power issues 指前文提到的「教師掌握獎勵分配權」以及「學習者缺乏控制權」等問題。
- inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation 指不同學習者在內在學習動機上的差異。
- 文章需要在此進一步說明:究竟是哪一個系統被採用,以及它要如何回應前述課堂問題。
選項 A 正好將抽象的「Web 2.0 behavior management system」具體化為 SirWilliam,並說明其研究用途,因此能自然接續全文。
答案定位句
最直接的定位句是:
In this regard, Web 2.0 behavior management system — a technology-mediated system — may potentially tackle the aforementioned power issues and reduce the inter-learner variation in intrinsic motivation.
翻譯為:
就此而言,Web 2.0 行為管理系統——一種由科技媒介促成的系統——可能可以處理前述的權力問題,並降低學習者之間內在動機的差異。
接在此句後的最佳內容,應該是介紹具體的 Web 2.0 系統。選項 A 中的 an online Web 2.0 behavior management system called SirWilliam,正是對前文概念的具體延伸。
正確選項分析
(A) In this study, an online Web 2.0 behavior management system called SirWilliam will be employed as a means to address the aforementioned classroom problems.
翻譯:
在本研究中,一個名為 SirWilliam 的線上 Web 2.0 行為管理系統將被採用,作為處理前述課堂問題的方法。
本選項正確,原因有三:
- 承接關鍵概念
前句提到 Web 2.0 behavior management system,本選項進一步指出具體系統為 SirWilliam,主題銜接十分直接。
- 承接前文問題
the aforementioned classroom problems 指前文所述的問題,包括:
- 傳統行為管理過度依賴外在動機;
- 教師掌握獎勵分配權;
- 學生缺乏對獎勵的控制;
- 學習者內在動機存在差異;
- 教師難以逐一處理每位學生的需求。
因此,address the aforementioned classroom problems 與前文的問題分析相互呼應。
- 符合文章結構
文章先說明研究背景與現有方法的限制,最後提出科技媒介系統作為解決方案。A 進一步交代研究中將採用的具體工具,形成「問題 → 理論解釋 → 解決方案 → 研究方法」的完整結構。
文法上,will be employed 是未來式被動語態,表示「將被採用」。此處介紹研究設計或研究方法,使用被動語態自然且正式。
錯誤選項分析
(B) The use of a technology-mediated behavior management system will impose a negative impact on learner affect.
翻譯:
使用科技媒介的行為管理系統將對學習者的情意產生負面影響。
本選項錯誤,原因如下:
- 與前文論旨相反
前文指出 Web 2.0 行為管理系統可能:
- 解決權力分配問題;
- 降低學習者內在動機的差異;
- 改善傳統課堂的行為管理困難。
B 卻突然宣稱此系統會對學習者情意造成負面影響,沒有任何前文證據支持,也與前文對科技系統的正面期待衝突。
- 無法承接研究發展方向
前句的 may potentially tackle 表示正面、解決問題的可能性。
第 46 題
【題組共用題幹】
Posthuman or post-human is a concept originating in the fields of science fiction, futurology, contemporary art, and philosophy that means a person or entity that exists in a state beyond being human. The concept addresses questions of ethics and justice, language and trans-species communication, social systems, and the intellectual aspirations of interdisciplinarity.
In critical theory, the posthuman is a speculative being that represents or seeks to re-conceive the human. It is the object of posthumanist criticism, which critically questions humanism, a branch of humanist philosophy which claims that human nature is a universal state from which the human being emerges; human nature is autonomous, rational, capable of free will, and unified in itself as the apex of existence.
Thus, the posthuman position recognizes imperfectability and disunity within oneself, and understands the world through heterogeneous perspectives while seeking to maintain intellectual rigor and dedication to objective observations. Key to this posthuman practice is the ability to fluidly change perspectives and manifest oneself through different identities.
The posthuman, for critical theorists of the subject, has an emergent ontology rather than a stable one; in other words, the posthuman is not a singular, defined individual, but rather one who can “become” or embody different identities and understand the world from multiple, heterogeneous perspectives.
