慈濟大學 111 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
Most people with Type 2 diabetes are overweight, and for those who are, many struggle with weight loss in part due to the high insulin levels that go along with insulin resistance, which is the _____ of Type 2 diabetes.
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核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與醫學英文單字搭配。空格前為：
insulin resistance, which is the _____ of Type 2 diabetes.
此處需要填入一個名詞，說明 insulin resistance（胰島素阻抗）是第二型糖尿病的什麼特徵。
關鍵片語是：
- the hallmark of ...：……的典型特徵、主要特徵、標誌
- insulin resistance：胰島素阻抗
- Type 2 diabetes：第二型糖尿病
胰島素阻抗是第二型糖尿病的重要病理特徵，因此答案為 hallmark。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為：
high insulin levels that go along with insulin resistance, which is the _____ of Type 2 diabetes.
翻譯：
與胰島素阻抗同時出現的高胰島素濃度；而胰島素阻抗是第二型糖尿病的典型特徵。
文法上，關係代名詞 which 指的是前面的 insulin resistance。句型為：
A is the hallmark of B.
A 是 B 的典型特徵。
代入後：
insulin resistance, which is the hallmark of Type 2 diabetes
意思完整，且符合醫學語境。
題幹前半段也提供線索：
Most people with Type 2 diabetes are overweight, and for those who are, many struggle with weight loss in part due to the high insulin levels that go along with insulin resistance.
翻譯：
第 2 題2 分
As these threatening practices accumulate, they make it more likely that eventually a crisis or militarized dispute will occur that _____ to war.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 關係代名詞
that後的動詞選擇。 - 動詞與介系詞搭配。
- 依上下文判斷字義。
escalate to war的固定語意。
題幹句型如下：
As these threatening practices accumulate, they make it more likely that eventually a crisis or militarized dispute will occur that _____ to war.
翻譯：
隨著這些具威脅性的行動不斷累積，最終發生一場升高至戰爭的危機或軍事化爭端的可能性也會增加。
解題方法
空格位於關係子句中：
a crisis or militarized dispute that _____ to war
that 指前面的 a crisis or militarized dispute，在關係子句中作主詞，因此空格需要填入描述「危機或爭端如何發展」的動詞。
語意上，句子要表達的是：
危機或軍事化爭端逐步升高，最後演變成戰爭。
escalate 的意思是「逐步升高、惡化、升級」，常見搭配包括：
escalate a conflict：使衝突升高a conflict escalates：衝突升高escalate into war：升高成戰爭escalate to war：升高至戰爭
因此填入第三人稱單數 escalates：
a crisis or militarized dispute that escalates to war
文法重點
a crisis or militarized dispute 是由 or 連接的兩個單數名詞。當 A or B 連接單數主詞時，動詞通常採單數形式，因此使用：
escalates
而非 escalate。
此外，that 引導的是修飾 crisis or militarized dispute 的形容詞子句：
that escalates to war
升高至戰爭的
題幹中的 that eventually ... will occur 則是另一個 that 子句：
make it more likely that eventually ... will occur
使得最終……發生的可能性提高
其中 it 是形式受詞，真正的內容是後面的 that 子句。
選項分析
(A) escalates
第 3 題2 分
Decades ago, in vitro fertilization was a _____ technology but now it’s an ordinary type of treatment for infertility issues.
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核心觀念
本題考「固定複合形容詞」與上下文語意判斷。
cutting-edge 意為「尖端的、最先進的、前沿的」，常用來修飾 technology、research、medicine、equipment 等，表示某項技術處於當時發展最前端。
題幹描述體外受精技術：
- 幾十年前：屬於非常先進的新技術
- 現在：已成為治療不孕問題的普通療法
因此空格應填入表示「尖端的」的形容詞 cutting-edge。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的名詞：
a _____ technology
空格需要填入形容詞，修飾 technology。接著根據前後語意判斷：
Decades ago, in vitro fertilization was a _____ technology but now it’s an ordinary type of treatment for infertility issues.
題幹使用 but 形成轉折：
- 過去是某種特殊、先進的技術
- 現在則是普通的治療方式
能與「現在已經普通」形成對比的字詞，應是「當時最先進的」。因此選 cutting-edge。
題幹定位與翻譯
Decades ago, in vitro fertilization was a cutting-edge technology but now it’s an ordinary type of treatment for infertility issues.
翻譯：
幾十年前，體外受精是一項尖端技術，但現在已經成為治療不孕問題的一種普通療法。
其中 but now it’s an ordinary type of treatment 是關鍵線索，表示這項技術從過去的前沿科技，發展到今日的常見治療。
選項分析
(A) cutting-board
cutting board 是「砧板、切菜板」，指切割食材時使用的板子。
- cutting：切割用的
- board：板子
cutting-board technology 並不是表示「先進技術」的固定片語，也不符合體外受精的語意。此處即使將其視為形容詞用法，也會變成「砧板相關的技術」，與醫療科技無關，因此錯誤。
(B) cutting-edge
cutting-edge 意為「尖端的、最先進的、前沿的」。
常見搭配包括：
- cutting-edge technology：尖端科技
- cutting-edge research：前沿研究
- cutting-edge medical treatment：先進的醫療治療
- cutting-edge equipment：最先進的設備
第 4 題2 分
He accused the contractor of trying to save money by _____ on security.
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核心觀念
本題考兩項重點：
- 片語動詞與慣用語辨識
- 介系詞 by 後接動名詞
題幹結構為：
- accuse A of V-ing：指控 A 做某事
- by V-ing：藉由做某事、透過做某事
句中：
He accused the contractor of trying to save money by _____ on security.
翻譯為：
他指控承包商企圖藉由在保全方面偷工減料來節省成本。
空格後接 on security，需要填入能表達「在安全措施上偷工減料」的片語。
解題方法
先觀察語意：
- save money 表示「節省金錢」。
- security 表示「安全、防護、保全」。
- 承包商為節省成本，在安全措施上降低標準，符合「偷工減料」的概念。
因此空格應填入表示「為省事或省錢而省略必要步驟、降低品質」的慣用語：
cut corners：走捷徑、偷工減料、敷衍了事
其動名詞形式為：
cutting corners
完整句子：
He accused the contractor of trying to save money by cutting corners on security.
選項分析
(A) cutting corners
cut corners 是慣用語，指為了節省時間、金錢或力氣，而省略必要程序、降低品質或安全標準，中文可譯為「偷工減料、投機取巧」。
句中 cutting corners on security 表示「在安全防護方面偷工減料」，與 save money 及 security 的語意完全吻合。
因此本選項正確。
(B) digging around
dig around 可表示「到處翻找、搜尋資料或物品」，例如：
She was digging around in her bag for her keys.
她正在包包裡翻找鑰匙。
digging around on security 不表示「在安全措施上節省成本」或「降低安全標準」，與題幹語意不合，因此錯誤。
(C) kicking off
kick off 主要表示：
第 5 題2 分
That country is currently expanding government dominance of its economy and suffering a _____ reduction in economic growth, tech-stock valuations and employment.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨識
- 形容詞與名詞的語意搭配
- 上下文判斷
空格位於名詞片語中：
a _____ reduction
因此需要填入能修飾 reduction（減少、降低） 的形容詞。句意指出，該國擴大政府對經濟的支配，同時經濟成長、科技股估值與就業都出現某種「伴隨而來的下降」。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為：
That country is currently expanding government dominance of its economy and suffering a _____ reduction in economic growth, tech-stock valuations and employment.
翻譯：
該國目前正在擴大政府對其經濟的支配，並且正遭受經濟成長、科技股估值與就業的某種減少。
前半句的「擴大政府支配」與後半句的「經濟成長、科技股估值及就業下降」具有同時發生、相伴出現的關係，因此空格應填入表示「伴隨的、同時發生的」形容詞。
解題方法
先判斷空格需要的詞性。空格後方是名詞 reduction，前方有冠詞 a，結構為：
四個選項皆可作形容詞，但必須進一步檢查：
- 詞義是否符合「經濟衰退、數值下降」的語境。
- 是否能自然修飾 reduction。
- 是否與句中「擴大政府支配」及「經濟指標下降」的因果或伴隨關係相符。
concomitant 意為「伴隨的、同時發生的」，可自然形成：
a concomitant reduction
一個伴隨而來的下降
因此選 (D)。
選項分析
(A) resistible
resistible 意為「可抵抗的、可抵制的」。
例如：
a resistible temptation
可以抵抗的誘惑
若填入原句：
suffering a resistible reduction
意思會變成「遭受一個可以被抵抗的下降」，語意不自然。經濟成長、股價估值與就業的下降，重點在於它們與政府擴大干預相伴發生，而非在於該下降是否能被抵抗，因此錯誤。
(B) nonrefundable
nonrefundable 意為「不可退款的、不可退還的」。
例如：
a nonrefundable ticket
不可退款的票券
此字通常修飾 ticket、deposit、payment、fee 等與金錢退還有關的名詞，不能合理修飾 reduction。經濟指標的降低沒有「退款」概念，因此不合語意。
(C) fetching
fetching 作形容詞時意為「迷人的、漂亮的、吸引人的」；作動詞 fetch 的現在分詞時，則可表示「去取、拿來」。
例如：
a fetching dress
一件漂亮迷人的洋裝
若填入：
a fetching reduction
第 6 題2 分
The following section _____ the nature of the personal and family visits that have been performed in the past half-century.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語境搭配」。句子需要一個能表達「清楚描述、說明某事物性質」的動詞，且主詞為單數的 The following section，動詞須使用第三人稱單數現在式。
關鍵結構為：
- delineate the nature of...：清楚描述……的性質
- the personal and family visits：個人與家庭訪視
- have been performed：一直被進行、執行
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句如下：
The following section _____ the nature of the personal and family visits that have been performed in the past half-century.
翻譯為：
下一節清楚描述過去半世紀以來所進行之個人與家庭訪視的性質。
句意需要「描述、闡明」之意。四個選項中，只有 delineates 符合語意。
文法上，主詞 The following section 為單數，因此動詞須用第三人稱單數形式：
- delineate → delineates
完整句子為：
The following section delineates the nature of the personal and family visits that have been performed in the past half-century.
關鍵單字與片語
- following：接下來的；下述的
- section：章節；部分
- delineate：清楚描述；勾勒；闡明
- nature：性質；本質
- personal：個人的
- family：家庭的
- visit：訪視；拜訪
- perform：執行；進行
- half-century：半個世紀，五十年
- the nature of...：……的性質／本質
第 7 題2 分
Unfortunately, there is a lot of contradicting and _____ information floating around out there about how distance runners should or shouldn’t fuel to run fast.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞的語意搭配」。
題幹中的空格與 contradicting 並列，共同修飾不可數名詞 information：
a lot of contradicting and _____ information
大量互相矛盾且_____的資訊
因此，空格應填入與「錯誤、虛假、誤導」相關，且能合理形容 information 的形容詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為：
Unfortunately, there is a lot of contradicting and fallacious information floating around out there about how distance runners should or shouldn’t fuel to run fast.
翻譯：
不幸的是，關於長跑者為了快速跑步應該或不應該如何補充能量，外界流傳著大量互相矛盾且不實的資訊。
其中：
Unfortunately：不幸地contradicting：互相矛盾的fallacious：謬誤的、錯誤的、不合邏輯的information：資訊、消息；不可數名詞floating around：四處流傳distance runners：長跑者fuel：補充能量、攝取燃料should or shouldn’t：應該或不應該run fast：快速跑步
解題方法
先觀察空格所在結構：
contradicting and _____ information
contradicting 與空格中的字都是形容詞，並列修飾 information。接著依語意判斷：
contradicting information指彼此矛盾的資訊。- 題意是在批評網路上流傳的跑步營養資訊不可靠，因此第二個形容詞應表達「錯誤、不實或不合邏輯」。
第 8 題2 分
For decades, as you probably know, researchers have found that when you tell patients that you’re giving them medicine, many report that their symptoms are _____, even if they’re only taking sugar pills.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 語意判斷：根據上下文選出符合「症狀獲得改善」的字。
- 醫學情境與安慰劑效應（placebo effect）：病人相信自己正在接受藥物治療，即使實際服用的是糖錠，也可能主觀感覺症狀減輕。
- 被動語態與過去分詞：
symptoms are _____中，are後接過去分詞，表示「症狀被……」。
題幹指出，研究者發現，當病人被告知正在接受藥物治療時，許多人會回報自己的症狀「獲得緩解」，即使服用的只是糖錠。因此答案必須具有「減輕、緩解」之意。
解題方法
先定位關鍵句：
when you tell patients that you’re giving them medicine, many report that their symptoms are _____, even if they’re only taking sugar pills.
翻譯：
當你告訴病人你正在給他們藥物時，許多人會表示自己的症狀有所＿＿＿＿，即使他們服用的只是不含藥效的糖錠。
句尾的 even if they’re only taking sugar pills 表示讓步：
即使他們實際上只服用糖錠。
這種情況對應醫學上的 placebo effect，中文稱為「安慰劑效應」或「假藥效應」：病人因相信自己接受治療，而主觀感到症狀減輕。
四個選項中，只有 alleviated 有「被緩解、被減輕」之意。因此：
their symptoms are alleviated
他們的症狀獲得緩解
文法與語意分析
1. symptoms are alleviated
alleviate 是及物動詞，意為：
減輕、緩和、緩解
其被動語態為：
意義是：
症狀被減輕、症狀獲得緩解。
are 與複數主詞 symptoms 搭配，後面接過去分詞 alleviated，形成被動語態。
2. 文章脈絡
medicine、patients、symptoms、sugar pills 都構成醫療情境。尤其 sugar pills 暗示病人服用的是沒有真正藥理成分的安慰劑，但症狀仍可能改善，因此空格應填入正面的治療結果，而非「中毒」「聚集」或「含糊其辭」。
選項分析
(A) intoxicated
intoxicated 意為：
中毒的；醉酒的
例如：
The patient was intoxicated by the drug.- 病人因該藥物而中毒。
their symptoms are intoxicated 的意思會變成「他們的症狀中毒了」，語意不合。中毒的是人或身體，不是症狀本身；而且糖錠也不會合理導向「症狀中毒」。
因此 (A) 錯誤。
(B) conglomerated
conglomerated 來自 conglomerate，意為：
聚集的；結合成團的；混合成一體的
例如：
第 9 題2 分
There are a number of miracle cures on the market for people _____ enough to buy them.
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核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與「形容詞搭配 enough to 的句型」。
句型為：
主詞 + be + 形容詞 + enough to + 原形動詞
……足夠……而能夠……
題幹中的：
people _____ enough to buy them
意思是「那些______到會買下它們的人」。空格應填入能描述「容易受騙、輕信他人」的人格特質。
題幹關鍵句與翻譯
There are a number of miracle cures on the market for people gullible enough to buy them.
- a number of：許多
- miracle cures：神奇療法、奇蹟療法
- on the market：市面上販售的
- gullible enough to buy them：容易受騙到會買下它們
全句翻譯：
市面上有許多神奇療法，專門提供給那些容易受騙、竟然會買下它們的人。
「神奇療法」通常暗示療效誇大、不一定可信，因此需要具有「容易受騙、輕信」特質的人才會購買，語意上應選 gullible。
解題方法
先判斷空格需要填入形容詞，修飾 people，並與 enough to buy them 形成完整語意。
題意可改寫為：
There are miracle cures for people who are so ______ that they buy them.
也就是「有些人因為太______，所以會購買這些神奇療法」。
能合理接在 people 後面，並表達「容易相信不可信事物」的選項，只有 gullible。
選項分析
(A) malicious
第 10 題2 分
Healthy adaptation (indeed survival) relies on the ability to produce increased levels of cortisol under stress and to reduce production once stress has _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」，並結合壓力反應的生理概念。
題幹描述健康適應與生存需要：
- 面對壓力時，提高 cortisol（皮質醇）的分泌量。
- 壓力減輕後，降低 cortisol 的分泌量。
因此，空格應填入表示「壓力已減輕、消退」的動詞。
關鍵句定位與翻譯
Healthy adaptation (indeed survival) relies on the ability to produce increased levels of cortisol under stress and to reduce production once stress has abated.
翻譯：
健康的適應（甚至是生存）仰賴於：在壓力下產生較高濃度皮質醇的能力，以及在壓力減輕後降低其分泌量的能力。
文法與語意重點
空格位於：
once stress has _____
once 表示「一旦……之後」。stress 是主詞，has 是現在完成式助動詞，因此空格須填過去分詞，形成：
stress has abated
abated 本身即可作不及物動詞，表示「減弱、減輕、消退」。句意為「一旦壓力減輕之後」，與前面的「降低 cortisol 分泌」完全符合。
生理上，壓力會啟動下視丘—腦下垂體—腎上腺軸（HPA axis），促使腎上腺分泌 cortisol；當壓力狀態緩解，cortisol 分泌便應逐步下降，這正是本句的邏輯。
選項分析
(A) engrossed
engross 表示「使全神貫注、吸引全部注意力」；engrossed 是過去分詞或形容詞，常見搭配為：
be engrossed in something
全神貫注於某事
若填入：
once stress has engrossed
第 11 題2 分
Blowing soap bubbles never fails to delight one’s inner child, perhaps because bubbles are intrinsically _____, bursting after just a few minutes.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」。空格位於：
bubbles are intrinsically _____, bursting after just a few minutes.
泡泡本質上是_____的，幾分鐘後就會破裂。
後面的分詞片語 bursting after just a few minutes 說明泡泡的特性：存在時間很短、轉瞬即逝。因此應選 ephemeral。
解題方法
先抓語意線索：
- intrinsically：本質上地、內在地
- bursting after just a few minutes：僅僅幾分鐘後就破裂
泡泡很快破裂，表示其生命短暫、持續時間不長。能表達「短暫的、瞬間消逝的」形容詞就是 ephemeral。
完整句意為：
Blowing soap bubbles never fails to delight one’s inner child, perhaps because bubbles are intrinsically ephemeral, bursting after just a few minutes.
吹肥皂泡總能帶給人內在的童心愉悅，也許是因為泡泡本質上十分短暫，僅僅幾分鐘後就會破裂。
句中 bursting after just a few minutes 是現在分詞片語，補充說明 bubbles 為何具有「短暫」的特性。
選項分析
(A) imperious
意為「傲慢專橫的、盛氣凌人的」，通常形容人的態度、語氣或命令，例如：
- an imperious manner：盛氣凌人的態度
- an imperious command：專橫的命令
肥皂泡不具有人格或態度，且「幾分鐘後破裂」也無法支持「傲慢專橫」的意思，因此不合語境。
(B) ephemeral
意為「短暫的、轉瞬即逝的」。常用來形容生命、快樂、名聲或美麗等持續時間很短的事物。
泡泡幾分鐘後便破裂，正好符合 ephemeral 的定義，因此為正確答案。
第 12 題2 分
The dialogue between doctors and patients should be based upon _____ trust.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞的語意搭配」。
題幹為：
The dialogue between doctors and patients should be based upon _____ trust.
