中國醫藥大學 107 年 《英文》

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

It took many years before the police could _____ the murder mystery.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

Nutritional deficiency could seriously _____ the body’s production of amino acids, which are vital to good psychological health.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

Kathy is beautiful and intelligent, but her _____ temperament has stopped people from developing a closer relationship with her.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

Hangover symptoms include _____ memory and visual-spatial skills, light-headedness, nausea, and lack of concentration.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

For more than two decades, banks have successfully introduced innovative technologies, which have _____ the need for customer interaction, paper statements and, ultimately, branches.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

New ideas are slow to _____ and take much time to spread through conservative communities.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

The couple were so _____ that they couldn’t afford to give one another even token Christmas gifts.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part I: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

A Thanksgiving turkey is often mistakenly cited as the culprit for after-dinner _____ feeling of fatigue and sleepiness.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part II: Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each sentence.

Soliloquies in Shakespeare’s plays often reveal characters’ thoughts.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part II: Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each sentence.

You need to pay for the cost of the journey first; later, the company will reimburse you for the travel expenses.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part II: Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each sentence.

Although he had trouble finding a suitable publisher because of his cumbersome writing style, his work established him in the forefront of the world’s economic historians.

I. Vocabulary and Phrases

Part II: Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each sentence.

These cuts have impinged on the region’s largest employers.

It is not clear whether hybrid cars will be a panacea for the world’s environmental issues, but they seem to be a step in the right direction.

The meeting was interminable; the manager just kept pressing others into agreeing with him and wouldn’t let go.

It will take several years before the economy will rebound after such a downturn that has impacted so many households across the nation.

The lunch menu is very short. It’s _____ than the dinner menu.

_____, the history of civilization would have to be rewritten.

The pleasure of being liked and, still more, _____, was what kept Eugene from despair; for it was very scary being one of the top students.

Oscar Wilde, the famous Irish novelist and playwright, once said, “When I was young, I _____ think money was important in life. Now, _____ old, I know it is.”

【題組共用題幹】
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920’s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has ____ being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, ____ the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.

Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of _____. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies’ visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.

Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sounds _____ the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920’s. New color process, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with limited success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not _____ until the 1950’s.

【題組共用題幹】
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920’s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has ____ being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, ____ the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.

Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of _____. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies’ visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.

Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sounds _____ the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920’s. New color process, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with limited success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not _____ until the 1950’s.

【題組共用題幹】
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920’s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has ____ being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, ____ the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.

Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of _____. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies’ visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.

Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sounds _____ the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920’s. New color process, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with limited success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not _____ until the 1950’s.

【題組共用題幹】
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920’s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has ____ being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, ____ the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.

Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of _____. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies’ visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.

Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sounds _____ the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920’s. New color process, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with limited success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not _____ until the 1950’s.

【題組共用題幹】
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920’s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has ____ being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, ____ the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.

Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of _____. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies’ visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.

Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sounds _____ the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920’s. New color process, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with limited success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not _____ until the 1950’s.

【題組共用題幹】

It is often remarked that, since the 1960s, the speed and processing power of computers has grown exponentially. But exponential growth has long been a fact of life for many types of technological, cultural and social change, and it has reached a point where even the calmest among us might ____.

In politics, we now have to cope with more scandals in a single year than we used to encounter in a lifetime. Our elections are being interfered with. Our news sources have come into question. As one observer said, “the world has become an insane asylum.” Meanwhile, in the field of science, researchers are overwhelmed by something more constructive, the more than three million new journal articles each year. In personal technology, we must all learn to navigate a landscape in which the number of websites has been doubling every two to three years, and the way we use and access them is subject to frequent “disruptive change.” More importantly, social attitudes are changing just as fast—compare the pace of the civil rights movement to the “me too” campaign that swept the world overnight.

The ____ of businesses to adapt has led to the quick demise of countless companies, and major power shifts in industries from taxis to hospitality. But we must adapt to thrive in our personal lives, too. We have to be willing to rise above conventional mindsets, to reframe the questions we ask, and ____.

We have to rely as much on our imagination as on logic, and have the ability to generate and integrate a wide variety of ideas, to welcome experiment, and be tolerant of failure. This manner of thought is called “elastic thinking,” ____ rational or logical thought.