Critical discourses surrounding posthumanism are not homogeneous, but in fact present a series of often contradictory ideas, and the term itself is contested, with one of the foremost authors associated with posthumanism, Manuel de Landa, decrying the term as “very silly.” Covering the ideas of, for example, Robert Pepperell’s The Posthuman Condition and Hayles’s How We Became Posthuman under a single term is distinctly problematic due to these contradictions.
The posthuman is roughly synonymous with the “cyborg” of A Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway. Haraway’s conception of the cyborg is an ironic take on traditional conceptions of the cyborg that inverts the traditional trope of the cyborg whose presence questions the salient line between humans and robots.
Haraway’s cyborg is in many ways the “beta” version of the posthuman, as her cyborg theory prompted the issue to be taken up in critical theory. Following Haraway, Hayles, whose work grounds much of the critical posthuman discourse, asserts that liberal humanism — which separates the mind from the body and thus portrays the body as a “shell” or vehicle for the mind — becomes increasingly complicated in the late 20th and 21st centuries because information technology puts the human body in question.
Hayles maintains that we must be conscious of information technology advancements while understanding information as “disembodied,” that is, something which cannot fundamentally replace the human body but can only be incorporated into it and human life practices.
The idea of post-posthumanism (post-cyborgism) has recently been introduced. This body of work outlines the after-effects of long-term adaptation to cyborg technologies and their subsequent removal.
For instance, what happens after years of constantly wearing computer-mediating eyeglass technologies and subsequently removing them; what happens after decades of long-term adaptation to virtual worlds followed by a return to “reality.”
Posthuman political and natural rights have been framed on a spectrum with animal rights and human rights. Posthumanism broadens the scope of what it means to be a valued life form and to be treated as such (in contrast to certain life forms being seen as less-than and being taken advantage of or killed off); it “calls for a more inclusive definition of life, and a greater moral-ethical response, and responsibility, to non-human life forms in the age of species blurring and species mixing….[I]t interrogates the hierarchic ordering — and subsequently exploitation and even eradication — of life forms.”
According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解與語意判斷題,重點在於辨認文章對「posthuman(後人類)」概念的定義、特色與討論範圍。
文章指出,後人類:
- 源自科幻、未來學、當代藝術與哲學等領域。
- 探討倫理、正義、語言、跨物種溝通與社會制度等議題。
- 不具固定、單一的身分,而能從異質、多元的觀點理解世界。
- 強調生命形式的包容性,以及對非人類生命的道德責任。
因此,若選項使用 exclusively(僅僅、完全地) 將後人類概念限制在單一議題,通常與文章內容不符。
解題方法
題目問:
According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?
根據本文,下列哪一項不正確?
作答時應逐一比對文章內容,特別注意:
- various sources:多種來源
- heterogeneous perspectives:異質、多元的觀點
- not a singular, defined individual:不是單一且界定明確的個體
- exclusively:僅限於、完全只涉及
文章第一段已明確說明後人類涉及許多領域與議題;沒有任何地方表示它「專門關注人類對外太空的開發」。因此,B 項與文章主旨及細節均不符。
定位原文與翻譯
定位一:後人類概念的來源與議題
“Posthuman or post-human is a concept originating in the fields of science fiction, futurology, contemporary art, and philosophy that means a person or entity that exists in a state beyond being human. The concept addresses questions of ethics and justice, language and trans-species communication, social systems, and the intellectual aspirations of interdisciplinarity.”
翻譯:
「Posthuman 或 post-human 是源自科幻、未來學、當代藝術與哲學等領域的概念,指的是存在於超越人類狀態中的人或實體。這個概念探討倫理與正義、語言與跨物種溝通、社會制度,以及跨學科的知識追求等問題。」
這段顯示後人類涵蓋多種議題,並非只討論外太空開發。
定位二:後人類具有多元觀點
“Thus, the posthuman position recognizes imperfectability and disunity within oneself, and understands the world through heterogeneous perspectives…”
翻譯:
「因此,後人類立場承認個體自身的不完美與不統一,並透過異質、多元的觀點理解世界。」
這支持 C 項。
定位三:後人類不是固定的單一個體
“The posthuman is not a singular, defined individual, but rather one who can ‘become’ or embody different identities and understand the world from multiple, heterogeneous perspectives.”