醫師與病人之間的對話應建立在 _____ 的信任之上。
關鍵片語是 based upon，意為「建立於……之上、以……為基礎」。空格後的 trust 是名詞，因此需要填入能合理描述「醫師與病人之間信任關係」的形容詞。
醫師與病人是雙向互動關係，理想的信任應是「彼此的、相互的」，因此選 reciprocal。
關鍵單字與片語
- dialogue：對話
- between A and B：A 與 B 之間
- doctors and patients：醫師與病人
- should：應該
- be based upon：建立於……之上；以……為基礎
- trust：信任
- reciprocal：相互的；互惠的；彼此的
- gastronomic：美食的；烹飪學的
- sumptuous：奢華的；豪華的；豐盛的
- mal-functional：功能失常的；運作不良的
解題方法
先判斷句子的主題與語意：
- 主詞是 The dialogue between doctors and patients，談的是醫師與病人之間的溝通。
- be based upon trust 表示「建立在信任之上」。
- 醫病關係中的信任不是單方面的，而是醫師與病人雙方彼此信任。
- 因此應選表示「相互的、彼此的」的 reciprocal。
完整句意為：
The dialogue between doctors and patients should be based upon reciprocal trust.
醫師與病人之間的對話應建立在相互信任之上。
選項分析
(A) gastronomic
gastronomic 意為「美食的、烹飪學的」，通常用來形容與食物、料理或飲食相關的事物，例如：
- gastronomic experience：美食體驗
- gastronomic culture：飲食文化
第 13 題2 分
Jenny’s one-hour _____ with the psychologist cost her nearly four hundred dollars.
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核心觀念
本題考查心理諮商情境中的關鍵字辨析，以及名詞與語境的搭配。
句型為：
Jenny’s one-hour _____ with the psychologist cost her nearly four hundred dollars.
珍妮與心理師進行的一小時 _____，花費了她將近四百美元。
空格前的 one-hour 表示「一小時的」，空格後接介系詞片語 with the psychologist，因此需要填入表示「一次會談、療程或諮商時段」的名詞。
解題方法
句中關鍵線索是：
- one-hour：一小時的
- with the psychologist：與心理師進行的
- cost her nearly four hundred dollars：花費將近四百美元
心理諮商通常以一次一次的「會談」計費，因此最自然的搭配是：
a one-hour session with the psychologist
與心理師進行的一小時會談
故空格應填 session。
選項分析
(A) detection 偵測；察覺；發現
detection 指「偵測、察覺或發現某事」，常用於疾病、犯罪、錯誤等被發現的過程，例如：
- early detection of cancer：癌症的早期發現
- detection of fraud：詐欺行為的查緝
它不是指心理師與病人之間的一次諮商會談，因此 one-hour detection with the psychologist 語意不通。
(B) omission 省略；遺漏
omission 指「省略或遺漏某項內容」，例如：
- the omission of an important detail：遺漏重要細節
「與心理師進行一小時的遺漏」不符合語意，也不能合理解釋為一項心理諮商服務，因此錯誤。
(C) session 會議；會談；課程；一段活動時間
session 指在特定期間內進行的一次活動、會議、課程或治療，常見搭配包括：
- a therapy session：治療會談
- a counseling session：諮商會談
- a training session：訓練課程
第 14 題2 分
The medical company is developing drugs to _____ disease like AIDS and cancer.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞字義」與「固定搭配」。句意是：這家醫療公司正在研發藥物，以對抗像愛滋病與癌症這類疾病。
關鍵搭配為：
- combat disease：對抗疾病
- develop drugs to combat disease：研發藥物來對抗疾病
句型中的 to combat disease 是不定詞片語，表示研發藥物的目的；空格需填入能直接接受詞 disease，且符合醫療語境的及物動詞。
解題方法
先定位題幹的語意線索：
The medical company is developing drugs to _____ disease like AIDS and cancer.
這家醫療公司正在研發藥物，以_____像愛滋病和癌症這類疾病。
主詞是 medical company，受詞是 drugs，後面的 to + 原形動詞 表示「為了……」。藥物通常是用來「治療、預防、對抗」疾病，因此空格應填入具有「對抗」意義的動詞。
combat 可作及物動詞，意思是「對抗、 combatir、遏止」，可直接接 disease，形成自然搭配：
combat disease
對抗疾病
因此選擇 (D) combat。
選項分析
(A) subscribe
subscribe 主要意思是「訂閱」，也可表示「同意、贊成」或「捐款」。常見搭配包括：
- subscribe to a magazine：訂閱雜誌
- subscribe to an idea：認同某種想法
本句需要「對抗疾病」的動詞，subscribe 無法表示治療或抵抗疾病，因此不合語意。
此外，若表示「訂閱」或「認同」，通常使用 subscribe to，不能直接接 disease。
(B) wallow
wallow 的意思是「在泥濘中打滾」，也可引申為「沉溺於某種負面情緒或狀態」。
常見用法包括：
- wallow in mud：在泥巴中打滾
- wallow in self-pity：沉溺於自憐
wallow disease 不符合英文搭配，也不符合「藥物研發」的醫療語境，因此錯誤。
(C) popularize
popularize 的意思是「使普及、使流行、推廣」。例如：
第 15 題2 分
Lane’s surgical skill, widely renowned, exhibited _____ calm at difficulties encountered during operations.
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨析：根據語境選出表示「鎮定、不受干擾」的形容詞。
- 詞性與搭配：空格位於名詞
calm前，需填入形容詞；imperturbable calm是合理搭配。 - 語意判斷：手術中遇到困難時，外科技巧展現的是冷靜沉著的特質。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句：
Lane’s surgical skill, widely renowned, exhibited _____ calm at difficulties encountered during operations.
翻譯為：
Lane 廣受讚譽的外科手術技巧，在手術過程中遇到困難時，展現出______的鎮定。
其中：
surgical skill：外科手術技巧widely renowned：廣受知名、享有盛名的exhibited：展現、顯露calm：鎮定、冷靜difficulties encountered during operations：手術過程中所遇到的困難
手術遇到困難時仍保持沉著，最符合的語意是 imperturbable。
文法與語意分析
空格後方是名詞 calm，因此空格應填入形容詞，形成：
imperturbable calm
imperturbable 的意思是「沉著冷靜的、不受干擾的、鎮定自若的」，用來形容人在壓力或困難情況下仍不慌亂。
句型結構如下：
- 主詞：
Lane’s surgical skill - 插入修飾語：
widely renowned - 動詞：
exhibited - 受詞：
imperturbable calm
第 16 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Physicians may want to dig a little deeper into their closets, or grab their white coats on the way out of the operating room, if they want patients to view them _____, according to the largest-ever study of patient preferences for doctors’ attire. In fact, what medical doctors wear may matter more than most doctors—or even patients—might think, say the researchers of this project.
Based on their findings, they _____ more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they _____. Just over half of the 4,062 patients surveyed in the clinics and hospitals of ten major medical centers said that what physicians wear is important to them—and more than one-third said that what a doctor wears influences their satisfaction with their care.
“Professional dress on Wall Street, law and nearly every other industry is relatively clear—and it typically mirrors what applicants _____ to their job interview,” says Christopher Petrilli, M.D., lead author of the study and an assistant professor of hospital medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, who worked in the finance industry before entering medicine.
“In medicine, the dress code is quite _____, but as physicians we should make sure that our attire reflects a certain level of professionalism that is also mindful of patients’ preferences,” explains Petrilli.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「副詞語意判斷」與固定搭配。空格位於：
if they want patients to view them _____
如果他們希望病患以＿＿的方式看待他們
句型為：
其中 view someone favorably 表示「以正面、良好的態度看待某人」，最符合文章討論醫師穿著是否能展現專業形象的主旨。
解題方法
先抓取空格前後的語意：
Physicians may want to dig a little deeper into their closets, or grab their white coats ... if they want patients to view them _____
如果醫師希望病患以＿＿的態度看待自己，他們可能需要深入整理衣櫥，甚至在離開手術室時拿上白袍。
全文主題是醫師服裝、專業形象與病患滿意度，後文也提到：
our attire reflects a certain level of professionalism
我們的服裝應展現某種程度的專業性。
因此空格應填入「正面地、良好地」之意。四個選項中，只有 favorably 符合此語境及 view ... favorably 的慣用搭配。
定位答案的關鍵句
In medicine, the dress code is quite _____, but as physicians we should make sure that our attire reflects a certain level of professionalism that is also mindful of patients’ preferences.
在醫學界，服裝規範相當＿＿；但身為醫師，我們應確保服裝能展現一定程度的專業性，同時顧及病患的偏好。
這句直接說明醫師服裝應呈現「專業性」，與第一段希望病患「正面看待醫師」相互呼應。因此答案為 favorably。
選項分析
(A) feverishly
意為「狂熱地、極度興奮地、拼命地」，通常修飾工作、活動或努力的狀態，例如 work feverishly，不表示他人對某人的評價。
view them feverishly 會變成「狂熱地看著他們」，不符合病患評價醫師專業形象的語意。
(B) fiercely
第 17 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Physicians may want to dig a little deeper into their closets, or grab their white coats on the way out of the operating room, if they want patients to view them _____, according to the largest-ever study of patient preferences for doctors’ attire. In fact, what medical doctors wear may matter more than most doctors—or even patients—might think, say the researchers of this project.
Based on their findings, they _____ more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they _____. Just over half of the 4,062 patients surveyed in the clinics and hospitals of ten major medical centers said that what physicians wear is important to them—and more than one-third said that what a doctor wears influences their satisfaction with their care.
“Professional dress on Wall Street, law and nearly every other industry is relatively clear—and it typically mirrors what applicants _____ to their job interview,” says Christopher Petrilli, M.D., lead author of the study and an assistant professor of hospital medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, who worked in the finance industry before entering medicine.
“In medicine, the dress code is quite _____, but as physicians we should make sure that our attire reflects a certain level of professionalism that is also mindful of patients’ preferences,” explains Petrilli.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「動詞片語（phrasal verb）的語意辨析」，重點在於根據上下文判斷動詞片語的正確意思。
題目句子為：
Based on their findings, they _____ more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they _____.
根據研究結果，研究人員希望促使更多醫院、醫療體系及醫療團體檢視醫師的服裝規範；如果尚未有規範，也應建立規範。因此空格需要具有「要求、促請、呼籲」之意的片語。
解題方法
句中的受詞是：
more hospitals, health systems and practice groups
後面接：
to look at their dress standards for physicians
句型為：
call for + 人／團體 + to V
意思是「要求、促請某人做某事」。
完整句意為：
Based on their findings, they call for more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they don’t.
翻譯：
根據他們的研究結果，他們呼籲更多醫院、醫療體系及醫療團體檢視醫師的服裝規範；如果尚未制定規範，就建立規範。
因此答案為 call for。
選項分析
(A) call after
call after 主要表示「以某人的名字命名」，例如：
The boy was called after his grandfather.
意思是「這個男孩以祖父的名字命名」。
在本題中，研究人員並非要「以醫院或醫療團體的名字命名」，與後面的 to look at... 語意不合，因此錯誤。
(B) call for
call for 可表示：
- 要求、呼籲、促請
- 需要
- 到某處取某人或某物
本句是第一種用法：
call for more hospitals ... to look at ...
表示「呼籲更多醫院……去檢視……」，完全符合研究人員根據研究結果提出建議的語氣，因此正確。
(C) call back
call back 表示「回電、回覆電話」，也可表示「叫回、召回」。
例如：
I’ll call you back later.
第 18 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Physicians may want to dig a little deeper into their closets, or grab their white coats on the way out of the operating room, if they want patients to view them _____, according to the largest-ever study of patient preferences for doctors’ attire. In fact, what medical doctors wear may matter more than most doctors—or even patients—might think, say the researchers of this project.
Based on their findings, they _____ more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they _____. Just over half of the 4,062 patients surveyed in the clinics and hospitals of ten major medical centers said that what physicians wear is important to them—and more than one-third said that what a doctor wears influences their satisfaction with their care.
“Professional dress on Wall Street, law and nearly every other industry is relatively clear—and it typically mirrors what applicants _____ to their job interview,” says Christopher Petrilli, M.D., lead author of the study and an assistant professor of hospital medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, who worked in the finance industry before entering medicine.
“In medicine, the dress code is quite _____, but as physicians we should make sure that our attire reflects a certain level of professionalism that is also mindful of patients’ preferences,” explains Petrilli.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 一般現在式否定句：
do not / don’t + 原形動詞 - if 條件句的時態：表達一般性事實或目前狀態時，
if子句使用一般現在式。 - 代名詞與數的一致：
they指前面的複數名詞，否定助動詞須用do；one代替單數名詞。
關鍵句為：
Based on their findings, they _____ more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they _____.
翻譯為：
根據他們的研究結果，他們建議更多醫院、醫療體系與診所團體檢視醫師的服裝規範；若這些單位目前尚未制定服裝規範，也應建立規範。
本題第 18 格位於：
create them if they _____.
其中：
they指more hospitals, health systems and practice groups，是複數。one代替前面提到的單數名詞dress standard。- 語意是「如果這些單位目前還沒有一套服裝規範」。
因此應填入 don’t already have one。
解題方法
先判斷語意：
create them if they _____
如果這些單位還沒有服裝規範，就建立它們。
if 子句描述的是醫院等單位「目前是否已經有服裝規範」的狀態，因此使用一般現在式：
主詞 they 為複數，搭配 do not，縮寫為 don’t：
完整句子為：
Based on their findings, they recommend more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they don’t already have one.
意思是：
根據研究結果，他們建議更多醫院、醫療體系與診所團體檢視醫師的服裝規範；如果目前尚未有服裝規範，就加以建立。
選項分析
(A) won’t already have one
won’t 是 will not 的縮寫，屬於未來式。
若填入後為：
create them if they won’t already have one
此處 if 子句是在描述這些單位「現在是否已有」服裝規範，不是在預測未來是否會沒有規範。使用 won’t 會造成時態與語意不合，因此錯誤。
第 19 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Physicians may want to dig a little deeper into their closets, or grab their white coats on the way out of the operating room, if they want patients to view them _____, according to the largest-ever study of patient preferences for doctors’ attire. In fact, what medical doctors wear may matter more than most doctors—or even patients—might think, say the researchers of this project.
Based on their findings, they _____ more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they _____. Just over half of the 4,062 patients surveyed in the clinics and hospitals of ten major medical centers said that what physicians wear is important to them—and more than one-third said that what a doctor wears influences their satisfaction with their care.
“Professional dress on Wall Street, law and nearly every other industry is relatively clear—and it typically mirrors what applicants _____ to their job interview,” says Christopher Petrilli, M.D., lead author of the study and an assistant professor of hospital medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, who worked in the finance industry before entering medicine.
“In medicine, the dress code is quite _____, but as physicians we should make sure that our attire reflects a certain level of professionalism that is also mindful of patients’ preferences,” explains Petrilli.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與情態動詞用法，關鍵句為：
it typically mirrors what applicants _____ to their job interview
意思是：「正式服裝通常反映出求職者參加面試時會穿的服裝。」
空格後接介系詞片語 to their job interview，需要填入動詞片語，形成：
what applicants would wear to their job interview
其中 would wear 表示「會穿、通常會選擇穿」，帶有假設性與典型情境的語氣。
解題方法
先觀察主詞與動詞：
- 主詞：applicants
- 空格後：to their job interview
- 合理結構：applicants + 動詞 + to their job interview
再配合語意判斷。前文說各行業的專業服裝標準很明確，而且通常反映「求職者面試時會穿什麼」。這裡不是單純描述某次已發生的穿著，而是在談一般情境下，求職者面試時會選擇的服裝，因此使用 would wear 最符合語意。
完整句為：
Professional dress on Wall Street, law and nearly every other industry is relatively clear—and it typically mirrors what applicants would wear to their job interview.
翻譯：
華爾街、法律界以及幾乎所有其他產業的正式服裝標準都相當明確，而且通常反映出求職者參加工作面試時會穿的服裝。
選項分析
(A) would wear
正確。would + 原形動詞 可表示在特定情境下「會……」，也可表達一般性的假設或典型行為。
what applicants would wear 意為「求職者會穿的服裝」，與前面的 mirrors 搭配自然，符合文章談論「面試服裝如何反映專業標準」的語意。
(B) to wear
錯誤。若填入後會變成：
what applicants to wear to their job interview
此處 what applicants to wear 缺少適當的主要動詞，句子結構不完整。
第 20 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Physicians may want to dig a little deeper into their closets, or grab their white coats on the way out of the operating room, if they want patients to view them _____, according to the largest-ever study of patient preferences for doctors’ attire. In fact, what medical doctors wear may matter more than most doctors—or even patients—might think, say the researchers of this project.
Based on their findings, they _____ more hospitals, health systems and practice groups to look at their dress standards for physicians, or create them if they _____. Just over half of the 4,062 patients surveyed in the clinics and hospitals of ten major medical centers said that what physicians wear is important to them—and more than one-third said that what a doctor wears influences their satisfaction with their care.
“Professional dress on Wall Street, law and nearly every other industry is relatively clear—and it typically mirrors what applicants _____ to their job interview,” says Christopher Petrilli, M.D., lead author of the study and an assistant professor of hospital medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, who worked in the finance industry before entering medicine.
“In medicine, the dress code is quite _____, but as physicians we should make sure that our attire reflects a certain level of professionalism that is also mindful of patients’ preferences,” explains Petrilli.
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核心觀念
本題為克漏字，考查：
- 形容詞的字義辨析。
- 文章前後文的語意連貫。
- 依據醫師服裝規範「不一致、差異很大」的語境選字。
題目最後一句為：
“In medicine, the dress code is quite _____, but as physicians we should make sure that our attire reflects a certain level of professionalism that is also mindful of patients’ preferences,”
意思是：
「在醫學界，服裝規範相當＿＿＿；但身為醫師，我們應確保自己的服裝展現一定程度的專業，也要考量病人的偏好。」
前文提到，不同醫院、醫療體系及診所團體應重新檢視醫師服裝標準，顯示醫學界目前沒有一致的服裝規範。因此空格應填入「異質的、多樣的、不一致的」之意。
解題方法
先判斷空格需要的詞性。空格位於：
the dress code is quite _____
is quite + 形容詞，因此四個選項在詞性上皆可作形容詞，必須進一步比較語意。
再利用轉折詞 but 判斷前後關係：
dress code is quite _____, but ... attire reflects a certain level of professionalism
前半句指出醫學界服裝規範缺乏一致性，後半句則主張醫師服裝仍應具有專業標準。能表達「規範多樣、未統一」的選項是 heterogeneous。
選項分析
(A) duplicitous
duplicitous 意為「口是心非的、兩面派的、欺騙性的」。
此字通常用來形容人的行為、言語或動機，例如：
- a duplicitous politician
兩面派的政治人物 - duplicitous behavior
欺騙性的行為
dress code 是服裝規範，不涉及欺騙或表裡不一，因此語意不合。
(B) exponential
exponential 意為「指數的、以指數方式增加的」。
此字常用於數學、科學或數量快速增長的語境，例如：
- exponential growth
指數成長 - an exponential increase
指數式增加
服裝規範不能合理地被描述為「指數的」，文章也沒有提到服裝規範數量快速增加，因此錯誤。
(C) gangling
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The pandemic has underlined the extent _____ digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing. In some ways, I’m more in touch with people than ever thanks to the numerous WhatsApp groups that revived themselves into a constant source of company. But _____ away in a couple of group chats while absent-mindedly watching the latest Netflix offering doesn’t come close to the wonderful feeling of hugging a friend, or of spending three hours giving someone you haven’t seen for ages your undivided attention over a meal, or of having a conversation based not just on words but physical cues. I doubt the pandemic will seed a long-term distaste for crowds; if anything, I suspect that, if all goes well with the vaccine _____, the coming summer will see a crop of riotous street parties and carnivals.
