高雄醫學大學 114 年 《英文》
第 1 題1 分
Although red maple is less fire tolerant than blackgum, it is much more prolific, faster growing in high light and highly opportunistic in response to disturbances.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “prolific.”
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核心觀念
本題考查字義辨析與語境判讀。prolific 的核心意思是「大量產生的、多產的、繁殖力強的」,可形容植物繁殖迅速、產量豐富,也可形容作家創作豐富。
題幹比較 red maple 與 blackgum 的特性:
Although red maple is less fire tolerant than blackgum, it is much more prolific, faster growing in high light and highly opportunistic in response to disturbances.
雖然紅楓的耐火性不如黑膠樹,但它的繁殖力強得多,在高光照環境下生長較快,且對干擾的反應極具機會主義特徵。
其中 prolific 與 productive 都具有「產出多、生成力強」的概念,因此最接近。
解題方法
先觀察 prolific 所在的並列結構:
more prolific:更為多產faster growing in high light:在高光照下生長更快highly opportunistic in response to disturbances:面對環境干擾時高度善於把握機會
整句是在列舉 red maple 的生態優勢,描述其繁殖、生長及適應能力。此處 prolific 應解作「繁殖或產生後代的能力很強」,不是「有攻擊性」或「有益的」。
productive 意為「多產的、富有生產力的」,與 prolific 的「大量產生」最接近,因此選擇 (E)。
關鍵單字與片語
red maple:紅楓blackgum:黑膠樹fire tolerant:耐火的、能耐受火災的prolific:多產的、繁殖力強的、大量產生的faster growing:生長較快的high light:高光照、光線充足的環境opportunistic:善於利用機會的;生態上指能迅速利用環境變化的
第 2 題1 分
The company appointed an interim CEO to lead during the transition period until a permanent replacement was found.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “interim.”
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核心觀念
本題考「近義字辨識」,關鍵在於判斷 interim 的語意。
- interim:暫時的、過渡期間的、臨時代理的
- 常用搭配:
- interim CEO:臨時/過渡期執行長
- interim measure:暫時措施
- interim government:過渡政府
題幹中的 interim CEO 是指在公司尋找正式接任人選期間,暫時負責領導公司的執行長。
解題方法
先掌握句中的時間與對比線索:
The company appointed an interim CEO to lead during the transition period until a permanent replacement was found.
公司任命一名臨時執行長,在過渡期間負責領導公司,直到找到一位永久性的接替者為止。
句中 during the transition period(在過渡期間)以及 until a permanent replacement was found(直到找到永久接替者)都明確表示這位 CEO 不是長期正式任職,而是暫代職位。
因此,interim 最接近 provisional,意思是「暫時的、臨時的」。
選項分析
(A) conclusive:決定性的、結論性的
表示某件事足以作出最後判斷或結論,例如 conclusive evidence(確切證據)。它與「暫時任職」無關,不能修飾此處的 CEO。
(B) enduring:持久的、長久的
第 3 題1 分
The government introduced a stringent policy to regulate air pollution, requiring factories to follow guidelines.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “stringent.”
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核心觀念
本題考「近義字辨識」及字義與語境的搭配。題幹中的 stringent 作形容詞,意思是「嚴格的、嚴苛的、要求極高的」,常用來修飾:
- stringent regulations:嚴格的規定
- stringent requirements:嚴格的要求
- stringent policy:嚴格的政策
- stringent standards:嚴格的標準
題幹定位與翻譯
The government introduced a stringent policy to regulate air pollution, requiring factories to follow guidelines.
翻譯為:
政府制定了一項嚴格的政策來管制空氣污染,要求工廠遵守相關指導方針。
其中,requiring factories to follow guidelines(要求工廠遵守指導方針)顯示該政策具有明確且嚴格的規範,因此 stringent 應解作「嚴格的」。
解題方法
先判斷題幹語境:政府為了管制空氣污染,要求工廠遵守規範。此處需要的是「嚴格、嚴苛」的正面或中性形容詞。
在選項中,rigorous 可表示「嚴格的、嚴謹的」,與 stringent 意義最接近,且可用於規定、標準與要求,因此選 (E)。
選項分析
(A) adhesive
意為「黏著的;黏著劑」。例如:
- adhesive tape:膠帶
- adhesive material:黏著材料
此字描述物質具有黏性,與「嚴格的政策」無關,故錯誤。
(B) cynical
意為「憤世嫉俗的、犬儒的」,形容一個人對他人的動機缺乏信任,認為他人多半出於自私目的。例如:
- a cynical attitude:憤世嫉俗的態度
第 4 題1 分
Although the new antiviral medication showed promising results in initial clinical trials, researchers emphasized the necessity of extensive peer-reviewed studies to confirm its long-term efficacy.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “initial.”
