慈濟大學 112 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
Many cancer patients say their illness gives them a new and deeper appreciation for life; some even say they are grateful _____ their disease.
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞搭配介系詞」及語意判斷:
- be grateful to + 人/提供幫助者:感謝某人
例:She is grateful to her parents. - be grateful for + 事物/機會/經歷:對某事物心懷感激
例:He is grateful for the opportunity.
題幹中的 their disease 是一種「疾病或經歷」,不是有意志、能提供幫助的人,因此應使用 grateful for。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
some even say they are grateful _____ their disease.
有些人甚至說,他們對自己的疾病心懷感激。
空格後面的 their disease 表示「所感激的事物」,符合:
因此填入 for:
some even say they are grateful for their disease.
有些人甚至說,他們對自己的疾病心懷感激。
前文的 a new and deeper appreciation for life 也使用 appreciation for + 名詞,表示「對生命有更深的體會與珍惜」,後文的 grateful for their disease 同樣是「對某事物感到感激」的語意。
選項分析
- (A) to:錯誤。
grateful to 後面通常接感謝的對象,尤其是人,例如 grateful to my doctor(感謝我的醫師)。
第 2 題2 分
The material, color and design of our watch products can be modified or tailor-made for customers upon _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 固定片語與搭配:
upon request - 字義辨析:依據上下文選擇符合語意的名詞
- 被動語態與商品客製化語意:
can be modified or tailor-made for customers
upon request 是常見固定片語,意思是「依要求」「應要求」「客戶提出要求時」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
The material, color and design of our watch products can be modified or tailor-made for customers upon _____.
翻譯:
我們手錶產品的材質、顏色與設計,可依客戶要求加以修改或量身訂製。
句中 modified or tailor-made for customers 已明確表達「客製化」概念,因此空格需要填入表示「要求、請求」的名詞,形成固定搭配 upon request。
完整句意為:
我們手錶產品的材質、顏色與設計,可應客戶要求修改或量身訂製。
解題方法
第一步:判斷空格所需詞性
upon 是介系詞,後面通常接名詞或名詞片語,因此空格應填入名詞。
四個選項皆為名詞,但仍須進一步判斷語意與搭配。
第二步:掌握句子的語意方向
句中:
material:材質color:顏色design:設計modified:被修改的tailor-made:量身訂製的、客製化的for customers:為顧客、針對顧客
整句是在說產品可以按照顧客提出的要求進行調整,因此空格應為「要求」之意。
第三步:套用固定搭配
upon request 為慣用表達,常見於產品說明、服務條款與正式商業英文中,意思是「依要求提供」或「應要求辦理」。
因此答案為 request。
選項分析
(A) request
request 作名詞時,意為「要求、請求」。
upon request 是固定片語,表示「依要求」「應要求」。本題說明手錶的材質、顏色與設計可以依客戶需求修改或訂製,語意完全吻合。
例句:
Additional information is available upon request.
如有需要,可依要求提供額外資訊。
因此 (A) 正確。
(B) resilience
resilience 意為「韌性、彈性、恢復力」,通常指人或物承受壓力、挫折後恢復原狀的能力。
例如:
Children often show remarkable resilience after difficult experiences.
兒童在經歷困難後,常展現驚人的復原力。
第 3 題2 分
The government of Myanmar has blocked human rights groups and the press from entering the camps to investigate reported human rights _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查「名詞的語意搭配」與上下文判斷。
題幹描述政府阻止人權團體與媒體進入難民營,調查所謂的人權「侵害」。英文中,表示違反、侵犯基本權利的固定搭配是:
- human rights abuses:人權侵害、人權虐待
- human rights abuse:人權侵害,通常指單一事件或概念
因此空格應填名詞 abuses。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後:
investigate reported human rights _____
其中:
- investigate 表示「調查」
- reported 表示「據報導的」
- human rights 表示「人權」
- 空格需要填入一個能與 human rights 搭配、且能被調查的名詞
題幹提到人權團體與媒體被禁止進入營區,這種情境通常涉及虐待、侵犯或違反人權的事件。因此最自然的語意是:
investigate reported human rights abuses
調查據報導的人權侵害事件
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
The government of Myanmar has blocked human rights groups and the press from entering the camps to investigate reported human rights _____.
翻譯:
緬甸政府阻止人權團體與媒體進入營區,以調查據報導的人權侵害事件。
「阻止媒體與人權團體進入營區」以及「進行調查」的語境,明確指向營區內可能發生的違反人權行為,因此答案為 abuses。
選項分析
(A) aids
aid 的意思是「援助、協助、救援」,通常用於:
- financial aid:財務援助
- humanitarian aid:人道援助
- medical aid:醫療援助
human rights aids 意為「人權援助」,語意上無法與「調查據報導的事件」自然搭配。政府阻止人權團體進入營區,目的是調查疑似侵害,而非調查「援助」,故錯誤。
(B) support
support 的意思是「支持、支援」。它通常表示提供協助或表達立場,例如:
- public support:大眾支持
- financial support:財務支援
- support for human rights:對人權的支持
第 4 題2 分
Having gained access to the network, the hacker took control of the machines through remote access and _____ the hard drive.
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核心觀念
本題考「資訊安全情境中的單字辨義」與「動詞和受詞的語意搭配」。
句中主詞是 the hacker(駭客),描述其取得網路存取權後,透過遠端存取控制電腦,接著對硬碟進行某種操作。四個選項皆為過去式動詞,因此文法形式都能接在空格處;真正的判斷關鍵是動詞的字義與語境。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
Having gained access to the network, the hacker took control of the machines through remote access and _____ the hard drive.
翻譯為:
駭客取得網路的存取權後,透過遠端存取控制那些電腦,並且滲入硬碟。
其中:
- gain access to:取得……的存取權/進入……
- network:網路
- take control of:控制……
- machine:機器;此處指電腦
- through remote access:透過遠端存取
- hard drive:硬碟
駭客控制電腦後,合理的下一個動作是進一步「滲入」或「侵入」硬碟,因此答案為 infiltrated。
解題方法
先抓住語境中的資訊安全線索:
- hacker 指駭客。
- gained access to the network 表示已取得網路進入權限。
- took control of the machines through remote access 表示透過遠端方式控制電腦。
- 空格後的受詞是 the hard drive(硬碟),需要填入能表示「侵入、滲入」的動詞。
infiltrate 的核心意思是「秘密進入、滲入、侵入」,可用於軍事、組織、網路系統或電腦設備等語境。其過去式為 infiltrated,與前面的 gained、took 形成並列的過去式動詞:
gained access, took control, and infiltrated the hard drive
因此選 (A) infiltrated。
選項分析
(A) infiltrated
infiltrate:滲入;秘密進入;侵入。
此處表示駭客在取得網路權限並控制電腦後,進一步侵入或滲透硬碟,符合駭客攻擊的語意。
第 5 題2 分
There is a growing __________ that policies should be developed in a transparent, open manner.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與固定搭配。題幹結構為:
There is a growing __________ that policies should be developed in a transparent, open manner.
對於政策應以透明、公開的方式制定,正逐漸形成一種共識。
空格前有形容詞 growing(逐漸增長的、日益增加的),後接 that 子句,表示「對某件事的看法、認知或共識」。因此空格應填入表示「共識」的名詞。
解題方法
先抓語意關鍵:
- policies should be developed:政策應被制定
- in a transparent, open manner:以透明、公開的方式
- a growing ______ that...:逐漸形成的「對於……的某種看法」
整句最自然的搭配是:
a growing consensus that...
對於……逐漸形成共識
因此答案為 consensus。
選項分析
(A) apex
apex 意為「頂點、最高點、巔峰」,通常用於描述位置、發展程度或成就的最高點,例如:
- the apex of a pyramid:金字塔的頂點
- reach the apex of one’s career:達到職業生涯巔峰
題幹談的是人們對政策制定方式的共同看法,並非「頂點」,故語意不合。
a growing apex that policies should... 也不是自然的英文搭配。
(B) stallion
stallion 意為「種馬、公馬」,是動物名詞。題幹主題是政策與公共治理,與馬匹完全無關,因此錯誤。
(C) miniature
miniature 可作名詞,意為「縮影、小型模型」,也可作形容詞,意為「微小的、小型的」。例如:
- a miniature model:小型模型
- a miniature version:縮小版
第 6 題2 分
It was normally considered bad manners to _____ the dead, on the theory that they could not defend themselves.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語境判斷」。句中關鍵線索是:
It was normally considered bad manners to _____ the dead, on the theory that they could not defend themselves.
一般而言,_____死者被視為不禮貌,理由是他們無法為自己辯護。
「無法為自己辯護」表示不應該在死者無法反駁時貶低、辱罵或說其壞話,因此空格應填入具有「貶低、詆毀」意義的動詞。
解題方法
先判斷句型:
to + 原形動詞 + the dead
空格需要填入一個可直接接受詞 the dead 的及物動詞。接著利用語意線索:
- bad manners:不禮貌的行為
- could not defend themselves:無法為自己辯護
若某人無法反駁,仍在其背後批評、貶低,便符合「詆毀死者」的語意。四個選項中,只有 denigrate 同時符合詞性與語境。
題幹關鍵句定位
on the theory that they could not defend themselves
意思是「基於他們無法為自己辯護的想法/理由」。
這個片語說明「為什麼貶低死者是不禮貌的」:死者無法替自己發言或反駁,因此不應趁此批評、羞辱他們。此語意直接支持 denigrate。
選項分析
(A) consecrate
- 詞性:動詞
- 中文義:祝聖;奉獻;使成為神聖
- 例:The church was consecrated in the nineteenth century.
這座教堂於十九世紀祝聖。 - 錯誤原因:
consecrate the dead 可表達「使死者成為神聖」的概念,但與「無法為自己辯護」及「不禮貌」的語境不符。題目需要的是負面批評死者的動詞,而非神聖化死者。
(B) denigrate
- 詞性:動詞
- 中文義:貶低;詆毀;說壞話
- 常見搭配:
- denigrate a person 貶低某人
- denigrate someone’s achievements 貶低某人的成就
- denigrate the dead 詆毀死者
- 正確原因:
「詆毀死者」正好符合句中「死者無法為自己辯護,因此這種行為被視為不禮貌」的邏輯。
(C) elongate
第 7 題2 分
When he gets older, the early memories of his childhood slowly_____.
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核心觀念:片語動詞的語意與句意判斷
本題考「片語動詞(phrasal verbs)」的意思,以及依據上下文判斷最合適的語意。
題幹關鍵句:
When he gets older, the early memories of his childhood slowly _____.
當他年紀漸長時,童年早期的記憶會慢慢_____。
主詞是 the early memories of his childhood(童年早期的記憶),副詞 slowly 表示「逐漸地、慢慢地」。因此空格應填入表示「逐漸消失」的片語。
關鍵單字與片語
- get older:變老、年紀漸長
- early memories:早期的記憶
- childhood:童年
- slowly:慢慢地、逐漸地
- turn on:打開;對某人突然攻擊
- bring about:造成、導致
- abide by:遵守、依循
- fade away:逐漸消失、逐漸淡去
解題方法
先觀察句子的主詞與語意:
the early memories of his childhood slowly _____
「記憶」通常可以搭配「消失、淡去、變模糊」等概念;而 slowly 更明確指出這是一個逐漸發生的變化。
fade away 的意思是「逐漸消失、慢慢淡去」,可用來描述記憶、聲音、光線、影像等逐漸減弱或消失,與句意完全吻合。
完整句子為:
When he gets older, the early memories of his childhood slowly fade away.
當他年紀漸長時,童年早期的記憶會慢慢淡去。
選項分析
(A) turn on
turn on 主要表示:
- 打開電器或設備
- turn on the light:打開電燈
- 突然攻擊或反對某人
- The dog turned on its owner.:那隻狗突然攻擊主人。
「記憶」不能自然地作為 turn on 的受詞,也不能說記憶自己「打開」或「攻擊」。因此不符合句意。
第 8 題2 分
Smart phones have undeniably changed our lives and have become an _____ part of our lives.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字彙語意
- 形容詞修飾名詞
- 固定搭配與上下文判斷
題幹為:
Smart phones have undeniably changed our lives and have become an _____ part of our lives.
智慧型手機無可否認地改變了我們的生活,並且已經成為我們生活中不可或缺的一部分。
空格位於冠詞 an 與名詞 part 之間,因此需要填入能修飾 part 的形容詞。判斷重點在於:智慧型手機既然已改變生活,應是生活中「不可或缺的」一部分。
解題方法
先觀察句意:
- have undeniably changed our lives:無可否認地改變了我們的生活
- have become an _____ part of our lives:已成為我們生活中某種性質的一部分
前後語意具有承接關係。智慧型手機在現代生活中具有高度重要性,因此最適合的形容詞是 indispensable,意思是「不可或缺的、必要的」。
完整句子為:
Smart phones have undeniably changed our lives and have become an indispensable part of our lives.
其中 an indispensable part of our lives 是自然且常見的搭配,表示「我們生活中不可或缺的一部分」。
選項分析
(A) uniform
uniform 可作形容詞,意思是「一致的、統一的、制服的」。
例如:
- uniform standards:統一的標準
- a uniform appearance:一致的外觀
若填入本句:
have become a uniform part of our lives
意思接近「成為我們生活中一致的部分」,語意不自然,也無法表達智慧型手機對現代生活的重要性。因此不選。
(B) starch
starch 通常是名詞,意思是「澱粉」,也可作動詞,表示「給衣物上漿」。
例如:
- Rice contains a lot of starch.
米含有許多澱粉。
本題空格需要形容詞來修飾 part,而 starch 不具備符合句意的形容詞功能。即使勉強放入句中,也會變成:
an starch part
此處冠詞與字首發音也不相符,正確形式應是 a starch...;更重要的是語意完全不成立。因此不選。
(C) indispensable
indispensable 意思是「不可或缺的、絕對必要的」。
例如:
第 9 題2 分
The impact of travel influencers has been enormous all over the world. They determine whether a location is worthy of Instagram, and therefore _____ visiting.
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核心觀念
本題考查形容詞 worth 的用法,尤其是句型:
表示「某事值得做」。例如:
- This book is worth reading.
這本書值得閱讀。 - The museum is worth visiting.
這座博物館值得參觀。
題幹中的 worth visiting 表示「值得造訪」。其中 visiting 是動名詞,作為介系詞概念上的受詞。
另外,worthy 也是形容詞,但通常使用:
- be worthy of + 名詞/動名詞
值得…… - be worthy to be + 過去分詞
值得被……
例如:
- The location is worthy of visiting.
- The location is worthy to be visited.
因此,worth 與 worthy 雖然都有「值得」之意,後面的句型並不相同。
題幹定位與句意
關鍵句為:
They determine whether a location is worthy of Instagram, and therefore _____ visiting.
翻譯:
他們決定一個地點是否值得在 Instagram 上分享,因此是否值得造訪。
空格前為 therefore,後面接 visiting。依照固定句型,應使用:
完整句意為:
他們決定一個地點是否值得在 Instagram 上分享,因此值得造訪。
此處的主詞是前面的 a location,後半句省略了重複的 is:
a location is worthy of Instagram, and therefore [is] worth visiting
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的字是 visiting,也就是動名詞形式。能直接放在動名詞前、表示「值得……」的固定搭配是:
因此:
is worth visiting
語法完整,意思是「值得造訪」。
若填入 worthy,會形成:
is worthy visiting
worthy 後面不能直接接動名詞,必須加上介系詞 of:
is worthy of visiting
題目沒有提供 of,所以不能選 worthy。
選項分析
第 10 題2 分
Due to an increase in rents in Taipei, many people facing problems of high cost of living are moving to New Taipei City where rents are comparatively_____.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析
- 語境判斷
- 形容詞與名詞的搭配
句型為:
rents are comparatively _____
空格前的主詞是 rents,因此需要填入能描述「租金負擔程度」的形容詞。前文提到 high cost of living(高生活成本),後文又指出人們搬到新北市,表示新北市的租金相對較容易負擔。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
many people facing problems of high cost of living are moving to New Taipei City where rents are comparatively _____.
翻譯:
許多面臨高生活成本問題的人正搬到新北市,因為那裡的租金相對比較_____。
「搬到另一個城市」的原因是租金負擔較低,因此空格應填入 affordable(負擔得起的)。
完整句意為:
許多面臨高生活成本問題的人正搬到新北市,因為那裡的租金相對比較負擔得起。
解題方法
先抓語意因果:
- Taipei rents increase:臺北租金上漲
- high cost of living:生活成本高
- moving to New Taipei City:搬到新北市
- rents are comparatively _____:新北市租金相對較……
前文已明確建立「臺北租金較高」與「生活成本增加」的負面情境,因此新北市租金應具有較低、較容易負擔的特徵。
comparatively 是副詞,意思是「相對地、比較而言」。它修飾形容詞 affordable,形成:
comparatively affordable
相對負擔得起的、比較容易負擔的
選項分析
(A) affordable
意思是「負擔得起的、價格合理的」。
常見搭配包括:
- affordable rent:負擔得起的租金
- affordable housing:價格可負擔的住宅
- affordable price:可負擔的價格
第 11 題2 分
The Silicon Valley information technology firms are _____ predicting an economic upturn in the third quarter despite concerns over a strong dollar and surging oil prices.
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核心觀念
本題考「副詞的語意判斷」與「現在進行式中的副詞位置」。
句型為:
The firms are cautiously predicting an economic upturn...
其中:
- are predicting:現在進行式,表示「正在預測」。
- cautiously:副詞,修飾動詞 predicting,表示「謹慎地」。
- an economic upturn:經濟復甦、景氣回升。
- despite:儘管、即使,後接名詞或名詞片語。
- concerns over:對……的擔憂。
- a strong dollar:強勢美元。
- surging oil prices:飆升的油價。
解題方法
先抓語意轉折。題幹指出,矽谷資訊科技公司正在預測第三季景氣回升,然而同時面臨兩項不利因素:
- 強勢美元;
- 飆升的油價。
despite 表示「儘管」,說明後方的因素會使企業對經濟前景抱持疑慮。因此,企業雖然預測景氣好轉,態度仍應是「謹慎的」,最符合上下文的副詞是 cautiously。
定位答案的關鍵原文為:
The Silicon Valley information technology firms are _____ predicting an economic upturn in the third quarter despite concerns over a strong dollar and surging oil prices.