But a return to life as usual will not mask the emotional toll Covid _____ on so many people. People who suffer from anxiety and depression, women in abusive relationships, children experiencing abuse or neglect at the hands of their parents: they have had it the worst, and their experiences of isolation and loneliness during lockdown could have consequences for their personal relationships that will not magically disappear with a vaccine.
And that is before you factor in the added _____ of the intense financial hardship so many are being forced to endure. As a society, recovering from Covid is about much more than antibodies: it cannot happen without support for those who have experienced its worst financial and mental health impacts.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「關係副詞片語」與固定搭配：
the extent to which + 子句
其中：
- extent：程度、範圍
- to which：到……的程度；相當於 to what degree
- the extent to which digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing：數位互動無法取代真實互動的程度
句型可改寫為：
Digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing to a certain extent.
數位互動在某種程度上無法取代真實互動。
正式英文會將 to a certain extent 改寫成：
the extent to which digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing
因此答案為 (A) to which。
解題方法
定位關鍵句：
The pandemic has underlined the extent _____ digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing.
翻譯為：
這場疫情凸顯了數位互動在多大程度上無法取代真實互動。
空格後方是完整子句：
digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing
前面的 the extent 表示「程度」，後面需要接表示「到某種程度」的介系詞 to，形成固定搭配：
the extent to which + 完整子句
完整句為：
The pandemic has underlined the extent to which digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing.
選項分析
(A) to which 正確
to which 可表示「到……的程度」，與 the extent 搭配形成固定句型 the extent to which。
例句：
We do not know the extent to which stress affects memory.
我們不知道壓力影響記憶的程度。
本句中，to which 引導的子句說明「數位互動無法取代真實互動」達到什麼程度，因此正確。
(B) for which 錯誤
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The pandemic has underlined the extent _____ digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing. In some ways, I’m more in touch with people than ever thanks to the numerous WhatsApp groups that revived themselves into a constant source of company. But _____ away in a couple of group chats while absent-mindedly watching the latest Netflix offering doesn’t come close to the wonderful feeling of hugging a friend, or of spending three hours giving someone you haven’t seen for ages your undivided attention over a meal, or of having a conversation based not just on words but physical cues. I doubt the pandemic will seed a long-term distaste for crowds; if anything, I suspect that, if all goes well with the vaccine _____, the coming summer will see a crop of riotous street parties and carnivals.
But a return to life as usual will not mask the emotional toll Covid _____ on so many people. People who suffer from anxiety and depression, women in abusive relationships, children experiencing abuse or neglect at the hands of their parents: they have had it the worst, and their experiences of isolation and loneliness during lockdown could have consequences for their personal relationships that will not magically disappear with a vaccine.
And that is before you factor in the added _____ of the intense financial hardship so many are being forced to endure. As a society, recovering from Covid is about much more than antibodies: it cannot happen without support for those who have experienced its worst financial and mental health impacts.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「動詞與副詞 away 的搭配」及上下文語意判斷。
句型為：
But _____ away in a couple of group chats while absent-mindedly watching the latest Netflix offering doesn’t come close to the wonderful feeling of hugging a friend...
此處空格後接 away，主詞整體為「動名詞片語」，因此需要填入能與 away 搭配、表示「持續進行某動作」的動詞。
定位答案的原句與翻譯
But tapping away in a couple of group chats while absent-mindedly watching the latest Netflix offering doesn’t come close to the wonderful feeling of hugging a friend...
翻譯：
但是，一邊心不在焉地觀看最新的 Netflix 節目，一邊在幾個群組聊天室裡不停敲打手機傳訊息，遠遠比不上擁抱朋友的美好感受。
解題方法
- 觀察空格後的 away。
「動詞 + away」常表示某個動作持續、不停地進行，例如：
- work away：持續工作
- type away：不停打字
- tap away：不停敲打、持續點按
- chatter away：不停聊天
-
觀察語境中的 group chats。
群組聊天室通常需要用手機點按螢幕、輸入訊息，因此最符合的動作是 tap。 -
空格填入 tapping 後，形成動名詞片語 tapping away in a couple of group chats，作為整句主詞；後面的 doesn’t come close to 為主要動詞。
句子結構如下：
其中 doesn’t 的單數形式也與整個動名詞片語作單數主詞相符。
選項分析
(A) throwing
throw away 常見意思是「丟掉、拋棄」，例如：
- throw away old clothes：丟掉舊衣服
若填入 throwing away in a couple of group chats，語意變成「在幾個群組聊天室裡丟掉」，不符合使用聊天軟體傳訊息的情境。
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The pandemic has underlined the extent _____ digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing. In some ways, I’m more in touch with people than ever thanks to the numerous WhatsApp groups that revived themselves into a constant source of company. But _____ away in a couple of group chats while absent-mindedly watching the latest Netflix offering doesn’t come close to the wonderful feeling of hugging a friend, or of spending three hours giving someone you haven’t seen for ages your undivided attention over a meal, or of having a conversation based not just on words but physical cues. I doubt the pandemic will seed a long-term distaste for crowds; if anything, I suspect that, if all goes well with the vaccine _____, the coming summer will see a crop of riotous street parties and carnivals.
But a return to life as usual will not mask the emotional toll Covid _____ on so many people. People who suffer from anxiety and depression, women in abusive relationships, children experiencing abuse or neglect at the hands of their parents: they have had it the worst, and their experiences of isolation and loneliness during lockdown could have consequences for their personal relationships that will not magically disappear with a vaccine.
And that is before you factor in the added _____ of the intense financial hardship so many are being forced to endure. As a society, recovering from Covid is about much more than antibodies: it cannot happen without support for those who have experienced its worst financial and mental health impacts.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析與語境判讀」，重點在於根據上下文判斷名詞與 vaccine 的合理搭配。
關鍵句為：
I suspect that, if all goes well with the vaccine _____, the coming summer will see a crop of riotous street parties and carnivals.
翻譯：
我猜想，只要疫苗的 _____ 一切順利，接下來的夏天將會出現大量熱鬧喧騰的街頭派對與嘉年華。
空格前為 the vaccine，後方整體指涉「疫苗開始大規模施打、推廣與供應的過程」，因此應填 rollout。
解題方法
先判斷空格需要的詞性。此處位於名詞片語 the vaccine _____ 中，空格應為名詞，且必須能與 vaccine 搭配，表達疫情控制與疫苗施打進展。
rollout 是名詞，意為「正式推出、逐步推廣、開始大規模施行」，常見搭配包括：
- vaccine rollout：疫苗接種與推行
- nationwide rollout：全國性推廣
- product rollout：產品上市推廣
句中提到「只要疫苗的推行順利」，人們便可能恢復群聚活動，因此語意完整。
完整句為：
if all goes well with the vaccine rollout
意為：
如果疫苗的推行一切順利。
選項分析
(A) radius
意為「半徑；範圍」。
例如：
- within a five-mile radius：在五英里半徑範圍內
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The pandemic has underlined the extent _____ digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing. In some ways, I’m more in touch with people than ever thanks to the numerous WhatsApp groups that revived themselves into a constant source of company. But _____ away in a couple of group chats while absent-mindedly watching the latest Netflix offering doesn’t come close to the wonderful feeling of hugging a friend, or of spending three hours giving someone you haven’t seen for ages your undivided attention over a meal, or of having a conversation based not just on words but physical cues. I doubt the pandemic will seed a long-term distaste for crowds; if anything, I suspect that, if all goes well with the vaccine _____, the coming summer will see a crop of riotous street parties and carnivals.
But a return to life as usual will not mask the emotional toll Covid _____ on so many people. People who suffer from anxiety and depression, women in abusive relationships, children experiencing abuse or neglect at the hands of their parents: they have had it the worst, and their experiences of isolation and loneliness during lockdown could have consequences for their personal relationships that will not magically disappear with a vaccine.
And that is before you factor in the added _____ of the intense financial hardship so many are being forced to endure. As a society, recovering from Covid is about much more than antibodies: it cannot happen without support for those who have experienced its worst financial and mental health impacts.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考：
- 固定搭配：have a toll on／take a toll on
have a toll on someone：對某人造成身心上的損耗或負擔take a toll on someone：對某人造成傷害、產生負面影響- 題幹中的
emotional toll Covid _____ on so many people，核心結構是：
the emotional toll Covid will have had on so many people
新冠疫情將對許多人造成的情緒傷害
- 未來完成式：will have + 過去分詞
- 表示「截至未來某一時間之前，某件事將已經完成或造成結果」。
- 公式：
have的過去分詞仍是had，因此形成：
解題方法
定位含空格的完整句子：
But a return to life as usual will not mask the emotional toll Covid _____ on so many people.
翻譯為：
但是，恢復正常生活並不會掩蓋新冠疫情將對許多人造成的情緒傷害。
句子的主幹是：
- 主詞：
a return to life as usual - 動詞：
will not mask - 受詞：
the emotional toll ... on so many people
其中 Covid _____ on so many people 是修飾 the emotional toll 的關係子句。完整形式可還原為：
the emotional toll that Covid will have had on so many people
關係代名詞 that 作為 had 的受詞而省略，因此留下：
Covid will have had on so many people
由於文章是在談「未來恢復正常生活時，疫情截至當時已造成的情緒傷害」，使用未來完成式 will have had，故選 (A)。
選項分析
(A) will have had
正確。
will have had是未來完成式。have had a toll on...符合「對……造成損耗／傷害」的語意。had是have的過去分詞，結構完全正確：
Covid will have had an emotional toll on many people.
套入題幹後：
the emotional toll Covid will have had on so many people
意為：
新冠疫情截至未來某一時間將已對許多人造成的情緒傷害。
(B) will have been
錯誤。
will have been 是「未來完成式的 be 動詞」，後面通常需要接：
- 形容詞：
will have been difficult - 名詞：
will have been a problem - 現在分詞：
will have been affecting...
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The pandemic has underlined the extent _____ digital interaction is no substitute for the real thing. In some ways, I’m more in touch with people than ever thanks to the numerous WhatsApp groups that revived themselves into a constant source of company. But _____ away in a couple of group chats while absent-mindedly watching the latest Netflix offering doesn’t come close to the wonderful feeling of hugging a friend, or of spending three hours giving someone you haven’t seen for ages your undivided attention over a meal, or of having a conversation based not just on words but physical cues. I doubt the pandemic will seed a long-term distaste for crowds; if anything, I suspect that, if all goes well with the vaccine _____, the coming summer will see a crop of riotous street parties and carnivals.
But a return to life as usual will not mask the emotional toll Covid _____ on so many people. People who suffer from anxiety and depression, women in abusive relationships, children experiencing abuse or neglect at the hands of their parents: they have had it the worst, and their experiences of isolation and loneliness during lockdown could have consequences for their personal relationships that will not magically disappear with a vaccine.
And that is before you factor in the added _____ of the intense financial hardship so many are being forced to endure. As a society, recovering from Covid is about much more than antibodies: it cannot happen without support for those who have experienced its worst financial and mental health impacts.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 克漏字的上下文語意判斷。
- 字詞搭配與慣用語。
- 名詞在句中的語法功能。
空格所在句為：
And that is before you factor in the added _____ of the intense financial hardship so many are being forced to endure.
句型為：
factor in + 名詞
the added + 名詞 + of + 名詞片語
因此空格需要填入一個能表示「財務困境所增加的負擔、壓力」的名詞。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後：
- added：增加的、額外的
- of the intense financial hardship：嚴重財務困境所造成的……
- factor in：把……納入考量
全句意思是：
在把許多人被迫承受的嚴重財務困境所增加的負擔也納入考量之前，前文所說的問題還只是其中一部分。
文章前段提到疫情造成的情緒傷害、焦慮、憂鬱、孤立與孤獨；本句進一步指出，除了心理健康問題之外，還必須把嚴重的經濟困境所帶來的額外壓力納入考量。因此最符合語意與搭配的是 strain。
定位答案的關鍵句
And that is before you factor in the added strain of the intense financial hardship so many are being forced to endure.
翻譯：
而這還是在把許多人被迫承受的嚴重財務困境所增加的壓力納入考量之前。
其中：
- factor in＝將……納入考量
- added strain＝額外的壓力、增加的負擔
- financial hardship＝財務困境、經濟困難
- be forced to endure＝被迫承受
strain 可作名詞，表示「壓力、負擔、緊張」；常見搭配包括：
- emotional strain：情緒壓力
- financial strain：財務壓力
- put a strain on：對……造成壓力
- under strain：處於壓力之下
選項分析
(A) sequin
第 26 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Like most, when I heard last week about the east London teenager who was strip-searched by police at her school, I was horrified. The terrible details of this state-sanctioned _____ of a young girl are horrific enough, but when I learned that it was her teachers who had called the police—who stood outside the room while police officers searched the private parts of a child—I was speechless.
As a teacher, the thought that this could happen somewhere children should be safe is unthinkable. But the truth is, it is time we were honest about the increasing encroachment of policing in our schools. This incident did not occur in a _____. Teachers, once seen as educators and caregivers, are under pressure to become plain-clothes police officers teaching algebra.
In recent years, there has been a growing trend for military-style behaviour management in schools: routine bag searches, detentions for slouching in class, pupils _____ into isolation for not bringing in their lunch money, police officers patrolling school corridors, and Victorian-style hierarchies that deny students their rights and assign authoritarian control to teachers.
_____ of this style of behaviour management herald it as refreshingly strict: reminiscent of a bygone era in which schools were places of respect and order. But it’s no coincidence that these attitudes to discipline are disproportionately found in schools that serve poor communities with a higher proportion of minority ethnic pupils, enacted in the name of “revolutionising” inner-city comprehensives with bad reputations. Supporters may claim that these rules are no different to those in the best private schools, but rich white children’s privileges are not eroded in this way because their _____ is never questioned. How many affluent neighbourhoods have police officers wearing stab vests stationed inside their school?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 字義辨析
- 語境判斷
- 固定搭配與名詞語意
關鍵句為：
The terrible details of this state-sanctioned _____ of a young girl are horrific enough...
句意是：
這起由國家機關授權、施加在一名年輕女孩身上的可怕＿＿，其細節已經夠令人髮指了……
文中前一句提到：
the east London teenager who was strip-searched by police at her school
意為：
一名在學校遭警方要求脫衣搜身的東倫敦少女。
因此空格必須填入表示「虐待、傷害、不當對待」的名詞。
解題方法
先從上下文判斷事件性質：
- 警察在學校對未成年女孩進行 strip-search，即「脫衣搜身」。
- 搜查涉及女孩的 private parts，即「私密部位」。
- 教師還在房外等候，顯示這是嚴重侵犯兒童尊嚴與權利的行為。
- 前文使用 horrified、horrific、speechless 等強烈負面語氣。
因此空格應填入具有「虐待、侵害」意義的名詞。四個選項中，只有 abuse 符合語意，也能自然搭配：
state-sanctioned abuse of a young girl
即「國家授權下對一名年輕女孩的虐待／侵害」。
選項分析
(A) backdrop
backdrop 作名詞，意為：
- 背景
- 背景環境
- 襯托事件的情境
例如：
The mountains provided a beautiful backdrop for the ceremony.
群山為典禮提供了美麗的背景。
若填入原句：
state-sanctioned backdrop of a young girl
會變成「由國家授權的女孩背景」，語意不通。backdrop 表示事件發生的背景，不表示對人的虐待或侵害，因此錯誤。
(B) abuse
abuse 作名詞時意為：
- 虐待
- 濫用
- 傷害
- 不當對待
- 權力或權利的濫用
常見搭配包括：
- child abuse：兒童虐待
- physical abuse：身體虐待
- sexual abuse：性虐待
- abuse of power：濫用權力
- verbal abuse：言語虐待
原句：
state-sanctioned abuse of a young girl
可翻譯為：
國家機關授權下對一名年輕女孩的虐待與侵害。
此處 abuse 不一定專指性虐待，而是泛指以不當方式傷害、侵犯或羞辱他人。根據警方對未成年女孩進行脫衣搜身的上下文，使用 abuse 最符合文章的批判語氣與事件內容。
(C) prohibition
prohibition 作名詞，意為：
- 禁止
- 禁令
- 禁止某事的規定
例如：
There is a prohibition against smoking in public buildings.
公共建築內禁止吸菸。
若填入：
state-sanctioned prohibition of a young girl
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Like most, when I heard last week about the east London teenager who was strip-searched by police at her school, I was horrified. The terrible details of this state-sanctioned _____ of a young girl are horrific enough, but when I learned that it was her teachers who had called the police—who stood outside the room while police officers searched the private parts of a child—I was speechless.
As a teacher, the thought that this could happen somewhere children should be safe is unthinkable. But the truth is, it is time we were honest about the increasing encroachment of policing in our schools. This incident did not occur in a _____. Teachers, once seen as educators and caregivers, are under pressure to become plain-clothes police officers teaching algebra.
In recent years, there has been a growing trend for military-style behaviour management in schools: routine bag searches, detentions for slouching in class, pupils _____ into isolation for not bringing in their lunch money, police officers patrolling school corridors, and Victorian-style hierarchies that deny students their rights and assign authoritarian control to teachers.
_____ of this style of behaviour management herald it as refreshingly strict: reminiscent of a bygone era in which schools were places of respect and order. But it’s no coincidence that these attitudes to discipline are disproportionately found in schools that serve poor communities with a higher proportion of minority ethnic pupils, enacted in the name of “revolutionising” inner-city comprehensives with bad reputations. Supporters may claim that these rules are no different to those in the best private schools, but rich white children’s privileges are not eroded in this way because their _____ is never questioned. How many affluent neighbourhoods have police officers wearing stab vests stationed inside their school?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查：
- 英文慣用語 occur in a vacuum
- 文章前後文的語意連貫
- 名詞選項在抽象語境中的適切性
vacuum 原意是「真空、真空狀態」，引申為「與外界隔絕的情況；孤立、脫離背景的狀態」。
occur in a vacuum 是固定用語，表示「孤立發生」「不是在沒有背景或外在因素的情況下發生」。
句型：
something does not occur in a vacuum
某件事不是孤立發生的，背後有相關背景或社會因素。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句是：
This incident did not occur in a _____.
這起事件並不是在一個＿＿中孤立發生的。
前文描述一名女學生在學校遭警方搜身，後文接著說：
it is time we were honest about the increasing encroachment of policing in our schools.
我們應該誠實面對警察管控逐漸侵入校園的現象。
接下來文章又列出許多校園中日益增加的軍事化管理措施，例如例行搜查書包、因坐姿不良而留校，以及由警察巡邏校園等。
因此，作者的意思是：這起事件並非單一、偶然、毫無背景的事件，而是校園警察化與權威式管教日益擴張的結果。最符合此語意的固定搭配是：
did not occur in a vacuum
並非孤立發生。
文章語意定位
前後文清楚指出，事件與更大的校園管理趨勢有關：
But the truth is, it is time we were honest about the increasing encroachment of policing in our schools.