Rational/logical thought is an analysis that can be described by an algorithm of the kind that computers follow. Elastic thought cannot. We evolved the capacity for the former in order to help us face the everyday challenges of life. We evolved the latter to help us succeed when circumstances change—which is why it is increasingly important to ____ today. Elastic thought is where your new ideas come from. Imaginative, original, and non-linear, it is “bottom-up” thinking. Logical thought can determine how to drive from your home to the grocery store most efficiently, but it’s elastic thought that gave us the automobile.

(選項 26)
(A) jump to conclusion
(B) stop worrying
(C) start to feel dizzy
(D) decide to move on
(E) call it to mind

(選項 27)
(A) investment
(B) bankruptcy
(C) failure
(D) status
(E) misfortune

(選項 28)
(A) to be complacent with status quo
(B) to be indulging in daydreaming
(C) to be desperate about changes
(D) to be open to new paradigms
(E) to be starting from the scratch

(選項 29)
(A) the same as
(B) in contrast to
(C) by means of
(D) in league with
(E) on a par with

(選項 30)

【題組共用題幹】

It is often remarked that, since the 1960s, the speed and processing power of computers has grown exponentially. But exponential growth has long been a fact of life for many types of technological, cultural and social change, and it has reached a point where even the calmest among us might ____.

In politics, we now have to cope with more scandals in a single year than we used to encounter in a lifetime. Our elections are being interfered with. Our news sources have come into question. As one observer said, “the world has become an insane asylum.” Meanwhile, in the field of science, researchers are overwhelmed by something more constructive, the more than three million new journal articles each year. In personal technology, we must all learn to navigate a landscape in which the number of websites has been doubling every two to three years, and the way we use and access them is subject to frequent “disruptive change.” More importantly, social attitudes are changing just as fast—compare the pace of the civil rights movement to the “me too” campaign that swept the world overnight.

The ____ of businesses to adapt has led to the quick demise of countless companies, and major power shifts in industries from taxis to hospitality. But we must adapt to thrive in our personal lives, too. We have to be willing to rise above conventional mindsets, to reframe the questions we ask, and ____.

We have to rely as much on our imagination as on logic, and have the ability to generate and integrate a wide variety of ideas, to welcome experiment, and be tolerant of failure. This manner of thought is called “elastic thinking,” ____ rational or logical thought.

Rational/logical thought is an analysis that can be described by an algorithm of the kind that computers follow. Elastic thought cannot. We evolved the capacity for the former in order to help us face the everyday challenges of life. We evolved the latter to help us succeed when circumstances change—which is why it is increasingly important to ____ today. Elastic thought is where your new ideas come from. Imaginative, original, and non-linear, it is “bottom-up” thinking. Logical thought can determine how to drive from your home to the grocery store most efficiently, but it’s elastic thought that gave us the automobile.

(選項 26)
(A) jump to conclusion
(B) stop worrying
(C) start to feel dizzy
(D) decide to move on
(E) call it to mind

(選項 27)
(A) investment
(B) bankruptcy
(C) failure
(D) status
(E) misfortune

(選項 28)
(A) to be complacent with status quo
(B) to be indulging in daydreaming
(C) to be desperate about changes
(D) to be open to new paradigms
(E) to be starting from the scratch

(選項 29)
(A) the same as
(B) in contrast to
(C) by means of
(D) in league with
(E) on a par with

(選項 30)

【題組共用題幹】

It is often remarked that, since the 1960s, the speed and processing power of computers has grown exponentially. But exponential growth has long been a fact of life for many types of technological, cultural and social change, and it has reached a point where even the calmest among us might ____.

In politics, we now have to cope with more scandals in a single year than we used to encounter in a lifetime. Our elections are being interfered with. Our news sources have come into question. As one observer said, “the world has become an insane asylum.” Meanwhile, in the field of science, researchers are overwhelmed by something more constructive, the more than three million new journal articles each year. In personal technology, we must all learn to navigate a landscape in which the number of websites has been doubling every two to three years, and the way we use and access them is subject to frequent “disruptive change.” More importantly, social attitudes are changing just as fast—compare the pace of the civil rights movement to the “me too” campaign that swept the world overnight.

The ____ of businesses to adapt has led to the quick demise of countless companies, and major power shifts in industries from taxis to hospitality. But we must adapt to thrive in our personal lives, too. We have to be willing to rise above conventional mindsets, to reframe the questions we ask, and ____.

We have to rely as much on our imagination as on logic, and have the ability to generate and integrate a wide variety of ideas, to welcome experiment, and be tolerant of failure. This manner of thought is called “elastic thinking,” ____ rational or logical thought.