翻譯:
儘管對強勢美元與飆升油價感到擔憂,矽谷的資訊科技公司仍謹慎地預測第三季經濟將復甦。
選項分析
第 12 題2 分
iTech Mobile Telecom has seen its share price fall in recent years as a result of _____ problems with its $9-billion contract to upgrade NHS’ systems.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 形容詞修飾名詞:空格位於名詞片語
_____ problems中,需填入形容詞修飾problems。 - 字義與語境判斷:根據句意判斷哪個形容詞能合理描述合約所衍生的問題。
- 固定片語:
as a result of:由於、因為ongoing problems:持續存在的問題
解題方法
題幹指出,iTech Mobile Telecom 的股價近年下跌,原因是其執行一項價值 90 億美元、用於升級 NHS 系統的合約時,出現某種問題。
句中關鍵結構為:
as a result of _____ problems with its $9-billion contract
翻譯為:
「由於其 90 億美元合約所衍生的 _____ 問題。」
能與 problems 搭配,並符合「問題持續存在,導致公司股價下跌」語意的形容詞是 ongoing,意為「持續中的、仍在進行的」。
因此選擇 (A) ongoing。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句:
iTech Mobile Telecom has seen its share price fall in recent years as a result of ongoing problems with its $9-billion contract to upgrade NHS’ systems.
翻譯:
iTech Mobile Telecom 近年來股價下跌,原因是其為升級 NHS 系統而簽訂的 90 億美元合約持續出現問題。
其中,ongoing problems 表示「持續存在、尚未解決的問題」,與股價因合約問題下跌的情境完全吻合。
選項分析
(A) ongoing
ongoing 是形容詞,意為「持續中的、進行中的、尚未結束的」。
ongoing problems 是自然且常見的搭配,表示「持續存在的問題」。合約問題一直延續到近年,因而影響公司股價,符合句意。
正確答案:A
(B) dissolved
第 13 題2 分
If you succeed in _____ an angry colleague, you turn that person’s hostile attitude into one that is friendly or favorable.
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核心觀念
本題考兩個重點:
- 字義辨析:根據上下文判斷哪個動詞符合「將敵意轉為友善或有利態度」。
- 文法搭配:
succeed in + V-ing表示「成功做到……」。
句型為:
If you succeed in _____ an angry colleague, you turn that person’s hostile attitude into one that is friendly or favorable.
其中 succeed in 後面必須接動名詞,因此四個選項在形式上皆為 -ing 形式,真正的判斷關鍵在於動詞的語意與搭配。
題幹翻譯與定位
If you succeed in placating an angry colleague, you turn that person’s hostile attitude into one that is friendly or favorable.
翻譯:
如果你成功安撫一位生氣的同事,就能將那個人的敵對態度轉變成友善或有利的態度。
題幹後半句:
turn that person’s hostile attitude into one that is friendly or favorable
已明確說明行為結果是「把敵意轉為友善或有利」。因此空格應填入具有「安撫、平息怒氣」之意的動詞。
解題方法
先抓住關鍵語意:
an angry colleague:一位生氣的同事hostile attitude:敵對的態度friendly or favorable:友善或有利的
能夠使生氣者態度轉好的行為,就是 placate,意為「安撫、撫慰、平息怒氣」。
因此:
succeed in placating an angry colleague
符合文法,也符合整句語意。
選項分析
(A) disparaging
disparage 意為「貶低、鄙視、說……壞話」。
disparaging an angry colleague 表示「貶低一位生氣的同事」,這種行為通常會使對方更加不滿或敵對,無法合理導向題幹所說的「轉為友善
第 14 題2 分
In many countries today, it is illegal for employers to _____ people with disabilities; everyone must be treated equally.
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核心觀念
本題考查「職場平等」相關語意,以及動詞片語的固定搭配。
句型為:
it is illegal for employers to + 原形動詞
其中 to 後面必須接動詞原形。依照句意,空格處需要填入「歧視某人」的動詞片語。
discriminate against + 人 表示「歧視、差別待遇某人」,符合題幹所說的「每個人都必須受到平等對待」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
In many countries today, it is illegal for employers to _____ people with disabilities; everyone must be treated equally.
翻譯:
如今在許多國家,雇主歧視身心障礙者是違法的;每個人都必須受到平等對待。
後半句 everyone must be treated equally 明確提示「平等對待」的概念,因此空格應填入具有「歧視」意義的片語。
選項分析
(A) discriminate against
discriminate against 意為「歧視、對……差別待遇」。
例句:
Employers must not discriminate against workers because of their age.
雇主不得因年齡而歧視勞工。
代入題幹:
it is illegal for employers to discriminate against people with disabilities
意為:
雇主歧視身心障礙者是違法的。
語意、文法與固定搭配皆正確,因此本選項為正確答案。
(B) skeptical about
skeptical about 意為「對……抱持懷疑態度的」。
skeptical 是形容詞,通常用於描述某人對某件事缺乏信心或不相信,例如:
She is skeptical about the plan.
她對這項計畫抱持懷疑態度。
代入後:
it is illegal for employers to skeptical about people with disabilities
第 15 題2 分
Due to smog, dust, and other pollutants, in India, harmful chemical _____ are now six times higher than they were in the 1950s.
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核心觀念
本題考查「字義辨析」與「語境判斷」。句意描述印度因霧霾、灰塵及其他污染物,某種「有害化學物質的排放量」比 1950 年代高出六倍,因此空格應填 emissions。
emission 的意思是「排放、散發」;複數 emissions 常指工廠、汽車等排出的廢氣、污染物或溫室氣體。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
Due to smog, dust, and other pollutants, in India, harmful chemical _____ are now six times higher than they were in the 1950s.
翻譯:
由於霧霾、灰塵及其他污染物,印度目前有害化學物質的排放量,比 1950 年代高出六倍。
句中 Due to smog, dust, and other pollutants 表示原因「由於霧霾、灰塵及其他污染物」;後面的 are now six times higher than they were in the 1950s 表示「現在比 1950 年代高出六倍」。能與 pollution、smog、dust 搭配,且能被比較高低的名詞,應是「排放量」:
harmful chemical emissions
有害化學物質排放(量)
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的語意:
- harmful chemical + 名詞:表示「有害化學物質的……」
- 空格後接 are now six times higher,因此空格中的名詞必須能以數值高低比較。
- 全句談到 smog、dust、pollutants,主題是環境污染,因此答案應與「污染物排放」有關。
emissions 符合「污染物排放」的語意,也符合複數主詞搭配 are 的文法。
選項分析
(A) mangroves
mangrove 是「紅樹」;mangroves 是「紅樹林或多株紅樹」。
- 例:mangrove forests=紅樹林
- 紅樹是植物,與化學污染物的排放無關。
- harmful chemical mangroves 意為「有害化學紅樹」,語意不通。
因此錯誤。
(B) emissions
emission 是「排放、散發」;emissions 是「排放物、排放量」。
常見搭配包括:
- carbon emissions=碳排放
- vehicle emissions=車輛排放
- industrial emissions=工業排放
- harmful chemical emissions=有害化學物質排放
第 16 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many indigenous communities live in isolated and often highly biodiverse areas, where living in balance with nature is crucial for survival. As keen observers of their environments, indigenous peoples often possess knowledge linking various phenomena of eco-system change. For example, centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves 16 the Moken or the “sea nomads” of the Andaman Sea along the west coast of Thailand to stay safe when the deadly tsunami struck their villages in 2004.
This knowledge is also used to make seasonal forecasts and predict weather patterns. The pastoralists of East Africa are able to predict when and where the rains will fall -- 17 observing the flowering patterns of trees, and the behavior of insects and birds. These biological indicators are observed by scouts roaming the landscape, to determine where and when the cattle herds should move.
This indigenous knowledge is not 18 . It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge of new phenomena that affect the environment. Take the example of the First Nations communities in northern Canada. They have observed changes in the hunting behavior and pack dynamics of wolves, and consequent declines in caribou populations. These changes are attributed to the roads and pipelines that now 19 their forests.
Indigenous knowledge systems include values for managing the relationship of humans with biodiversity. In their conception, “nature” often includes animals, plants, the earth, humans and spirits -- all 20 reciprocal kinship relationships. Humans are not considered superior to nature, and nature does not exist to serve humans. For some indigenous communities, animals are believed to present themselves as gifts to hunters -- gifts to be respected and cherished through rituals.
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「動詞語意判斷」與「句型搭配」。
空格所在句為:
For example, centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves 16 the Moken or the “sea nomads” of the Andaman Sea along the west coast of Thailand to stay safe when the deadly tsunami struck their villages in 2004.
句型為:
其中:
- 主詞:centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves
數百年累積的海嘯知識 - 受詞:the Moken
莫肯人 - 空格後片語:to stay safe
以保持安全、得以安全避難
語意是「關於海嘯波浪的數百年知識,使莫肯人在 2004 年致命海嘯襲擊村落時得以保全安全」。
因此空格必須填入能表達「使某人能夠……」的動詞,選項 allowed 最符合。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的結構:
knowledge ... 16 the Moken ... to stay safe
這是常見句型:
allow + 人 + to V
允許/使某人能夠做某事
代入後:
centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves allowed the Moken to stay safe
翻譯為:
關於海嘯波浪的數百年知識,使莫肯人在海嘯來襲時得以安全生存。
文章前文指出,原住民族「善於觀察環境」,並擁有能夠連結生態變化與自然現象的知識;後文又說明他們利用生物指標預測降雨。因此,本句是在舉例說明傳統知識如何協助族人避開海嘯災害,語意與全文完全一致。
關鍵單字與片語
- indigenous communities:原住民族群、原住民社群
- isolated:偏遠的、隔絕的
- biodiverse:生物多樣性高的
- in balance with nature:與自然保持平衡
- keen observers:敏銳的觀察者
- phenomena:現象,phenomenon 的複數
- eco-system change:生態系統變化
- tsunami waves:海嘯波浪
- stay safe:保持安全、平安度過
- deadly tsunami:致命的海嘯
- strike:襲擊、侵襲;此處過去式為 struck
- seasonal forecasts:季節性預測
- predict weather patterns:預測天氣型態
- pastoralists:牧民
- flowering patterns:開花模式
- biological indicators:生物指標
- scouts:偵察員、探查人員
- roaming the landscape:在地景中巡查
- pastoral knowledge:畜牧相關知識
- be enriched:被充實、持續豐富
- hunting behavior:獵捕行為
- pack dynamics:狼群互動與群體變化
- caribou populations:馴鹿族群數量
- reciprocal kinship relationships:相互的親族關係
- be superior to:優於、高於
第 17 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many indigenous communities live in isolated and often highly biodiverse areas, where living in balance with nature is crucial for survival. As keen observers of their environments, indigenous peoples often possess knowledge linking various phenomena of eco-system change. For example, centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves 16 the Moken or the “sea nomads” of the Andaman Sea along the west coast of Thailand to stay safe when the deadly tsunami struck their villages in 2004.
This knowledge is also used to make seasonal forecasts and predict weather patterns. The pastoralists of East Africa are able to predict when and where the rains will fall -- 17 observing the flowering patterns of trees, and the behavior of insects and birds. These biological indicators are observed by scouts roaming the landscape, to determine where and when the cattle herds should move.
This indigenous knowledge is not 18 . It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge of new phenomena that affect the environment. Take the example of the First Nations communities in northern Canada. They have observed changes in the hunting behavior and pack dynamics of wolves, and consequent declines in caribou populations. These changes are attributed to the roads and pipelines that now 19 their forests.
Indigenous knowledge systems include values for managing the relationship of humans with biodiversity. In their conception, “nature” often includes animals, plants, the earth, humans and spirits -- all 20 reciprocal kinship relationships. Humans are not considered superior to nature, and nature does not exist to serve humans. For some indigenous communities, animals are believed to present themselves as gifts to hunters -- gifts to be respected and cherished through rituals.
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核心觀念
第 17 題考介系詞的語意與搭配,尤其是:
- by + V-ing:藉由做某事、透過某種方式
- albeit + 形容詞/副詞/名詞片語:雖然、儘管
- regardless of + 名詞:不論、不管
- whereby + 子句:藉由某種方式,憑此
題幹描述東非牧民「藉由觀察樹木開花模式及昆蟲、鳥類的行為」來預測降雨,因此需要表示方法或手段的 by。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
The pastoralists of East Africa are able to predict when and where the rains will fall -- 17 observing the flowering patterns of trees, and the behavior of insects and birds.
翻譯:
東非的牧民能夠預測雨水將在何時、何地降下,藉由觀察樹木的開花模式,以及昆蟲和鳥類的行為。
空格後接 observing,也就是動名詞。表示「透過觀察」時,使用固定結構:
因此:
by observing the flowering patterns of trees
意為:
藉由觀察樹木的開花模式
完整句意是:牧民透過觀察自然界的生物指標,預測降雨時間與地點,進而決定牛群遷移的時間和方向。
選項分析
(A) albeit
albeit 是表示讓步的連接詞,意為「雖然、儘管」,通常後接形容詞、分詞或名詞片語,例如:
- albeit difficult:雖然困難
- albeit slowly:雖然速度緩慢
- albeit a small one:雖然是一個小型的
本句需要表達「藉由觀察」的方式,而不是「雖然觀察」,所以不能填入:
rains will fall — albeit observing ...
語意與句法皆不成立。
(B) by
by + V-ing 表示「藉由做某事、透過某種方法」,是本句最自然且正確的結構:
predict when and where the rains will fall by observing ...
意為:
藉由觀察……來預測……
此選項同時符合文法結構與上下文語意,故為正確答案。
(C) regardless
regardless 意為「不論、不管」,單獨使用時通常表示「不受影響地」,若後面要接名詞,必須使用:
第 18 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many indigenous communities live in isolated and often highly biodiverse areas, where living in balance with nature is crucial for survival. As keen observers of their environments, indigenous peoples often possess knowledge linking various phenomena of eco-system change. For example, centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves 16 the Moken or the “sea nomads” of the Andaman Sea along the west coast of Thailand to stay safe when the deadly tsunami struck their villages in 2004.
This knowledge is also used to make seasonal forecasts and predict weather patterns. The pastoralists of East Africa are able to predict when and where the rains will fall -- 17 observing the flowering patterns of trees, and the behavior of insects and birds. These biological indicators are observed by scouts roaming the landscape, to determine where and when the cattle herds should move.
This indigenous knowledge is not 18 . It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge of new phenomena that affect the environment. Take the example of the First Nations communities in northern Canada. They have observed changes in the hunting behavior and pack dynamics of wolves, and consequent declines in caribou populations. These changes are attributed to the roads and pipelines that now 19 their forests.
Indigenous knowledge systems include values for managing the relationship of humans with biodiversity. In their conception, “nature” often includes animals, plants, the earth, humans and spirits -- all 20 reciprocal kinship relationships. Humans are not considered superior to nature, and nature does not exist to serve humans. For some indigenous communities, animals are believed to present themselves as gifts to hunters -- gifts to be respected and cherished through rituals.
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核心觀念
第 18 題考查的是:
- 字義辨析:判斷形容詞是否符合上下文。
- 語意銜接:依據前後句判斷 indigenous knowledge 的性質。
- 否定句搭配:句型為:
This indigenous knowledge is also not _____.
空格應填入能表達「不是固定不變的」之形容詞。
文章接著說:
It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge of new phenomena that affect the environment.
意思是:「這些知識不斷被充實,以納入影響環境的新現象。」
因此,前句的意思應是:這些原住民族知識並非靜止不變,而是會隨著新環境現象持續更新。
解題方法
先觀察第 18 題前後文:
This indigenous knowledge is not 18. It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge of new phenomena that affect the environment.
第二句的關鍵片語是 constantly being enriched,表示「持續被充實、豐富、更新」。既然知識會不斷吸收新資訊,就代表它不是固定、僵化、毫無變化的。
因此空格應填入 static,形成:
This indigenous knowledge is not static.
翻譯為:
這些原住民族知識並非一成不變。
定位答案的關鍵句
This indigenous knowledge is not static. It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge of new phenomena that affect the environment.
翻譯:
這些原住民族知識並非靜止不變。它不斷被充實,以納入影響環境的新現象。
後句直接解釋前句:因為知識會持續增加與更新,所以不能說它是 static。
選項分析
(A) fallacious
fallacious 意為「謬誤的、錯誤推理的、虛假的」。
例如:
- a fallacious argument:錯誤的論證
- fallacious reasoning:謬誤的推理
若填入句中:
This indigenous knowledge is not fallacious.
意思是「這些原住民族知識並非謬誤的」。雖然文法上可以成立,但後句提到知識「不斷被充實」,討論的是知識是否固定不變,而不是知識是否錯誤,因此語意焦點不符。
(B) lackluster
lackluster 意為「無光澤的、缺乏活力的、平淡乏味的」。
例如:
- a lackluster performance:平淡無奇的表現
- a lackluster response:缺乏熱情的回應
若填入句中:
This indigenous knowledge is not lackluster.
意思是「這些原住民族知識並不乏味、沒有活力」。文章確實是在肯定這些知識的重要性與價值,但後句強調的是它會持續更新,並非在描述它是否精彩或有活力,因此不是最佳答案。
第 19 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many indigenous communities live in isolated and often highly biodiverse areas, where living in balance with nature is crucial for survival. As keen observers of their environments, indigenous peoples often possess knowledge linking various phenomena of eco-system change. For example, centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves 16 the Moken or the “sea nomads” of the Andaman Sea along the west coast of Thailand to stay safe when the deadly tsunami struck their villages in 2004.
This knowledge is also used to make seasonal forecasts and predict weather patterns. The pastoralists of East Africa are able to predict when and where the rains will fall -- 17 observing the flowering patterns of trees, and the behavior of insects and birds. These biological indicators are observed by scouts roaming the landscape, to determine where and when the cattle herds should move.
This indigenous knowledge is not 18 . It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge of new phenomena that affect the environment. Take the example of the First Nations communities in northern Canada. They have observed changes in the hunting behavior and pack dynamics of wolves, and consequent declines in caribou populations. These changes are attributed to the roads and pipelines that now 19 their forests.
Indigenous knowledge systems include values for managing the relationship of humans with biodiversity. In their conception, “nature” often includes animals, plants, the earth, humans and spirits -- all 20 reciprocal kinship relationships. Humans are not considered superior to nature, and nature does not exist to serve humans. For some indigenous communities, animals are believed to present themselves as gifts to hunters -- gifts to be respected and cherished through rituals.
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核心觀念
第 19 題考「克漏字的語意判斷」與「動詞搭配」。空格位於:
These changes are attributed to the roads and pipelines that now 19 their forests.
這些變化被歸因於如今穿越/切割他們森林的道路與輸油管線。
關鍵在於主詞是 roads and pipelines(道路與管線),受詞是 their forests(他們的森林)。語意必須表達道路與管線穿過森林、使森林遭到切割或分割。
解題方法
先判斷句型:
- 關係代名詞 that 指的是前面的 the roads and pipelines。
- that 在關係子句中作主詞。
- 空格需要一個能接受 their forests 作受詞的及物動詞。
再根據上下文判斷:
前文提到加拿大北部原住民族觀察到:
- 狼群的狩獵行為與群體動態改變;
- 馴鹿數量下降;
- 這些變化與新建的道路及管線有關。
因此,空格應為「穿越、切割、分割森林」之意,選 dissect 最符合。
定位答案的關鍵句
These changes are attributed to the roads and pipelines that now dissect their forests.