但事實是，我們應該誠實面對警察管控逐漸侵入校園的現象。
這句說明事件背後存在廣泛的社會與教育制度背景，因此不能說事件發生在「孤立、與外界無關」的狀態。填入 vacuum 後，語意與文章論旨完全吻合。
選項分析
(A) chaos
chaos 意為「混亂、無秩序」。
occur in chaos 可勉強理解為「發生在混亂中」，但不是本題所要表達的固定語意。文章重點不是說事件發生時校園處於混亂狀態，而是強調事件並非單一個案，背後有校園警察化的長期趨勢，因此不適合。
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Like most, when I heard last week about the east London teenager who was strip-searched by police at her school, I was horrified. The terrible details of this state-sanctioned _____ of a young girl are horrific enough, but when I learned that it was her teachers who had called the police—who stood outside the room while police officers searched the private parts of a child—I was speechless.
As a teacher, the thought that this could happen somewhere children should be safe is unthinkable. But the truth is, it is time we were honest about the increasing encroachment of policing in our schools. This incident did not occur in a _____. Teachers, once seen as educators and caregivers, are under pressure to become plain-clothes police officers teaching algebra.
In recent years, there has been a growing trend for military-style behaviour management in schools: routine bag searches, detentions for slouching in class, pupils _____ into isolation for not bringing in their lunch money, police officers patrolling school corridors, and Victorian-style hierarchies that deny students their rights and assign authoritarian control to teachers.
_____ of this style of behaviour management herald it as refreshingly strict: reminiscent of a bygone era in which schools were places of respect and order. But it’s no coincidence that these attitudes to discipline are disproportionately found in schools that serve poor communities with a higher proportion of minority ethnic pupils, enacted in the name of “revolutionising” inner-city comprehensives with bad reputations. Supporters may claim that these rules are no different to those in the best private schools, but rich white children’s privileges are not eroded in this way because their _____ is never questioned. How many affluent neighbourhoods have police officers wearing stab vests stationed inside their school?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「句型結構、平行對等與被動語態」。
空格所在句為：
In recent years, there has been a growing trend for military-style behaviour management in schools: routine bag searches, detentions for slouching in class, pupils _____ into isolation for not bringing in their lunch money, police officers patrolling school corridors, and Victorian-style hierarchies...
翻譯：
近年來，學校中出現了日益盛行的軍事化管理行為，例如例行的書包搜查、因上課時懶散而被留校，以及學生因沒有帶午餐錢而被送進隔離室、警察巡邏校舍走廊，還有維多利亞時代式的階級制度……
冒號後列出多項「軍事化管理行為」，各項必須在語法上彼此對等。空格後的 into isolation 表示「被送進隔離室」，主詞 pupils 是「被送」的對象，因此需要使用被動結構：
其中：
pupils：學生being sent：正在被送、被送去into isolation：送進隔離室for not bringing in their lunch money：因為沒有帶午餐錢
解題方法
先觀察空格所在的並列結構：
routine bag searches：例行書包搜查detentions for slouching in class：因上課懶散而被留校pupils being sent into isolation...：學生被送進隔離室police officers patrolling school corridors：警察巡邏校舍走廊Victorian-style hierarchies...：維多利亞時代式的階級制度
第三項的核心意思是「學生被送進隔離室」，而不是「學生送別人進隔離室」。因此必須使用被動語態：
主動句：
Teachers send pupils into isolation.
被動句：
Pupils are sent into isolation.
放入此處的並列名詞片語後，使用動名詞形式表達這種管理措施：
pupils being sent into isolation
因此選擇 (D) being sent。
選項分析
(A) having sent
having sent 是完成式分詞，表示「已經送出」。它是主動語態，通常表示前面的名詞主動完成某動作。
若填入：
pupils having sent into isolation
會變成「學生已經送……進隔離室」，但 send 後面缺少受詞；更重要的是，語意上學生是被送進隔離室，不是主動送人，因此錯誤。
若要表達「學生已經被送進隔離室」，形式應為：
pupils having been sent into isolation
但此處題目所需的是並列描述管理措施的結構，官方答案採用 being sent。
(B) sending
sending 是主動的現在分詞或動名詞，意思是「送出、派送」。
填入後為：
pupils sending into isolation
語意變成「學生把某人或某物送進隔離室」，但 sending 後面沒有受詞，且與原文要表達的「學生被送進隔離室」不符。此處必須有被動形式 being sent，所以錯誤。
(C) send
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Like most, when I heard last week about the east London teenager who was strip-searched by police at her school, I was horrified. The terrible details of this state-sanctioned _____ of a young girl are horrific enough, but when I learned that it was her teachers who had called the police—who stood outside the room while police officers searched the private parts of a child—I was speechless.
As a teacher, the thought that this could happen somewhere children should be safe is unthinkable. But the truth is, it is time we were honest about the increasing encroachment of policing in our schools. This incident did not occur in a _____. Teachers, once seen as educators and caregivers, are under pressure to become plain-clothes police officers teaching algebra.
In recent years, there has been a growing trend for military-style behaviour management in schools: routine bag searches, detentions for slouching in class, pupils _____ into isolation for not bringing in their lunch money, police officers patrolling school corridors, and Victorian-style hierarchies that deny students their rights and assign authoritarian control to teachers.
_____ of this style of behaviour management herald it as refreshingly strict: reminiscent of a bygone era in which schools were places of respect and order. But it’s no coincidence that these attitudes to discipline are disproportionately found in schools that serve poor communities with a higher proportion of minority ethnic pupils, enacted in the name of “revolutionising” inner-city comprehensives with bad reputations. Supporters may claim that these rules are no different to those in the best private schools, but rich white children’s privileges are not eroded in this way because their _____ is never questioned. How many affluent neighbourhoods have police officers wearing stab vests stationed inside their school?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「克漏字的字義判斷」與「詞性、句型搭配」。
空格所在句為：
_____ of this style of behaviour management herald it as refreshingly strict
句中空格後接 of this style of behaviour management，整體主詞為「某類人士」。後面的動詞 herald 使用原形，表示主詞為複數，因此空格應填入複數名詞。語意上，這些人是「支持這種管理方式、讚揚其嚴格作風的人」。
解題方法
先觀察句意：
herald A as B
將 A 宣稱為、讚譽為 B
本句可翻譯為：
「這種行為管理方式的支持者，將它讚譽為令人耳目一新的嚴格作風。」
前文列舉軍事化的校園管理方式，例如例行搜查書包、因坐姿懶散而留校、把學生關入隔離室，以及讓警察巡邏校舍。後文則批判這種制度主要出現在貧困、少數族裔學生比例較高的社區。因此空格應指「支持、擁護這種管理風格的人」。
Proponents 正是「支持者、擁護者」，符合文法與語意。
選項分析
(A) Proponents
proponent 意為「提倡者、支持者、擁護者」，複數為 proponents。
- proponents of something：某事物的支持者
- herald something as refreshingly strict：將某事物讚譽為令人耳目一新的嚴格作風
放入句中：
Proponents of this style of behaviour management herald it as refreshingly strict.
意思是：
「這種行為管理方式的支持者，將它讚譽為令人耳目一新的嚴格作風。」
文法上，複數主詞 Proponents 與動詞 herald 搭配正確；語意上也符合文章對支持軍事化校園管理者的描述，因此正確。
(B) Proprietors
proprietor 意為「所有人、業主、經營者」，複數為 proprietors。
Proprietors of this style of behaviour management...
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Like most, when I heard last week about the east London teenager who was strip-searched by police at her school, I was horrified. The terrible details of this state-sanctioned _____ of a young girl are horrific enough, but when I learned that it was her teachers who had called the police—who stood outside the room while police officers searched the private parts of a child—I was speechless.
As a teacher, the thought that this could happen somewhere children should be safe is unthinkable. But the truth is, it is time we were honest about the increasing encroachment of policing in our schools. This incident did not occur in a _____. Teachers, once seen as educators and caregivers, are under pressure to become plain-clothes police officers teaching algebra.
In recent years, there has been a growing trend for military-style behaviour management in schools: routine bag searches, detentions for slouching in class, pupils _____ into isolation for not bringing in their lunch money, police officers patrolling school corridors, and Victorian-style hierarchies that deny students their rights and assign authoritarian control to teachers.
_____ of this style of behaviour management herald it as refreshingly strict: reminiscent of a bygone era in which schools were places of respect and order. But it’s no coincidence that these attitudes to discipline are disproportionately found in schools that serve poor communities with a higher proportion of minority ethnic pupils, enacted in the name of “revolutionising” inner-city comprehensives with bad reputations. Supporters may claim that these rules are no different to those in the best private schools, but rich white children’s privileges are not eroded in this way because their _____ is never questioned. How many affluent neighbourhoods have police officers wearing stab vests stationed inside their school?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是克漏字中的「語意搭配與上下文判讀」。空格位於：
rich white children’s privileges are not eroded in this way because their _____ is never questioned.
句型為：
their + 名詞 + is never questioned
意思是「他們的某種特質從未受到質疑」。解題關鍵在於前文反覆描述貧困社區與少數族裔學生受到更嚴格、甚至侵犯人權的校規與警察式管理，因此本句是在比較：富裕白人學生受到較多尊重與保障，因為他們被視為完整、值得尊重的人。
解題方法
先抓文章的對比結構：
- 貧困社區、少數族裔學生：受到搜身、隔離、警察巡邏等高壓管理。
- 富裕白人學生：即使違反規範，也不會以同樣方式被剝奪權利。
因此，空格應填入表示「人的尊嚴、人性或作為人的價值」的名詞。四個選項中，只有 humanity 能自然表達「其人性與人格尊嚴不會被否定」。
完整句意為：
But rich white children’s privileges are not eroded in this way because their humanity is never questioned.
翻譯：
但是，富裕白人孩子的特權不會以這種方式被侵蝕，因為他們的人性從未受到質疑。
此處的 humanity 不只是「人類」或「人性」的抽象概念，也帶有「被視為具有完整人格、尊嚴與基本權利的人」之意。文章是在批判某些學校對弱勢與少數族裔學生採取近乎去人性化的管理方式。
選項分析
(A) inferiority：劣等、低人一等
their inferiority is never questioned
他們的劣等性從未受到質疑。
此句在文法上可以成立，但語意與文章立場不符。若說「他們的劣等性從未受到質疑」，反而表示大家都認定這些富裕白人孩子是低人一等，與文章要表達的社會特權現象相反。故錯誤。
(B) creativity：創造力
their creativity is never questioned
他們的創造力從未受到質疑。
文章討論的是學生受到警察式管控、權利被侵蝕以及階級與種族差異，並非創意或學習能力。creativity 與前後文缺乏語意連結，故錯誤。
(C) humanity：人性；人道；人的尊嚴
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both majestic and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of the English culture.
Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English rebellion. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations.
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. The lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those who were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the lord. They would address disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily reminder of the lord’s strength.
The first castles constructed in England were made from earth and timber. Those who constructed them took advantage of natural features, such as hills and rivers, to increase defenses. Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were highly susceptible to attacks by fire. Wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these fortifications; however, being made from stone did not make these castles entirely fireproof. Attackers could hurl flaming objects into the castle through the windows or ignite the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.
As the nobility accumulated wealth, England became increasingly attractive to those who sought to plunder. Raids by Vikings and other marauders increased in regularity. In response to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved. Arrow-slits were added. These were small holes in the castle, large enough for an arrow to fit through, which allowed defenders to fire from nearly invulnerable positions. Towers were built from which defenders could provide flanking fire. These towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. Multiple rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. Advances such as these greatly increased the defense of castles.
The demise of castles can ultimately be attributed to gunpowder. Gunpowder was first introduced to Europe during the 14th century, but the first gunpowder weapons were unreliable, inaccurate, and weak by later standards. During the 15th century, artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly undermined the military role of castles. Castles were then replaced by artillery forts that had no role in civil administration and country houses that were indefensible. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.
- Which is NOT a function of castles as expressed in this passage?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題屬於英文閱讀理解中的「文章細節判斷題」，題目要求找出文章沒有提及的城堡功能。解題重點是逐一比對選項與文章內容，而非判斷城堡在歷史上所有可能的用途。
文章明確提到城堡具有三大功能：
- 軍事用途：防禦、進攻、駐軍與部署。
- 社交與行政中心：領主在城堡內處理政務、審理案件、處理商務及舉辦宴會。
- 權力象徵：城堡代表領主的力量與地位。
文章沒有提到城堡作為宗教活動場所，因此答案為 (B)。
解題方法
先掌握題幹中的關鍵字：
Which is NOT a function of castles as expressed in this passage?
意思是：「下列何者不是本文所表達的城堡功能？」
其中：
- which：哪一個
- NOT：不是
- function：功能、用途
- as expressed in this passage：如本文所表達的、依本文內容所述
接著將四個選項與文章逐項比對。文章中若有明確敘述，即屬於城堡的功能；文章完全未提及者，就是答案。
定位答案的關鍵文句
軍事功能：
In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations.
翻譯為：「因此，城堡在軍事行動中同時具有進攻與防禦的作用。」
社交功能：
In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England.
翻譯為：「因此，城堡在中世紀英格蘭是重要的社交中心。」
權力象徵：
Castles also served as symbols of power.
翻譯為：「城堡也扮演了權力象徵的角色。」
宗教活動方面，全文沒有出現 church、religion、worship、prayer、religious 等相關內容，也沒有描述城堡用於宗教儀式或宗教集會。
選項分析
(A) Castles were symbols of power.
意思是：「城堡是權力的象徵。」
本選項正確，因為文章明確寫道：
Castles also served as symbols of power.
文章進一步說明，城堡通常建在能俯瞰周圍地區的顯著位置，持續出現在農民的生活背景中，提醒人們領主所擁有的力量。因此，城堡不只是居住或防禦設施，也具有展示權力與地位的作用。
(B) Castles were places for religious activities.
意思是：「城堡是進行宗教活動的場所。」
本選項是正確答案。文章提到城堡的軍事、行政、社交及權力象徵功能，卻沒有提到宗教活動。即使城堡中的宴會與節慶可能具有文化或社會性質，也不能據此推論為宗教活動。
因此，(B) 不屬於本文所表達的城堡功能。
(C) Castles were important social centers.
意思是：「城堡是重要的社交中心。」
本選項錯誤，因為文章明確指出：
In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England.
文中列出的具體活動包括：
- hold court：主持審判、處理政務
- report the affairs：報告地方事務
- pay tribute：進貢、繳納貢金
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both majestic and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of the English culture.
Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English rebellion. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations.
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. The lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those who were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the lord. They would address disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily reminder of the lord’s strength.
The first castles constructed in England were made from earth and timber. Those who constructed them took advantage of natural features, such as hills and rivers, to increase defenses. Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were highly susceptible to attacks by fire. Wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these fortifications; however, being made from stone did not make these castles entirely fireproof. Attackers could hurl flaming objects into the castle through the windows or ignite the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.
As the nobility accumulated wealth, England became increasingly attractive to those who sought to plunder. Raids by Vikings and other marauders increased in regularity. In response to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved. Arrow-slits were added. These were small holes in the castle, large enough for an arrow to fit through, which allowed defenders to fire from nearly invulnerable positions. Towers were built from which defenders could provide flanking fire. These towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. Multiple rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. Advances such as these greatly increased the defense of castles.
The demise of castles can ultimately be attributed to gunpowder. Gunpowder was first introduced to Europe during the 14th century, but the first gunpowder weapons were unreliable, inaccurate, and weak by later standards. During the 15th century, artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly undermined the military role of castles. Castles were then replaced by artillery forts that had no role in civil administration and country houses that were indefensible. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.
- Which of the following is NOT a feature of the castles described in this passage?
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解中的「文章細節判斷題」，題目問：
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the castles described in this passage?
下列何者不是本文所描述城堡的特色？
解題重點是逐一比對選項與文章內容，找出文章沒有提及、也沒有獲得支持的敘述。題目不是問哪一項「不符合一般城堡常識」，而是問哪一項「不是本文描述的城堡特色」。
關鍵單字與片語
- palace：宮殿
- splendor：壯麗；華美
- fortress：堡壘
- well-fortified：防禦工事完善的
- pinnacle：頂峰；典範
- invader：入侵者
- fortify：加強防禦；設防
- rebellion：叛亂
- offensive：攻擊性的；進攻的
- defensive：防禦性的
- fiefdom：封地
- tribute：貢品；進貢
- prominent site：顯著的位置
- susceptible to：容易受到……影響
- fireproof：防火的
- arrow-slit：箭孔
- flanking fire：側翼火力
- killing ground：可集中攻擊敵人的開闊地帶
- artillery：火砲；大砲
- undermine：削弱
- vestige：遺跡；殘留物
解題方法
文章後半段集中介紹城堡的防禦設計。定位相關句子後，將四個選項逐一對照：
- 是否提到多重城牆？
- 是否提到窗戶與入口升高？
- 是否提到塔樓以木橋連接？
- 是否提到護城河？
前三項都能在文章中找到明確依據；第四項全文沒有提及，因此選 D。
定位答案的原文
文章提到多重城牆：
“Multiple rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls.”
翻譯：城堡建造了多重環狀城牆，使攻擊者即使突破一道城牆，也會被困在內牆與外牆之間、可供防守者集中攻擊的開闊地帶。
文章提到窗戶與入口升高：
“This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.”
翻譯：這導致人們把窗戶與入口從地面層移到一樓，使它們更難被接近。
文章提到塔樓與木橋：
“These towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend.”
翻譯：這些塔樓以木橋與城堡相連，因此即使一座塔樓失守，城堡的其他部分仍然容易防守。
全文沒有提到「深而且裝滿水、挖在城牆周圍的壕溝」。
選項分析
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both majestic and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of the English culture.
Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English rebellion. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations.
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. The lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those who were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the lord. They would address disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily reminder of the lord’s strength.
The first castles constructed in England were made from earth and timber. Those who constructed them took advantage of natural features, such as hills and rivers, to increase defenses. Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were highly susceptible to attacks by fire. Wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these fortifications; however, being made from stone did not make these castles entirely fireproof. Attackers could hurl flaming objects into the castle through the windows or ignite the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.
As the nobility accumulated wealth, England became increasingly attractive to those who sought to plunder. Raids by Vikings and other marauders increased in regularity. In response to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved. Arrow-slits were added. These were small holes in the castle, large enough for an arrow to fit through, which allowed defenders to fire from nearly invulnerable positions. Towers were built from which defenders could provide flanking fire. These towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. Multiple rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. Advances such as these greatly increased the defense of castles.
The demise of castles can ultimately be attributed to gunpowder. Gunpowder was first introduced to Europe during the 14th century, but the first gunpowder weapons were unreliable, inaccurate, and weak by later standards. During the 15th century, artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly undermined the military role of castles. Castles were then replaced by artillery forts that had no role in civil administration and country houses that were indefensible. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.
- Which best explains how gunpowder ended the role of traditional castles?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解，考查：
- 根據上下文定位答案
- 判斷因果關係
- 同義改寫與關鍵字辨識
- 文章中的歷史與軍事語意
文章最後一段說明城堡衰落的根本原因是火藥武器的發展。早期火藥武器不可靠、 inaccurate（不精確）、weak（威力弱），但到了十五世紀，大砲的威力已足以擊穿石牆，使傳統城堡的防禦功能大幅降低。
解題方法
題目問：
Which best explains how gunpowder ended the role of traditional castles?
哪一項最能解釋火藥如何終結傳統城堡的作用？
解題關鍵在最後一段的因果句：
During the 15th century, artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly undermined the military role of castles.