翻譯:
「後人類不是一個單一且界定明確的個體,而是能夠『成為』或展現不同身分,並從多重、異質的觀點理解世界的人。」
這支持 D 項。
選項分析
(A) Posthuman as a concept is derived from various sources such as science fiction, futurology, and philosophy.
翻譯:
「後人類這個概念源自科幻、未來學與哲學等不同來源。」
正確。
文章第一段明確提到:
“originating in the fields of science fiction, futurology, contemporary art, and philosophy”
選項雖未列出全部來源,卻準確指出其中幾項,且使用 such as 表示「例如」,並非聲稱只有這些來源。
(B) The posthuman concept exclusively concerns issues about human outer-space exploitation.
翻譯:
「後人類概念僅關注人類對外太空的開發議題。」
錯誤,為本題答案。
文章提到後人類探討的是倫理與正義、語言、跨物種溝通、社會制度、跨學科知識,以及非人類生命的權利與責任等。全文沒有指出後人類概念專門處理外太空開發問題。
第 47 題
【題組共用題幹】
Critical discourses surrounding posthumanism are not homogeneous, but in fact present a series of often contradictory ideas, and the term itself is contested, with one of the foremost authors associated with posthumanism, Manuel de Landa, decrying the term as “very silly.” Covering the ideas of, for example, Robert Pepperell’s The Posthuman Condition and Hayles’s How We Became Posthuman under a single term is distinctly problematic due to these contradictions.
The posthuman is roughly synonymous with the “cyborg” of A Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway. Haraway’s conception of the cyborg is an ironic take on traditional conceptions of the cyborg that inverts the traditional trope of the cyborg whose presence questions the salient line between humans and robots. Haraway’s cyborg is in many ways the “beta” version of the posthuman, as her cyborg theory prompted the issue to be taken up in critical theory. Following Haraway, Hayles, whose work grounds much of the critical posthuman discourse, asserts that liberal humanism—which separates the mind from the body and thus portrays the body as a “shell” or vehicle for the mind—becomes increasingly complicated in the late 20th and 21st centuries because information technology puts the human body in question. Hayles maintains that we must be conscious of information technology advancements while understanding information as “disembodied,” that is, something which cannot fundamentally replace the human body but can only be incorporated into it and human life practices.
The idea of post-posthumanism (post-cyborgism) has recently been introduced. This body of work outlines the after-effects of long-term adaptation to cyborg technologies and their subsequent removal. For instance, what happens after years of constantly wearing computer-mediating eyeglass technologies and subsequently removing them; what happens after decades of long-term adaptation to virtual worlds followed by a return to “reality.”
Posthuman political and natural rights have been framed on a spectrum with animal rights and human rights. Posthumanism broadens the scope of what it means to be a valued life form and to be treated as such (in contrast to certain life forms being seen as less-than and being taken advantage of or killed off); it “calls for a more inclusive definition of life, and a greater moral-ethical response, and responsibility, to non-human life forms in the age of species blurring and species mixing…. [I]t interrogates the hierarchic ordering—and subsequently exploitation and even eradication—of life forms.”
According to the passage, which of the following is considered as another term of “posthuman”?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「同義替換與指涉判斷」。題目問:文中哪一個詞被視為 posthuman 的另一種稱呼。
文章第二段直接指出:
The posthuman is roughly synonymous with the “cyborg” of A Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway.
posthuman 大致上與 Donna Haraway 在《A Cyborg Manifesto》中提出的「cyborg」同義。
因此,答案為 cyborg。
解題方法
閱讀題遇到「According to the passage」時,優先尋找文章中與題目關鍵字直接對應的句子。本題題幹詢問「another term of posthuman」,而文章明確使用:
- roughly synonymous with:大致與……同義
- the “cyborg”:賽博格、半人半機械的混合體
「roughly synonymous with」雖然表示並非完全一對一的精確同義詞,但在本文語境中,作者明確將 cyborg 視為 posthuman 的近似稱呼,故選 D。
定位原文與翻譯
The posthuman is roughly synonymous with the “cyborg” of A Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway.
翻譯:
「後人類」大致上與 Donna Haraway 在《A Cyborg Manifesto》中提出的「賽博格」一詞同義。
此外,下一句也支持此判斷:
Haraway’s conception of the cyborg is an ironic take on traditional conceptions of the cyborg...