翻譯為:
這些變化被歸因於如今切割他們森林的道路與管線。
此處 dissect 並非只限於「解剖」,也可引申為「切開、切割、使某地分裂或被分隔」。道路與管線穿過大片森林,會破壞棲地連續性,形成棲地切割,因此語意成立。
選項分析
(A) abdicate
- 中文:放棄、讓位;放棄職責或權力。
- 常見用法:abdicate the throne(退位)、abdicate responsibility(推卸責任)。
- 通常與王位、權力、責任等抽象概念搭配。
- 「道路與管線放棄森林」語意不通,因此錯誤。
(B) dissect
- 中文:解剖;剖析;切割、分割。
- dissect 的基本概念是「切開成部分」,也可用於描述道路、河流或管線穿越並切割土地、森林或棲地。
- 道路與管線會將原本連續的森林分隔開,造成棲地破碎化,符合文章討論人類開發對生態環境的影響。
- 因此為正確答案。
(C) monopolize
- 中文:壟斷;獨占。
- 常見用法:monopolize the market(壟斷市場)、monopolize someone’s attention(獨占某人的注意力)。
- 其語意是「由單一個人或團體完全控制某項資源」,不表示道路與管線穿越或切割森林。
- 「道路與管線壟斷森林」不符合上下文,故錯誤。
(D) subordinate
第 20 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Many indigenous communities live in isolated and often highly biodiverse areas, where living in balance with nature is crucial for survival. As keen observers of their environments, indigenous peoples often possess knowledge linking various phenomena of eco-system change. For example, centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves 16 the Moken or the “sea nomads” of the Andaman Sea along the west coast of Thailand to stay safe when the deadly tsunami struck their villages in 2004.
This knowledge is also used to make seasonal forecasts and predict weather patterns. The pastoralists of East Africa are able to predict when and where the rains will fall -- 17 observing the flowering patterns of trees, and the behavior of insects and birds. These biological indicators are observed by scouts roaming the landscape, to determine where and when the cattle herds should move.
This indigenous knowledge is not 18 . It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge of new phenomena that affect the environment. Take the example of the First Nations communities in northern Canada. They have observed changes in the hunting behavior and pack dynamics of wolves, and consequent declines in caribou populations. These changes are attributed to the roads and pipelines that now 19 their forests.
Indigenous knowledge systems include values for managing the relationship of humans with biodiversity. In their conception, “nature” often includes animals, plants, the earth, humans and spirits -- all 20 reciprocal kinship relationships. Humans are not considered superior to nature, and nature does not exist to serve humans. For some indigenous communities, animals are believed to present themselves as gifts to hunters -- gifts to be respected and cherished through rituals.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動詞片語的語意辨識。
tie in與tired的字義差異。- 文章上下文的語意連貫。
關鍵句為:
For example, centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves tied in the Moken or the “sea nomads” of the Andaman Sea along the west coast of Thailand to stay safe when the deadly tsunami struck their villages in 2004.
大意是:
例如,數百年來有關海嘯波浪的知識,使安達曼海的莫肯人,也就是居住於泰國西岸的「海上游牧民族」,在 2004 年致命海嘯襲擊其村落時得以保持安全。
文章主旨強調:原住民族累積的自然觀察知識,能協助他們預測環境變化、避開災害並維持生存。因此空格應填入具有「連結、使……與……發生關聯」意義的 tied in。
解題方法
先看空格所在結構:
centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves ___ the Moken ... to stay safe
主詞是 centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves,後面接受詞 the Moken,再接 to stay safe。語意上必須表達「海嘯知識與莫肯人能夠安全存活有所關聯」。
tie in 是片語動詞,具有「連結、相互關聯、符合」之意。tied in 是過去式或過去分詞形式,放入後可表達「這些知識與莫肯人的安全存活相連」。
依文章脈絡,莫肯人因為祖先傳承的海嘯知識,在海嘯發生時得以避難。因此官方答案指定為 A. tied in。
不過,從嚴格英文文法來看,標準用法通常是:
tie in with something:與某事相符、與某事有關聯enable someone to do something:使某人能夠做某事allow someone to do something:允許或使某人能夠做某事
原句若要自然,較適合寫成:
centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves enabled the Moken to stay safe
或:
centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves helped the Moken stay safe
因此,本題句型本身存在搭配不完整的爭議;但在四個選項中,只有 tied in 具有「相關、連結」的正確核心語意,且官方答案為 A,考試作答應選 A。
選項分析
(A) tied in — 正確
tie in 意為「與……連結、與……有關聯」,tied in 為其過去式或過去分詞形式。
文章說明莫肯人所擁有的海嘯知識,與他們在 2004 年海嘯中保持安全具有直接關聯,符合全文「原住民知識幫助人類適應自然、避免災害」的主題。
因此依官方答案選 A。
(B) tired in — 錯誤
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have long known that specific genes are associated with a number of serious diseases and birth defects. Scientists have used this knowledge to develop tests to identify defective genes, which are the result of 21 , a natural process that alters the genetic material.
Researchers have identified a large number of genes that are responsible for life-threatening conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, a disease that shortens people’s lives by attacking their lungs, and Huntington’s disease, a fatal brain condition. Once these genes are 22 , genetic tests for many such diseases become available. These tests can indicate if a person has a specific defective gene. By 2011, researchers had developed more than 2,000 genetic tests, which allow doctors to inform patients if they have 23 these genes and if they risk passing them to their children.
The tests are a significant 24 in genetic research, because they provide people who have genetic defects with important information. However, the tests also introduce complex ethical issues. If patients find out that they have a dangerous genetic defect, they may not know what to do. Their decision will depend on several factors. In some cases, identification of the gene only suggests the 25 that the patients will develop the disease associated with the gene. For example, women who have inherited the harmful BRCA gene mutation have a much higher chance of developing breast cancer than other women do.
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核心觀念
本題考的是生物學關鍵字與上下文語意判斷,核心在於辨認「會改變遺傳物質的自然過程」是什麼。
mutation 的意思是「突變、基因突變」,指 DNA 或遺傳物質發生改變的現象。突變可能影響基因功能,形成 defective genes(缺陷基因),進而造成遺傳疾病或出生缺陷。
題幹中的定義:
a natural process that alters the genetic material
一種會改變遺傳物質的自然過程
正是對 mutation 的描述。
解題方法
定位第 21 格所在句:
Scientists have used this knowledge to develop tests to identify defective genes, which are the result of 21, a natural process that alters the genetic material.
科學家利用這項知識發展出檢測方法,以辨認缺陷基因;這些缺陷基因是某種自然過程的結果,而該過程會改變遺傳物質。
句意結構為:
- defective genes:缺陷基因
- are the result of 21:是某種過程所造成的結果
- a natural process that alters the genetic material:對該過程的定義
能「改變遺傳物質」並造成基因缺陷的總稱是 mutation,因此填入:
defective genes are the result of mutation
此處的 mutation 是不可數名詞,表示「突變這種現象或過程」,符合文法與語意。
選項分析
(A) mutation:突變、基因突變
正確。Mutation 是遺傳物質發生改變的自然過程,可能造成基因缺陷,符合:
a natural process that alters the genetic material
因此官方答案為 A。
(B) addition:增加、添加
錯誤。Addition 泛指增加或添加,並不是「改變遺傳物質」的生物學總稱。雖然 DNA 序列中增加某些鹼基,可能屬於基因突變的一種類型,但 addition 本身無法概括造成 defective genes 的遺傳變化,也不符合此處的專業定義。
(C) variation:變異、差異
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have long known that specific genes are associated with a number of serious diseases and birth defects. Scientists have used this knowledge to develop tests to identify defective genes, which are the result of 21 , a natural process that alters the genetic material.
Researchers have identified a large number of genes that are responsible for life-threatening conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, a disease that shortens people’s lives by attacking their lungs, and Huntington’s disease, a fatal brain condition. Once these genes are 22 , genetic tests for many such diseases become available. These tests can indicate if a person has a specific defective gene. By 2011, researchers had developed more than 2,000 genetic tests, which allow doctors to inform patients if they have 23 these genes and if they risk passing them to their children.
The tests are a significant 24 in genetic research, because they provide people who have genetic defects with important information. However, the tests also introduce complex ethical issues. If patients find out that they have a dangerous genetic defect, they may not know what to do. Their decision will depend on several factors. In some cases, identification of the gene only suggests the 25 that the patients will develop the disease associated with the gene. For example, women who have inherited the harmful BRCA gene mutation have a much higher chance of developing breast cancer than other women do.
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「上下文語意判斷」與「被動語態」。句型為:
Once these genes are 22, genetic tests for many such diseases become available.
其中 these genes 是被辨認、確認的對象,因此須使用過去分詞形成被動語態:
these genes are identified
這些基因被辨識/確認
identify 意為「辨識、確認身分、找出」。科學家先找出與疾病相關的基因,之後才能據此發展基因檢測。
解題方法
先觀察前後文的邏輯關係:
- 前文指出科學家已找出許多造成致命疾病的基因。
- 基因檢測必須建立在「已確認相關基因」的基礎上。
- 因此,
these genes are 22後面應接「被辨識、確認」的動作。 are後面需要過去分詞,形成被動語態are identified。
完整句意為:
Once these genes are identified, genetic tests for many such diseases become available.
翻譯:
一旦這些基因被辨識出來,許多這類疾病的基因檢測便會問世。
定位答案的關鍵原文
前文已提供明確線索:
Researchers have identified a large number of genes that are responsible for life-threatening conditions...
翻譯:
研究人員已辨識出大量造成危及生命狀況的基因……
後文接著以 these genes 指回前面的基因,因此:
Once these genes are identified...
與前文的 have identified 形成語意呼應,表示「這些基因一旦被辨識出來」。
文法與語意重點
Once 表示「一旦……就……」,可引導時間副詞子句:
Once + 主詞 + 被動語態,主要子句
本句結構如下:
Once these genes are identified:時間副詞子句genetic tests ... become available:主要子句
these genes 與 identify 的關係是被動的:科學家辨識基因,而不是基因自己辨識其他事物,所以使用:
are identified
被辨識、被確認
become available 意為「變得可取得、開始提供、問世」,表示基因檢測在相關基因被確認後即可發展出來。
選項分析
(A) repented
repent 意為「悔改、懺悔」,repented 是過去式或過去分詞。
these genes are repented
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have long known that specific genes are associated with a number of serious diseases and birth defects. Scientists have used this knowledge to develop tests to identify defective genes, which are the result of 21 , a natural process that alters the genetic material.
Researchers have identified a large number of genes that are responsible for life-threatening conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, a disease that shortens people’s lives by attacking their lungs, and Huntington’s disease, a fatal brain condition. Once these genes are 22 , genetic tests for many such diseases become available. These tests can indicate if a person has a specific defective gene. By 2011, researchers had developed more than 2,000 genetic tests, which allow doctors to inform patients if they have 23 these genes and if they risk passing them to their children.
The tests are a significant 24 in genetic research, because they provide people who have genetic defects with important information. However, the tests also introduce complex ethical issues. If patients find out that they have a dangerous genetic defect, they may not know what to do. Their decision will depend on several factors. In some cases, identification of the gene only suggests the 25 that the patients will develop the disease associated with the gene. For example, women who have inherited the harmful BRCA gene mutation have a much higher chance of developing breast cancer than other women do.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 遺傳學相關字彙。
- 依上下文判斷動詞語意。
- 現在完成式:
have + 過去分詞。 inherit與基因遺傳的固定搭配。
句中空格位於:
These tests can indicate if a person has a specific defective gene. By 2011, researchers had developed more than 2,000 genetic tests, which allow doctors to inform patients if they have 23 these genes and if they risk passing them to their children.
空格後接 these genes,後文又出現:
if they risk passing them to their children
語意是:檢測可以告知病人是否「從父母遺傳到」這些基因,以及是否有機會將它們傳給子女。
解題方法
先判斷句意:
these genes指前文提到的 defective genes,也就是可能造成疾病的缺陷基因。- 人可以「遺傳到基因」,也可以「把基因傳給子女」。
- 因此空格需要表示「遺傳」的動詞。
句型為:
have + 過去分詞
選項中只有 inherited 是 inherit 的過去分詞,因此形成:
if they have inherited these genes
意思是:
是否已經遺傳到這些基因。
完整句翻譯:
這些檢測可以讓醫師告知病人,他們是否已經遺傳到這些基因,以及是否有將這些基因傳給子女的風險。
定位答案的關鍵原文與翻譯
關鍵句為:
These tests can indicate if a person has a specific defective gene.
這些檢測可以顯示一個人是否具有特定的缺陷基因。
接著:
if they have inherited these genes and if they risk passing them to their children.
是否已經遺傳到這些基因,以及是否有將這些基因傳給子女的風險。
inherited 與 passing them to their children 前後形成「獲得基因」與「傳遞基因」的遺傳概念對應,因此答案明確是 inherited。
文法與語意重點
inherit 是及物動詞,意為「繼承;遺傳得到」。
常見用法:
inherit a gene:遺傳到某個基因inherit a disease:遺傳到某種疾病inherit a trait from one’s parents:從父母遺傳某項特徵
本句使用現在完成式:
have inherited
表示「截至目前已經遺傳到」,符合基因檢測要判斷病人是否具有某種基因的語境。
此外,pass A to B 表示「將 A 傳給 B」:
pass these genes to their children
將這些基因傳給他們的子女。
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have long known that specific genes are associated with a number of serious diseases and birth defects. Scientists have used this knowledge to develop tests to identify defective genes, which are the result of 21 , a natural process that alters the genetic material.
Researchers have identified a large number of genes that are responsible for life-threatening conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, a disease that shortens people’s lives by attacking their lungs, and Huntington’s disease, a fatal brain condition. Once these genes are 22 , genetic tests for many such diseases become available. These tests can indicate if a person has a specific defective gene. By 2011, researchers had developed more than 2,000 genetic tests, which allow doctors to inform patients if they have 23 these genes and if they risk passing them to their children.
The tests are a significant 24 in genetic research, because they provide people who have genetic defects with important information. However, the tests also introduce complex ethical issues. If patients find out that they have a dangerous genetic defect, they may not know what to do. Their decision will depend on several factors. In some cases, identification of the gene only suggests the 25 that the patients will develop the disease associated with the gene. For example, women who have inherited the harmful BRCA gene mutation have a much higher chance of developing breast cancer than other women do.
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核心觀念
本題考「克漏字的語意判斷與固定搭配」。第 24 空位於:
The tests are a significant 24 in genetic research, because they provide people who have genetic defects with important information.
句型為:
a significant + 名詞 + in genetic research
後文說明這些基因檢測能提供遺傳缺陷患者重要資訊,代表基因研究上的重大進展或重要里程碑。因此答案為 milestone。
關鍵單字與片語
- scientist:科學家
- gene:基因
- be associated with:與……有關
- serious disease:嚴重疾病
- birth defect:出生缺陷、先天缺陷
- defective gene:缺陷基因
- genetic material:遺傳物質
- genetic test:基因檢測、遺傳檢測
- life-threatening condition:危及生命的病症
- identify:辨認、確認
- indicate:顯示、指出
- inherit:遺傳、繼承
- pass something to one’s children:將某物遺傳給子女
- ethical issue:倫理議題
- genetic defect:遺傳缺陷
- mutation:突變
- milestone:里程碑;重要階段或重大成就
- significant:重要的、重大的
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的詞性。空格前有冠詞 a,後面接介系詞片語 in genetic research,因此空格應填入可數單數名詞。
再依語意判斷:
- 前文指出研究人員已發展出超過 2,000 種基因檢測。
- 這些檢測可以確認個體是否帶有缺陷基因。
- 檢測結果也能協助醫師評估患者是否可能將基因遺傳給子女。
- 因此,這些檢測是基因研究上的重大成果。
最自然的搭配是:
a significant milestone in genetic research
基因研究上的一項重大里程碑
定位答案的關鍵句
The tests are a significant milestone in genetic research, because they provide people who hav
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scientists have long known that specific genes are associated with a number of serious diseases and birth defects. Scientists have used this knowledge to develop tests to identify defective genes, which are the result of 21 , a natural process that alters the genetic material.
Researchers have identified a large number of genes that are responsible for life-threatening conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, a disease that shortens people’s lives by attacking their lungs, and Huntington’s disease, a fatal brain condition. Once these genes are 22 , genetic tests for many such diseases become available. These tests can indicate if a person has a specific defective gene. By 2011, researchers had developed more than 2,000 genetic tests, which allow doctors to inform patients if they have 23 these genes and if they risk passing them to their children.
The tests are a significant 24 in genetic research, because they provide people who have genetic defects with important information. However, the tests also introduce complex ethical issues. If patients find out that they have a dangerous genetic defect, they may not know what to do. Their decision will depend on several factors. In some cases, identification of the gene only suggests the 25 that the patients will develop the disease associated with the gene. For example, women who have inherited the harmful BRCA gene mutation have a much higher chance of developing breast cancer than other women do.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「名詞搭配」。空格位於:
In some cases, identification of the gene only suggests the 25 that the patients will develop the disease associated with the gene.
句意為:「在某些情況下,確認該基因只表示患者將罹患與該基因相關疾病的__。」
後面的 that the patients will develop the disease 是完整子句,前面需要能表示「可能性、機率」的抽象名詞。四個選項中,只有 likelihood 符合語意與搭配。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
suggest the ___ that + 完整子句
其中 that the patients will develop... 說明「什麼事情可能發生」,因此空格應填入表示可能性的名詞。
likelihood 意為「可能性、機率」,常見搭配為:
- the likelihood that...:……的可能性
- increase the likelihood of...:增加……的可能性
- a high likelihood:高度可能性
代入後:
identification of the gene only suggests the likelihood that the patients will develop the disease...
意為:
確認該基因只能表示患者罹患該疾病的可能性。
這也符合後文:帶有有害 BRCA gene mutation 的女性,罹患乳癌的機率較高,但並不代表一定會罹患乳癌。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
In some cases, identification of the gene only suggests the likelihood that the patients will develop the disease associated with the gene.
翻譯:
在某些情況下,確認該基因只表示患者將罹患與該基因相關疾病的可能性。
下一句進一步舉例:
women who have inherited the harmful BRCA gene mutation have a much higher chance of developing breast cancer than other women do.
翻譯:
遺傳到有害 BRCA 基因突變的女性,罹患乳癌的機率比其他女性高得多。
likelihood 與 chance 皆可表示「可能性、機率」,前後語意互相呼應。
選項分析
(A) ingredient
ingredient 意為「成分、要素、要件」。
例如:
第 26 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Throughout Europe, one kind of chicken reigns supreme. The “Ross 308” is a breed developed specifically to grow rapidly -- in just 35 days, it can be 26 and packaged for sale. No other breed on the market is as quick to reach its ideal weight, but many come close.