Rational/logical thought is an analysis that can be described by an algorithm of the kind that computers follow. Elastic thought cannot. We evolved the capacity for the former in order to help us face the everyday challenges of life. We evolved the latter to help us succeed when circumstances change—which is why it is increasingly important to ____ today. Elastic thought is where your new ideas come from. Imaginative, original, and non-linear, it is “bottom-up” thinking. Logical thought can determine how to drive from your home to the grocery store most efficiently, but it’s elastic thought that gave us the automobile.

(選項 26)
(A) jump to conclusion
(B) stop worrying
(C) start to feel dizzy
(D) decide to move on
(E) call it to mind

(選項 27)
(A) investment
(B) bankruptcy
(C) failure
(D) status
(E) misfortune

(選項 28)
(A) to be complacent with status quo
(B) to be indulging in daydreaming
(C) to be desperate about changes
(D) to be open to new paradigms
(E) to be starting from the scratch

(選項 29)
(A) the same as
(B) in contrast to
(C) by means of
(D) in league with
(E) on a par with

(選項 30)

【題組共用題幹】

It is often remarked that, since the 1960s, the speed and processing power of computers has grown exponentially. But exponential growth has long been a fact of life for many types of technological, cultural and social change, and it has reached a point where even the calmest among us might ____.

In politics, we now have to cope with more scandals in a single year than we used to encounter in a lifetime. Our elections are being interfered with. Our news sources have come into question. As one observer said, “the world has become an insane asylum.” Meanwhile, in the field of science, researchers are overwhelmed by something more constructive, the more than three million new journal articles each year. In personal technology, we must all learn to navigate a landscape in which the number of websites has been doubling every two to three years, and the way we use and access them is subject to frequent “disruptive change.” More importantly, social attitudes are changing just as fast—compare the pace of the civil rights movement to the “me too” campaign that swept the world overnight.

The ____ of businesses to adapt has led to the quick demise of countless companies, and major power shifts in industries from taxis to hospitality. But we must adapt to thrive in our personal lives, too. We have to be willing to rise above conventional mindsets, to reframe the questions we ask, and ____.

We have to rely as much on our imagination as on logic, and have the ability to generate and integrate a wide variety of ideas, to welcome experiment, and be tolerant of failure. This manner of thought is called “elastic thinking,” ____ rational or logical thought.

Rational/logical thought is an analysis that can be described by an algorithm of the kind that computers follow. Elastic thought cannot. We evolved the capacity for the former in order to help us face the everyday challenges of life. We evolved the latter to help us succeed when circumstances change—which is why it is increasingly important to ____ today. Elastic thought is where your new ideas come from. Imaginative, original, and non-linear, it is “bottom-up” thinking. Logical thought can determine how to drive from your home to the grocery store most efficiently, but it’s elastic thought that gave us the automobile.

(選項 26)
(A) jump to conclusion
(B) stop worrying
(C) start to feel dizzy
(D) decide to move on
(E) call it to mind

(選項 27)
(A) investment
(B) bankruptcy
(C) failure
(D) status
(E) misfortune

(選項 28)
(A) to be complacent with status quo
(B) to be indulging in daydreaming
(C) to be desperate about changes
(D) to be open to new paradigms
(E) to be starting from the scratch

(選項 29)
(A) the same as
(B) in contrast to
(C) by means of
(D) in league with
(E) on a par with

(選項 30)

【題組共用題幹】

It is often remarked that, since the 1960s, the speed and processing power of computers has grown exponentially. But exponential growth has long been a fact of life for many types of technological, cultural and social change, and it has reached a point where even the calmest among us might ____.

In politics, we now have to cope with more scandals in a single year than we used to encounter in a lifetime. Our elections are being interfered with. Our news sources have come into question. As one observer said, “the world has become an insane asylum.” Meanwhile, in the field of science, researchers are overwhelmed by something more constructive, the more than three million new journal articles each year. In personal technology, we must all learn to navigate a landscape in which the number of websites has been doubling every two to three years, and the way we use and access them is subject to frequent “disruptive change.” More importantly, social attitudes are changing just as fast—compare the pace of the civil rights movement to the “me too” campaign that swept the world overnight.

The ____ of businesses to adapt has led to the quick demise of countless companies, and major power shifts in industries from taxis to hospitality. But we must adapt to thrive in our personal lives, too. We have to be willing to rise above conventional mindsets, to reframe the questions we ask, and ____.

We have to rely as much on our imagination as on logic, and have the ability to generate and integrate a wide variety of ideas, to welcome experiment, and be tolerant of failure. This manner of thought is called “elastic thinking,” ____ rational or logical thought.