翻譯:
Haraway 對賽博格的構想,是以反諷方式重新詮釋傳統的賽博格概念……
文中還進一步稱 Haraway 的 cyborg theory 是:
the “beta” version of the posthuman
意思是「後人類的測試版/早期版本」。這是在說 cyborg 理論對後人類思想的先導作用,並非表示 beta 是 posthuman 的另一個正式名稱。
關鍵單字與片語
- posthuman:後人類;超越傳統「人類」界線的概念
- cyborg:賽博格;結合生物身體與機械、科技的存在
- roughly synonymous with:大致與……同義
- critical discourse:批判論述
- homogeneous:同質的;一致的
- contradictory:互相矛盾的
- contested:有爭議的;受到質疑的
- decry:強烈批評、譴責
- conception:概念、構想
- invert:顛倒、反轉
- traditional trope:傳統的典型意象或敘事模式
- salient line:明顯而重要的界線
- prompt:促使、引發
- critical theory:批判理論
- liberal humanism:自由人文主義
- disembodied:脫離身體的、非具身的
- incorporate:納入、融入
- after-effects:後續影響
- adaptation:適應
第 48 題
【題組共用題幹】
Critical discourses surrounding posthumanism are not homogeneous, but in fact present a series of often contradictory ideas, and the term itself is contested, with one of the foremost authors associated with posthumanism, Manuel de Landa, decrying the term as “very silly.” Covering the ideas of, for example, Robert Pepperell’s The Posthuman Condition and Hayles’s How We Became Posthuman under a single term is distinctly problematic due to these contradictions.
The posthuman is roughly synonymous with the “cyborg” of A Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway. Haraway’s conception of the cyborg is an ironic take on traditional conceptions of the cyborg that inverts the traditional trope of the cyborg whose presence questions the salient line between humans and robots. Haraway’s cyborg is in many ways the “beta” version of the posthuman, as her cyborg theory prompted the issue to be taken up in critical theory. Following Haraway, Hayles, whose work grounds much of the critical posthuman discourse, asserts that liberal humanism—which separates the mind from the body and thus portrays the body as a “shell” or vehicle for the mind—becomes increasingly complicated in the late 20th and 21st centuries because information technology puts the human body in question. Hayles maintains that we must be conscious of information technology advancements while understanding information as “disembodied,” that is, something which cannot fundamentally replace the human body but can only be incorporated into it and human life practices.
The idea of post-posthumanism (post-cyborgism) has recently been introduced. This body of work outlines the after-effects of long-term adaptation to cyborg technologies and their subsequent removal. For instance, what happens after years of constantly wearing computer-mediating eyeglass technologies and subsequently removing them; what happens after decades of long-term adaptation to virtual worlds followed by a return to “reality.”
Posthuman political and natural rights have been framed on a spectrum with animal rights and human rights. Posthumanism broadens the scope of what it means to be a valued life form and to be treated as such (in contrast to certain life forms being seen as less-than and being taken advantage of or killed off); it “calls for a more inclusive definition of life, and a greater moral-ethical response, and responsibility, to non-human life forms in the age of species blurring and species mixing…. [I]t interrogates the hierarchic ordering—and subsequently exploitation and even eradication—of life forms.”
According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解+同義改寫判斷」。解題關鍵是:
- 找出文章對各學者與理論的明確描述。
- 將選項改寫內容與原文逐一比對。
- 題目問 NOT true,因此要找「與原文相反」的選項。
文章核心概念包括:
- posthumanism:後人類主義,探討人類、科技、動物及其他生命形式之間界線的變化。
- cyborg:賽博格,結合人類身體與機械、科技系統的存在。
- liberal humanism:自由人文主義,將心智與身體分開,視身體為承載心智的「外殼」。
- post-posthumanism / post-cyborgism:後後人類主義/後賽博格主義,探討人類長期適應賽博格科技後,再移除科技所產生的後續影響。
解題方法
先定位每個選項對應的段落:
- A 對應第一段:不同學者的觀點並不一致,甚至互相矛盾。
- B 對應第二段:Hayles 對自由人文主義「心智與身體分離」的說明。
- C 對應第三段:長期使用賽博格科技後移除科技的影響。
- D 對應第二段:Haraway 顛覆傳統賽博格形象,重新處理人類與機器人的界線。
其中 B 把原文的「被批判、變得複雜」誤說成「被遵循、主張清楚區分」,語意完全相反,因此是錯誤敘述。
定位答案的關鍵原文
原文指出:
“Following Haraway, Hayles ... asserts that liberal humanism—which separates the mind from the body and thus portrays the body as a ‘shell’ or vehicle for the mind—becomes increasingly complicated...”