Animal welfare activists take issue with the cruelty inherent in this factory-farming process, though, and have taken steps to change it. Their efforts in the UK 27 a measure of success, with big names like KFC agreeing to abide by the Better Chicken Commitment.
Entities that have signed the Better Chicken Commitment, an international initiative aimed at eliminating the use of fast-growing breeds like the Ross 308, agree to switch to slower-growing breeds by 2026. They will also monitor the welfare of the chickens they are responsible for and provide them with lower-density enclosures. Most chickens that people eat today 28 in cramped, inhumane conditions. When these circumstances combined with generations of breeding for rapid growth, the result is great suffering for the chickens involved. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found that these chickens are more 29 diseases and that they have much higher 30 rates when compared with slower-growing breeds.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「克漏字的語意判斷」與「被動語態的並列結構」。
關鍵句為:
in just 35 days, it can be slaughtered and packaged for sale.
僅僅 35 天內,牠就可以被宰殺並包裝出售。
句型為:
其中:
- can be slaughtered:可以被宰殺
- and packaged:並被包裝
- packaged 前省略與 slaughtered 相同的 can be,形成並列被動語態。
文章說 Ross 308 是一種「快速成長」的雞,35 天即可達到適合販售的體重,因此接著描述牠被宰殺、包裝後出售,語意最完整。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後:
it can be 26 and packaged for sale.
空格前已有 can be,空格後有過去分詞 packaged,因此空格應填入另一個與 packaged 並列的過去分詞,形成:
it can be slaughtered and packaged for sale
再根據上下文判斷:雞達到販售體重後,合理的處理流程是「宰殺並包裝出售」。因此選 slaughtered。
定位答案的文章線索包括:
grow rapidly -- in just 35 days, it can be 26 and packaged for sale.
快速成長——僅僅 35 天內,牠就可以被__並包裝出售。
關鍵單字與片語
- reign supreme:居於主導地位;最受普遍使用
- breed:品種
- developed specifically to:專門培育來……
- grow rapidly:快速成長
- ideal weight:理想體重;適合販售的體重
- slaughter:宰殺
- package:包裝
- for sale:供出售
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Throughout Europe, one kind of chicken reigns supreme. The “Ross 308” is a breed developed specifically to grow rapidly -- in just 35 days, it can be 26 and packaged for sale. No other breed on the market is as quick to reach its ideal weight, but many come close.
Animal welfare activists take issue with the cruelty inherent in this factory-farming process, though, and have taken steps to change it. Their efforts in the UK 27 a measure of success, with big names like KFC agreeing to abide by the Better Chicken Commitment.
Entities that have signed the Better Chicken Commitment, an international initiative aimed at eliminating the use of fast-growing breeds like the Ross 308, agree to switch to slower-growing breeds by 2026. They will also monitor the welfare of the chickens they are responsible for and provide them with lower-density enclosures. Most chickens that people eat today 28 in cramped, inhumane conditions. When these circumstances combined with generations of breeding for rapid growth, the result is great suffering for the chickens involved. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found that these chickens are more 29 diseases and that they have much higher 30 rates when compared with slower-growing breeds.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查「主詞動詞一致」與「現在完成式」:
空格所在句為:
Their efforts in the UK 27 a measure of success, with big names like KFC agreeing to abide by the Better Chicken Commitment.
主詞是 Their efforts,核心名詞 efforts 為複數,因此助動詞須用 have。又句意表示動物福利團體過去所做的努力,至今已在英國取得一定成果,適合使用現在完成式:
解題方法
-
判斷主詞:
Their efforts 指「他們的努力」,主詞中心字為複數名詞 efforts,故選 have,不能選 has。 -
判斷時態與動詞形式:
have 作為現在完成式的助動詞時,後面必須接過去分詞。
yield 的過去分詞為 yielded,因此形成 have yielded。 -
代回句意:
Their efforts in the UK have yielded a measure of success.
翻譯為:「他們在英國所付出的努力已取得一定程度的成功。」
文中下一段提到簽署 Better Chicken Commitment 的組織同意改用成長較慢的雞種、改善飼養環境,正是前文「努力取得成果」的具體說明。
選項分析
(A) has yielding
錯誤有兩點:
- efforts 是複數,不能搭配單數助動詞 has。
- 現在完成式應為「has/have + 過去分詞」,yielding 是現在分詞,不能接在 has 後面表達現在完成式。
(B) have yielded
正確。
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Throughout Europe, one kind of chicken reigns supreme. The “Ross 308” is a breed developed specifically to grow rapidly -- in just 35 days, it can be 26 and packaged for sale. No other breed on the market is as quick to reach its ideal weight, but many come close.
Animal welfare activists take issue with the cruelty inherent in this factory-farming process, though, and have taken steps to change it. Their efforts in the UK 27 a measure of success, with big names like KFC agreeing to abide by the Better Chicken Commitment.
Entities that have signed the Better Chicken Commitment, an international initiative aimed at eliminating the use of fast-growing breeds like the Ross 308, agree to switch to slower-growing breeds by 2026. They will also monitor the welfare of the chickens they are responsible for and provide them with lower-density enclosures. Most chickens that people eat today 28 in cramped, inhumane conditions. When these circumstances combined with generations of breeding for rapid growth, the result is great suffering for the chickens involved. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found that these chickens are more 29 diseases and that they have much higher 30 rates when compared with slower-growing breeds.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「現在簡單式被動語態」以及動詞 raise 與 rise 的用法辨析。
題幹句子為:
Most chickens that people eat today 28 in cramped, inhumane conditions.
主詞是 Most chickens,指「大多數雞隻」;雞隻是「被人飼養」,不是主動飼養其他事物,因此須使用被動語態:
本句有 today,描述現今普遍存在的情況,使用現在簡單式;主詞 chickens 為複數,因此 be 動詞使用 are。
are raised = 被飼養、被養大。
解題方法
先判斷語意:
Most chickens that people eat today are raised in cramped, inhumane conditions.
現今人們食用的大多數雞隻,都是在擁擠且不人道的環境中被飼養的。
「雞隻被飼養」是被動關係,因為飼養者是人或畜牧業者,雞隻本身是接受動作的對象。
再判斷動詞形式:
- 時態:現在簡單式
- 語態:被動
- 主詞:複數 chickens
- 結構:are + 過去分詞
因此答案為 are raised。
題幹前文也提到:
an initiative aimed at eliminating the use of fast-growing breeds like the Ross 308
一項旨在淘汰 Ross 308 等快速生長品種的倡議
全文持續討論雞隻的飼養方式,故此處的 raised 是「飼養」之意,不是「上升」。
選項分析
(A) are risen
錯誤。
rise 是不及物動詞,表示「上升、升起」,不能直接表示「飼養」。其過去分詞為 risen,但 are risen 不符合本句語意。
此外,雞隻並不是「被上升」;題意是雞隻「被飼養」。
(B) rise
錯誤。
rise 是不及物動詞,通常表示:
- 太陽升起:The sun rises.
- 價格上漲:Prices rise.
- 水位上升:The water rises.
本句需要「被飼養」的被動語態,不能使用單純的 rise。若填入後會變成:
Most chickens ... rise in cramped conditions.
意思是「大多數雞隻在擁擠環境中上升」,語意不通。
(C) raise
錯誤。
raise 是及物動詞,表示「舉起、提高、養育、飼養」,後面通常需要接受動作的受詞,例如:
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Throughout Europe, one kind of chicken reigns supreme. The “Ross 308” is a breed developed specifically to grow rapidly -- in just 35 days, it can be 26 and packaged for sale. No other breed on the market is as quick to reach its ideal weight, but many come close.
Animal welfare activists take issue with the cruelty inherent in this factory-farming process, though, and have taken steps to change it. Their efforts in the UK 27 a measure of success, with big names like KFC agreeing to abide by the Better Chicken Commitment.
Entities that have signed the Better Chicken Commitment, an international initiative aimed at eliminating the use of fast-growing breeds like the Ross 308, agree to switch to slower-growing breeds by 2026. They will also monitor the welfare of the chickens they are responsible for and provide them with lower-density enclosures. Most chickens that people eat today 28 in cramped, inhumane conditions. When these circumstances combined with generations of breeding for rapid growth, the result is great suffering for the chickens involved. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found that these chickens are more 29 diseases and that they have much higher 30 rates when compared with slower-growing breeds.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「形容詞搭配介系詞」及上下文語意判斷。
句型為:
susceptible to 表示「容易受到……影響;易感染……」,常用於疾病、傷害、誘惑或負面影響。
題目定位句為:
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found that these chickens are more 29 diseases.
文意是:
英國皇家防止虐待動物協會發現,與生長較慢的雞相比,這些雞更容易罹患疾病。
快速生長、飼養密度過高及不人道的環境,會使雞隻健康狀況較差,因此後文應接「更容易感染疾病」的形容詞片語。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的結構:
- 空格前:
are more - 空格後:
diseases
are more 後面需要接形容詞或形容詞片語,並且該片語必須能合理修飾「容易罹患疾病」的狀態。
be susceptible to diseases 是固定搭配,加入比較級後成為:
these chickens are more susceptible to diseases
意思是:
這些雞更容易罹患疾病。
因此第 29 題選 (B) susceptible to。
選項分析
(A) exorcized to
exorcize 是動詞,意為「驅魔、驅逐惡靈」,exorcized 是過去式或過去分詞。此處需要形容雞隻健康狀況的形容詞片語,而不是「被驅魔的」概念。
此外,exorcized to diseases 並非自然或正確的英文搭配,語意也與雞隻容易生病無關,因此錯誤。
(B) susceptible to
susceptible 是形容詞,意為「易受影響的;易感染的」,後面固定搭配介系詞 to。
be susceptible to diseases 意為「容易罹患疾病」,more susceptible to diseases 則是「更容易罹患疾病」,完全符合句法及文章語意,故正確。
(C) drown out
drown out 是片語動詞,意為「以較大的聲音蓋過、壓過」。例如:
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Throughout Europe, one kind of chicken reigns supreme. The “Ross 308” is a breed developed specifically to grow rapidly -- in just 35 days, it can be 26 and packaged for sale. No other breed on the market is as quick to reach its ideal weight, but many come close.
Animal welfare activists take issue with the cruelty inherent in this factory-farming process, though, and have taken steps to change it. Their efforts in the UK 27 a measure of success, with big names like KFC agreeing to abide by the Better Chicken Commitment.
Entities that have signed the Better Chicken Commitment, an international initiative aimed at eliminating the use of fast-growing breeds like the Ross 308, agree to switch to slower-growing breeds by 2026. They will also monitor the welfare of the chickens they are responsible for and provide them with lower-density enclosures. Most chickens that people eat today 28 in cramped, inhumane conditions. When these circumstances combined with generations of breeding for rapid growth, the result is great suffering for the chickens involved. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found that these chickens are more 29 diseases and that they have much higher 30 rates when compared with slower-growing breeds.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「固定搭配」。空格位於:
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found that these chickens are more 29 diseases and that they have much higher 30 rates when compared with slower-growing breeds.
句型為:
have higher + 名詞 + rates
擁有較高的某種率
空格後已有名詞 rates,因此空格應填入能與 rates 搭配、表示「死亡」的名詞 mortality,形成固定搭配 mortality rates,意為「死亡率」。
解題方法
先觀察比較結構:
much higher ___ rates when compared with slower-growing breeds
與生長較慢的品種相比,……率高得多
文章前文描述快速生長的雞種容易罹患疾病,並生活在擁擠、不人道的環境中。此處應延續負面結果,說明牠們的「死亡率」較高。
完整句子為:
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found that these chickens are more susceptible to diseases and that they have much higher mortality rates when compared with slower-growing breeds.
翻譯:
英國皇家防止虐待動物協會發現,這些雞比較容易罹患疾病;與生長較慢的品種相比,牠們的死亡率也高得多。
因此答案為 mortality。
選項分析
(A) mortality(死亡;死亡率)
正確。mortality rate 是固定搭配,意為「死亡率」。句中指出快速生長的雞因疾病與飼養環境而承受較大痛苦,與生長較慢品種相比具有較高的死亡率,語意完整自然。
(B) multitask(多工處理;同時處理多項工作)
錯誤。multitask 通常作動詞,表示「同時處理多項工作」,也可作名詞,但不會與 rates 搭配成有意義的片語。
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
According to Wikipedia, an urban legend is “a modern genre of stories rooted in local popular culture, usually comprising fictional stories that are often presented as true, with macabre or humorous elements.” Some urban legends are outright horror stories meant to scare people. They are explicit in their warnings of government conspiracies, attacks by criminals, and so forth. Others are ridiculous graphic tales intended to shock. An urban legend may be based on reality, but over time it can take on the outlandish proportions of myth.
While the term “urban legend” dates back to at least as far as the late 1960s, the advent of the Internet has massively increased both the number and range of urban legends. Two that regularly pop up are the “email tax” and the story of Craig Shergold. The email tax legend says that the US Postal Service is going to impose a five-cent tax on every email sent to make up for lost postage fees, since people now send electronic mail instead of using the postal system. The Shergold legend for its part, was initially true. It tells of a young British boy with a cancerous brain tumor who wanted to enter the Guinness Book of World Records by way of a chain letter campaign. Although notice was given that the boy was cured in 1991, he was still receiving thousands of letters and business cards as late as 2013.
Needless to say, many people have been affected by urban legends because they’re gullible and get embroiled in stories with fantastic themes. Attempting to serve as definitive sources of truth, several urban legend investigative bodies have emerged. Two of the better known are the websites Snopes.com and the television program Mythbusters. While Snopes.com generally limits itself to research, Mythbusters conducts entertaining experiments to test the veracity of myths old and new.
Some urban legends are so convincing, however, that laws are enacted because of them. One example is the falsehood that using a cell phone while pumping gasoline can ignite the fumes. Fire department testing and other experiments have proven this is not true. The likely culprit is static electric discharge when people touch the metal pump handles.
There’s no doubt that urban legends will continue to permeate our culture and shape our world. Nevertheless, the efforts of dedicated truth-seekers may help keep us rooted in reality despite our instinctive attraction to the sensational.
What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「作者寫作目的」(author’s purpose)。判斷重點不是只找文章提到的單一細節,而是統整全文主旨,確認作者希望讀者閱讀後得到什麼觀念。
本文先定義都市傳說(urban legend),接著舉出電子郵件課稅、Craig Shergold、手機加油引發火災等例子,說明都市傳說常被誤信,最後提醒讀者應保持理性,不要輕易相信聳動故事。
關鍵語意包括:
- urban legend:都市傳說
- rooted in local popular culture:根植於地方流行文化
- comprising fictional stories:由虛構故事組成
- presented as true:被呈現為真實事件
- macabre:恐怖的、陰森的
- outlandish:荒誕離奇的
- advent of the Internet:網際網路的出現
- pop up:突然出現、反覆流傳
- chain letter campaign:連鎖信活動
- gullible:輕信他人的、容易受騙的
- get embroiled in:捲入
- definitive source of truth:權威、最終的真相來源
- veracity:真實性
- falsehood:錯誤說法、謊言
- ignite the fumes:點燃汽油蒸氣
- permeate our culture:滲透我們的文化
- rooted in reality:立足於現實
- sensational:聳動的、煽情的
解題方法
先觀察全文的論述方向:
- 第一段介紹都市傳說的定義與特徵。
- 第二段列舉網路時代常見的都市傳說。
- 第三段說明人們容易受騙,以及 Snopes.com、Mythbusters 如何查證。
- 第四段以「手機加油會引發火災」為例,說明錯誤傳言甚至會影響法律與公共觀念。
- 第五段總結:真相追尋者能幫助人們保持理性,抵抗對聳動故事的本能喜好。
定位答案的關鍵句是:
“Nevertheless, the efforts of dedicated truth-seekers may help keep us rooted in reality despite our instinctive attraction to the sensational.”
翻譯為:
「儘管如此,真相追尋者的努力,或許能幫助我們立足於現實,抵抗我們本能上對聳動事物的喜愛。」
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
According to Wikipedia, an urban legend is “a modern genre of stories rooted in local popular culture, usually comprising fictional stories that are often presented as true, with macabre or humorous elements.” Some urban legends are outright horror stories meant to scare people. They are explicit in their warnings of government conspiracies, attacks by criminals, and so forth. Others are ridiculous graphic tales intended to shock. An urban legend may be based on reality, but over time it can take on the outlandish proportions of myth.
While the term “urban legend” dates back to at least as far as the late 1960s, the advent of the Internet has massively increased both the number and range of urban legends. Two that regularly pop up are the “email tax” and the story of Craig Shergold. The email tax legend says that the US Postal Service is going to impose a five-cent tax on every email sent to make up for lost postage fees, since people now send electronic mail instead of using the postal system. The Shergold legend for its part, was initially true. It tells of a young British boy with a cancerous brain tumor who wanted to enter the Guinness Book of World Records by way of a chain letter campaign. Although notice was given that the boy was cured in 1991, he was still receiving thousands of letters and business cards as late as 2013.
Needless to say, many people have been affected by urban legends because they’re gullible and get embroiled in stories with fantastic themes. Attempting to serve as definitive sources of truth, several urban legend investigative bodies have emerged. Two of the better known are the websites Snopes.com and the television program Mythbusters. While Snopes.com generally limits itself to research, Mythbusters conducts entertaining experiments to test the veracity of myths old and new.
Some urban legends are so convincing, however, that laws are enacted because of them. One example is the falsehood that using a cell phone while pumping gasoline can ignite the fumes. Fire department testing and other experiments have proven this is not true. The likely culprit is static electric discharge when people touch the metal pump handles.
There’s no doubt that urban legends will continue to permeate our culture and shape our world. Nevertheless, the efforts of dedicated truth-seekers may help keep us rooted in reality despite our instinctive attraction to the sensational.
What attitude does the author take toward urban legends in the first paragraph?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者態度判斷」,重點是辨識第一段對 urban legends(都市傳說)的整體描述與情感色彩。
第一段先說明都市傳說常包含:
- fictional stories:虛構故事
- presented as true:被呈現成真實事件
- macabre or humorous elements:恐怖陰森或幽默的元素
- horror stories meant to scare people:旨在嚇人的恐怖故事
- ridiculous graphic tales intended to shock:意在造成震撼的荒誕、具畫面感的故事
- outlandish proportions of myth:逐漸發展成荒誕離奇的神話規模
校方釋疑指出,題目中的關鍵語意包括:
- horrors:極度令人不快或恐懼的經驗
- shock:發生極度恐怖或令人不安之事後,人的情緒與生理狀態
- scare:使人害怕、驚恐或憂慮
因此,第一段主要突顯都市傳說具有「令人恐懼、造成驚嚇」的特質,四個選項中以 D 最符合。
解題方法
先鎖定題目問的是:
What attitude does the author take toward urban legends in the first paragraph?