十五世紀期間，火砲的威力變得足以擊穿石牆。這大幅削弱了城堡的軍事功能。
因果關係如下：
選項 C 將原文的「artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls」改寫成「Cannons were able to knock down stone walls」，並進一步說明因此城堡提供的保護減少，完整符合文章內容。
關鍵單字與片語
- gunpowder：火藥
- artillery：火砲；大砲部隊
- cannon：大砲
- break through：突破；擊穿
- stone wall：石牆
- protection：保護；防禦
- undermine：削弱；動搖
- military role：軍事功能
- reliable：可靠的
- inaccurate：不精確的
- weak by later standards：以後來的標準來看威力不足
- be attributed to：歸因於
- be replaced by：被……取代
- indefensible：難以防守的；無法防禦的
文法與語意重點
1. powerful enough to + 原形動詞
原文：
artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls
句型為：
表示「足以……」。
- powerful enough to break through stone walls
足以擊穿石牆
選項 C 的 were able to knock down 與此意思相近，都是「能夠摧毀石牆」。
2. This 的指涉內容
This greatly undermined the military role of castles.
此處 This 指的是前一句「火砲強大到能擊穿石牆」這件事，而不是單指火藥本身。
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both majestic and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of the English culture.
Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English rebellion. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations.
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. The lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those who were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the lord. They would address disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily reminder of the lord’s strength.
The first castles constructed in England were made from earth and timber. Those who constructed them took advantage of natural features, such as hills and rivers, to increase defenses. Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were highly susceptible to attacks by fire. Wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these fortifications; however, being made from stone did not make these castles entirely fireproof. Attackers could hurl flaming objects into the castle through the windows or ignite the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.
As the nobility accumulated wealth, England became increasingly attractive to those who sought to plunder. Raids by Vikings and other marauders increased in regularity. In response to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved. Arrow-slits were added. These were small holes in the castle, large enough for an arrow to fit through, which allowed defenders to fire from nearly invulnerable positions. Towers were built from which defenders could provide flanking fire. These towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. Multiple rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. Advances such as these greatly increased the defense of castles.
The demise of castles can ultimately be attributed to gunpowder. Gunpowder was first introduced to Europe during the 14th century, but the first gunpowder weapons were unreliable, inaccurate, and weak by later standards. During the 15th century, artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly undermined the military role of castles. Castles were then replaced by artillery forts that had no role in civil administration and country houses that were indefensible. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.
- The following are the main ideas of the paragraphs. Which paragraph’s main idea is CORRECTLY described?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的段落主旨判讀」。解題重點是比較各選項對段落內容的概括，確認是否：
- 符合該段的主要內容；
- 沒有擴大或縮小原文範圍；
- 沒有把背景、結果或細節誤當成主旨。
文章主題是「英國城堡的功能、建造方式、防禦演進，以及因火藥而衰落的歷史」。
解題方法
先掌握各段的核心功能：
- 第一段：介紹城堡兼具雄偉與防禦功能，並說明其歷史吸引力。
- 第二段：說明城堡最初在英國的建造背景，以及軍事用途。
- 第三段：說明城堡在行政、社交與象徵權力方面的用途。
- 第四段：說明早期城堡的建材、火災弱點，以及門窗位置的改變。
- 第五段：列舉為提升防禦能力而增加的城堡設施。
- 第六段：說明火藥與大砲如何使城堡逐漸失去軍事功能。
逐一比對後，只有選項 C 準確概括第五段。
定位答案的原文
第五段開頭指出：
“In response to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved.”
「為了因應這些攻擊，城堡的防禦設施經過更新與改良。」
接著列出具體新增或改良的防禦設計：
“Arrow-slits were added.”
「城堡增加了箭孔。」
“Towers were built from which defenders could provide flanking fire.”
「城堡建造了塔樓，使防守者能夠進行側翼射擊。」
“Multiple rings of castle walls were constructed...”
「城堡建造了多重環形城牆……」
因此，第五段的主要內容正是「為了增強城堡防禦而加入的新設計」，與選項 C 完全相符。
選項分析
(A) Paragraph Two: It describes why William the Conqueror attacked England.
錯誤。
第二段並未說明 William the Conqueror 為什麼攻打英格蘭，而是說明他入侵後如何利用城堡鞏固領土，以及城堡的軍事用途。
關鍵原文為：
“As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken.”
意思是：
「當征服者威廉向英格蘭內陸推進時，他加固重要據點，以確保所奪取的土地。」
本句描述的是威廉征服英格蘭之後的行動，不是解釋他發動攻擊的原因。段落主旨是城堡的軍事功能，包括防禦叛亂、作為軍事行動基地，以及集結和部署軍隊。
(B) Paragraph Three: It details all the purposes that English castles served.
錯誤。
第三段確實說明城堡具有多種功能，包括：
- 行政中心：領主在城堡管理領地；
- 法庭：處理爭端與地方事務；
- 社交中心：舉行宴會與慶典；
- 權力象徵：讓人民感受到領主的力量。
例如：
“In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England.”
意思是：
「因此，城堡在中世紀英格蘭是重要的社交中心。」
但選項使用 all the purposes，表示「城堡所具備的全部用途」。這種說法過度擴大第三段的範圍，因為第二段已談到城堡的軍事用途，第三段只集中說明行政、社交及權力象徵等非軍事功能，並未涵蓋文章提到的所有用途。
(C) Paragraph Five: It details the new features added to increase castle defenses.
正確。
第五段先說明維京人及其他掠奪者的攻擊增加，接著說明城堡為了因應攻擊而強化防禦，並列舉具體設施：
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both majestic and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of the English culture.
Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English rebellion. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations.
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. The lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those who were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the lord. They would address disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily reminder of the lord’s strength.
The first castles constructed in England were made from earth and timber. Those who constructed them took advantage of natural features, such as hills and rivers, to increase defenses. Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were highly susceptible to attacks by fire. Wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these fortifications; however, being made from stone did not make these castles entirely fireproof. Attackers could hurl flaming objects into the castle through the windows or ignite the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.
As the nobility accumulated wealth, England became increasingly attractive to those who sought to plunder. Raids by Vikings and other marauders increased in regularity. In response to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved. Arrow-slits were added. These were small holes in the castle, large enough for an arrow to fit through, which allowed defenders to fire from nearly invulnerable positions. Towers were built from which defenders could provide flanking fire. These towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. Multiple rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. Advances such as these greatly increased the defense of castles.
The demise of castles can ultimately be attributed to gunpowder. Gunpowder was first introduced to Europe during the 14th century, but the first gunpowder weapons were unreliable, inaccurate, and weak by later standards. During the 15th century, artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly undermined the military role of castles. Castles were then replaced by artillery forts that had no role in civil administration and country houses that were indefensible. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.
- Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解中的「Not stated（文章未提及）」題，重點在於：
- 找出選項與原文的對應句。
- 判斷選項是否為原文的直接敘述或合理改寫。
- 注意字義是否被偷換，尤其是形容詞的語意差異。
題幹問：
Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?
下列何者未在文章中提及？
因此，三個選項可以在文章中找到依據，唯一沒有被提及的選項即為答案。
文章定位與解題方法
解題時依序比對四個選項：
- William the Conqueror 與第一座城堡
- 石造城堡與木造城堡的防火性
- 城堡的行政功能
- 城堡不再具有原有功能後是否被稱為 monstrous
其中第四項的關鍵字 monstrous 並未出現在文章中，且文章對城堡的描述是正面的，因此可判定為未陳述內容。
選項分析
(A) Castles no longer serving their original purposes were considered monstrous.
不再具有原有功能的城堡被認為是怪物般的。
此選項為正確答案。
文章最後提到：
Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.
翻譯：
雖然城堡已不再發揮原本的功能，但現存的城堡每年仍吸引數百萬名遊客，這些遊客希望體驗這些昔日時代留下的宏偉遺跡。
原文只說城堡不再具有原本的軍事與行政功能，並稱它們為 majestic vestiges，意為「宏偉的遺跡」。文章沒有說城堡被視為 monstrous，也就是「怪物般的、可怕的、醜陋的」。
此外，monstrous 與 majestic 的語意方向相反：
- monstrous：怪物般的；可怕的；醜陋的
- majestic：宏偉的；莊嚴的；雄偉的
- vestige：遺跡；殘留物
因此，(A) 不僅找不到原文依據，形容詞的語意也與文章整體態度不符。
(B) William the Conqueror built the first castles in England.
征服者威廉建造了英格蘭最早的城堡。
文章第二段明確指出：
Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066.
翻譯：
城堡最初是在 1066 年由諾曼入侵者於英格蘭建造的。
接著文章又說：
As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken.
翻譯：
征服者威廉在英格蘭推進時，加固了重要據點，以確保他所奪取的土地。
由於 William the Conqueror 是諾曼入侵者的領袖，文章明確將他與早期建造及加固城堡的行動連結。因此 (B) 的內容有原文依據。
關鍵字：
- originally：最初地
- Norman invaders：諾曼入侵者
- fortify：加固；強化防禦
- key positions：重要據點
(C) Stone castles were more resistant to fire than the wooden ones.
石造城堡比木造城堡更能抵抗火災。
文章提到：
Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were highly susceptible to attacks by fire.
翻譯：
由於這些城堡是以木材建造，因此極易受到火攻。
接著說：
Wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these fortifications; however, being made from stone did not make these castles entirely fireproof.
翻譯：
木造城堡逐漸被石造城堡取代，石材大幅提升了這些防禦工事的強度；然而，以石材建造並不代表這些城堡完全防火。
原文雖然沒有直接使用 more resistant to fire，但清楚呈現木造城堡「極易受到火攻」，石造城堡則「不完全防火」。由此可知，石造城堡相較木造城堡具有較佳的耐火性。
這是根據語意所做的合理改寫，因此 (C) 不屬於答案。
關鍵字：
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), are synthetic lifeforms that are designed by computers to perform some desired functions and built by combining together different biological tissues. Whether xenobots are robots, organisms, or something else entirely remains a subject of debate among scientists.
The first xenobots were built by Douglas Blackiston according to blueprints generated by an AI program. Xenobots built to date have been less than one millimeter wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early frog embryos. The skin cells provide rigid support and the heart cells act as small motors, contracting and expanding in volume to propel the xenobot forward. The shape of a xenobot’s body and its distribution of skin and heart cells are automatically designed in simulation to perform a specific task, using a process of trial and error (an evolutionary algorithm). Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm to aggregate debris scattered along the surface of their dish into neat piles. They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations.
Xenobots can also self-replicate via “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular level but has never been observed before at the scale of whole cells or organisms. They can gather loose stem cells in their environment and form them into new xenobots with the same capability.
Currently, xenobots are primarily used as a scientific tool to understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies during morphogenesis. However, the behavior and biocompatibility of current xenobots suggest several potential applications to which they may be put in the future.
Given that xenobots are composed solely of frog cells, they are biodegradable. And as swarms of xenobots tend to work together to push microscopic pellets in their dish into central piles, it has been speculated that future xenobots might be able do the same thing with microplastics in the ocean: find and aggregate tiny bits of plastic into a large ball of plastic that a traditional boat or drone can gather and bring to a recycling center. Unlike traditional technologies, xenobots do not add additional pollution as they work and degrade: they behave using energy from fat and protein naturally stored in their tissue, which lasts about a week, at which point they simply turn into dead skin cells.
In future clinical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, xenobots could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems. Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries, and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat diseases.
- How do xenobots produce new xenobots?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「代名詞指涉」與「關鍵訊息定位」。題目問：
How do xenobots produce new xenobots?
Xenobots 如何產生新的 xenobots？
解題重點是回到文章中尋找說明 xenobots「自我複製」機制的句子。文章第三段明確指出，xenobots 會收集環境中的游離幹細胞，並將其組成新的 xenobots。
關鍵原文與翻譯
They can gather loose stem cells in their environment and form them into new xenobots with the same capability.
翻譯：
它們可以收集環境中游離的幹細胞，並將這些幹細胞組成具有相同能力的新 xenobots。
其中：
- gather：收集、聚集
- loose stem cells：游離的幹細胞
- form A into B：把 A 組成／形成 B
- with the same capability：具有相同的能力
題目問「如何產生新的 xenobots」，原文的 gather loose stem cells 對應「收集游離幹細胞」，form them into new xenobots 對應「將它們組成新的 xenobots」，因此答案直接是 (A)。
解題方法
先抓題幹中的核心動詞 produce new xenobots，再利用文章中的同義表達尋找答案。文章使用的不是 produce，而是：
- self-replicate：自我複製
- gather：收集
- form ... into ...：形成、組成
文章先說：
Xenobots can also self-replicate via “kinetic replication”...
意思是：
Xenobots 也能透過「動力複製」進行自我複製。
接著立即解釋其具體機制，就是收集游離幹細胞並形成新的 xenobots。因此，本題不需要推測，只要將題目問法與原文的機制說明對照即可。
選項分析
(A) They collect loose stem cells and form them into new xenobots.
正確。此選項完整重述原文：
They can gather loose stem cells in their environment and form them into new xenobots...
其中 collect 與原文的 gather 同義，form them into new xenobots 也完全符合文章內容。
(B) They produce new xenobots by way of cell degradation.
錯誤。cell degradation 意為「細胞降解」，文章沒有說 xenobots 透過細胞降解產生新的個體。相反地，文章說它們會收集游離幹細胞，再將幹細胞組成新的 xenobots。
文章後段提到 xenobots 最後會：
simply turn into dead skin cells
意思是：
最後只會變成死亡的皮膚細胞。
這是在描述 xenobots 消耗完組織中的脂肪與蛋白質後的死亡、降解結果，不是產生新 xenobots 的方式。此選項將「死亡與分解」誤當成「自我複製機制」。
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), are synthetic lifeforms that are designed by computers to perform some desired functions and built by combining together different biological tissues. Whether xenobots are robots, organisms, or something else entirely remains a subject of debate among scientists.
The first xenobots were built by Douglas Blackiston according to blueprints generated by an AI program. Xenobots built to date have been less than one millimeter wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early frog embryos. The skin cells provide rigid support and the heart cells act as small motors, contracting and expanding in volume to propel the xenobot forward. The shape of a xenobot’s body and its distribution of skin and heart cells are automatically designed in simulation to perform a specific task, using a process of trial and error (an evolutionary algorithm). Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm to aggregate debris scattered along the surface of their dish into neat piles. They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations.
Xenobots can also self-replicate via “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular level but has never been observed before at the scale of whole cells or organisms. They can gather loose stem cells in their environment and form them into new xenobots with the same capability.
Currently, xenobots are primarily used as a scientific tool to understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies during morphogenesis. However, the behavior and biocompatibility of current xenobots suggest several potential applications to which they may be put in the future.
Given that xenobots are composed solely of frog cells, they are biodegradable. And as swarms of xenobots tend to work together to push microscopic pellets in their dish into central piles, it has been speculated that future xenobots might be able do the same thing with microplastics in the ocean: find and aggregate tiny bits of plastic into a large ball of plastic that a traditional boat or drone can gather and bring to a recycling center. Unlike traditional technologies, xenobots do not add additional pollution as they work and degrade: they behave using energy from fat and protein naturally stored in their tissue, which lasts about a week, at which point they simply turn into dead skin cells.
In future clinical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, xenobots could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems. Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries, and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat diseases.
- What are xenobots primarily used for at present?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與「現在主要用途」判讀。
關鍵字是題目中的：
- primarily used for：目前主要被用來……
- at present：現今、目前
- scientific tool：科學研究工具
- understand how cells cooperate：了解細胞如何彼此合作
- build complex bodies：建構複雜的身體結構
文章同時提到 xenobots 已具備多種能力，也提到未來的醫療與環境應用；本題必須區分「目前用途」與「未來可能用途」。
解題方法
先回到文章中尋找與題幹 currently、primarily used 意義相同的句子。定位到第四段：
Currently, xenobots are primarily used as a scientific tool to understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies during morphogenesis.
翻譯為：
目前，xenobots 主要被用作科學工具，以了解細胞在形態發生過程中如何彼此合作，建構複雜的身體結構。
題目問的是「目前主要用途」，而這句話直接給出明確答案，因此選擇與原文意思完全相符的 D。
其中：
- Currently 對應題目的 at present
- primarily used 對應「主要被用來」
- scientific tool 對應「科學工具」
- understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies 對應「了解細胞如何合作建構複雜身體」
選項分析
(A) They are used to deliver medicine and clean arteries.
它們被用來遞送藥物並清理動脈。
錯誤。文章最後一段提到：
In future clinical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, xenobots could be made from a human patient’s own cells. Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries.
翻譯為：
在未來的臨床應用中，例如標靶藥物遞送，xenobots 可以由人類病患自身的細胞製成。這類 xenobots 未來可能被用來刮除動脈中的斑塊。
In future clinical applications 與 could potentially be used 都表示「未來可能的應用」，不是目前的主要用途。因此 A 將未來設想誤判為現況。
(B) They are experimented to gather microplastics in the ocean.
它們被研究用來收集海洋中的微塑膠。
錯誤。文章第五段指出：
it has been speculated that future xenobots might be able to do the same thing with microplastics in the ocean
翻譯為：
有人推測，未來的 xenobots 也許能對海洋中的微塑膠做同樣的事情。
關鍵片語：
- it has been speculated that：有人推測……
- future xenobots：未來的 xenobots
- might be able to：可能能夠……
這只是未來的推測，並非目前已經實際進行的主要用途。B 的錯誤在於忽略 future 與 might 所表達的假設語氣。
(C) They are designed to imitate human movements, such as walking and swimming.
它們被設計來模仿人類動作，例如走路與游泳。
錯誤。第二段確實提到：
Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm...
翻譯為：
Xenobots 已被設計成能夠行走、游泳、推動小顆粒、運送負載，並以群體合作的方式行動……
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), are synthetic lifeforms that are designed by computers to perform some desired functions and built by combining together different biological tissues. Whether xenobots are robots, organisms, or something else entirely remains a subject of debate among scientists.
The first xenobots were built by Douglas Blackiston according to blueprints generated by an AI program. Xenobots built to date have been less than one millimeter wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early frog embryos. The skin cells provide rigid support and the heart cells act as small motors, contracting and expanding in volume to propel the xenobot forward. The shape of a xenobot’s body and its distribution of skin and heart cells are automatically designed in simulation to perform a specific task, using a process of trial and error (an evolutionary algorithm). Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm to aggregate debris scattered along the surface of their dish into neat piles. They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations.
Xenobots can also self-replicate via “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular level but has never been observed before at the scale of whole cells or organisms. They can gather loose stem cells in their environment and form them into new xenobots with the same capability.
Currently, xenobots are primarily used as a scientific tool to understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies during morphogenesis. However, the behavior and biocompatibility of current xenobots suggest several potential applications to which they may be put in the future.
Given that xenobots are composed solely of frog cells, they are biodegradable. And as swarms of xenobots tend to work together to push microscopic pellets in their dish into central piles, it has been speculated that future xenobots might be able do the same thing with microplastics in the ocean: find and aggregate tiny bits of plastic into a large ball of plastic that a traditional boat or drone can gather and bring to a recycling center. Unlike traditional technologies, xenobots do not add additional pollution as they work and degrade: they behave using energy from fat and protein naturally stored in their tissue, which lasts about a week, at which point they simply turn into dead skin cells.