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核心觀念
本題考「同義字辨識」與語境判讀。畫線字 initial 的核心意思是「最初的、初步的、開始階段的」,在題幹中修飾 clinical trials,表示藥物在臨床試驗早期所呈現的結果。
因此,最接近 initial 的選項是 preliminary,意思為「初步的、預備性的」。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵語句:
Although the new antiviral medication showed promising results in initial clinical trials, researchers emphasized the necessity of extensive peer-reviewed studies to confirm its long-term efficacy.
翻譯:
雖然這種新抗病毒藥物在初步臨床試驗中展現出令人期待的結果,研究人員仍強調,必須進行廣泛且經同儕審查的研究,以確認其長期療效。
題幹先說藥物在早期試驗中結果良好,接著用 Although 引出讓步,並以 to confirm its long-term efficacy 說明仍需更多研究確認長期效果。由此可知,initial 強調的是「研究剛開始、尚屬早期階段」,與 preliminary 完全相符。
解題方法
將畫線片語代換:
- initial clinical trials
- preliminary clinical trials
兩者皆可翻譯為「初步臨床試驗」,語意自然。
題幹中的 initial 並非指重要性、外觀、明顯程度或正當性,而是描述試驗的時間階段。判斷同義字時,應先確認字詞在句中的詞性與語意,再比較選項是否能自然代入。
選項分析
(A) aesthetic
- 中文意思:「美學的、審美的、外觀美感的」。
- 主要用來描述美感或外觀,例如 aesthetic value(美學價值)。
- aesthetic clinical trials 無法表達「初步臨床試驗」,與醫學研究的時間階段無關。
- 錯誤。
(B) cardinal
- 中文意思:「最重要的、主要的;基數的;紅衣主教的」。
- cardinal principle 可指「主要原則」。
- 此字強調重要性或數量性質,不表示「最初的、早期的」。
- 將其代入 cardinal clinical trials,語意不合。
- 錯誤。
(C) manifest
第 5 題1 分
Following his nervous breakdown, he withdrew from public life and refused to give any interviews.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “withdrew.”
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核心觀念
本題考查單字 withdraw 在特定語境中的語意,以及同義字辨識。
withdraw 的常見意思包括:
- 撤回、取回:withdraw an application 撤回申請
- 退出:withdraw from a competition 退出比賽
- 退隱、離開社交生活:withdraw from public life 遠離公共生活
- 提領:withdraw money 提領金錢
本題的關鍵是片語 withdraw from public life,意思是「退出公共生活、遠離社交活動、過起隱居生活」。
解題方法
先定位題幹中決定語意的部分:
Following his nervous breakdown, he withdrew from public life and refused to give any interviews.
在他精神崩潰之後,他退出了公共生活,並拒絕接受任何訪問。
句中 withdrew 與 refused to give any interviews 並列,表示此人不再公開露面、不願與外界接觸。因此,這裡的 withdraw 不是「撤回」或「提領」,而是「退隱、與外界隔離」。
選項中最接近此語意的是 secluded,即「使自己離群索居、隔絕於外界」。
選項分析
(A) captivated
captivate 意為「迷住、吸引」,例如:
- The audience was captivated by her performance.
觀眾被她的演出深深吸引。
此字表示受到吸引、著迷,與「退出公共生活」的方向完全相反,因此錯誤。
(B) extracted
extract 意為「抽出、取出、提取」,例如:
- The dentist extracted the damaged tooth.
牙醫拔除了受損的牙齒。
extracted 著重於從某處取出某物,與人物離開公共生活、減少社交接觸無關,因此錯誤。
(C) justified
justify 意為「證明……合理、為……辯護」,例如:
- He justified his decision with several reasons.
他用幾個理由證明自己的決定合理。
此字涉及理由或正當性,並非「退隱」或「隔絕」,因此錯誤。
(D) recruited
recruit 意為「招募、徵募」,例如:
第 6 題1 分
The psychological theory was based on a fallacious assumption, undermining the entire argument.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “fallacious.”
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核心觀念
本題考「同義字辨識」與語境判斷。fallacious 的意思是「基於錯誤推理的、謬誤的、不正確的」,最接近 erroneous(錯誤的、不正確的)。
題幹中的關鍵搭配是:
fallacious assumption:錯誤的假設、謬誤的假設undermine:削弱、動搖entire argument:整個論證be based on:以……為基礎psychological theory:心理學理論
題幹定位與翻譯
原文:
The psychological theory was based on a fallacious assumption, undermining the entire argument.