翻譯:
「在 Haraway 之後,Hayles 主張,自由人文主義將心智與身體分開,並因此把身體描繪成心智的『外殼』或載體;然而,這種觀點在二十世紀末與二十一世紀變得日益複雜。」
這句明確表示:
- 「心智與身體分離」是 liberal humanism 的主張。
- Hayles 是在說明、質疑這種傳統觀點如何受到資訊科技挑戰。
- Hayles 並非支持這種清楚的身心二分。
因此,選項 B 將 Hayles 的批判立場錯誤改寫成支持立場。
選項分析
(A) Scholars have different, sometimes even contradictory, ideas about posthumanism.
學者對後人類主義有不同、甚至互相矛盾的看法。
正確。
第一段直接指出:
“Critical discourses surrounding posthumanism are not homogeneous, but in fact present a series of often contradictory ideas...”
翻譯為:
「圍繞後人類主義的批判論述並不一致,事實上呈現出一系列經常互相矛盾的觀念。」
其中:
- not homogeneous:不一致的、不均質的
- a series of:一系列的
- contradictory ideas:互相矛盾的觀念
- the term itself is contested:該術語本身也存在爭議
因此 A 與原文完全相符。
(B) Hayles’s How We Became Posthuman follows the traditional humanism in asserting a clear division of body and mind.
Hayles 的《我們如何成為後人類》遵循傳統人文主義,主張身體與心智之間有清楚的區分。
錯誤,故為本題答案。
原文說的是 Hayles 認為自由人文主義的身心二分觀在科技發展下:
“becomes increasingly complicated”
意思是:
「變得日益複雜。」
這表示 Hayles 正在分析並挑戰傳統人文主義,而不是遵循它。
選項的錯誤有兩層:
- follows the traditional humanism
原文並未說 Hayles 遵循傳統人文主義,反而指出該觀點受到資訊科技的挑戰。
第 49 題
【題組共用題幹】
Critical discourses surrounding posthumanism are not homogeneous, but in fact present a series of often contradictory ideas, and the term itself is contested, with one of the foremost authors associated with posthumanism, Manuel de Landa, decrying the term as “very silly.” Covering the ideas of, for example, Robert Pepperell’s The Posthuman Condition and Hayles’s How We Became Posthuman under a single term is distinctly problematic due to these contradictions.
The posthuman is roughly synonymous with the “cyborg” of A Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway. Haraway’s conception of the cyborg is an ironic take on traditional conceptions of the cyborg that inverts the traditional trope of the cyborg whose presence questions the salient line between humans and robots. Haraway’s cyborg is in many ways the “beta” version of the posthuman, as her cyborg theory prompted the issue to be taken up in critical theory. Following Haraway, Hayles, whose work grounds much of the critical posthuman discourse, asserts that liberal humanism—which separates the mind from the body and thus portrays the body as a “shell” or vehicle for the mind—becomes increasingly complicated in the late 20th and 21st centuries because information technology puts the human body in question. Hayles maintains that we must be conscious of information technology advancements while understanding information as “disembodied,” that is, something which cannot fundamentally replace the human body but can only be incorporated into it and human life practices.
The idea of post-posthumanism (post-cyborgism) has recently been introduced. This body of work outlines the after-effects of long-term adaptation to cyborg technologies and their subsequent removal. For instance, what happens after years of constantly wearing computer-mediating eyeglass technologies and subsequently removing them; what happens after decades of long-term adaptation to virtual worlds followed by a return to “reality.”
Posthuman political and natural rights have been framed on a spectrum with animal rights and human rights. Posthumanism broadens the scope of what it means to be a valued life form and to be treated as such (in contrast to certain life forms being seen as less-than and being taken advantage of or killed off); it “calls for a more inclusive definition of life, and a greater moral-ethical response, and responsibility, to non-human life forms in the age of species blurring and species mixing…. [I]t interrogates the hierarchic ordering—and subsequently exploitation and even eradication—of life forms.”