In future clinical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, xenobots could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems. Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries, and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat diseases.
- According to the passage, xenobots are environment friendly because _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係判斷」與「細節定位」。題目問：
xenobots are environment friendly because _____
「xenobots 為何對環境友善？」
解題關鍵不是尋找與環境相關的字眼，而是找出文章中明確說明「不會造成額外污染」的原因。
文中指出，xenobots 由青蛙細胞構成，能以組織中自然儲存的脂肪與蛋白質供能，活動一段時間後會自然分解成死亡的皮膚細胞，因此不會像傳統科技設備一樣留下額外污染物。
解題方法
先定位文章第五段的因果句：
Unlike traditional technologies, xenobots do not add additional pollution as they work and degrade: they behave using energy from fat and protein naturally stored in their tissue, which lasts about a week, at which point they simply turn into dead skin cells.
翻譯：
不同於傳統科技，xenobots 在運作與分解的過程中不會增加額外污染；它們利用組織中自然儲存的脂肪與蛋白質所提供的能量，大約可維持一週，之後便會單純轉變成死亡的皮膚細胞。
句中的 at which point 指「到了那個時候」，也就是能量大約維持一週後；turn into dead skin cells 表示「轉變成死亡的皮膚細胞」。這正是 xenobots 對環境友善的直接理由。
校方釋疑進一步指出，文章前文也提到：
They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations.
翻譯：
「它們可以在沒有食物的情況下存活數週，並且在撕裂傷後自行修復。」
雖然本文另有 for weeks 的描述，但選項 C 使用 after a week or longer，保留了「一週或更久」的時間彈性，與文中 about a week 及前文「存活數週」的資訊相符。因此依官方答案，C 正確。
關鍵單字與片語
- environment friendly：對環境友善的，環保的
- powered by：由……提供能量
- battery：電池
- microplastics：微塑膠
- aggregate：聚集、集合
- degrade：分解、降解
- additional pollution：額外污染
- naturally stored：自然儲存的
- tissue：組織
- at which point：到了那個時候
- turn into：轉變成
- dead skin cells：死亡的皮膚細胞
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), are synthetic lifeforms that are designed by computers to perform some desired functions and built by combining together different biological tissues. Whether xenobots are robots, organisms, or something else entirely remains a subject of debate among scientists.
The first xenobots were built by Douglas Blackiston according to blueprints generated by an AI program. Xenobots built to date have been less than one millimeter wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early frog embryos. The skin cells provide rigid support and the heart cells act as small motors, contracting and expanding in volume to propel the xenobot forward. The shape of a xenobot’s body and its distribution of skin and heart cells are automatically designed in simulation to perform a specific task, using a process of trial and error (an evolutionary algorithm). Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm to aggregate debris scattered along the surface of their dish into neat piles. They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations.
Xenobots can also self-replicate via “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular level but has never been observed before at the scale of whole cells or organisms. They can gather loose stem cells in their environment and form them into new xenobots with the same capability.
Currently, xenobots are primarily used as a scientific tool to understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies during morphogenesis. However, the behavior and biocompatibility of current xenobots suggest several potential applications to which they may be put in the future.
Given that xenobots are composed solely of frog cells, they are biodegradable. And as swarms of xenobots tend to work together to push microscopic pellets in their dish into central piles, it has been speculated that future xenobots might be able do the same thing with microplastics in the ocean: find and aggregate tiny bits of plastic into a large ball of plastic that a traditional boat or drone can gather and bring to a recycling center. Unlike traditional technologies, xenobots do not add additional pollution as they work and degrade: they behave using energy from fat and protein naturally stored in their tissue, which lasts about a week, at which point they simply turn into dead skin cells.
In future clinical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, xenobots could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems. Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries, and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat diseases.
- Which of the following statements about xenobots is NOT correct?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解中的「細節判斷題」，題目要求找出與文章內容不一致的敘述。解題重點是：
- 找出每個選項在文章中的對應資訊。
- 判斷選項是否完整符合原文。
- 題目問的是 NOT correct，因此要選「錯誤」的敘述。
文章介紹 xenobots 的組成、移動方式、自我修復能力、群體合作及未來應用。
解題方法
逐一將選項中的關鍵概念與文章內容配對：
- self-healing → 是否能自我修復
- same body shape and weight → 身體形狀與重量是否全部相同
- move and work together in groups → 是否能群體移動、合作
- heart cells make them move → 心肌細胞是否負責推進
文章明確指出 xenobots 的能力與組成，因此採用「原文定位法」即可判斷。四個選項中，只有一項與文章資訊相反。
關鍵單字與片語
- synthetic lifeforms：合成生命形式
- designed by computers：由電腦設計
- biological tissues：生物組織
- subject of debate：爭論的主題
- derived from：源自、取自
- stem cells：幹細胞
- rigid support：堅硬的支撐
- act as small motors：扮演小型馬達的功能
- propel forward：推動向前
- trial and error：反覆試誤
- evolutionary algorithm：演化演算法
- self-replicate：自我複製
- kinetic replication：動力複製
- heal themselves：自行修復
- lacerations：撕裂傷、割傷
- swarm：群體、群聚
- aggregate：聚集、集合
- biodegradable：可生物分解的
- targeted drug delivery：標靶藥物遞送
- bypass the immune response：避開免疫反應
- scrape plaque from arteries：刮除動脈中的斑塊
原文定位與翻譯
選項 A：自我修復
原文：
They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations.
翻譯：
它們可以在沒有食物的情況下存活數週，並且在受到撕裂傷後自行修復。
文章直接說明 xenobots 能夠在受傷後自我修復，因此 A 正確。
選項 B：身體形狀與重量都相同
原文：
The shape of a xenobot’s body and its distribution of skin and heart cells are automatically designed in simulation to perform a specific task, using a process of trial and error.
翻譯：
xenobot 的身體形狀，以及皮膚細胞與心肌細胞的分布，會透過試誤過程，在模擬環境中自動設計，以完成特定任務。
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), are synthetic lifeforms that are designed by computers to perform some desired functions and built by combining together different biological tissues. Whether xenobots are robots, organisms, or something else entirely remains a subject of debate among scientists.
The first xenobots were built by Douglas Blackiston according to blueprints generated by an AI program. Xenobots built to date have been less than one millimeter wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early frog embryos. The skin cells provide rigid support and the heart cells act as small motors, contracting and expanding in volume to propel the xenobot forward. The shape of a xenobot’s body and its distribution of skin and heart cells are automatically designed in simulation to perform a specific task, using a process of trial and error (an evolutionary algorithm). Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm to aggregate debris scattered along the surface of their dish into neat piles. They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations.
Xenobots can also self-replicate via “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular level but has never been observed before at the scale of whole cells or organisms. They can gather loose stem cells in their environment and form them into new xenobots with the same capability.
Currently, xenobots are primarily used as a scientific tool to understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies during morphogenesis. However, the behavior and biocompatibility of current xenobots suggest several potential applications to which they may be put in the future.
Given that xenobots are composed solely of frog cells, they are biodegradable. And as swarms of xenobots tend to work together to push microscopic pellets in their dish into central piles, it has been speculated that future xenobots might be able do the same thing with microplastics in the ocean: find and aggregate tiny bits of plastic into a large ball of plastic that a traditional boat or drone can gather and bring to a recycling center. Unlike traditional technologies, xenobots do not add additional pollution as they work and degrade: they behave using energy from fat and protein naturally stored in their tissue, which lasts about a week, at which point they simply turn into dead skin cells.
In future clinical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, xenobots could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems. Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries, and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat diseases.
- Which would be the best title for this passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨與最佳標題」判斷。解題重點不是尋找文章中的單一細節，而是判斷哪個選項能涵蓋全文主要內容。
本文依序介紹：
- Xenobots 的定義與組成。
- Xenobots 的製造方式與運作機制。
- Xenobots 已具備的能力。
- Xenobots 的科學研究價值與未來應用。
- Xenobots 同時具有人工設計、機器功能與生物組織等特徵。
因此，最佳標題應能概括「Xenobots 是由電腦設計、以生物細胞組成，並具有機器功能的合成生命形式」這個核心。
定位答案的關鍵原文
第一段指出：
“Xenobots ... are synthetic lifeforms that are designed by computers to perform some desired functions and built by combining together different biological tissues.”
意思是：
Xenobots 是由電腦設計、用來執行特定功能，並透過結合不同生物組織所製成的合成生命形式。
第二段進一步說明：
“The first xenobots were built by Douglas Blackiston according to blueprints generated by an AI program.”
意思是：
第一批 Xenobots 是由 Douglas Blackiston 根據人工智慧程式產生的藍圖製造而成。
文章又提到它們能夠：
“walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm”
也就是：
行走、游泳、推動微粒、攜帶載荷，並以群體方式合作。
這些內容共同呈現 Xenobots 的本質：它們由生物細胞組成，卻經由電腦設計並執行類似機器人的任務。
關鍵單字與片語
- synthetic lifeforms：合成生命形式
- design：設計
- perform a function：執行功能
- combine：結合
- biological tissues：生物組織
- subject of debate：爭論的議題
- blueprint：藍圖
- stem cells：幹細胞
- skin cells：皮膚細胞
- heart muscle cells：心臟肌肉細胞
- propel：推進
- evolutionary algorithm：演化演算法
- trial and error：反覆試驗；嘗試錯誤
- self-replicate：自我複製
- kinetic replication：動力複製
- morphogenesis：形態發生
- biodegradable：可生物分解的
- swarm：群體；蜂群式群體
- aggregate：聚集
- microplastics：微塑膠
- payload：載荷；攜帶的物品
- targeted drug delivery：標靶藥物遞送
- bypass：避開；繞過
- immune response：免疫反應
- scrape plaque from arteries：刮除動脈中的斑塊
文法與語意重點
- that are designed by computers
此處的 that 引導關係子句，修飾前面的 synthetic lifeforms：
synthetic lifeforms that are designed by computers
意為「由電腦設計的合成生命形式」。
- both of which
原文：
“skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells”
which 指前面的兩種細胞，both of which 表示「這兩者都」。全句意為：
皮膚細胞與心臟肌肉細胞，兩者都源自幹細胞。
- Whether A, B, or C remains a subject of debate
原文：
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The earliest recorded reference to oral disease is from an ancient (5000 BC) Sumerian text that describes “tooth worms” as a cause of dental decay, and there is historical evidence that the Chinese used acupuncture around 2700 BC to treat pain associated with tooth decay. And in ancient Egypt, written between 1700 and 1500 BC, there were references to substances to ease pain and treat decay in teeth. Aesculapius, a Greek physician, who lived between 1300 and 1200 BC is credited by many with the concept of extracting diseased teeth. Throughout the Middle Age in Europe, dentistry was made available to the wealthy by physicians who would go to their homes. Dentistry for the poorer people took place in the market places, where self-taught vagabonds would extract teeth for a small fee. From the Middle Ages to the early 1700s, much dental work was provided by so-called “barber surgeons.” Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761), a French surgeon, is credited with being the “father of modern dentistry.”
Dental practitioners migrated to the American colonies in the 1700s and devoted themselves primarily to the removal of diseased teeth and insertion of artificial dentures. Until the mid-1800s, dentures continued to be individually constructed by skilled artisans. Gold, silver, and ivory were common components, causing them to be very expensive and available only to the very wealthy. In 1851 a process to mould material against a model of the patient’s mouth and attach artificial porcelain teeth allowed the manufacture of less expensive dentures. Later, acrylic plastics replaced the use of rubber and porcelain in denture construction.
A major contribution came from Horace Wells in 1844 when he initiated the use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas), founding the concept of inhalation analgesia and anesthesia. The medical community later adopted inhalation anesthesia as a standard surgical practice. Greene Vardiman Black (1831–1915) was the leading reformer of American dentistry. He devised a foot engine that allowed the dentist to keep both hands free while powering the dental drill. He also developed modern techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation, and proposed that dental caries and periodontal disease were infections initiated by bacteria—not confirmed scientifically, however, until the early 1960s.
- The word “decay” in line 2 is closest in meaning to _____.
(A) proper treatment
(B) worsened condition
(C) the deceased
(D) bad denture
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核心觀念
本題考的是單字在文章語境中的詞義判斷，重點是根據上下文判斷 decay 的意思。
在牙科與醫學語境中，decay 作名詞時表示「腐敗、蛀蝕、劣化」，在 tooth decay 中即指「蛀牙、牙齒蛀蝕」。因此，題目中的 decay 可理解為「牙齒狀況惡化」。
定位原文與翻譯
原文：
The earliest recorded reference to oral disease is from an ancient (5000 BC) Sumerian text that describes “tooth worms” as a cause of dental decay.
翻譯：
最早有記錄的口腔疾病資料，出自一篇古代（西元前 5000 年）的蘇美文字獻，其中描述「牙蟲」是牙齒蛀蝕的原因。
其中 dental decay 指的是「牙齒蛀蝕、蛀牙」，也就是牙齒狀況逐漸變壞。
解題方法
先觀察搭配：
- tooth decay：蛀牙、牙齒蛀蝕
- dental decay：牙齒腐蝕、牙齒狀況惡化
- decay：逐漸腐敗、衰退、惡化
文章談的是古人如何治療牙齒疾病，並提到「牙蟲」造成牙齒的 dental decay。因此，這裡的 decay 不是指死亡者，也不是指假牙，而是「牙齒逐漸惡化」的狀態。
worsened condition 表示「惡化的狀況」，最符合本文語意。
選項分析
(A) proper treatment
意思是「適當的治療」。
decay 表示牙齒受損或惡化的狀態，不是治療方法。因此與 dental decay 的語意不符。
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The earliest recorded reference to oral disease is from an ancient (5000 BC) Sumerian text that describes “tooth worms” as a cause of dental decay, and there is historical evidence that the Chinese used acupuncture around 2700 BC to treat pain associated with tooth decay. And in ancient Egypt, written between 1700 and 1500 BC, there were references to substances to ease pain and treat decay in teeth. Aesculapius, a Greek physician, who lived between 1300 and 1200 BC is credited by many with the concept of extracting diseased teeth. Throughout the Middle Age in Europe, dentistry was made available to the wealthy by physicians who would go to their homes. Dentistry for the poorer people took place in the market places, where self-taught vagabonds would extract teeth for a small fee. From the Middle Ages to the early 1700s, much dental work was provided by so-called “barber surgeons.” Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761), a French surgeon, is credited with being the “father of modern dentistry.”
Dental practitioners migrated to the American colonies in the 1700s and devoted themselves primarily to the removal of diseased teeth and insertion of artificial dentures. Until the mid-1800s, dentures continued to be individually constructed by skilled artisans. Gold, silver, and ivory were common components, causing them to be very expensive and available only to the very wealthy. In 1851 a process to mould material against a model of the patient’s mouth and attach artificial porcelain teeth allowed the manufacture of less expensive dentures. Later, acrylic plastics replaced the use of rubber and porcelain in denture construction.
A major contribution came from Horace Wells in 1844 when he initiated the use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas), founding the concept of inhalation analgesia and anesthesia. The medical community later adopted inhalation anesthesia as a standard surgical practice. Greene Vardiman Black (1831–1915) was the leading reformer of American dentistry. He devised a foot engine that allowed the dentist to keep both hands free while powering the dental drill. He also developed modern techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation, and proposed that dental caries and periodontal disease were infections initiated by bacteria—not confirmed scientifically, however, until the early 1960s.
- What does the author imply about removing diseased teeth in ancient times?
(A) There were many handy tools used at that time.
(B) It was only available to the wealthy at their homes.
(C) Aesculapius contributed to the treatment by extracting diseased teeth.
(D) It was an alternative to acupuncture although the Chinese had been using it for a long time.
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核心觀念
本題是歷史類閱讀理解，考查：
- 根據文章明確資訊判斷作者暗示。
- 辨識關鍵句中的主詞、動作與時間背景。
- 分辨「文章支持的敘述」與「選項自行添加的資訊」。
題目問：
What does the author imply about removing diseased teeth in ancient times?
意思是：「作者暗示古代拔除罹病牙齒的情形為何？」
解題重點在於找出文章中描述古代拔牙的句子，而不是以現代牙科知識推論。
答案定位句
Aesculapius, a Greek physician, who lived between 1300 and 1200 BC is credited by many with the concept of extracting diseased teeth.
翻譯：
Aesculapius 是一位生活於西元前 1300 年至西元前 1200 年之間的希臘醫師，許多人認為他提出了拔除罹病牙齒的概念。
此句明確指出，Aesculapius 被許多人認為對「拔除罹病牙齒」的治療方式有所貢獻，因此正確答案為 (C)。
解題方法
先鎖定題幹中的核心字詞：
- removing diseased teeth：拔除罹病的牙齒
- ancient times：古代
- imply：暗示、意指
文章第一段依時間順序介紹古代口腔疾病與牙科治療：
- 蘇美文明記載「牙蟲」造成蛀牙。
- 中國使用針灸治療蛀牙疼痛。
- 古埃及使用物質緩解疼痛、治療蛀牙。
- Aesculapius 被認為提出拔除罹病牙齒的概念。
因此，與「古代拔除罹病牙齒」最直接相關的資訊，就是 Aesculapius 的貢獻。
選項分析
(A) There were many handy tools used at that time.
意思是：「當時使用了許多方便的工具。」
文章沒有提到古代有許多便利工具，也沒有描述拔牙器械的種類或數量。此選項加入文章未提供的資訊，不能由原文推得，故錯誤。
(B) It was only available to the wealthy at their homes.
意思是：「這種服務只有富人在家中才能享有。」
文章提到的是中世紀歐洲的牙科服務：
Throughout the Middle Age in Europe, dentistry was made available to the wealthy by physicians who would go to their homes.
翻譯：
在整個歐洲中世紀，醫師會前往富人家中，因此富人可以獲得牙科服務。
但文章接著說：
Dentistry for the poorer people took place in the market places, where self-taught vagabonds would extract teeth for a small fee.
翻譯：
貧窮人民的牙科治療則在市場進行，由自學成才的流浪者收取少量費用替人拔牙。
可見拔牙並非「只有富人能享有」，窮人也能在市場接受拔牙，只是服務提供者與地點不同。更重要的是，這段描述的是「中世紀」，並非題目所問的古代，故錯誤。
(C) Aesculapius contributed to the treatment by extracting diseased teeth.
意思是：「Aesculapius 透過拔除罹病牙齒，對治療方式有所貢獻。」
此選項改寫自原文：
Aesculapius ... is credited by many with the concept of extracting diseased teeth.
「be credited with」表示「被認為對某事有所貢獻、被認為提出某概念」。選項以 extracting diseased teeth 說明其貢獻內容，符合文章資訊，故正確。
(D) It was an alternative to acupuncture although the Chinese had been using it for a long time.
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The earliest recorded reference to oral disease is from an ancient (5000 BC) Sumerian text that describes “tooth worms” as a cause of dental decay, and there is historical evidence that the Chinese used acupuncture around 2700 BC to treat pain associated with tooth decay. And in ancient Egypt, written between 1700 and 1500 BC, there were references to substances to ease pain and treat decay in teeth. Aesculapius, a Greek physician, who lived between 1300 and 1200 BC is credited by many with the concept of extracting diseased teeth. Throughout the Middle Age in Europe, dentistry was made available to the wealthy by physicians who would go to their homes. Dentistry for the poorer people took place in the market places, where self-taught vagabonds would extract teeth for a small fee. From the Middle Ages to the early 1700s, much dental work was provided by so-called “barber surgeons.” Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761), a French surgeon, is credited with being the “father of modern dentistry.”