作者在第一段對都市傳說抱持什麼態度?
解題時不能只看全文後半段對都市傳說真偽的評論,而要以「第一段」為主要判斷範圍。
定位答案的關鍵句是:
Some urban legends are outright horror stories meant to scare people.
有些都市傳說根本就是用來嚇人的恐怖故事。
以及:
Others are ridiculous graphic tales intended to shock.
其他都市傳說則是荒誕、具強烈畫面感,意在造成震撼的故事。
其中:
- meant to scare people 表示「目的在使人害怕」
- intended to shock 表示「意圖造成震撼或驚嚇」
這兩句直接呈現第一段最突出的情緒效果:恐怖與驚嚇。因此選擇 D。
選項分析
(A) He believes all of them.
他相信所有都市傳說。
錯誤。第一段只是在介紹都市傳說的性質,沒有表示作者相信每一則傳說。文章後文還提到 Snopes.com 與 Mythbusters,專門調查及驗證都市傳說的真偽,顯示作者並非盲目信任這些故事。
(B) He thinks they are all entertaining.
他認為所有都市傳說都很有娛樂性。
錯誤。文章確實提到 humorous elements(幽默元素),也說 Mythbusters conducts entertaining experiments(進行有娛樂性的實驗),但這些內容不能推論「所有都市傳說都很有娛樂性」。第一段明確指出有些傳說是 horror stories,重點在恐嚇,不是娛樂。
此外,all 是全稱字,將部分情形擴大成全部,容易形成過度推論。
(C) He is generally skeptical of them.
他大致上對都市傳說抱持懷疑態度。
此選項有部分合理性,但不是本題最佳答案。從全文來看,作者確實提到:
- Snopes.com 研究都市傳說
- Mythbusters 以實驗檢驗神話真偽
- 使用手機加油會引燃油氣的說法已被實驗證明不正確
因此,若題目問「作者對都市傳說的整體態度」,C 可由全文推知。
然而,本題限定問「in the first paragraph」。第一段的焦點不是作者是否懷疑都市傳說,而是描述這類故事常帶有恐怖、驚嚇、荒誕等特質。
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
According to Wikipedia, an urban legend is “a modern genre of stories rooted in local popular culture, usually comprising fictional stories that are often presented as true, with macabre or humorous elements.” Some urban legends are outright horror stories meant to scare people. They are explicit in their warnings of government conspiracies, attacks by criminals, and so forth. Others are ridiculous graphic tales intended to shock. An urban legend may be based on reality, but over time it can take on the outlandish proportions of myth.
While the term “urban legend” dates back to at least as far as the late 1960s, the advent of the Internet has massively increased both the number and range of urban legends. Two that regularly pop up are the “email tax” and the story of Craig Shergold. The email tax legend says that the US Postal Service is going to impose a five-cent tax on every email sent to make up for lost postage fees, since people now send electronic mail instead of using the postal system. The Shergold legend for its part, was initially true. It tells of a young British boy with a cancerous brain tumor who wanted to enter the Guinness Book of World Records by way of a chain letter campaign. Although notice was given that the boy was cured in 1991, he was still receiving thousands of letters and business cards as late as 2013.
Needless to say, many people have been affected by urban legends because they’re gullible and get embroiled in stories with fantastic themes. Attempting to serve as definitive sources of truth, several urban legend investigative bodies have emerged. Two of the better known are the websites Snopes.com and the television program Mythbusters. While Snopes.com generally limits itself to research, Mythbusters conducts entertaining experiments to test the veracity of myths old and new.
Some urban legends are so convincing, however, that laws are enacted because of them. One example is the falsehood that using a cell phone while pumping gasoline can ignite the fumes. Fire department testing and other experiments have proven this is not true. The likely culprit is static electric discharge when people touch the metal pump handles.
There’s no doubt that urban legends will continue to permeate our culture and shape our world. Nevertheless, the efforts of dedicated truth-seekers may help keep us rooted in reality despite our instinctive attraction to the sensational.
What is the purpose of the second paragraph?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「段落主旨與寫作目的」。解題重點不是逐句翻譯,而是判斷第二段在全文中的功能:作者寫這一段,主要想達成什麼目的。
判斷段落目的時,應觀察:
- 段落開頭提出的主題。
- 段落中反覆出現的資訊。
- 段落列舉哪些具體內容。
- 這些內容如何支持段落主旨。
解題方法
第二段開頭先說明:
While the term “urban legend” dates back to at least as far as the late 1960s, the advent of the Internet has massively increased both the number and range of urban legends.
翻譯為:
雖然「都市傳說」這個詞至少可以追溯到 1960 年代末期,但網際網路的出現大幅增加了都市傳說的數量與種類。
接著,文章以 Two 開始,明確列出兩個都市傳說:
Two that regularly pop up are the “email tax” and the story of Craig Shergold.
翻譯為:
其中兩個經常出現的都市傳說,是「電子郵件稅」以及 Craig Shergold 的故事。
後文便分別說明:
- 「電子郵件稅」傳說:美國郵政服務將對每封寄出的電子郵件課徵五美分。
- Craig Shergold 的故事:一名罹患腦瘤的英國男孩,透過連鎖信活動,希望創下《金氏世界紀錄》;即使他在 1991 年已痊癒,仍持續收到大量信件與名片。
因此,本段的主要功能是「舉出都市傳說的知名例子並加以說明」,故選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) To explain the origins of the term “urban legend.”
說明「urban legend」一詞的起源。
本段雖然提到這個詞可追溯至 1960 年代末期,但這只是背景資訊,並非本段重點。段落主要篇幅都在介紹「email tax」與 Craig Shergold 的故事,沒有詳細說明該詞的命名來源或歷史起源,因此錯誤。
(B) To persuade people to use the postal system more often.
勸說人們更常使用郵政系統。
文章提到電子郵件取代傳統郵件,並描述「email tax」都市傳說的內容,但作者沒有鼓勵讀者使用郵政系統,也沒有提出支持郵政系統的論點。「since people now send electronic mail instead of using the postal system」只是傳說中的理由,不是作者的主張,因此錯誤。
(C) To provide some famous examples of urban legends.
提供一些著名的都市傳說例子。
本段先說明網際網路使都市傳說的數量與種類增加,隨後明確介紹兩個經常流傳的例子:
- 「email tax」
- Craig Shergold 的故事
這兩個例子正是用來具體呈現都市傳說的內容與傳播方式,符合本段目的,因此正確。
(D) To tell people to stop writing letters to Craig Shergold.
告訴人們停止寫信給 Craig Shergold。
段落確實提到 Craig Shergold 即使痊癒後仍收到大量信件與名片,但作者是在敘述這個都市傳說的流傳情形,沒有直接命令讀者停止寄信,也沒有把「停止寫信」作為段落主旨。因此錯誤。
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
According to Wikipedia, an urban legend is “a modern genre of stories rooted in local popular culture, usually comprising fictional stories that are often presented as true, with macabre or humorous elements.” Some urban legends are outright horror stories meant to scare people. They are explicit in their warnings of government conspiracies, attacks by criminals, and so forth. Others are ridiculous graphic tales intended to shock. An urban legend may be based on reality, but over time it can take on the outlandish proportions of myth.
While the term “urban legend” dates back to at least as far as the late 1960s, the advent of the Internet has massively increased both the number and range of urban legends. Two that regularly pop up are the “email tax” and the story of Craig Shergold. The email tax legend says that the US Postal Service is going to impose a five-cent tax on every email sent to make up for lost postage fees, since people now send electronic mail instead of using the postal system. The Shergold legend for its part, was initially true. It tells of a young British boy with a cancerous brain tumor who wanted to enter the Guinness Book of World Records by way of a chain letter campaign. Although notice was given that the boy was cured in 1991, he was still receiving thousands of letters and business cards as late as 2013.
Needless to say, many people have been affected by urban legends because they’re gullible and get embroiled in stories with fantastic themes. Attempting to serve as definitive sources of truth, several urban legend investigative bodies have emerged. Two of the better known are the websites Snopes.com and the television program Mythbusters. While Snopes.com generally limits itself to research, Mythbusters conducts entertaining experiments to test the veracity of myths old and new.
Some urban legends are so convincing, however, that laws are enacted because of them. One example is the falsehood that using a cell phone while pumping gasoline can ignite the fumes. Fire department testing and other experiments have proven this is not true. The likely culprit is static electric discharge when people touch the metal pump handles.
There’s no doubt that urban legends will continue to permeate our culture and shape our world. Nevertheless, the efforts of dedicated truth-seekers may help keep us rooted in reality despite our instinctive attraction to the sensational.
Why does the author begin the third paragraph with the phrase “Needless to say”?
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核心觀念
本題考查英文慣用語及閱讀語意判斷。
句首的 Needless to say 是慣用片語,意思是「不用說也知道」、「不言而喻」。它用來表示後面的資訊十分明顯,作者認為讀者可以直接推知,因此沒有必要特別加以說明。
句型可理解為:
Needless to say, S + V...
不用說,……;不言而喻,……
解題方法
定位第三段開頭句:
“Needless to say, many people have been affected by urban legends because they’re gullible and get embroiled in stories with fantastic themes.”
翻譯:
「不用說,許多人都受到都市傳說的影響,因為他們容易受騙,並且陷入具有奇幻主題的故事中。」
前文已說明都市傳說具有恐怖、荒誕、聳動等內容,也舉出電子郵件稅、Craig Shergold 等都市傳說的例子。由此可自然推知,容易相信這些故事的人會受到都市傳說影響。因此作者使用 Needless to say,表示這項資訊「很明顯、不需要特別解釋」。
文法與語意重點
- needless:不必要的
- to say:去說、加以說明
- Needless to say:不言而喻;不用說也知道
- be affected by:受到……影響
- gullible:容易受騙的;輕信的
- get embroiled in:陷入……;捲入……
- fantastic themes:奇幻的主題
- because 引導原因副詞子句,說明人們受到都市傳說影響的原因。
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
According to Wikipedia, an urban legend is “a modern genre of stories rooted in local popular culture, usually comprising fictional stories that are often presented as true, with macabre or humorous elements.” Some urban legends are outright horror stories meant to scare people. They are explicit in their warnings of government conspiracies, attacks by criminals, and so forth. Others are ridiculous graphic tales intended to shock. An urban legend may be based on reality, but over time it can take on the outlandish proportions of myth.
While the term “urban legend” dates back to at least as far as the late 1960s, the advent of the Internet has massively increased both the number and range of urban legends. Two that regularly pop up are the “email tax” and the story of Craig Shergold. The email tax legend says that the US Postal Service is going to impose a five-cent tax on every email sent to make up for lost postage fees, since people now send electronic mail instead of using the postal system. The Shergold legend for its part, was initially true. It tells of a young British boy with a cancerous brain tumor who wanted to enter the Guinness Book of World Records by way of a chain letter campaign. Although notice was given that the boy was cured in 1991, he was still receiving thousands of letters and business cards as late as 2013.
Needless to say, many people have been affected by urban legends because they’re gullible and get embroiled in stories with fantastic themes. Attempting to serve as definitive sources of truth, several urban legend investigative bodies have emerged. Two of the better known are the websites Snopes.com and the television program Mythbusters. While Snopes.com generally limits itself to research, Mythbusters conducts entertaining experiments to test the veracity of myths old and new.
Some urban legends are so convincing, however, that laws are enacted because of them. One example is the falsehood that using a cell phone while pumping gasoline can ignite the fumes. Fire department testing and other experiments have proven this is not true. The likely culprit is static electric discharge when people touch the metal pump handles.
There’s no doubt that urban legends will continue to permeate our culture and shape our world. Nevertheless, the efforts of dedicated truth-seekers may help keep us rooted in reality despite our instinctive attraction to the sensational.
What tone does the author take in the final paragraph?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者語氣(tone)」判斷。
判斷語氣時,不能只看單一字詞,而要觀察:
- 段落整體是在表達正面、負面或中性的態度。
- 作者使用的情態動詞與評價性詞語。
- 段落最後對未來的預測與結論。
本題四個選項的語氣如下:
- doubtful:懷疑的、不確定的
- hopeful:抱持希望的、樂觀的
- enraged:憤怒的、震怒的
- depressed:沮喪的、消沉的
解題方法
題目問:「What tone does the author take in the final paragraph?」也就是問作者在最後一段採取何種態度。
最後一段的關鍵句是:
There’s no doubt that urban legends will continue to permeate our culture and shape our world. Nevertheless, the efforts of dedicated truth-seekers may help keep us rooted in reality despite our instinctive attraction to the sensational.
翻譯如下:
毫無疑問,都市傳說將持續滲透我們的文化並形塑我們的世界。然而,儘管人類本能地容易被聳動內容吸引,認真追求真相的人所付出的努力,仍有助於使我們立足於現實。
其中 Nevertheless 表示「然而、儘管如此」,用來引出作者較為正面的轉折。
作者承認都市傳說會持續存在,甚至會影響文化與世界;但是,作者也指出 Snopes.com、Mythbusters 等查證真相的努力,能幫助人們保持理性、避免脫離現實。因此,整段雖然提到問題,結論仍然是正面且帶有希望的。
所以作者的語氣是 hopeful(抱持希望的)。
關鍵單字與片語
- urban legend:都市傳說
- permeate:滲透、遍布
- shape our world:形塑我們的世界
- There’s no doubt that...:毫無疑問……
- Nevertheless:然而、儘管如此
- dedicated:投入的、認真的
- truth-seeker:追求真相的人
- keep someone rooted in reality:使某人立足於現實
- instinctive attraction:本能的吸引力
- sensational:聳人聽聞的、煽情的
文法與語意重點
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Most of Africa is a series of stable, ancient plateau surfaces, low in the north and west and higher in the south and east. The plateau is composed mainly of metamorphic rock that has been overlaid in places by sedimentary rock. The escarpment of the plateau is often in close proximity to the coast, thus leaving the continent with a generally narrow coastal plain; in addition, the escarpment forms barriers of falls and rapids in the lower courses of rivers that impede their use as transportation routes into the interior. The entire African continent is surrounded by a narrow continental shelf. The lowest point on the continent is 155 meters below sea level in Lake Assal in Djibouti; the highest point is Mt. Uhuru, a peak of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, at 5,895 meters in elevation.
The continent’s largest river is the Nile, which is also the world’s longest river. The largest lake is Victoria, which is the world’s second largest freshwater lake. There are a number of other rivers and lakes throughout the continent. These lakes and major rivers form an important inland transportation system.
Geologists have long noted the excellent fit between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa 76 million years ago, when the floor of the South Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading. There is also evidence of one-time connections between Northwest Africa and Eastern North America, North Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and Southeast Africa and Antarctica.
76 million years is, of course, a blink of an eye in geological time. The long-term future of Africa as a continent is therefore bleak; although we are accustomed to thinking of Africa as an ancient land and as the birthplace of humanity, it is just as susceptible to the geological forces of a cooling planet as the other continents. Having been formed by these forces, it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.
Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷(main idea)」。
判斷文章主旨時,應觀察:
- 文章是否涵蓋多個段落與不同面向。
- 選項是否能概括全文,而非只對應其中一個細節。
- 文章的主要名詞與內容是否反覆圍繞同一主題。
本文依序介紹非洲的:
- 地形與地質構造
- 海岸、河流、湖泊與交通
- 大陸漂移及地質形成
- 非洲在地質時間尺度下的未來
因此,全文主題是「非洲大陸的地理特徵與地質概況」。
解題方法
本題應採取「段落整合」而非「關鍵字配對」:
- 第一段:介紹非洲的高原、岩石、陡崖、海岸平原、陸棚,以及最高點與最低點。
- 第二段:介紹尼羅河、維多利亞湖及內陸水運。
- 第三段:說明非洲與其他大陸的地質連結、盤古大陸及大陸分裂。
- 第四段:討論非洲未來可能受到地質力量影響而改變。
各段雖然分別談地形、水文與地質歷史,但都屬於非洲大陸的自然地理。因此最能統整全文的選項是 The geography of the African continent。
定位答案的關鍵句
文章開頭即直接總述非洲的自然地理:
“Most of Africa is a series of stable, ancient plateau surfaces, low in the north and west and higher in the south and east.”
翻譯:非洲大部分地區是由一連串穩定而古老的高原地表所構成,北部與西部地勢較低,南部與東部地勢較高。
此外,全文還補充河流、湖泊、大陸棚、海岸、地質構造與大陸形成史,顯示文章範圍並非單一地理景觀,而是全面介紹非洲大陸的地理。
第四段也將討論拉回非洲作為一個大陸的整體:
“The long-term future of Africa as a continent is therefore bleak…”
翻譯:因此,非洲作為一個大陸的長期未來並不樂觀。
這些內容共同支持 The geography of the African continent。
選項分析
(A) The diversity of Africa’s people.
意為「非洲人民的多樣性」。
本文完全沒有討論非洲的人口、民族、語言、文化或社會組成。文章談的是高原、河流、湖泊、海岸與地質變遷,故此選項與文章內容不符。
(B) The longest river in the world.
意為「世界上最長的河流」。
文章確實提到尼羅河:
“The continent’s largest river is the Nile, which is also the world’s longest river.”
翻譯:非洲最大的河流是尼羅河,而尼羅河也是世界上最長的河流。
但這只是第二段中的一項資訊,文章同時討論地形、湖泊、海岸與大陸地質歷史,因此尼羅河並非全文主旨。此選項只概括了文章的一個細節,範圍過窄。
(C) The formation of the continents in Africa.
意為「非洲各大陸的形成」。
第三段確實說明非洲曾是盤古大陸的一部分,並提到 Gondwanaland、大西洋海床擴張,以及非洲與其他大陸之間的過去連結。然而,這部分只占全文的一段,並非文章全部內容。
此外,選項中的 the continents in Africa 語意也不自然。非洲本身是一個大陸,文章主要討論的是「非洲大陸的地理」,不是「位於非洲境內的多個大陸」。因此此選項雖涉及文章部分內容,仍不足以概括全文。
(D) The geography of the African continent.
意為「非洲大陸的地理」。
此選項能涵蓋全文內容,包括:
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Most of Africa is a series of stable, ancient plateau surfaces, low in the north and west and higher in the south and east. The plateau is composed mainly of metamorphic rock that has been overlaid in places by sedimentary rock. The escarpment of the plateau is often in close proximity to the coast, thus leaving the continent with a generally narrow coastal plain; in addition, the escarpment forms barriers of falls and rapids in the lower courses of rivers that impede their use as transportation routes into the interior. The entire African continent is surrounded by a narrow continental shelf. The lowest point on the continent is 155 meters below sea level in Lake Assal in Djibouti; the highest point is Mt. Uhuru, a peak of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, at 5,895 meters in elevation.