According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解的「判斷錯誤敘述」題,重點在於掌握文章對 posthumanism(後人類主義)的核心主張:
- 不再只把人類視為最有價值的生命形式。
- 擴大「值得珍視的生命形式」範圍。
- 強調對非人類生命形式的道德責任。
- 反對將某些生命形式視為低等,進而加以利用或消滅。
因此,解題關鍵是找出與文章明確主張相反的選項。
關鍵單字與片語
- posthumanism:後人類主義
- critical discourse:批判論述
- homogeneous:同質的;一致的
- contradictory:互相矛盾的
- contested:有爭議的;受到質疑的
- cyborg:半人半機器的生化人
- liberal humanism:自由人文主義
- disembodied:脫離肉身的;非具身的
- adaptation:適應
- subsequent removal:後續移除
- a spectrum with:與……形成連續光譜
- broaden the scope of:擴大……的範圍
- valued life form:受重視的生命形式
- non-human life form:非人類生命形式
- be taken advantage of:被利用
- killed off:被消滅
- in contrast to:相對於;與……相反
- call for:要求;呼籲
- interrogate:質疑;檢視
- hierarchic ordering:階層式排列
- exploitation:剝削;利用
- eradication:根除;消滅
定位答案的關鍵句
文章最後一段指出:
“Posthumanism broadens the scope of what it means to be a valued life form and to be treated as such (in contrast to certain life forms being seen as less-than and being taken advantage of or killed off) …”
翻譯:
「後人類主義擴大了『受重視的生命形式』及其應受對待方式的範圍;相對地,它反對某些生命形式被視為低等,並遭到利用或消滅。」
文章又說:
“It calls for a more inclusive definition of life, and a greater moral-ethical response, and responsibility, to non-human life forms …”
翻譯:
「它呼籲採取更具包容性的生命定義,並對非人類生命形式承擔更大的道德倫理回應與責任。」
這兩句直接說明:後人類主義反對貶低、利用或消滅某些生命形式,而不是認同這種做法。
選項分析
**(A) Posthumanism conforms to the view that certain life forms are less valued and thus could be killed off for hu
第 50 題
【題組共用題幹】
Critical discourses surrounding posthumanism are not homogeneous, but in fact present a series of often contradictory ideas, and the term itself is contested, with one of the foremost authors associated with posthumanism, Manuel de Landa, decrying the term as “very silly.” Covering the ideas of, for example, Robert Pepperell’s The Posthuman Condition and Hayles’s How We Became Posthuman under a single term is distinctly problematic due to these contradictions.
The posthuman is roughly synonymous with the “cyborg” of A Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway. Haraway’s conception of the cyborg is an ironic take on traditional conceptions of the cyborg that inverts the traditional trope of the cyborg whose presence questions the salient line between humans and robots. Haraway’s cyborg is in many ways the “beta” version of the posthuman, as her cyborg theory prompted the issue to be taken up in critical theory. Following Haraway, Hayles, whose work grounds much of the critical posthuman discourse, asserts that liberal humanism—which separates the mind from the body and thus portrays the body as a “shell” or vehicle for the mind—becomes increasingly complicated in the late 20th and 21st centuries because information technology puts the human body in question. Hayles maintains that we must be conscious of information technology advancements while understanding information as “disembodied,” that is, something which cannot fundamentally replace the human body but can only be incorporated into it and human life practices.
The idea of post-posthumanism (post-cyborgism) has recently been introduced. This body of work outlines the after-effects of long-term adaptation to cyborg technologies and their subsequent removal. For instance, what happens after years of constantly wearing computer-mediating eyeglass technologies and subsequently removing them; what happens after decades of long-term adaptation to virtual worlds followed by a return to “reality.”
Posthuman political and natural rights have been framed on a spectrum with animal rights and human rights. Posthumanism broadens the scope of what it means to be a valued life form and to be treated as such (in contrast to certain life forms being seen as less-than and being taken advantage of or killed off); it “calls for a more inclusive definition of life, and a greater moral-ethical response, and responsibility, to non-human life forms in the age of species blurring and species mixing…. [I]t interrogates the hierarchic ordering—and subsequently exploitation and even eradication—of life forms.”