Dental practitioners migrated to the American colonies in the 1700s and devoted themselves primarily to the removal of diseased teeth and insertion of artificial dentures. Until the mid-1800s, dentures continued to be individually constructed by skilled artisans. Gold, silver, and ivory were common components, causing them to be very expensive and available only to the very wealthy. In 1851 a process to mould material against a model of the patient’s mouth and attach artificial porcelain teeth allowed the manufacture of less expensive dentures. Later, acrylic plastics replaced the use of rubber and porcelain in denture construction.
A major contribution came from Horace Wells in 1844 when he initiated the use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas), founding the concept of inhalation analgesia and anesthesia. The medical community later adopted inhalation anesthesia as a standard surgical practice. Greene Vardiman Black (1831–1915) was the leading reformer of American dentistry. He devised a foot engine that allowed the dentist to keep both hands free while powering the dental drill. He also developed modern techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation, and proposed that dental caries and periodontal disease were infections initiated by bacteria—not confirmed scientifically, however, until the early 1960s.
- According to the passage, modern dentistry dates from _____.
(A) 1400–1200 BC
(B) the mid 1600s
(C) the early 1700s
(D) the mid 1800s
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「時間定位」與「主旨細節判斷」。關鍵在於掌握：
- date from＋時間：始於某時期，可追溯至某時期。
- 題目問的是 modern dentistry（現代牙醫學） 的起源，不是最早的牙痛治療、拔牙技術、假牙製作或麻醉技術。
- 閱讀時須將「歷史背景」與「現代牙醫學正式形成」區分開來。
定位答案的原文
“From the Middle Ages to the early 1700s, much dental work was provided by so-called ‘barber surgeons.’ Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761), a French surgeon, is credited with being the ‘father of modern dentistry.’”
翻譯：
「從中世紀到十八世紀初，許多牙科工作是由所謂的『理髮師外科醫師』提供。法國外科醫師 Pierre Fauchard（1678–1761）被許多人譽為『現代牙醫學之父』。」
文中將 Pierre Fauchard 與 father of modern dentistry 直接連結，而他的牙科發展時期位於 early 1700s（十八世紀初），因此現代牙醫學可追溯至十八世紀初。
解題方法
先找題幹中的核心名詞 modern dentistry，再回文章尋找與其直接相關的句子。文章前半段雖提到：
- 西元前 5000 年的「牙蟲」學說；
- 西元前 2700 年中國以針灸治療牙痛；
- Aesculapius 提倡拔除病牙；
這些內容屬於牙科或口腔疾病治療的早期歷史，並不代表現代牙醫學已經建立。
文章明確指出 Pierre Fauchard 是「現代牙醫學之父」，而其歷史位置接近十八世紀初。因此答案為 the early 1700s。
關鍵單字與片語
- oral disease：口腔疾病
- tooth decay / dental decay：蛀牙、牙齒腐蝕
- acupuncture：針灸
- extract diseased teeth：拔除病牙
- dentistry：牙醫學、牙科
- barber surgeon：理髮師外科醫師，早期兼做外科處置與拔牙的人
- be credited with：被認為具有……的功勞
- father of modern dentistry：現代牙醫學之父
- artificial dentures：人工假牙
- mould material against a model：將材料壓模製作
- nitrous oxide：一氧化二氮，即笑氣
- inhalation analgesia and anesthesia：吸入式止痛與麻醉
- dental caries：齲齒、蛀牙
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The earliest recorded reference to oral disease is from an ancient (5000 BC) Sumerian text that describes “tooth worms” as a cause of dental decay, and there is historical evidence that the Chinese used acupuncture around 2700 BC to treat pain associated with tooth decay. And in ancient Egypt, written between 1700 and 1500 BC, there were references to substances to ease pain and treat decay in teeth. Aesculapius, a Greek physician, who lived between 1300 and 1200 BC is credited by many with the concept of extracting diseased teeth. Throughout the Middle Age in Europe, dentistry was made available to the wealthy by physicians who would go to their homes. Dentistry for the poorer people took place in the market places, where self-taught vagabonds would extract teeth for a small fee. From the Middle Ages to the early 1700s, much dental work was provided by so-called “barber surgeons.” Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761), a French surgeon, is credited with being the “father of modern dentistry.”
Dental practitioners migrated to the American colonies in the 1700s and devoted themselves primarily to the removal of diseased teeth and insertion of artificial dentures. Until the mid-1800s, dentures continued to be individually constructed by skilled artisans. Gold, silver, and ivory were common components, causing them to be very expensive and available only to the very wealthy. In 1851 a process to mould material against a model of the patient’s mouth and attach artificial porcelain teeth allowed the manufacture of less expensive dentures. Later, acrylic plastics replaced the use of rubber and porcelain in denture construction.
A major contribution came from Horace Wells in 1844 when he initiated the use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas), founding the concept of inhalation analgesia and anesthesia. The medical community later adopted inhalation anesthesia as a standard surgical practice. Greene Vardiman Black (1831–1915) was the leading reformer of American dentistry. He devised a foot engine that allowed the dentist to keep both hands free while powering the dental drill. He also developed modern techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation, and proposed that dental caries and periodontal disease were infections initiated by bacteria—not confirmed scientifically, however, until the early 1960s.
- According to the passage, cheaper dentures were available when _____.
(A) a model of the patient’s mouth could be taken to attach artificial porcelain teeth
(B) artificial golden teeth could be attached to the patient’s mouth
(C) gold, silver, and ivory were no longer so commonly used
(D) implantations became standard procedures
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與「同義改寫」。題目詢問較便宜的假牙在何種情況下出現，答案必須直接回到文章中關於 1851 年假牙製作技術改良 的敘述。
關鍵句為：
In 1851 a process to mould material against a model of the patient’s mouth and attach artificial porcelain teeth allowed the manufacture of less expensive dentures.
翻譯：
1851 年，一種能以病人口腔模型塑造材料，並裝上人工瓷牙的製程，使較便宜的假牙得以製造。
句中主詞是 a process，動詞是 allowed，受詞為 the manufacture of less expensive dentures，意思是「這項製程使較便宜假牙的製造成為可能」。
關鍵單字與片語
- denture：假牙
- artificial denture：人工假牙
- individually constructed：個別製作的
- skilled artisan：技術熟練的工匠
- component：組成部分、材料
- expensive：昂貴的
- available only to the very wealthy：只有非常富有的人負擔得起
- mould material against a model：依據模型塑造材料
- model of the patient’s mouth：病人口腔的模型
- artificial porcelain teeth：人工瓷牙
- allow A to V：使 A 能夠做某事
- manufacture：製造；製造業
- less expensive：較不昂貴的、價格較低的
- replace A with B：以 B 取代 A
解題方法
先鎖定題幹關鍵字 cheaper dentures。文章第二段先說明早期假牙的材料與價格：
Gold, silver, and ivory were common components, causing them to be very expensive and available only to the very wealthy.
翻譯：
金、銀和象牙是常見材料，使假牙非常昂貴，只有非常富有的人才能取得。
接著文章以 In 1851 引出轉折後的新製程，並明確指出：
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The earliest recorded reference to oral disease is from an ancient (5000 BC) Sumerian text that describes “tooth worms” as a cause of dental decay, and there is historical evidence that the Chinese used acupuncture around 2700 BC to treat pain associated with tooth decay. And in ancient Egypt, written between 1700 and 1500 BC, there were references to substances to ease pain and treat decay in teeth. Aesculapius, a Greek physician, who lived between 1300 and 1200 BC is credited by many with the concept of extracting diseased teeth. Throughout the Middle Age in Europe, dentistry was made available to the wealthy by physicians who would go to their homes. Dentistry for the poorer people took place in the market places, where self-taught vagabonds would extract teeth for a small fee. From the Middle Ages to the early 1700s, much dental work was provided by so-called “barber surgeons.” Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761), a French surgeon, is credited with being the “father of modern dentistry.”
Dental practitioners migrated to the American colonies in the 1700s and devoted themselves primarily to the removal of diseased teeth and insertion of artificial dentures. Until the mid-1800s, dentures continued to be individually constructed by skilled artisans. Gold, silver, and ivory were common components, causing them to be very expensive and available only to the very wealthy. In 1851 a process to mould material against a model of the patient’s mouth and attach artificial porcelain teeth allowed the manufacture of less expensive dentures. Later, acrylic plastics replaced the use of rubber and porcelain in denture construction.
A major contribution came from Horace Wells in 1844 when he initiated the use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas), founding the concept of inhalation analgesia and anesthesia. The medical community later adopted inhalation anesthesia as a standard surgical practice. Greene Vardiman Black (1831–1915) was the leading reformer of American dentistry. He devised a foot engine that allowed the dentist to keep both hands free while powering the dental drill. He also developed modern techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation, and proposed that dental caries and periodontal disease were infections initiated by bacteria—not confirmed scientifically, however, until the early 1960s.
- According to the passage, modern techniques for dental fillings were developed _____.
(A) when bacteria-related infections were scientifically confirmed and proved
(B) when the dentists could use only one hand while operating a dental drill
(C) when laughing gas was no longer used for inhalation analgesia and anesthesia
(D) when they were based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation
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核心觀念
本題考查：
- 閱讀理解中的「答案定位」。
- 代名詞與關係資訊的指涉。
- 根據原文判斷正確敘述，而非以背景常識推測。
- 關鍵片語
based upon...的語意。
題目問：
According to the passage, modern techniques for dental fillings were developed _____.
意思是：
根據文章，現代牙齒填補技術是在什麼情況下發展出來的？
文章明確指出：
He also developed modern techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation.
翻譯：
他也發展出以生物學原理及顯微鏡評估為基礎的現代牙齒填補技術。
因此，答案是「這些技術是以生物學原理及顯微鏡評估為基礎」，對應選項 (D)。
解題方法
本題採用「關鍵字回文定位法」。
題幹中的關鍵字是：
modern techniquesdental fillings
回到文章末段，可找到完全對應的句子：
He also developed modern techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation.
其中：
developed modern techniques for filling teeth
= 發展現代牙齒填補技術based upon biological principles
= 以生物學原理為基礎and microscopic evaluation
= 以及顯微鏡評估
題目將原文改寫成：
modern techniques for dental fillings were developed _____.
空格需要填入「技術所依據的基礎」。原文的 based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation 正好提供答案。
關鍵單字與片語
oral disease：口腔疾病tooth decay：蛀牙、牙齒腐敗dental practitioner：牙科醫師、牙科從業人員diseased teeth：患病的牙齒artificial dentures：人工假牙inhalation analgesia：吸入式止痛anesthesia：麻醉dental drill：牙科鑽頭filling teeth：填補牙齒biological principles：生物學原理microscopic evaluation：顯微鏡評估periodontal disease：牙周疾病bacteria：細菌be based upon：以……為基礎be credited with：被認為是……的功勞、被歸功於……devote oneself primarily to：主要致力於……allow someone to + V：使某人能夠……not ... until ...：直到……才……
文法與語意重點
1. based upon 為過去分詞片語
原句：
He also developed modern techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation.
based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation 修飾前面的 modern techniques，表示：
這些技術是建立在生物學原理及顯微鏡評估之上。
based upon 與 based on 意義相同，皆為「以……為基礎」。
2. for filling teeth 的功能
for + V-ing 在此表示用途：
techniques for filling teeth
用來填補牙齒的技術
因此 modern techniques for filling teeth 就是「現代牙齒填補技術」。
3. 題目中的被動語態
題幹使用：
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
For more than two years, people everywhere have been in the grip of a pandemic—but not necessarily the same one. In the affluent world, a viral respiratory disease, Covid, suddenly became a leading cause of death. In much of the developing world, by contrast, the main engine of destruction wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects: measures people took in response to the coronavirus. Richer nations and poorer nations differ in their vulnerabilities.
Whenever I talk with members of my family in Ghana, Nigeria and Namibia, I’m reminded that a global event can also be a profoundly local one. Lives and livelihoods have been affected in these places very differently from the way they have in Europe or the US. That’s true in the economic and educational realms, but it’s true, too, in the realm of public health. And across all these realms, the stakes are often life or death.
The three countries I mentioned have a median age between 18 and 22 years, and the severity of Covid discriminates sharply by age. A big way that Covid can kill is by hampering the management of other diseases, such as HIV, malaria and TB. In Africa alone, 26 million people are living with HIV and, in a typical year, several hundreds of thousands die of it, while malaria, which is especially deadly to infants and toddlers, claims almost 400,000 lives.
Those are big numbers, and yet they used to be much bigger—a major healthcare effort brought them down. Amid the pandemic, though, people stopped visiting clinics, in part because it became harder to get to them, and healthcare workers had to curtail their own movements. According to a Global Fund survey of 32 countries in Africa and Asia, prenatal care visits dropped by two-thirds between April and September 2020; consultations for children under five dropped by three-quarters.
Public-health experts predict that, as an indirect consequence of the Covid pandemic, twice as many people around the world could be at risk of dying from malaria. There could be 400,000 extra deaths from TB in the next few years, and half a million extra deaths from HIV. Across much of the world, in short, the response to the coronavirus has ushered in a shadow pandemic. The coronavirus’s real death toll, then, has to be calculated not just in deaths from Covid, but also in deaths that would otherwise have been prevented, from malaria, TB, HIV, diabetes and more.
This shadow pandemic isn’t simply a story about disease—it’s about poverty, hunger, truncated education and stunted lives. A suggestive comparison can be made with the climate crisis. In the affluent world, some people think of climate breakdown as a matter of how long the air conditioning stays on, but for many in the developing world, it’s already a matter of floods, droughts and famine.
- What does “shadow pandemic” refer to?
(A) It refers to the chain effects brought about by the Covid pandemic.
(B) It refers to truncated education because of the Covid pandemic.
(C) It refers to the death tolls that were caused by the coronavirus.
(D) It refers to the economic destructions caused by the Covid pandemic on a global scale.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指涉判斷」：判斷文章中的代名詞或概念所代表的完整內容。
文中的 shadow pandemic 並非指另一種真正的病毒，而是指 Covid-19 疫情所引發的「間接後果」與「連鎖效應」，包括：
- 醫療服務中斷，導致 HIV、瘧疾、肺結核等疾病死亡人數增加
- 貧窮與飢餓惡化
- 教育中斷
- 生命發展受阻
- 原本可避免的死亡增加
因此，shadow pandemic = Covid-19 所造成的第二層、間接且廣泛的連鎖災害。
解題方法
解答本題應先定位 shadow pandemic 所在的句子，再往前尋找文章對該詞的具體說明。
關鍵句為：
Across much of the world, in short, the response to the coronavirus has ushered in a shadow pandemic.
翻譯：
簡而言之，在世界許多地區，人們對新冠病毒的應對措施已經引發了一場「影子疫情」。
下一句進一步解釋：
The coronavirus’s real death toll, then, has to be calculated not just in deaths from Covid, but also in deaths that would otherwise have been prevented, from malaria, TB, HIV, diabetes and more.
翻譯：
因此，新冠病毒真正造成的死亡總數，不能只計算 Covid-19 直接造成的死亡，也必須包括因瘧疾、肺結核、HIV、糖尿病等疾病而死亡、但原本可以避免的病例。
由此可知，shadow pandemic 是 Covid-19 防疫措施造成的醫療、經濟、教育與公共衛生等連鎖影響，核心尤其表現在其他疾病死亡人數增加。
關鍵單字與片語
- shadow pandemic：影子疫情；由主要疫情間接引發的廣泛危機
- second-order effects：第二層影響、間接後果
- in response to：為了回應、因應
- vulnerability：脆弱性；容易受到傷害的程度
- public health：公共衛生
- hamper：妨礙、阻礙
- healthcare effort：醫療保健工作
- curtail：縮減、限制
- indirect consequence：間接後果
- be at risk of dying from：有死於某疾病的風險
- usher in：引發、帶來
- death toll：死亡人數、死亡總數
- would otherwise have been prevented：在其他情況下原本可以被避免的
文法與語意重點
1. not just A, but also B
文章使用：
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
For more than two years, people everywhere have been in the grip of a pandemic—but not necessarily the same one. In the affluent world, a viral respiratory disease, Covid, suddenly became a leading cause of death. In much of the developing world, by contrast, the main engine of destruction wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects: measures people took in response to the coronavirus. Richer nations and poorer nations differ in their vulnerabilities.
Whenever I talk with members of my family in Ghana, Nigeria and Namibia, I’m reminded that a global event can also be a profoundly local one. Lives and livelihoods have been affected in these places very differently from the way they have in Europe or the US. That’s true in the economic and educational realms, but it’s true, too, in the realm of public health. And across all these realms, the stakes are often life or death.
The three countries I mentioned have a median age between 18 and 22 years, and the severity of Covid discriminates sharply by age. A big way that Covid can kill is by hampering the management of other diseases, such as HIV, malaria and TB. In Africa alone, 26 million people are living with HIV and, in a typical year, several hundreds of thousands die of it, while malaria, which is especially deadly to infants and toddlers, claims almost 400,000 lives.
Those are big numbers, and yet they used to be much bigger—a major healthcare effort brought them down. Amid the pandemic, though, people stopped visiting clinics, in part because it became harder to get to them, and healthcare workers had to curtail their own movements. According to a Global Fund survey of 32 countries in Africa and Asia, prenatal care visits dropped by two-thirds between April and September 2020; consultations for children under five dropped by three-quarters.
Public-health experts predict that, as an indirect consequence of the Covid pandemic, twice as many people around the world could be at risk of dying from malaria. There could be 400,000 extra deaths from TB in the next few years, and half a million extra deaths from HIV. Across much of the world, in short, the response to the coronavirus has ushered in a shadow pandemic. The coronavirus’s real death toll, then, has to be calculated not just in deaths from Covid, but also in deaths that would otherwise have been prevented, from malaria, TB, HIV, diabetes and more.
This shadow pandemic isn’t simply a story about disease—it’s about poverty, hunger, truncated education and stunted lives. A suggestive comparison can be made with the climate crisis. In the affluent world, some people think of climate breakdown as a matter of how long the air conditioning stays on, but for many in the developing world, it’s already a matter of floods, droughts and famine.
- This essay may move on to the discussion of the following issues EXCEPT _____.
(A) education
(B) regional conflicts
(C) healthcare problems
(D) economic recession
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「文章主旨與後續發展推論」。題目問：
This essay may move on to the discussion of the following issues EXCEPT _____.
本文接下來可能討論下列哪些議題，除了哪一項？
解題重點是整理文章已經談到或明確暗示的主題，再判斷哪個選項與全文脈絡最無關。
本文主旨是：新冠疫情除了直接造成 Covid 死亡，也透過醫療中斷、貧窮、飢餓與教育受阻等「第二層影響」，在開發中國家形成另一場「影子疫情」。
解題方法
閱讀文章時，先找出作者已明確列出的討論領域：
- 公共衛生與醫療問題
- 教育
- 經濟與生計
- 貧窮與飢餓
- 氣候危機及其對開發中國家的影響
定位答案的關鍵句是：
That’s true in the economic and educational realms, but it’s true, too, in the realm of public health.