The continent’s largest river is the Nile, which is also the world’s longest river. The largest lake is Victoria, which is the world’s second largest freshwater lake. There are a number of other rivers and lakes throughout the continent. These lakes and major rivers form an important inland transportation system.
Geologists have long noted the excellent fit between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa 76 million years ago, when the floor of the South Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading. There is also evidence of one-time connections between Northwest Africa and Eastern North America, North Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and Southeast Africa and Antarctica.
76 million years is, of course, a blink of an eye in geological time. The long-term future of Africa as a continent is therefore bleak; although we are accustomed to thinking of Africa as an ancient land and as the birthplace of humanity, it is just as susceptible to the geological forces of a cooling planet as the other continents. Having been formed by these forces, it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.
What is the main idea in the third paragraph?
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核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀測驗中的「段落主旨(main idea)」判斷。解題重點是區分:
- 主旨:涵蓋整段內容的核心概念。
- 細節:只涉及段落中的單一名詞、時間、地點或例子。
- 過度延伸:選項加入文章未主張的內容,或把部分資訊誇大成全文重點。
第三段主要說明非洲過去曾與哪些大陸相連,以及這些大陸後來如何因地質作用而分離,因此應選能概括「非洲與其他大陸的歷史連結與分離」的選項。
解題方法
先觀察第三段的內容發展:
- 非洲幾內亞灣海岸與南美洲巴西海岸高度吻合。
- 非洲曾是古代超大陸 Pangaea 的中心。
- Pangaea 在侏羅紀時期分裂,形成包含非洲、其他南方大陸與印度的 Gondwanaland。
- 南美洲後來與非洲分離。
- 非洲西北部、北非、馬達加斯加及東南非洲,過去也曾分別與北美洲、歐洲、印度及南極洲相連。
因此,本段不是只介紹侏羅紀,也不是討論現代非洲的地質災害,而是以多個例子說明「非洲過去曾與其他大陸相連」。
定位答案的關鍵句
“Geologists have long noted the excellent fit between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea.”
翻譯:
「地質學家長期注意到,非洲幾內亞灣一帶的海岸線與南美洲巴西海岸線非常吻合;他們也有證據顯示,非洲曾是稱為盤古大陸的大型祖先超大陸的中心。」
另外,段末列舉:
“There is also evidence of one-time connections between Northwest Africa and Eastern North America, North Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and Southeast Africa and Antarctica.”
翻譯:
「也有證據顯示,非洲西北部與北美洲東部、北非與歐洲、馬達加斯加與印度,以及非洲東南部與南極洲,過去曾經相連。」
這兩句直接確立本段主旨:非洲過去與其他大陸具有連結關係。
選項分析
(A) The Jurassic period.
侏羅紀時期。
錯誤。侏羅紀只是第三段提到的時間背景之一,文章說明 Pangaea 在侏羅紀開始分裂,但本段並非專門介紹侏羅紀。此選項只抓到單一細節,無法涵蓋非洲與南美洲、北美洲、歐洲、印度及南極洲的歷史連結。
(B) Modern geological disturbances in Africa.
非洲現代的地質擾動。
錯誤。第三段談的是古代大陸分裂、海底擴張及大陸漂移等地質歷史,並非現代非洲正在發生的地質災害或地殼活動。現代地質作用與非洲未來的變化,主要出現在第四段。
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Most of Africa is a series of stable, ancient plateau surfaces, low in the north and west and higher in the south and east. The plateau is composed mainly of metamorphic rock that has been overlaid in places by sedimentary rock. The escarpment of the plateau is often in close proximity to the coast, thus leaving the continent with a generally narrow coastal plain; in addition, the escarpment forms barriers of falls and rapids in the lower courses of rivers that impede their use as transportation routes into the interior. The entire African continent is surrounded by a narrow continental shelf. The lowest point on the continent is 155 meters below sea level in Lake Assal in Djibouti; the highest point is Mt. Uhuru, a peak of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, at 5,895 meters in elevation.
The continent’s largest river is the Nile, which is also the world’s longest river. The largest lake is Victoria, which is the world’s second largest freshwater lake. There are a number of other rivers and lakes throughout the continent. These lakes and major rivers form an important inland transportation system.
Geologists have long noted the excellent fit between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa 76 million years ago, when the floor of the South Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading. There is also evidence of one-time connections between Northwest Africa and Eastern North America, North Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and Southeast Africa and Antarctica.
76 million years is, of course, a blink of an eye in geological time. The long-term future of Africa as a continent is therefore bleak; although we are accustomed to thinking of Africa as an ancient land and as the birthplace of humanity, it is just as susceptible to the geological forces of a cooling planet as the other continents. Having been formed by these forces, it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.
Compared to the lakes around the world, Lake Victoria ______.
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核心觀念
本題為英文閱讀理解,考查:
- 根據文章明示資訊定位答案
- 比較級與最高級的語意判讀
- 地理相關單字與片語理解
- 選項是否符合原文敘述
題目問:
Compared to the lakes around the world, Lake Victoria ______.
意思是:「與全世界的湖泊相比,維多利亞湖……」
答題關鍵在於直接尋找文章中對 Lake Victoria 的描述。
解題方法
文章第二段明確指出:
The largest lake is Victoria, which is the world’s second largest freshwater lake.
翻譯:
最大的湖泊是維多利亞湖,它是世界第二大的淡水湖。
其中:
- the world’s second largest freshwater lake
世界第二大的淡水湖 - second largest
第二大的 - freshwater lake
淡水湖
題目選項中,只有 (A) is the second-largest freshwater lake in the world 完整符合原文資訊,因此答案為 A。
文法與語意重點
- the second-largest + 名詞
the second-largest freshwater lake 表示「第二大的淡水湖」。
largest是最高級,表示「最大的」second-largest表示「第二大的」the通常置於最高級或序位最高級前
例:
- the largest river:最大的河流
- the second-largest city:第二大的城市
- the third-highest mountain:第三高的山
- which 引導非限定關係子句
原句:
Victoria, which is the world’s second largest freshwater lake
which 指代前面的 Victoria,補充說明維多利亞湖的地位。這部分是補充資訊,前後以逗號隔開。
- Compared to...
Compared to the lakes around the world 是分詞片語,意思是「與全世界的湖泊相比」。題目要求比較 Lake Victoria 在全球湖泊中的排名,因此必須選擇描述其世界排名的選項。
關鍵單字與片語
- continent:大陸
- plateau:高原
- surface:表面
- metamorphic rock:變質岩
- sedimentary rock:沉積岩
- escarpment:陡坡、斷崖
- coastal plain:沿海平原
- barrier:障礙、阻礙
- falls and rapids:瀑布與急流
- transportation route:運輸路線
- continental shelf:大陸棚
- freshwater lake:淡水湖
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Most of Africa is a series of stable, ancient plateau surfaces, low in the north and west and higher in the south and east. The plateau is composed mainly of metamorphic rock that has been overlaid in places by sedimentary rock. The escarpment of the plateau is often in close proximity to the coast, thus leaving the continent with a generally narrow coastal plain; in addition, the escarpment forms barriers of falls and rapids in the lower courses of rivers that impede their use as transportation routes into the interior. The entire African continent is surrounded by a narrow continental shelf. The lowest point on the continent is 155 meters below sea level in Lake Assal in Djibouti; the highest point is Mt. Uhuru, a peak of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, at 5,895 meters in elevation.
The continent’s largest river is the Nile, which is also the world’s longest river. The largest lake is Victoria, which is the world’s second largest freshwater lake. There are a number of other rivers and lakes throughout the continent. These lakes and major rivers form an important inland transportation system.
Geologists have long noted the excellent fit between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa 76 million years ago, when the floor of the South Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading. There is also evidence of one-time connections between Northwest Africa and Eastern North America, North Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and Southeast Africa and Antarctica.
76 million years is, of course, a blink of an eye in geological time. The long-term future of Africa as a continent is therefore bleak; although we are accustomed to thinking of Africa as an ancient land and as the birthplace of humanity, it is just as susceptible to the geological forces of a cooling planet as the other continents. Having been formed by these forces, it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.
The author thinks that the history of Africa is _____.
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀測驗,考「文章主旨與作者觀點判讀」,並結合:
- 語意判斷:根據作者對非洲地質歷史長短的評價選答案。
- 比較級與時間尺度:將「76 million years」放在 geological time(地質時間)中衡量。
- 轉折語氣:掌握 although 所引導的讓步,以及 therefore 所引導的結論。
文章先介紹非洲的地形、河流、湖泊與大陸漂移歷史,最後轉入作者的核心觀點:非洲雖被視為古老大陸,但從地質學尺度看,其存在時間並不長,未來也可能消失。
解題方法
定位文章末段的關鍵句:
76 million years is, of course, a blink of an eye in geological time.
7,600 萬年在地質時間中,當然只是轉瞬即逝的一瞬間。
blink of an eye 是慣用語,意為「一眨眼、極短的時間」。作者明確表示,7,600 萬年相較於地質時間非常短。
接著文章指出:
Having been formed by these forces, it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.
非洲既然是由這些地質力量形成的,1 億年後,很可能不會仍存在一個類似非洲的大陸。
這表示作者認為非洲的地質歷史與存在時間,在漫長的地球地質演變中是極短的,因此選擇 extremely short。
語意與文法重點
- although we are accustomed to thinking of Africa as an ancient land...
- although:雖然,引導讓步子句。
- be accustomed to V-ing:習慣於做某事。
- think of A as B:把 A 視為 B。
全句意為:「雖然我們習慣把非洲視為古老的土地,也是人類的發源地……」
這裡的 although 顯示作者承認一般人對非洲的印象,隨後卻提出相反的地質時間觀點。
- it is just as susceptible to the geological forces... as the other continents
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Most of Africa is a series of stable, ancient plateau surfaces, low in the north and west and higher in the south and east. The plateau is composed mainly of metamorphic rock that has been overlaid in places by sedimentary rock. The escarpment of the plateau is often in close proximity to the coast, thus leaving the continent with a generally narrow coastal plain; in addition, the escarpment forms barriers of falls and rapids in the lower courses of rivers that impede their use as transportation routes into the interior. The entire African continent is surrounded by a narrow continental shelf. The lowest point on the continent is 155 meters below sea level in Lake Assal in Djibouti; the highest point is Mt. Uhuru, a peak of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, at 5,895 meters in elevation.
The continent’s largest river is the Nile, which is also the world’s longest river. The largest lake is Victoria, which is the world’s second largest freshwater lake. There are a number of other rivers and lakes throughout the continent. These lakes and major rivers form an important inland transportation system.
Geologists have long noted the excellent fit between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa 76 million years ago, when the floor of the South Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading. There is also evidence of one-time connections between Northwest Africa and Eastern North America, North Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and Southeast Africa and Antarctica.
76 million years is, of course, a blink of an eye in geological time. The long-term future of Africa as a continent is therefore bleak; although we are accustomed to thinking of Africa as an ancient land and as the birthplace of humanity, it is just as susceptible to the geological forces of a cooling planet as the other continents. Having been formed by these forces, it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.
Which of the following statement best describes the author’s predictions for the future of Africa as a continent?
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核心觀念
本題是「閱讀理解—作者預測與主旨推論」。關鍵在於辨認文章最後一段對非洲未來的明確判斷,而非只依據前文的地理位置或歷史連結作答。
文章指出非洲受到地質力量影響,未來的地貌與現在不同。核心句為:
“Having been formed by these forces, it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.”
翻譯:非洲既然是由這些地質力量形成的,那麼在一億年後,仍然存在一個類似今日非洲的洲陸,可能性很低。
因此,官方答案將此句概括為:非洲在一億年後很可能已經消失。
解題方法
先鎖定題目問的是:
“the author’s predictions for the future of Africa as a continent”
也就是「作者對非洲這個洲未來的預測」。
再回到文章最後一段尋找表示未來預測的語句:
“The long-term future of Africa as a continent is therefore bleak.”
其中:
- long-term future:長期未來
- bleak:黯淡的、悲觀的
接著文章進一步說:
“it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.”
其中:
- be unlikely to...:不太可能……
- resemble:類似、像
- still exist:仍然存在
- in 100 million years:在一億年後
選項 B 的 “Africa will most probably be gone in 100 million years” 正是對上述內容的意義概括。
文法上,句首的:
“Having been formed by these forces”
是完成式分詞構句,表示「已經由這些力量形成」。主句為:
“it is unlikely that...”
此處 it 為虛主詞,真正的主詞是後面的 that 子句:
“that a continent resembling Africa will still exist...”
選項分析
(A) Africa will join Europe and Madagascar again.
錯誤。
文章只提到過去曾有過地質上的連結:
“There is also evidence of one-time connections between Northwest Africa and Eastern North America, North Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India...”
意思是:有證據顯示,西北非洲與北美東部、北非與歐洲、馬達加斯加與印度等地,過去曾經相連。
one-time connections 指「曾經有過的連結」,描述的是地質歷史,不是作者對未來的預測。文章也沒有說非洲未來會再次與歐洲及馬達加斯加連結,因此錯誤。
(B) Africa will most probably be gone in 100 million years.
正確。
文章明確表示,一億年後仍存在「類似今日非洲的洲陸」的可能性很低:
“it is unlikely that a continent resembling Africa will still exist in 100 million years.”
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
How can we summarize the Covid year from a broad historical perspective? Many people believe that the terrible toll coronavirus has taken demonstrates humanity’s helplessness in the face of nature’s might. In fact, 2020 has shown that humanity is far from helpless. Epidemics are no longer uncontrollable forces of nature. Science has turned them into a manageable challenge.
Why, then, has there been so much death and suffering? Because of bad political decisions. In previous eras, when humans faced a plague such as the Black Death, they had no idea what caused it or how it could be stopped. When the 1918 influenza struck, the best scientists in the world couldn’t identify the deadly virus, many of the countermeasures adopted were useless, and attempts to develop an effective vaccine proved futile.
It was very different with Covid-19. The first alarm bells about a potential new epidemic began sounding at the end of December 2019. By January 10, 2020, scientists had not only isolated the responsible virus, but also sequenced its genome and published the information online. Within a few more months it became clear which measures could slow and stop the chains of infection. Within less than a year several effective vaccines were in mass production. In the war between humans and pathogens, never have humans been so powerful.
Alongside the unprecedented achievements of biotechnology, the Covid year has also underlined the power of information technology. In previous eras humanity could seldom stop epidemics because humans couldn’t monitor the chains of infection in real time, and because the economic cost of extended lockdowns was prohibitive. In 1918 you could quarantine people who came down with the dreaded flu, but you couldn’t trace the movements of pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers. And if you ordered the entire population of a country to stay at home for several weeks, it would have resulted in economic ruin, social breakdown and mass starvation.
In contrast, in 2020 digital surveillance made it far easier to monitor and pinpoint the disease vectors, meaning that quarantine could be both more selective and more effective. Even more importantly, automation and the Internet made extended lockdowns viable, at least in developed countries. While in some parts of the developing world the human experience was still reminiscent of past plagues, in much of the developed world the digital revolution changed everything.
According to the author, in the face of nature’s power such as Covid-19, human beings _____.
(A) are simply hopeless
(B) know how to use science to control it
(C) need to resort to the almighty for help
(D) learn how to emigrate to avoid it
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀測驗,考查:
- 文章主旨與作者觀點
- 根據上下文判斷細節
- 同義改寫與選項辨識
文章主旨是:新冠疫情雖然造成重大傷亡,但人類並非面對自然力量時束手無策。透過科學、生物科技、資訊科技、數位監控與自動化,人類已能將疫情轉化為「可管理的挑戰」。
題目問:
According to the author, in the face of nature’s power such as Covid-19, human beings _____.
意為:
根據作者的看法,面對如 Covid-19 般的大自然力量,人類可以如何?
關鍵在於找出作者對人類能力的明確描述。
定位答案的原文
文章第一段指出:
In fact, 2020 has shown that humanity is far from helpless. Epidemics are no longer uncontrollable forces of nature. Science has turned them into a manageable challenge.
翻譯:
事實上,2020 年已經顯示人類遠非束手無策。流行病不再是無法控制的自然力量。科學已將它們轉化為一項可管理的挑戰。
第三段又說:
In the war between humans and pathogens, never have humans been so powerful.
翻譯:
在人類與病原體的戰爭中,人類從未如此強大。
這些句子直接支持「人類懂得運用科學控制疫情」的意思,因此答案是 (B)。
關鍵單字與片語
- in the face of:面對
- nature’s power:大自然的力量
- helpless:無助的;束手無策的
- epidemic:流行病;傳染病
- uncontrollable:無法控制的
- manageable:可管理的;可控制的
- take a toll on:對……造成傷害或重大損失
- isolate the virus:分離病毒
- sequence its genome:對病毒基因組定序
- countermeasure:對策;反制措施
- vaccine:疫苗
- pathogen:病原體
- trace the movements of:追蹤……的活動軌跡
- pre-symptomatic carrier:尚未出現症狀的帶原者
- asymptomatic carrier:無症狀帶原者
- digital surveillance:數位監控
- disease vector:疾病傳播媒介;感染傳播者
- extended lockdown:長時間封城或封鎖
- viable:可行的
- developed countries:已開發國家
- developing world:開發中國家
文法與語意重點
1. far from helpless
humanity is far from helpless
far from + 形容詞 表示「遠非……」「一點也不……」。
因此:
- far from helpless:遠非無助
- 不是「非常無助」,而是「並不無助」
2. turn A into B
Science has turned them into a manageable challenge.
turn A into B 表示「把 A 轉變成 B」。
句中:
- them 指前面的 Epidemics
- a manageable challenge 指「可管理的挑戰」
全句意為:
科學已把流行病轉變為可管理的挑戰。
3. never have humans been so powerful
這是具有強調作用的倒裝句。
正常語序為:
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
How can we summarize the Covid year from a broad historical perspective? Many people believe that the terrible toll coronavirus has taken demonstrates humanity’s helplessness in the face of nature’s might. In fact, 2020 has shown that humanity is far from helpless. Epidemics are no longer uncontrollable forces of nature. Science has turned them into a manageable challenge.
Why, then, has there been so much death and suffering? Because of bad political decisions. In previous eras, when humans faced a plague such as the Black Death, they had no idea what caused it or how it could be stopped. When the 1918 influenza struck, the best scientists in the world couldn’t identify the deadly virus, many of the countermeasures adopted were useless, and attempts to develop an effective vaccine proved futile.
It was very different with Covid-19. The first alarm bells about a potential new epidemic began sounding at the end of December 2019. By January 10, 2020, scientists had not only isolated the responsible virus, but also sequenced its genome and published the information online. Within a few more months it became clear which measures could slow and stop the chains of infection. Within less than a year several effective vaccines were in mass production. In the war between humans and pathogens, never have humans been so powerful.