What is this passage mainly about?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」。解題重點不是尋找單一細節,而是統整全文各段所共同討論的核心。
文章依序介紹後人類主義(posthumanism)的幾項重要面向:
- 後人類主義內部並非意見一致,概念本身具有爭議。
- Donna Haraway 的「半人半機械人」(cyborg)概念,以及 Hayles 對人類身體、心智與資訊科技關係的分析。
- 後後人類主義(post-posthumanism)關注長期使用義體科技後所產生的影響。
- 後人類主義重新思考人類、動物與非人類生命的權利和倫理地位。
因此,全文是在概述「後人類與後人類主義的思想、發展及其關注議題」,而非只討論某一項爭論或某一種生命形式。
解題方法
判斷主旨時,可採取「首段定主題、各段找共同軸線、末段確認範圍」的方法。
首段直接指出:
Critical discourses surrounding posthumanism are not homogeneous, but in fact present a series of often contradictory ideas, and the term itself is contested.
意思是:
圍繞後人類主義的批判論述並不一致,反而呈現一系列經常互相矛盾的思想,而且這個術語本身也存在爭議。
這句先確立文章主題是「後人類主義包含多種思想與爭議」。
第二、三段分別介紹 cyborg、Hayles 的理論,以及 post-posthumanism 的新概念。最後一段則延伸到政治權利、自然權利、非人類生命與倫理責任。這些內容雖然主題不同,卻都圍繞「後人類及後人類主義的概念與關注事項」。
最能直接支持答案的句子是:
Posthumanism broadens the scope of what it means to be a valued life form and to be treated as such.
意思是:
後人類主義擴大了「何謂具有價值的生命形式,以及生命形式應如何受到對待」的範圍。
這顯示文章不只討論科技與人體,也討論生命定義、權利與倫理,因此最適合以廣泛的「ideas and concerns」概括全文。
選項分析
(A) Well-known scholarly disputes over posthuman mistakes
意思是「著名學者對後人類錯誤的爭論」。
此選項錯誤。文章確實提到學術界對 posthumanism 的定義存在爭議,例如 Manuel de Landa 認為這個詞「非常愚蠢」,但這只是第一段的一項細節。全文還討論 cyborg、資訊科技、身體與心智、post-posthumanism,以及非人類生命的權利,並非集中在「學者爭論後人類的錯誤」。
此外,原文並未以「mistakes」作為核心概念;它談的是 theoretical contradictions、conceptual debates 與 ethical concerns,而非錯誤。
(B) Quarrels and debates about the mystery of non-human life forms
意思是「關於非人類生命形式之謎的爭吵與辯論」。
此選項錯誤。文章最後一段提到 non-human life forms,重點是牠們是否應被視為具有價值、是否應享有更廣泛的道德與倫理保障,並不是探討「非人類生命的神秘本質」。
而且全文大部分篇幅在討論後人類主義的理論背景、cyborg、資訊科技與 post-posthumanism,非人類生命只是最後一段的議題之一;選項把局部內容誇大成全文主旨。
(C) Ideas and concerns of the posthuman and posthumanism
意思是「後人類與後人類主義的思想及關注議題」。
此選項正確。文章涵蓋後人類主義內部的矛盾與爭議、cyborg 理論、資訊科技對身體概念的衝擊、post-posthumanism 的發展,以及人類與非人類生命的權利與倫理關係。這些全部都是後人類與後人類主義的重要思想和關注面向。
其中,ideas 對應文章介紹的各種理論與概念;concerns 則對應身體、科技、生命價值、權利與倫理責任等問題,完整概括全文。
(D) Prejudices and misconceptions about posthumanism
意思是「對後人類主義的偏見與誤解」。
此選項錯誤。文章提到 posthumanism 的定義不一致、概念受到質疑,但並未以「偏見」或「誤解」為主要討論對象。文章的重點是介紹不同理論與議題,而不是糾正大眾對後人類主義的錯誤認知。
「term itself is contested」表示術語存在爭議,不等於全文都在談 prejudices and misconceptions,因此此選項的範圍與語意都不準確。
關鍵單字與片語