這種差異存在於經濟與教育領域，同樣也存在於公共衛生領域。
這一句直接列出三個文章核心面向：
- economic：經濟
- educational：教育
- public health：公共衛生
此外，文章後段又寫道：
This shadow pandemic isn’t simply a story about disease—it’s about poverty, hunger, truncated education and stunted lives.
這場影子疫情不只是疾病的故事，也與貧窮、飢餓、被迫中斷的教育，以及受到阻礙的人生發展有關。
因此，教育、經濟衰退或醫療問題都能從全文主題自然延伸；只有「區域衝突」完全沒有被提及，也沒有任何戰爭、政治衝突或國際爭端的鋪陳。
選項分析
(A) education 教育
正確。文章明確提到：
That’s true in the economic and educational realms...
這種差異存在於經濟與教育領域……
因此，教育是作者已經涉及的議題，後文繼續討論教育中斷、學習損失或兒童發展，完全符合文章方向。
(B) regional conflicts 區域衝突
錯誤，為本題答案。全文集中在疫情對醫療、經濟、教育、貧窮與公共衛生的影響，沒有討論不同地區之間的戰爭、武裝衝突、政治對立或難民問題。
「regional」雖然可表示「區域的」，但文章中的國家比較是為了說明不同地區的脆弱性，並不是在討論區域衝突。因此此選項缺乏文章脈絡支持。
(C) healthcare problems 醫療問題
正確。全文大量討論醫療問題，包括：
- HIV、malaria、TB 等疾病
- 人們停止前往診所
- 醫療院所變得難以到達
- 醫療工作者被迫減少活動
- 產前照護與兒童醫療諮詢大幅下降
例如：
Amid the pandemic, though, people stopped visiting clinics...
然而，在疫情期間，人們停止前往診所……
因此，醫療問題是本文最主要的討論內容之一。
(D) economic recession 經濟衰退
正確。文章指出：
Lives and livelihoods have been affected...
人們的生命與生計都受到影響……
並且提到：
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
For more than two years, people everywhere have been in the grip of a pandemic—but not necessarily the same one. In the affluent world, a viral respiratory disease, Covid, suddenly became a leading cause of death. In much of the developing world, by contrast, the main engine of destruction wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects: measures people took in response to the coronavirus. Richer nations and poorer nations differ in their vulnerabilities.
Whenever I talk with members of my family in Ghana, Nigeria and Namibia, I’m reminded that a global event can also be a profoundly local one. Lives and livelihoods have been affected in these places very differently from the way they have in Europe or the US. That’s true in the economic and educational realms, but it’s true, too, in the realm of public health. And across all these realms, the stakes are often life or death.
The three countries I mentioned have a median age between 18 and 22 years, and the severity of Covid discriminates sharply by age. A big way that Covid can kill is by hampering the management of other diseases, such as HIV, malaria and TB. In Africa alone, 26 million people are living with HIV and, in a typical year, several hundreds of thousands die of it, while malaria, which is especially deadly to infants and toddlers, claims almost 400,000 lives.
Those are big numbers, and yet they used to be much bigger—a major healthcare effort brought them down. Amid the pandemic, though, people stopped visiting clinics, in part because it became harder to get to them, and healthcare workers had to curtail their own movements. According to a Global Fund survey of 32 countries in Africa and Asia, prenatal care visits dropped by two-thirds between April and September 2020; consultations for children under five dropped by three-quarters.
Public-health experts predict that, as an indirect consequence of the Covid pandemic, twice as many people around the world could be at risk of dying from malaria. There could be 400,000 extra deaths from TB in the next few years, and half a million extra deaths from HIV. Across much of the world, in short, the response to the coronavirus has ushered in a shadow pandemic. The coronavirus’s real death toll, then, has to be calculated not just in deaths from Covid, but also in deaths that would otherwise have been prevented, from malaria, TB, HIV, diabetes and more.
This shadow pandemic isn’t simply a story about disease—it’s about poverty, hunger, truncated education and stunted lives. A suggestive comparison can be made with the climate crisis. In the affluent world, some people think of climate breakdown as a matter of how long the air conditioning stays on, but for many in the developing world, it’s already a matter of floods, droughts and famine.
- Which is the best title of this passage?
(A) A Tale of Two Pandemics
(B) The Southern Hemisphere Amidst the Covid Pandemic
(C) The Survival of the Poor Countries in the Covid Pandemic
(D) Europe Suffers Fatal Consequences of the Covid Pandemic
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」與「最佳標題」。最佳標題必須：
- 能涵蓋全文主要內容。
- 能呈現作者的核心對比或論點。
- 不可只描述文章某一段、某一地區或單一細節。
- 範圍不可過窄，也不可加入文章未強調的資訊。
本文的核心不是單純介紹 Covid，也不是只談非洲，而是比較兩種疫情影響：
- 富裕國家：主要受到 Covid 本身直接造成的死亡影響。
- 開發中國家：除 Covid 直接傷害外，更受到防疫措施造成的醫療中斷、貧窮、飢餓與教育中斷等「間接傷害」影響。
因此，本文將 Covid 疫情及其間接造成的「影子疫情」並列討論，形成「兩種疫情」的概念。
解題方法
判斷標題時，先找出文章開頭提出的主旨，再觀察後文是否持續發展該概念。
文章第一段明確指出：
“In the affluent world, a viral respiratory disease, Covid, suddenly became a leading cause of death. In much of the developing world, by contrast, the main engine of destruction wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects: measures people took in response to the coronavirus.”
翻譯：
在富裕世界，一種名為 Covid 的病毒性呼吸道疾病突然成為主要死因；相較之下，在許多開發中國家，造成破壞的主要力量並不是這種新疾病，而是人們為因應冠狀病毒所採取的措施及其第二層影響。
文章後續以非洲的 HIV、瘧疾、肺結核為例，說明防疫措施使人們減少就醫、醫療服務中斷，導致原本可以避免的死亡增加。文章最後又指出：
“Across much of the world, in short, the response to the coronavirus has ushered in a shadow pandemic.”
翻譯：
總而言之，在世界許多地方，對冠狀病毒的應對措施已經帶來一場影子疫情。
因此，全文主軸是「Covid 本身造成的疫情」與「防疫措施間接造成的影子疫情」這兩種疫情之比較，最適合的標題是 A Tale of Two Pandemics。
關鍵單字與片語
- be in the grip of：受……控制、陷入……之中
- pandemic：全球大流行病
- affluent world：富裕世界、富裕國家
- viral respiratory disease：病毒性呼吸道疾病
- leading cause of death：主要死因
- developing world：開發中國家
- by contrast：相較之下
- second-order effects：第二層影響、間接影響
- vulnerability：脆弱性、易受傷害的程度
- livelihood：生計
- realm：領域
- severity：嚴重程度
- discriminate sharply by age：因年齡而有明顯差異
- hamper：妨礙、阻礙
- prenatal care：產前照護
- consultation：就診、醫療諮詢
- indirect consequence：間接後果
- usher in：帶來、引發
- shadow pandemic：影子疫情
- truncated education：中斷的教育
- stunted lives：受到阻礙、無法充分發展的人生
- climate breakdown：氣候崩壞、氣候危機
- famine：饑荒
文法與語意重點
1. by contrast 表示強烈對比
第一段使用：
“In the affluent world … In much of the developing world, by contrast …”
前句談富裕國家，後句以 by contrast 引出開發中國家的不同情況，這是全文的重要架構。
2. not necessarily the same one
“people everywhere have been in the grip of a pandemic—but not necessarily the same one.”
意思是「全世界的人都陷入疫情之中，但未必是受到同一種疫情影響」。
此處的 the same one 指前面的 a pandemic。作者不是說世界上存在兩種完全無關的病毒，而是指出同一場 Covid 危機在不同地區產生不同形式與程度的傷害。
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
For more than two years, people everywhere have been in the grip of a pandemic—but not necessarily the same one. In the affluent world, a viral respiratory disease, Covid, suddenly became a leading cause of death. In much of the developing world, by contrast, the main engine of destruction wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects: measures people took in response to the coronavirus. Richer nations and poorer nations differ in their vulnerabilities.
Whenever I talk with members of my family in Ghana, Nigeria and Namibia, I’m reminded that a global event can also be a profoundly local one. Lives and livelihoods have been affected in these places very differently from the way they have in Europe or the US. That’s true in the economic and educational realms, but it’s true, too, in the realm of public health. And across all these realms, the stakes are often life or death.
The three countries I mentioned have a median age between 18 and 22 years, and the severity of Covid discriminates sharply by age. A big way that Covid can kill is by hampering the management of other diseases, such as HIV, malaria and TB. In Africa alone, 26 million people are living with HIV and, in a typical year, several hundreds of thousands die of it, while malaria, which is especially deadly to infants and toddlers, claims almost 400,000 lives.
Those are big numbers, and yet they used to be much bigger—a major healthcare effort brought them down. Amid the pandemic, though, people stopped visiting clinics, in part because it became harder to get to them, and healthcare workers had to curtail their own movements. According to a Global Fund survey of 32 countries in Africa and Asia, prenatal care visits dropped by two-thirds between April and September 2020; consultations for children under five dropped by three-quarters.
Public-health experts predict that, as an indirect consequence of the Covid pandemic, twice as many people around the world could be at risk of dying from malaria. There could be 400,000 extra deaths from TB in the next few years, and half a million extra deaths from HIV. Across much of the world, in short, the response to the coronavirus has ushered in a shadow pandemic. The coronavirus’s real death toll, then, has to be calculated not just in deaths from Covid, but also in deaths that would otherwise have been prevented, from malaria, TB, HIV, diabetes and more.
This shadow pandemic isn’t simply a story about disease—it’s about poverty, hunger, truncated education and stunted lives. A suggestive comparison can be made with the climate crisis. In the affluent world, some people think of climate breakdown as a matter of how long the air conditioning stays on, but for many in the developing world, it’s already a matter of floods, droughts and famine.
- Which is NOT true according to the available information in the passage?
(A) Extra deaths from TB and HIV may be due to the inaccessibility of clinics.
(B) The African countries mentioned in the passage have younger population.
(C) The climate crisis affects different countries differently.
(D) The damage caused by the Covid pandemic is comparable to that of global recession.
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解中的「找出與文章不符」題型，重點在於：
- 掌握文章主旨：COVID-19 不只直接造成死亡，也因醫療中斷、貧窮、飢餓與教育停擺，間接形成「影子疫情」。
- 分辨文章的明示資訊與選項自行延伸的內容。
- 注意題幹中的 NOT true，必須找出「文章沒有支持」或「與文意不符」的選項。
文章的核心對比是：
- 富裕國家：主要受到 COVID-19 病毒本身的直接衝擊。
- 開發中國家：除了病毒，也受到防疫措施所引發的醫療、經濟與教育等二階段傷害。
解題方法
逐一將選項與文章中的明確資訊比對：
- 若文章直接提到，或可由上下文合理推論，選項即為正確敘述。
- 若選項加入文章未提及的概念，且無法由文意推導，便是錯誤選項。
- 本題不是找「完全相反」的句子，而是找「資訊不足以支持」的敘述。
最關鍵的文章定位句為：
“Public-health experts predict that, as an indirect consequence of the Covid pandemic, twice as many people around the world could be at risk of dying from malaria. There could be 400,000 extra deaths from TB in the next few years, and half a million extra deaths from HIV.”
翻譯：
公共衛生專家預測，作為 COVID-19 疫情的間接後果，全球可能有兩倍多的人面臨死於瘧疾的風險。未來幾年，肺結核可能增加四十萬人死亡，HIV 也可能增加五十萬人死亡。
另一個與醫療中斷直接相關的句子是：
“Amid the pandemic, though, people stopped visiting clinics, in part because it became harder to get to them, and healthcare workers had to curtail their own movements.”
翻譯：
然而，在疫情期間，人們停止前往診所，部分原因是更難抵達診所，而醫療工作者也不得不限制自身的活動。
因此，文章確實指出：診所難以到達、醫療服務中斷，會造成其他疾病死亡人數增加。
關鍵單字與片語
- in the grip of：受……控制、陷入……之中
- affluent world：富裕世界、富裕國家
- developing world：開發中國家
- second-order effects：二階段影響、間接後果
- vulnerability：脆弱性、易受傷害之處
- livelihood：生計
- realm：領域
- median age：平均年齡中的中位數年齡
- severity：嚴重程度
- discriminate sharply by age：因年齡而有明顯差異
- hamper：妨礙、阻礙
- prenatal care：產前照護
- curtail：縮減、限制
- at risk of dying from：有死於……的風險
- indirect consequence：間接後果
- usher in：帶來、引發
- death toll：死亡人數、死亡總數
- truncated education：中斷的教育
- stunted lives：受阻礙、發展不完整的人生
- climate breakdown：氣候崩壞
- famine：饑荒
文法與語意重點
1. NOT true 的否定問法
題目問：
Which is NOT true according to the available information in the passage?
意思是：
根據文章提供的資訊，下列何者不正確？
四個選項中，三項必須能在文章中找到依據，只有一項不符合文章內容。
2. “as an indirect consequence of ...”
“as an indirect consequence of the Covid pandemic”
此處 as 表示「作為、由於」，整句意為：
作為 COVID-19 疫情的間接後果。
文章強調的並不是只有病毒直接感染所造成的死亡，還包括封城、交通受限、醫療人員活動受限等措施造成的間接傷害。
3. “would otherwise have been prevented”
“deaths that would otherwise have been prevented”
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
For more than two years, people everywhere have been in the grip of a pandemic—but not necessarily the same one. In the affluent world, a viral respiratory disease, Covid, suddenly became a leading cause of death. In much of the developing world, by contrast, the main engine of destruction wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects: measures people took in response to the coronavirus. Richer nations and poorer nations differ in their vulnerabilities.
Whenever I talk with members of my family in Ghana, Nigeria and Namibia, I’m reminded that a global event can also be a profoundly local one. Lives and livelihoods have been affected in these places very differently from the way they have in Europe or the US. That’s true in the economic and educational realms, but it’s true, too, in the realm of public health. And across all these realms, the stakes are often life or death.
The three countries I mentioned have a median age between 18 and 22 years, and the severity of Covid discriminates sharply by age. A big way that Covid can kill is by hampering the management of other diseases, such as HIV, malaria and TB. In Africa alone, 26 million people are living with HIV and, in a typical year, several hundreds of thousands die of it, while malaria, which is especially deadly to infants and toddlers, claims almost 400,000 lives.
Those are big numbers, and yet they used to be much bigger—a major healthcare effort brought them down. Amid the pandemic, though, people stopped visiting clinics, in part because it became harder to get to them, and healthcare workers had to curtail their own movements. According to a Global Fund survey of 32 countries in Africa and Asia, prenatal care visits dropped by two-thirds between April and September 2020; consultations for children under five dropped by three-quarters.
Public-health experts predict that, as an indirect consequence of the Covid pandemic, twice as many people around the world could be at risk of dying from malaria. There could be 400,000 extra deaths from TB in the next few years, and half a million extra deaths from HIV. Across much of the world, in short, the response to the coronavirus has ushered in a shadow pandemic. The coronavirus’s real death toll, then, has to be calculated not just in deaths from Covid, but also in deaths that would otherwise have been prevented, from malaria, TB, HIV, diabetes and more.
This shadow pandemic isn’t simply a story about disease—it’s about poverty, hunger, truncated education and stunted lives. A suggestive comparison can be made with the climate crisis. In the affluent world, some people think of climate breakdown as a matter of how long the air conditioning stays on, but for many in the developing world, it’s already a matter of floods, droughts and famine.
- Which is true according to the available information in the passage?
(A) We are able to confirm the stance and the nationality of the writer of this passage.
(B) European countries are the center of attention in this passage.
(C) African people may be more vulnerable to diseases other than Covid.
(D) After the outbreak of the Covid pandemic, healthcare projects had provided better services in African countries.
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題，考查：
- 能否掌握文章主旨與段落重點。
- 能否根據原文進行「文意對應」。
- 能否分辨文章明示資訊與選項自行添加的內容。
- 關鍵語意：非洲國家受到 Covid-19 的間接影響，原有疾病如 HIV、malaria、TB 的防治受到阻礙，因而更加脆弱。
文章核心並非單純討論 Covid-19 的死亡人數，而是說明疫情防疫措施造成的「第二層影響」：民眾無法就醫、醫護人員行動受限，使 HIV、瘧疾、肺結核等疾病造成額外死亡，形成所謂的 shadow pandemic（影子疫情）。
解題方法
本題問：
Which is true according to the available information in the passage?
根據文章提供的資訊，下列何者正確？
解題時應逐一比對選項與文章內容：
- 文章是否明確支持該敘述？
- 選項是否加入文章沒有提供的資訊？
- 選項是否與原文相反？
- 選項的主詞與範圍是否被過度擴大？
定位文章中描述非洲脆弱性的句子：
A big way that Covid can kill is by hampering the management of other diseases, such as HIV, malaria and TB.
Covid-19 致死的一個重要方式，是妨礙其他疾病的管理與防治，例如 HIV、瘧疾與肺結核。
以及：
In much of the developing world, by contrast, the main engine of destruction wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects: measures people took in response to the coronavirus.
相較之下，在許多開發中國家，主要造成破壞的並不是這種新疾病本身，而是它所產生的第二層影響，也就是人們為應對冠狀病毒而採取的措施。
這些內容顯示，非洲人民除了面對 Covid-19，也受到 HIV、瘧疾、肺結核等疾病防治受阻的影響，因此較容易受到其他疾病威脅。故選 (C)。
關鍵單字與片語
- be in the grip of：受……控制；深受……影響
- pandemic：大流行病；全球性疫情
- affluent：富裕的
- viral respiratory disease：病毒性呼吸道疾病
- leading cause of death：主要死因
- developing world：開發中國家
- second-order effects：第二層影響；間接影響
- vulnerability：脆弱性；易受傷害的程度
- livelihood：生計
- realm：領域
- median age：年齡中位數
- severity：嚴重程度
- discriminate sharply by age：因年齡而有顯著差異
- hamper：妨礙；阻礙
- management of diseases：疾病的管理與防治
- HIV：人類免疫缺乏病毒
- malaria：瘧疾
- TB：肺結核，為 tuberculosis 的縮寫
- curtail：縮減；限制
- prenatal care：產前照護
- consultation：診療；諮詢
- indirect consequence：間接後果
- usher in：帶來；引發
- death toll：死亡人數；死亡總數
- truncated education：中斷或縮短的教育
- stunted lives：受到阻礙、無法充分發展的人生
- climate breakdown：氣候崩壞
- famine：饑荒
文法與語意重點
- not A, but B：不是 A，而是 B
原文：
the main engine of destruction wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects
句型為：
not A, but B
不是 A，而是 B
文章強調在許多開發中國家，真正造成大規模傷害的主因不是 Covid-19 本身，而是防疫措施對醫療、教育與生計造成的連鎖影響。
- such as：例如
other diseases, such as HIV, malaria and TB
其中 such as 用來列舉例子，說明「其他疾病」包含 HIV、瘧疾與肺結核。
- by + V-ing：藉由……；透過……
Covid can kill by hampering the management of other diseases
意思是 Covid-19 會「藉由妨礙其他疾病的防治」而造成死亡。此處的 by hampering 表示造成結果的方式或機轉。