Alongside the unprecedented achievements of biotechnology, the Covid year has also underlined the power of information technology. In previous eras humanity could seldom stop epidemics because humans couldn’t monitor the chains of infection in real time, and because the economic cost of extended lockdowns was prohibitive. In 1918 you could quarantine people who came down with the dreaded flu, but you couldn’t trace the movements of pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers. And if you ordered the entire population of a country to stay at home for several weeks, it would have resulted in economic ruin, social breakdown and mass starvation.
In contrast, in 2020 digital surveillance made it far easier to monitor and pinpoint the disease vectors, meaning that quarantine could be both more selective and more effective. Even more importantly, automation and the Internet made extended lockdowns viable, at least in developed countries. While in some parts of the developing world the human experience was still reminiscent of past plagues, in much of the developed world the digital revolution changed everything.
Which one is NOT mentioned as a major plague in the passage?
(A) the 1918 influenza
(B) the Black Death in the 14th century
(C) the Covid-19
(D) the Ebola disease
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節辨識」與「文章資訊比對」。題目問:
Which one is NOT mentioned as a major plague in the passage?
下列哪一項未在文章中被提及為重大瘟疫?
解題重點是逐一搜尋選項中的疾病或疫情名稱,判斷文章是否明確提到。不能因為某疾病在現實世界中很有名,就推論文章一定提及。
解題方法
文章提到的重大疫情包括:
- the Black Death:黑死病
- the 1918 influenza:1918 年流感
- Covid-19:新冠肺炎
- Ebola disease:伊波拉疾病
前三者都能在原文中直接找到;文章完全沒有出現 Ebola 或 Ebola disease。因此,未被提及的是伊波拉疾病。
答案定位
- 原文提到黑死病:
“In previous eras, when humans faced a plague such as the Black Death, they had no idea what caused it or how it could be stopped.”
翻譯:在過去的時代,當人類面對像黑死病這樣的瘟疫時,他們不知道瘟疫是由什麼造成的,也不知道如何阻止它。
- 原文提到 1918 年流感:
“When the 1918 influenza struck, the best scientists in the world couldn’t identify the deadly virus...”
翻譯:當 1918 年流感爆發時,世界上最優秀的科學家仍無法辨認出這種致命病毒……
- 原文提到 Covid-19:
“It was very different with Covid-19.”
翻譯:Covid-19 的情況則大不相同。
- 原文未提到伊波拉疾病。文章討論的是黑死病、1918 年流感與 Covid-19 的防疫能力比較,沒有出現 Ebola。
選項分析
(A) the 1918 influenza
正確提及。文章明確寫出:
“When the 1918 influenza struck...”
其中 influenza 意為「流行性感冒、流感」,因此此選項是文章提到的疫情,不是答案。
(B) the Black Death in the 14th century
正確提及。文章雖然只寫 the Black Death,沒有在該句明寫「14 世紀」,但 the Black Death 本身已經在文章中出現。選項補充其歷史年代,不影響它所指的疫情與原文相符,因此不是答案。
(C) the Covid-19
正確提及。原文多次討論 Covid year、Covid-19 以及 2020 年疫情。文法上較自然的寫法是 Covid-19 或 the Covid-19 pandemic;選項中的冠詞用法略不自然,但所指內容明確是文章中的新冠疫情,不能選此項。
(D) the Ebola disease
錯誤選項,也是本題答案。全文沒有提到 Ebola、Ebola disease 或伊波拉疫情,因此它是「未被提及」的疾病。
關鍵單字與片語
- summarize:摘要、概括
- broad historical perspective:廣泛的歷史觀點
- toll:傷亡、損失;the toll coronavirus has taken 指新冠病毒造成的傷亡
- helplessness:無助、無能為力
- in the face of:面對
- nature’s might:大自然的強大力量
- uncontrollable forces:無法控制的力量
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
How can we summarize the Covid year from a broad historical perspective? Many people believe that the terrible toll coronavirus has taken demonstrates humanity’s helplessness in the face of nature’s might. In fact, 2020 has shown that humanity is far from helpless. Epidemics are no longer uncontrollable forces of nature. Science has turned them into a manageable challenge.
Why, then, has there been so much death and suffering? Because of bad political decisions. In previous eras, when humans faced a plague such as the Black Death, they had no idea what caused it or how it could be stopped. When the 1918 influenza struck, the best scientists in the world couldn’t identify the deadly virus, many of the countermeasures adopted were useless, and attempts to develop an effective vaccine proved futile.
It was very different with Covid-19. The first alarm bells about a potential new epidemic began sounding at the end of December 2019. By January 10, 2020, scientists had not only isolated the responsible virus, but also sequenced its genome and published the information online. Within a few more months it became clear which measures could slow and stop the chains of infection. Within less than a year several effective vaccines were in mass production. In the war between humans and pathogens, never have humans been so powerful.
Alongside the unprecedented achievements of biotechnology, the Covid year has also underlined the power of information technology. In previous eras humanity could seldom stop epidemics because humans couldn’t monitor the chains of infection in real time, and because the economic cost of extended lockdowns was prohibitive. In 1918 you could quarantine people who came down with the dreaded flu, but you couldn’t trace the movements of pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers. And if you ordered the entire population of a country to stay at home for several weeks, it would have resulted in economic ruin, social breakdown and mass starvation.
In contrast, in 2020 digital surveillance made it far easier to monitor and pinpoint the disease vectors, meaning that quarantine could be both more selective and more effective. Even more importantly, automation and the Internet made extended lockdowns viable, at least in developed countries. While in some parts of the developing world the human experience was still reminiscent of past plagues, in much of the developed world the digital revolution changed everything.
According to the author, much death and suffering occurred during the Covid-19 and it’s because of _______.
(A) deadly infection
(B) bad politics
(C) digital revolution
(D) surveillance
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係判斷」。題目問:依作者觀點,Covid-19 期間大量死亡與痛苦的主要原因是什麼。
文章核心論點是:科學與科技已使人類具備控制疫情的能力,因此疫情造成嚴重傷亡,並非單純因為病毒太強,而是由於政府採取了錯誤的政治決策。
解題方法
先鎖定題幹中的因果句:
Why, then, has there been so much death and suffering? Because of bad political decisions.
那麼,為什麼會有如此多的死亡與痛苦?因為錯誤的政治決策。
其中:
- Why, then, ...?:那麼,為什麼……?
- death and suffering:死亡與痛苦
- because of + 名詞:因為……
- bad political decisions:錯誤的政治決策
題目問法與原文幾乎直接對應,因此答案是 bad politics。
文章後文進一步說明,2020 年人類已能:
- 快速辨識病毒並完成基因定序;
- 找出減緩感染鏈的方法;
- 在一年內大量生產有效疫苗;
- 透過數位監控追蹤感染途徑;
- 藉由自動化與網路維持封城期間的基本生活與經濟活動。
這些內容共同支持作者的觀點:人類並非無力控制疫情,嚴重傷亡主要源於政治決策不佳。
選項分析
(A) deadly infection
意為「致命感染」。文章承認 Covid-19 會造成疾病與死亡,但作者並未把大量死亡歸因於「感染本身」。相反地,作者強調科學已讓流行病成為可管理的挑戰,因此本選項未指出作者認定的主要原因,錯誤。
(B) bad politics
意為「糟糕的政治;錯誤的政治決策」。此選項對應原文 Because of bad political decisions.,直接回答題目所問的原因,正確。
(C) digital revolution
意為「數位革命」。文章指出數位革命使疫情防控更有效,也讓長期封城在已開發國家成為可行措施。它是協助人類控制疫情的正面因素,不是造成大量死亡與痛苦的原因,錯誤。
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
How can we summarize the Covid year from a broad historical perspective? Many people believe that the terrible toll coronavirus has taken demonstrates humanity’s helplessness in the face of nature’s might. In fact, 2020 has shown that humanity is far from helpless. Epidemics are no longer uncontrollable forces of nature. Science has turned them into a manageable challenge.
Why, then, has there been so much death and suffering? Because of bad political decisions. In previous eras, when humans faced a plague such as the Black Death, they had no idea what caused it or how it could be stopped. When the 1918 influenza struck, the best scientists in the world couldn’t identify the deadly virus, many of the countermeasures adopted were useless, and attempts to develop an effective vaccine proved futile.
It was very different with Covid-19. The first alarm bells about a potential new epidemic began sounding at the end of December 2019. By January 10, 2020, scientists had not only isolated the responsible virus, but also sequenced its genome and published the information online. Within a few more months it became clear which measures could slow and stop the chains of infection. Within less than a year several effective vaccines were in mass production. In the war between humans and pathogens, never have humans been so powerful.
Alongside the unprecedented achievements of biotechnology, the Covid year has also underlined the power of information technology. In previous eras humanity could seldom stop epidemics because humans couldn’t monitor the chains of infection in real time, and because the economic cost of extended lockdowns was prohibitive. In 1918 you could quarantine people who came down with the dreaded flu, but you couldn’t trace the movements of pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers. And if you ordered the entire population of a country to stay at home for several weeks, it would have resulted in economic ruin, social breakdown and mass starvation.
In contrast, in 2020 digital surveillance made it far easier to monitor and pinpoint the disease vectors, meaning that quarantine could be both more selective and more effective. Even more importantly, automation and the Internet made extended lockdowns viable, at least in developed countries. While in some parts of the developing world the human experience was still reminiscent of past plagues, in much of the developed world the digital revolution changed everything.
What is highlighted in this passage in terms of human challenge against Covid-19?
(A) nationalist isolation
(B) extended lockdowns
(C) global solidarity and governance
(D) effective quarantine
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題,考查考生能否掌握文章主旨與關鍵細節。題目問:
What is highlighted in this passage in terms of human challenge against Covid-19?
就人類對抗 COVID-19 而言,本文強調了什麼?
文章核心在於說明:2020 年的人類並非無法抵抗疫情。透過生物科技、資訊科技、數位監控與自動化,人類得以更精準地追蹤感染鏈,並採取更具選擇性、也更有效的隔離措施。
因此,正確答案是 effective quarantine(有效的隔離)。
解題方法
這類主旨兼細節題,應先掌握題幹中的關鍵字:
- highlighted:被強調的
- in terms of:就……而言
- human challenge against Covid-19:人類對抗 COVID-19
接著回到文章尋找與「人類如何對抗 COVID-19」直接相關的句子。文章第四、五段先指出過去防疫的兩項困難:
- 無法即時監控感染鏈。
- 長期封城會造成嚴重經濟與社會問題。
第五段接著以 In contrast 開頭,說明 2020 年的科技如何改變防疫:
In contrast, in 2020 digital surveillance made it far easier to monitor and pinpoint the disease vectors, meaning that quarantine could be both more selective and more effective.
翻譯:
相較之下,2020 年的數位監控使人類更容易監測並精確找出疾病傳播者,也就是說,隔離措施可以更具選擇性且更有效。
其中 quarantine could be both more selective and more effective 正好對應選項 effective quarantine,所以答案明確為 (D)。
定位答案的關鍵句
關鍵句一
In contrast, in 2020 digital surveillance made it far easier to monitor and pinpoint the disease vectors, meaning that quarantine could be both more selective and more effective.
翻譯:
相較之下,2020 年的數位監控使人類更容易監測並精確找出疾病傳播者,因此隔離可以更具選擇性,也更有效。
這一句直接提到:
- monitor and pinpoint:監測並精確找出
- disease vectors:疾病傳播者
- quarantine:隔離
- more effective:更有效
其中的 more effective quarantine 即為選項 D 的同義表達。
關鍵句二
Within a few more months it became clear which measures could slow and stop the chains of infection.
翻譯:
再過幾個月,人們便清楚哪些措施能夠減緩並阻止感染鏈。
這句顯示人類已能找出有效的防疫措施,支持文章「人類已能將疫情轉化為可管理挑戰」的主旨。
選項分析
(A) nationalist isolation
錯誤。
- nationalist:民族主義的、國族主義的
- isolation:孤立、隔離
此選項指「民族主義式的孤立」或「國家彼此封閉」。文章並未強調民族主義,也沒有把國家孤立視為對抗 COVID-19 的主要成就。
文章重點是科技如何協助追蹤感染鏈、執行有效隔離,以及讓長期封鎖在部分國家成為可行方案,因此與此選項不符。
(B) extended lockdowns
錯誤。
- extended:延長的、長期的
- lockdown:封城、封鎖措施
文章確實提到長期封城:
Even more importantly, automation and the Internet made extended lockdowns viable, at least in developed countries.
翻譯:
更重要的是,自動化與網際網路使長期封城至少在已開發國家成為可行措施。
但這只是文章用來說明資訊科技影響力的其中一項內容,並非題目所問的主要強調重點。文章更直接指出數位監控讓隔離措施 more selective and more effective,因此 B 不如 D 精確。
(C) global solidarity and governance
錯誤。
- global solidarity:全球團結
- governance:治理、政府統治
文章第二段明確將疫情造成的死亡與痛苦歸因於:
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
How can we summarize the Covid year from a broad historical perspective? Many people believe that the terrible toll coronavirus has taken demonstrates humanity’s helplessness in the face of nature’s might. In fact, 2020 has shown that humanity is far from helpless. Epidemics are no longer uncontrollable forces of nature. Science has turned them into a manageable challenge.
Why, then, has there been so much death and suffering? Because of bad political decisions. In previous eras, when humans faced a plague such as the Black Death, they had no idea what caused it or how it could be stopped. When the 1918 influenza struck, the best scientists in the world couldn’t identify the deadly virus, many of the countermeasures adopted were useless, and attempts to develop an effective vaccine proved futile.
It was very different with Covid-19. The first alarm bells about a potential new epidemic began sounding at the end of December 2019. By January 10, 2020, scientists had not only isolated the responsible virus, but also sequenced its genome and published the information online. Within a few more months it became clear which measures could slow and stop the chains of infection. Within less than a year several effective vaccines were in mass production. In the war between humans and pathogens, never have humans been so powerful.
Alongside the unprecedented achievements of biotechnology, the Covid year has also underlined the power of information technology. In previous eras humanity could seldom stop epidemics because humans couldn’t monitor the chains of infection in real time, and because the economic cost of extended lockdowns was prohibitive. In 1918 you could quarantine people who came down with the dreaded flu, but you couldn’t trace the movements of pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers. And if you ordered the entire population of a country to stay at home for several weeks, it would have resulted in economic ruin, social breakdown and mass starvation.
In contrast, in 2020 digital surveillance made it far easier to monitor and pinpoint the disease vectors, meaning that quarantine could be both more selective and more effective. Even more importantly, automation and the Internet made extended lockdowns viable, at least in developed countries. While in some parts of the developing world the human experience was still reminiscent of past plagues, in much of the developed world the digital revolution changed everything.
What does the underlined word viable mean in the last paragraph of the passage?
(A) feasible
(B) awkward
(C) improbable
(D) excruciating
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核心觀念
本題考 字義判斷與上下文語意。viable 的核心意思是「可行的、能夠實際執行的」,常用來形容計畫、方法、方案或制度在現實條件下可以成功運作。
定位句為:
Even more importantly, automation and the Internet made extended lockdowns viable, at least in developed countries.
翻譯:
更重要的是,自動化與網際網路使長期封城成為可行的措施,至少在已開發國家是如此。
句中說明:自動化與網際網路降低了封城期間的經濟與社會成本,因此長期封城「做得到、行得通」。所以 viable 應解作 feasible(可行的)。
解題方法
判斷單字題不可只看字面,必須觀察:
automation and the Internet是科技所帶來的助力。- 受詞
extended lockdowns指「長期封城」。 - 科技使長期封城得以維持,代表這項措施在現實中變得可執行。
因此,空格需要表示「可行、可實施」的正面形容詞。viable 在此不是「存活的」之生物學意思,而是「方案可行的」之抽象用法。
選項分析
(A) feasible 可行的
正確。feasible 指在實際條件下可以完成或執行,與 viable 在本句中的意思相近。
- a feasible plan:可行的計畫
- a feasible solution:可行的解決方案
將句子替換為:
automation and the Internet made extended lockdowns feasible
意思仍是「自動化與網際網路使長期封城變得可行」,語意完全通順。
(B) awkward 笨拙的;尷尬的
錯誤。awkward 通常描述人的舉止、姿勢、情況或表達方式不自然、不方便,不能表達「措施在現實上可執行」。
若代入句中,會變成「科技使長期封城變得笨拙或尷尬」,不符合上下文。
(C) improbable 不大可能的
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Research has shown that men talk more than women overall. And while a woman talks to create a relationship with the listener, men, on the other hand, try to influence the listener. Men are always trying to make their point! And they probably think they’re right, too, because men are more self-assured, more self-centered, and more satisfied with their performance than women. As to who is more forgiving, studies show that men are more vengeful and less forgiving than women. Whereas women are better at remembering faces and events, men can remember more symbolic and spatial things, such as how to find their way back from a place they’ve driven to.
One of the biggest ways in which men and women are different is in how they communicate. Girls use language to get closer to others and to make friends. Language is used in a cooperative way. However, boys use language to establish their position among others. Language is used for competition. Both males and females carry these ways of using language into adulthood. This is true for all situations: at home, at work, in personal and formal situations, in meetings, or at social functions. Women cooperate to bring about understanding. In contrast, men use power to negotiate their status. Recently, researchers were surprised to discover that this difference carries over into email communication and Internet postings in chat rooms.
Researchers discovered that women and men have very different online ways of communicating. And these ways reflect exactly how they use language in their lives. The language of males is adversarial. They use put-downs, like “You must be dreaming!” or “Have you lost it?” They send more emails than women and they’re longer. Men also use language that is self-promoting, such as, “I happen to be an expert on this subject.” And they often use sarcasm, like “The moon’s made of cheese.” On the other hand, females generally use language that is supportive, like “I’m sure you can do it.” They express gratitude, such as, “Thanks for all your help.” Not only do women apologize more, such as, “I’m sorry I haven’t been in touch,” but they also express doubt and make self-conscious statements like “I’m not sure I’m right about this, but ...” Women ask more questions. And when they offer an idea or opinion, it’s usually in the form of a suggestion, such as, “I think it might help you if ...,” or “I suggest you ...”
After extensive study, researchers have concluded that, all in all, men use language that is aggressive, competitive, and dominating, whereas women offer support and friendship. Furthermore, they believe that the different ways in which men and women use language in emails is a result of their different goals. Men see Internet technology as a way to influence others and extend their authority and respect. On the other hand, women use it to strengthen existing friendships and make new ones. Knowing how the male and female brains differ can help everyone to understand each other better.
The author states that both males and females _____.