Rational/logical thought is an analysis that can be described by an algorithm of the kind that computers follow. Elastic thought cannot. We evolved the capacity for the former in order to help us face the everyday challenges of life. We evolved the latter to help us succeed when circumstances change—which is why it is increasingly important to ____ today. Elastic thought is where your new ideas come from. Imaginative, original, and non-linear, it is “bottom-up” thinking. Logical thought can determine how to drive from your home to the grocery store most efficiently, but it’s elastic thought that gave us the automobile.

(選項 26)
(A) jump to conclusion
(B) stop worrying
(C) start to feel dizzy
(D) decide to move on
(E) call it to mind

(選項 27)
(A) investment
(B) bankruptcy
(C) failure
(D) status
(E) misfortune

(選項 28)
(A) to be complacent with status quo
(B) to be indulging in daydreaming
(C) to be desperate about changes
(D) to be open to new paradigms
(E) to be starting from the scratch

(選項 29)
(A) the same as
(B) in contrast to
(C) by means of
(D) in league with
(E) on a par with

(選項 30)

【題組共用題幹】

Imagine storing digital data in DNA, wearing a device that makes you smarter or creating new materials by manipulating the genes of microbes. _____ “The machine finds stuff in biology that a human would never find,” Joshua Hoffman, co-founder and chief executive officer of Zymergen, said.

_____ “We use automation and machine learning to engineer microbes, little single-cell creatures, to turn them into the chemical factories of the future,” Hoffman said. “What we’re doing is we’re searching the genome for the things that might work. What machine learning does is it looks for patterns that a human wouldn’t find in ways that are more likely than not to have the genetic changes in the genome that are going to have the impact, the trait that we want.” He said what takes humans years to discover, computers can do in just months. _____ “We can work to increase the effectiveness of crop protection agents such as herbicides, fungicides, those sorts of things. We can reduce the toxicity of agents that seem to work but actually cause other kinds of problems,” Hoffman added.

Instead of enhancing microbes, theoretical neuroscientist Vivienne Ming spoke extensively about improving the human brain. “What I’m interested in is cognitive prosthetics. Can I literally jam something in your brain and make you smarter?” asked Ming, who founded the think tank Socos Labs. “How much you can think about, pay attention to, mentally operate on at any given moment—we’ve actually found that we can increase that by about 15 percent,” she said. _____ Ming said one application for improving cognition is to level the playing field for underprivileged children. “For that hour that they may be spending in a remedial class, we might actually be able to use that technology that brings them right back up with the rest of the kids,” she added. _____

【題組共用題幹】

Imagine storing digital data in DNA, wearing a device that makes you smarter or creating new materials by manipulating the genes of microbes. _____ “The machine finds stuff in biology that a human would never find,” Joshua Hoffman, co-founder and chief executive officer of Zymergen, said.

_____ “We use automation and machine learning to engineer microbes, little single-cell creatures, to turn them into the chemical factories of the future,” Hoffman said. “What we’re doing is we’re searching the genome for the things that might work. What machine learning does is it looks for patterns that a human wouldn’t find in ways that are more likely than not to have the genetic changes in the genome that are going to have the impact, the trait that we want.” He said what takes humans years to discover, computers can do in just months. _____ “We can work to increase the effectiveness of crop protection agents such as herbicides, fungicides, those sorts of things. We can reduce the toxicity of agents that seem to work but actually cause other kinds of problems,” Hoffman added.

Instead of enhancing microbes, theoretical neuroscientist Vivienne Ming spoke extensively about improving the human brain. “What I’m interested in is cognitive prosthetics. Can I literally jam something in your brain and make you smarter?” asked Ming, who founded the think tank Socos Labs. “How much you can think about, pay attention to, mentally operate on at any given moment—we’ve actually found that we can increase that by about 15 percent,” she said. _____ Ming said one application for improving cognition is to level the playing field for underprivileged children. “For that hour that they may be spending in a remedial class, we might actually be able to use that technology that brings them right back up with the rest of the kids,” she added. _____

In a similar manner, the nocebo effect is based on the power of suggestion or expectation. If a patient has been told that a medication is likely to cause an unfavorable side effect such as dizziness or headache, he or she is more likely to experience one. It can present doctors with an ethical dilemma.

____ Doctors therefore wonder if they should inform patients of these rare occurrences, knowing the power of suggestion could interfere with the more likely positive effects of a necessary medication, depriving patients of an effective treatment.

【題組共用題幹】

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly.

During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.E., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

According to this article, theories of the origins of theater _____.

【題組共用題幹】

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly.

During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.E., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

According to this article, some societies developed and repeated ceremonial actions in order to _____.

【題組共用題幹】

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly.

During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.E., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

According to this article, which of the following may cause societies to abandon certain rites?

【題組共用題幹】

In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.E., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater?

【題組共用題幹】

In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.E., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. 【底線句】For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

Which of the following best expresses the central meaning of the underlined sentence in the last paragraph?

【題組共用題幹】

Among scientists, there are tentative signs of a psychedelics renaissance. After decades of stigma, impressive research is showing the power of these “dubious” substances to help sufferers of depression and addiction, or to comfort patients with a terminal cancer diagnosis, struggling to face their own end. This is a territory that fascinates brain scientists in their venture into human consciousness as effected by the use of psychedelics, drugs that produce hallucination and apparent expansion of consciousness.

One of the most interesting early findings of recent psychedelic research is that activity in the “default mode network” (DMN) falls off sharply during the psychedelic experience. This network is a critical hub in the brain that links parts of the cerebral cortex to deeper and older structures involved in memory and emotion. The DMN appears to be involved in a range of “metacognitive” functions such as a self-reflection, mental time travel, theory of mind (the ability to imagine the mental states of other people) and the creation of the so-called “autobiographical self”—the process of weaving what happens to us into the narrative of who we are, thereby giving us a sense of a self that fixates over time. (Curiously, fMRI’s of the brains of experienced meditators show a pattern of activity, or quieting of activity, very similar to that of people who have been given psilocybin, the so-called “magic mushroom.”) When the default mode network is taken captive by a psychedelic, not only do we experience losing the sense of having a self, but myriad new connections among other brain regions and networks spring up, connections that may manifest in mental experience as hallucination (when, say, your emotion centers talk directly to your visual cortex), synesthesia (as when you can see sound or hear flavors) or, possibly, fresh and even inspiring perspectives. Disturbing a complex system is a great way to force it to reveal its secrets and elicit its potentials—and psychedelics allow us to do that to normal ego-centered consciousness.

Which of the following is the primary purpose of this passage?

【題組共用題幹】

Among scientists, there are tentative signs of a psychedelics renaissance. After decades of stigma, impressive research is showing the power of these “dubious” substances to help sufferers of depression and addiction, or to comfort patients with a terminal cancer diagnosis, struggling to face their own end. This is a territory that fascinates brain scientists in their venture into human consciousness as effected by the use of psychedelics, drugs that produce hallucination and apparent expansion of consciousness.

One of the most interesting early findings of recent psychedelic research is that activity in the “default mode network” (DMN) falls off sharply during the psychedelic experience. This network is a critical hub in the brain that links parts of the cerebral cortex to deeper and older structures involved in memory and emotion. The DMN appears to be involved in a range of “metacognitive” functions such as a self-reflection, mental time travel, theory of mind (the ability to imagine the mental states of other people) and the creation of the so-called “autobiographical self”—the process of weaving what happens to us into the narrative of who we are, thereby giving us a sense of a self that fixates over time. (Curiously, fMRI’s of the brains of experienced meditators show a pattern of activity, or quieting of activity, very similar to that of people who have been given psilocybin, the so-called “magic mushroom.”) When the default mode network is taken captive by a psychedelic, not only do we experience losing the sense of having a self, but myriad new connections among other brain regions and networks spring up, connections that may manifest in mental experience as hallucination (when, say, your emotion centers talk directly to your visual cortex), synesthesia (as when you can see sound or hear flavors) or, possibly, fresh and even inspiring perspectives. Disturbing a complex system is a great way to force it to reveal its secrets and elicit its potentials—and psychedelics allow us to do that to normal ego-centered consciousness.

All of the following can be inferred about “default mode network” EXCEPT

【題組共用題幹】

Among scientists, there are tentative signs of a psychedelics renaissance. After decades of stigma, impressive research is showing the power of these “dubious” substances to help sufferers of depression and addiction, or to comfort patients with a terminal cancer diagnosis, struggling to face their own end. This is a territory that fascinates brain scientists in their venture into human consciousness as effected by the use of psychedelics, drugs that produce hallucination and apparent expansion of consciousness.