(A) change the way they use language as they get older
(B) carry their use of language into adulthood
(C) use language in the same ways
(D) use their brains in the same way when processing language
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核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解題,考查:
- 能否掌握文章的主旨與細節。
- 能否根據原文定位明確證據。
- 能否辨識同義改寫。
文章比較男性與女性使用語言的方式:女性較重視建立關係、提供支持與維持友誼;男性則較重視競爭、展現權威與影響他人。題目問的是:作者指出男性與女性「共同具有」哪一項特徵。
關鍵單字與片語
- overall:整體而言
- create a relationship:建立關係
- influence:影響
- make one’s point:表達自己的觀點
- self-assured:自信的
- self-centered:以自我為中心的
- forgiving:寬容的
- vengeful:記仇的、報復心強的
- symbolic:象徵性的
- spatial:空間的
- communicate:溝通
- establish one’s position:確立自己的地位
- cooperative:合作的
- carry ... into adulthood:將……延續到成年時期
- adversarial:對抗性的
- put-down:貶低他人的話
- self-promoting:自我吹捧的
- sarcasm:諷刺、挖苦
- supportive:支持性的
- express gratitude:表達感謝
- be in touch:保持聯絡
- self-conscious:自我意識強的;顧慮自己表現的
- in the form of:以……的形式
- aggressive:攻擊性的
- competitive:競爭性的
- dominating:支配性的
- strengthen existing friendships:鞏固既有友誼
- extend one’s authority and respect:擴張自己的權威與受尊重程度
解題方法
題幹中的關鍵字是 both males and females,表示答案必須是男性與女性「共同具有」的描述。
直接回文章第二段尋找同時指涉男性與女性的句子:
Both males and females carry these ways of using language into adulthood.
男性與女性都會將這些語言使用方式延續到成年時期。
此句與選項 B 的意思完全相同:
carry their use of language into adulthood
將他們使用語言的方式延續到成年時期。
因此答案為 B。
定位句與語意說明
原文:
Girls use language to get closer to others and to make friends. Language is used in a cooperative way. However, boys use language to establish their position among others. Language is used for competition. **Both males and females carry these way
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Research has shown that men talk more than women overall. And while a woman talks to create a relationship with the listener, men, on the other hand, try to influence the listener. Men are always trying to make their point! And they probably think they’re right, too, because men are more self-assured, more self-centered, and more satisfied with their performance than women. As to who is more forgiving, studies show that men are more vengeful and less forgiving than women. Whereas women are better at remembering faces and events, men can remember more symbolic and spatial things, such as how to find their way back from a place they’ve driven to.
One of the biggest ways in which men and women are different is in how they communicate. Girls use language to get closer to others and to make friends. Language is used in a cooperative way. However, boys use language to establish their position among others. Language is used for competition. Both males and females carry these ways of using language into adulthood. This is true for all situations: at home, at work, in personal and formal situations, in meetings, or at social functions. Women cooperate to bring about understanding. In contrast, men use power to negotiate their status. Recently, researchers were surprised to discover that this difference carries over into email communication and Internet postings in chat rooms.
Researchers discovered that women and men have very different online ways of communicating. And these ways reflect exactly how they use language in their lives. The language of males is adversarial. They use put-downs, like “You must be dreaming!” or “Have you lost it?” They send more emails than women and they’re longer. Men also use language that is self-promoting, such as, “I happen to be an expert on this subject.” And they often use sarcasm, like “The moon’s made of cheese.” On the other hand, females generally use language that is supportive, like “I’m sure you can do it.” They express gratitude, such as, “Thanks for all your help.” Not only do women apologize more, such as, “I’m sorry I haven’t been in touch,” but they also express doubt and make self-conscious statements like “I’m not sure I’m right about this, but ...” Women ask more questions. And when they offer an idea or opinion, it’s usually in the form of a suggestion, such as, “I think it might help you if ...,” or “I suggest you ...”
After extensive study, researchers have concluded that, all in all, men use language that is aggressive, competitive, and dominating, whereas women offer support and friendship. Furthermore, they believe that the different ways in which men and women use language in emails is a result of their different goals. Men see Internet technology as a way to influence others and extend their authority and respect. On the other hand, women use it to strengthen existing friendships and make new ones. Knowing how the male and female brains differ can help everyone to understand each other better.
Which of the following is NOT true according to this passage?
(A) Women are always trying to make their point.
(B) Females generally use language that is supportive.
(C) Men use power to negotiate their status.
(D) Men are less forgiving than women.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解中的「辨識錯誤敘述」題,要求找出與文章內容不一致的選項。解題重點是:
- 掌握文章比較男性與女性的語言使用方式。
- 找出各選項在文章中的對應句。
- 題目問 NOT true,因此要選出文章未支持或與原文相反的敘述。
文章主要觀點如下:
- 男性使用語言時較具攻擊性、競爭性與支配性。
- 女性使用語言時較具支持性、合作性,重視建立與維持人際關係。
- 男性傾向利用網路溝通來影響他人、延伸權威與獲得尊重。
- 女性則利用網路溝通來維繫既有友誼並建立新關係。
解題方法
先注意題幹問的是:
Which of the following is NOT true according to this passage?
意思是:「根據本文,下列何者不正確?」
因此,四個選項必須逐一回到文章中核對。只要找到原文明確支持的敘述,即可判定為正確;與原文相反者,就是答案。
文章第一段明確指出:
Men are always trying to make their point!
男性總是試圖表達、堅持自己的觀點!
因此,「女性總是試圖表達自己的觀點」與原文主詞不符,將男性的特徵錯置到女性身上。
選項分析
(A) Women are always trying to make their point.
意思是:「女性總是試圖表達自己的觀點。」
原文寫道:
Men are always trying to make their point!
男性總是試圖表達自己的觀點!
原文主詞是 men,不是 women。此選項把男性的溝通特徵錯誤地改成女性,因此與文章內容不符。
(A) 為錯誤選項。
(B) Females generally use language that is supportive.
意思是:「女性通常使用具有支持性的語言。」
文章第三段明確指出:
On the other hand, females generally use language that is supportive.
另一方面,女性通常使用支持性的語言。
此選項幾乎直接重現原文,內容正確。
(B) 為正確選項。
(C) Men use power to negotiate their status.
意思是:「男性運用權力來協商、確立自己的地位。」
文章第二段指出:
In contrast, men use power to negotiate their status.
相較之下,男性運用權力來協商自己的地位。
此選項與原文完全一致,內容正確。
(C) 為正確選項。
(D) Men are less forgiving than women.
意思是:「男性比女性更不寬容。」
文章第一段指出:
Studies show that men are more vengeful and less forgiving than women.
研究顯示,男性比女性更具報復性,也比女性更不寬容。
此選項符合原文,內容正確。
(D) 為正確選項。
關鍵單字與片語
- overall:總體而言
- create a relationship with:與……建立關係
- influence:影響
- make one’s point:表達並堅持自己的觀點
- self-assured:自信的
- self-centered:以自我為中心的
- satisfied with:對……感到滿意
- forgiving:寬容的、寬恕他人的
- vengeful:報復心強的
- symbolic:象徵性的
- spatial:空間的
- cooperative:合作性的
- competition:競爭
- bring about understanding:促成理解
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Research has shown that men talk more than women overall. And while a woman talks to create a relationship with the listener, men, on the other hand, try to influence the listener. Men are always trying to make their point! And they probably think they’re right, too, because men are more self-assured, more self-centered, and more satisfied with their performance than women. As to who is more forgiving, studies show that men are more vengeful and less forgiving than women. Whereas women are better at remembering faces and events, men can remember more symbolic and spatial things, such as how to find their way back from a place they’ve driven to.
One of the biggest ways in which men and women are different is in how they communicate. Girls use language to get closer to others and to make friends. Language is used in a cooperative way. However, boys use language to establish their position among others. Language is used for competition. Both males and females carry these ways of using language into adulthood. This is true for all situations: at home, at work, in personal and formal situations, in meetings, or at social functions. Women cooperate to bring about understanding. In contrast, men use power to negotiate their status. Recently, researchers were surprised to discover that this difference carries over into email communication and Internet postings in chat rooms.
Researchers discovered that women and men have very different online ways of communicating. And these ways reflect exactly how they use language in their lives. The language of males is adversarial. They use put-downs, like “You must be dreaming!” or “Have you lost it?” They send more emails than women and they’re longer. Men also use language that is self-promoting, such as, “I happen to be an expert on this subject.” And they often use sarcasm, like “The moon’s made of cheese.” On the other hand, females generally use language that is supportive, like “I’m sure you can do it.” They express gratitude, such as, “Thanks for all your help.” Not only do women apologize more, such as, “I’m sorry I haven’t been in touch,” but they also express doubt and make self-conscious statements like “I’m not sure I’m right about this, but ...” Women ask more questions. And when they offer an idea or opinion, it’s usually in the form of a suggestion, such as, “I think it might help you if ...,” or “I suggest you ...”
After extensive study, researchers have concluded that, all in all, men use language that is aggressive, competitive, and dominating, whereas women offer support and friendship. Furthermore, they believe that the different ways in which men and women use language in emails is a result of their different goals. Men see Internet technology as a way to influence others and extend their authority and respect. On the other hand, women use it to strengthen existing friendships and make new ones. Knowing how the male and female brains differ can help everyone to understand each other better.
According to this passage, differences in language use between women and men would _____ in an Internet environment.
(A) vanish
(B) cease to exist
(C) still exist
(D) not matter
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解與語意判斷,考查考生能否根據文章明確訊息,判斷男女在網路環境中的語言使用差異是否仍然存在。
文章主旨指出:
- 男性使用語言時較具攻擊性、競爭性與支配性。
- 女性使用語言時較支持他人、表達感謝、道歉、提問與建立友誼。
- 男女在現實生活中的溝通模式,也會延伸到電子郵件與聊天室。
因此,網際網路並未消除男女語言使用上的差異。
解題方法
題幹問:
According to this passage, differences in language use between women and men would _____ in an Internet environment.
意思是:「根據本文,女性與男性在語言使用上的差異,在網際網路環境中將會_____。」
關鍵在文章第三段:
Researchers discovered that women and men have very different online ways of communicating. And these ways reflect exactly how they use language in their lives.
翻譯為:
「研究人員發現,女性與男性在網路上的溝通方式大不相同,而這些方式正好反映了他們在日常生活中使用語言的方式。」
此外,第四段更直接說明:
Men see Internet technology as a way to influence others and extend their authority and respect. On the other hand, women use it to strengthen existing friendships and make new ones.
翻譯為:
「男性將網路科技視為影響他人、擴展自身權威與獲得尊重的一種方式;另一方面,女性則利用網路來鞏固既有友誼並結交新朋友。」
由此可知,男女的語言使用差異在網路環境中仍然存在,故選 still exist。
文法與語意重點
題目中的 是情態動詞,搭配原形動詞 ,形成:
此處表示「將會……」或「會……」。句意是在假設「進入網際網路環境」這個情境下,男女語言使用的差異會呈現何種狀態。
表示「仍然、依舊」, 表示「存在」。
合起來就是「仍然存在」。
關鍵單字與片語
- research:研究
- overall:整體而言
- create a relationship:建立關係
- influence:影響
- self-assured:有自信的
- self-centered:以自我為中心的
- forgiving:寬容的、願意原諒人的
- vengeful:記仇的、報復心強的
- symbolic:象徵性的
- spatial:空間的
- establish one’s position:確立某人的地位
- cooperative:合作的
- competition:競爭
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Research has shown that men talk more than women overall. And while a woman talks to create a relationship with the listener, men, on the other hand, try to influence the listener. Men are always trying to make their point! And they probably think they’re right, too, because men are more self-assured, more self-centered, and more satisfied with their performance than women. As to who is more forgiving, studies show that men are more vengeful and less forgiving than women. Whereas women are better at remembering faces and events, men can remember more symbolic and spatial things, such as how to find their way back from a place they’ve driven to.
One of the biggest ways in which men and women are different is in how they communicate. Girls use language to get closer to others and to make friends. Language is used in a cooperative way. However, boys use language to establish their position among others. Language is used for competition. Both males and females carry these ways of using language into adulthood. This is true for all situations: at home, at work, in personal and formal situations, in meetings, or at social functions. Women cooperate to bring about understanding. In contrast, men use power to negotiate their status. Recently, researchers were surprised to discover that this difference carries over into email communication and Internet postings in chat rooms.
Researchers discovered that women and men have very different online ways of communicating. And these ways reflect exactly how they use language in their lives. The language of males is adversarial. They use put-downs, like “You must be dreaming!” or “Have you lost it?” They send more emails than women and they’re longer. Men also use language that is self-promoting, such as, “I happen to be an expert on this subject.” And they often use sarcasm, like “The moon’s made of cheese.” On the other hand, females generally use language that is supportive, like “I’m sure you can do it.” They express gratitude, such as, “Thanks for all your help.” Not only do women apologize more, such as, “I’m sorry I haven’t been in touch,” but they also express doubt and make self-conscious statements like “I’m not sure I’m right about this, but ...” Women ask more questions. And when they offer an idea or opinion, it’s usually in the form of a suggestion, such as, “I think it might help you if ...,” or “I suggest you ...”
After extensive study, researchers have concluded that, all in all, men use language that is aggressive, competitive, and dominating, whereas women offer support and friendship. Furthermore, they believe that the different ways in which men and women use language in emails is a result of their different goals. Men see Internet technology as a way to influence others and extend their authority and respect. On the other hand, women use it to strengthen existing friendships and make new ones. Knowing how the male and female brains differ can help everyone to understand each other better.
The word, adversarial, is closest to the meaning of _____.
(A) self-assured
(B) uncertain
(C) resounding
(D) competitive
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查字義判斷,必須根據:
- 單字本身的常見意思。
- 上下文對該單字的解釋。
- 文章的語氣與語意方向。
adversarial 是形容詞,意為「敵對的、對抗性的、好鬥的」。文章中用來描述男性的語言特色,與 aggressive, competitive, and dominating 的語意相互呼應,因此最接近「競爭性的、對抗性的」。
答案定位
題幹原文:
The language of males is adversarial.
They use put-downs, like “You must be dreaming!” or “Have you lost it?”
翻譯:
男性的語言具有對抗性。
他們會使用貶低他人的話,例如:「你一定是在做夢!」或「你失去理智了嗎?」
後文進一步總結:
Men use language that is aggressive, competitive, and dominating, whereas women offer support and friendship.
翻譯:
男性使用具攻擊性、競爭性與支配性的語言,而女性則提供支持與友誼。
因此,adversarial 的語意與 competitive 最接近。
關鍵單字與片語
- adversarial:敵對的、對抗性的、好鬥的
- aggressive:具攻擊性的、積極強勢的
- competitive:競爭性的
- dominating:支配性的、控制他人的
- put-down:貶低他人的話、挖苦
- self-promoting:自我吹捧的、自我宣傳的
- sarcasm:諷刺、挖苦
- supportive:支持性的、給予鼓勵的
- express gratitude:表達感謝
- express doubt:表達懷疑
- self-conscious statement:自我顧慮、缺乏自信的說法
- in the form of:以……的形式
- strengthen existing friendships:鞏固既有友誼
- extend one’s authority and respect:擴展某人的權威與受尊重程度
解題方法
先將 adversarial 放回句中:
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Research has shown that men talk more than women overall. And while a woman talks to create a relationship with the listener, men, on the other hand, try to influence the listener. Men are always trying to make their point! And they probably think they’re right, too, because men are more self-assured, more self-centered, and more satisfied with their performance than women. As to who is more forgiving, studies show that men are more vengeful and less forgiving than women. Whereas women are better at remembering faces and events, men can remember more symbolic and spatial things, such as how to find their way back from a place they’ve driven to.
One of the biggest ways in which men and women are different is in how they communicate. Girls use language to get closer to others and to make friends. Language is used in a cooperative way. However, boys use language to establish their position among others. Language is used for competition. Both males and females carry these ways of using language into adulthood. This is true for all situations: at home, at work, in personal and formal situations, in meetings, or at social functions. Women cooperate to bring about understanding. In contrast, men use power to negotiate their status. Recently, researchers were surprised to discover that this difference carries over into email communication and Internet postings in chat rooms.
Researchers discovered that women and men have very different online ways of communicating. And these ways reflect exactly how they use language in their lives. The language of males is adversarial. They use put-downs, like “You must be dreaming!” or “Have you lost it?” They send more emails than women and they’re longer. Men also use language that is self-promoting, such as, “I happen to be an expert on this subject.” And they often use sarcasm, like “The moon’s made of cheese.” On the other hand, females generally use language that is supportive, like “I’m sure you can do it.” They express gratitude, such as, “Thanks for all your help.” Not only do women apologize more, such as, “I’m sorry I haven’t been in touch,” but they also express doubt and make self-conscious statements like “I’m not sure I’m right about this, but ...” Women ask more questions. And when they offer an idea or opinion, it’s usually in the form of a suggestion, such as, “I think it might help you if ...,” or “I suggest you ...”
After extensive study, researchers have concluded that, all in all, men use language that is aggressive, competitive, and dominating, whereas women offer support and friendship. Furthermore, they believe that the different ways in which men and women use language in emails is a result of their different goals. Men see Internet technology as a way to influence others and extend their authority and respect. On the other hand, women use it to strengthen existing friendships and make new ones. Knowing how the male and female brains differ can help everyone to understand each other better.
What does the underlined word sarcasm mean in the third paragraph of the passage?
(A) meaninglessness
(B) ridicule or insult
(C) misery
(D) reasonableness
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的字義判斷,必須依據單字所在的上下文,推測 sarcasm 的中文意思。
sarcasm 為名詞,意為「諷刺、挖苦、嘲諷」。說話者表面上陳述一句話,實際上是用反語嘲笑或貶低對方,常帶有 ridicule 或 insult 的意味。
解題方法
定位第三段中的關鍵句:
They often use sarcasm, like “The moon’s made of cheese.”
翻譯:
他們也常使用諷刺語氣,例如:「月亮是用起司做的。」
「The moon’s made of cheese」並非認真描述月亮的組成,而是故意說出荒謬、不可能的內容,用來嘲弄或否定某種說法。因此,sarcasm 應解作「嘲諷、挖苦」,最符合的選項是 ridicule or insult。
文章中的語意與定位
前文描述男性線上溝通的特色:
The language of males is adversarial. They use put-downs, like “You must be dreaming!” or “Have you lost it?”
翻譯:
男性的語言具有對抗性。他們會使用貶低他人的話,例如:「你一定是在作夢!」或「你瘋了嗎?」
接著文章列出男性常見的溝通方式,包括:
- put-downs:貶低他人的話、奚落
- self-promoting:自我吹捧、自我宣傳
- sarcasm:諷刺、挖苦
因此,sarcasm 與嘲笑、侮辱有關,而不是表示悲慘或合理。
選項分析
(A) meaninglessness:無意義、毫無意義。
此字描述某件事缺乏意義,與「以反話嘲弄他人」的 sarcasm 不同,錯誤。