One of the most interesting early findings of recent psychedelic research is that activity in the “default mode network” (DMN) falls off sharply during the psychedelic experience. This network is a critical hub in the brain that links parts of the cerebral cortex to deeper and older structures involved in memory and emotion. The DMN appears to be involved in a range of “metacognitive” functions such as a self-reflection, mental time travel, theory of mind (the ability to imagine the mental states of other people) and the creation of the so-called “autobiographical self”—the process of weaving what happens to us into the narrative of who we are, thereby giving us a sense of a self that fixates over time. (Curiously, fMRI’s of the brains of experienced meditators show a pattern of activity, or quieting of activity, very similar to that of people who have been given psilocybin, the so-called “magic mushroom.”) When the default mode network is taken captive by a psychedelic, not only do we experience losing the sense of having a self, but myriad new connections among other brain regions and networks spring up, connections that may manifest in mental experience as hallucination (when, say, your emotion centers talk directly to your visual cortex), synesthesia (as when you can see sound or hear flavors) or, possibly, fresh and even inspiring perspectives. Disturbing a complex system is a great way to force it to reveal its secrets and elicit its potentials—and psychedelics allow us to do that to normal ego-centered consciousness.

According to this passage, which can be inferred about psychedelics?

【題組共用題幹】

Among scientists, there are tentative signs of a psychedelics renaissance. After decades of stigma, impressive research is showing the power of these “dubious” substances to help sufferers of depression and addiction, or to comfort patients with a terminal cancer diagnosis, struggling to face their own end. This is a territory that fascinates brain scientists in their venture into human consciousness as effected by the use of psychedelics, drugs that produce hallucination and apparent expansion of consciousness.

One of the most interesting early findings of recent psychedelic research is that activity in the “default mode network” (DMN) falls off sharply during the psychedelic experience. This network is a critical hub in the brain that links parts of the cerebral cortex to deeper and older structures involved in memory and emotion. The DMN appears to be involved in a range of “metacognitive” functions such as a self-reflection, mental time travel, theory of mind (the ability to imagine the mental states of other people) and the creation of the so-called “autobiographical self”—the process of weaving what happens to us into the narrative of who we are, thereby giving us a sense of a self that fixates over time. (Curiously, fMRI’s of the brains of experienced meditators show a pattern of activity, or quieting of activity, very similar to that of people who have been given psilocybin, the so-called “magic mushroom.”) When the default mode network is taken captive by a psychedelic, not only do we experience losing the sense of having a self, but myriad new connections among other brain regions and networks spring up, connections that may manifest in mental experience as hallucination (when, say, your emotion centers talk directly to your visual cortex), synesthesia (as when you can see sound or hear flavors) or, possibly, fresh and even inspiring perspectives. Disturbing a complex system is a great way to force it to reveal its secrets and elicit its potentials—and psychedelics allow us to do that to normal ego-centered consciousness.

Which of the following is the best title for this article?

【題組共用題幹】

Among scientists, there are tentative signs of a psychedelics renaissance. After decades of stigma, impressive research is showing the power of these “dubious” substances to help sufferers of depression and addiction, or to comfort patients with a terminal cancer diagnosis, struggling to face their own end. This is a territory that fascinates brain scientists in their venture into human consciousness as effected by the use of psychedelics, drugs that produce hallucination and apparent expansion of consciousness.

One of the most interesting early findings of recent psychedelic research is that activity in the “default mode network” (DMN) falls off sharply during the psychedelic experience. This network is a critical hub in the brain that links parts of the cerebral cortex to deeper and older structures involved in memory and emotion. The DMN appears to be involved in a range of “metacognitive” functions such as a self-reflection, mental time travel, theory of mind (the ability to imagine the mental states of other people) and the creation of the so-called “autobiographical self”—the process of weaving what happens to us into the narrative of who we are, thereby giving us a sense of a self that fixates over time. (Curiously, fMRI’s of the brains of experienced meditators show a pattern of activity, or quieting of activity, very similar to that of people who have been given psilocybin, the so-called “magic mushroom.”) When the default mode network is taken captive by a psychedelic, not only do we experience losing the sense of having a self, but myriad new connections among other brain regions and networks spring up, connections that may manifest in mental experience as hallucination (when, say, your emotion centers talk directly to your visual cortex), synesthesia (as when you can see sound or hear flavors) or, possibly, fresh and even inspiring perspectives. Disturbing a complex system is a great way to force it to reveal its secrets and elicit its potentials—and psychedelics allow us to do that to normal ego-centered consciousness.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “stigma” in the context of this passage?