翻譯:
這項心理學理論建立在一個錯誤的假設上,因而削弱了整個論證。
其中 fallacious 修飾名詞 assumption,表示這個「假設」本身是錯誤、缺乏正確推理基礎的。因此應選表示「錯誤的」的 erroneous。
句尾的 undermining the entire argument 是現在分詞片語,補充說明前面「建立在錯誤假設上」所造成的結果,相當於:
and this undermined the entire argument
解題方法
先判斷 fallacious 的詞性與語意:
fallacious是形容詞,用來修飾assumption。assumption指「假設、假定」。- 若一個理論建立在錯誤假設上,表示該假設在事實或邏輯上不正確。
erroneous正是「錯誤的、不正確的」,可自然置換:
The theory was based on an erroneous assumption.
因此答案為 (B) erroneous。
選項分析
(A) deceptive:具有欺騙性的、欺瞞的
deceptive 強調「容易使人受騙」或「具有誤導性」,通常帶有外觀與實際情況不符的意味。例如:
deceptive advertising
誤導性的廣告
fallacious 與 deceptive 在「造成錯誤判斷」這一層意義上有些接近,但 fallacious assumption 主要指「邏輯或推理錯誤的假設」,不一定含有故意欺騙的意
第 7 題1 分
Rather than directly accusing his rival of dishonesty, the candidate chose to subtly insinuate wrongdoing through vague statements.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “insinuate.”
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核心觀念
本題考查近義字辨析,重點在於判斷 insinuate 的語意與語氣。
insinuate 作動詞,意為:
- 暗示、影射
- 不直接明說地表達某種負面意思
- 常帶有迂迴、含蓄,甚至帶刺的語氣
其核心概念是「不明白指控,但透過言語使人聯想到某件事」。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
Rather than directly accusing his rival of dishonesty, the candidate chose to subtly insinuate wrongdoing through vague statements.
翻譯:
這名候選人沒有直接指控對手不誠實,而是選擇透過含糊的說法,巧妙地暗示對方有不當行為。
句中 Rather than directly accusing 已明確提示「不是直接指控」,後面的 subtly、vague statements 則進一步說明表達方式是含蓄、模糊的。因此 insinuate 應解作「暗示、影射」。
解題方法
先抓語境對比:
- directly accusing:直接指控
- subtly insinuate:含蓄暗示
題目要找的是「間接表達某種意思」的字。五個選項中,只有 imply 具有「暗示、含意」的意思,與 insinuate 最接近。
此外,insinuate wrongdoing 表示「暗示某人有不當行為」,並非明白地說出指控內容;這與題幹的 through vague statements 完全一致。
選項分析
(A) assert
assert 意為「斷言、堅稱、明確主張」。
此字強調說話者以肯定、直接的方式表達立場,例如:
He asserted that he was innocent.
他斷言自己是無辜的。
題幹強調候選人沒有直接指控,而是含蓄暗示,因此 assert 與語境的「迂迴、不明說」不符。
(B) elucidate
elucidate 意為「闡明、解釋清楚」,通常用於使複雜或模糊的內容變得明白。
例如:
The professor elucidated the difficult theory.
教授闡明了那個艱深的理論。
題幹中的候選人是透過模糊說法使人產生聯想,並非把事情解釋清楚,因此不選 elucidate。
(C) imply
imply 意為「暗示、意味著、含有言外之意」,指沒有直接說出,但使聽者或讀者能推知其意思。
例如:
Her remarks implied that he was lying.
她的話暗示他在說謊。
將 imply 代入題幹:
第 8 題1 分
Due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, physicians are encouraged to prescribe antibiotics judiciously.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “judiciously.”
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核心觀念
本題考查單字 judiciously 的語意,以及副詞在句中的搭配意義。
- judiciously:明智地;審慎地;恰當地
- prudently:謹慎地;審慎地;明智地
兩者皆表示根據判斷與風險,採取合理、負責任的行動,因此意義最接近。
題幹指出抗生素抗藥性日益普遍,醫師應當審慎開立抗生素,避免不必要或不當使用。這個語境明確需要正面、理性的行動概念。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
Due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, physicians are encouraged to prescribe antibiotics judiciously.
由於抗生素抗藥性的盛行率日益增加,醫師受到鼓勵,應審慎地開立抗生素。
句中的 judiciously 是副詞,修飾動詞片語 prescribe antibiotics,表示「以明智、審慎的方式開立抗生素」。
由於抗藥性增加,醫師必須考量:
- 病人是否確實需要抗生素
- 使用何種抗生素
- 劑量與療程是否適當
- 是否會造成不必要的抗藥性
因此,答案應為帶有「謹慎、明智、負責任」意義的副詞,即 prudently。
選項分析
(A) arbitrarily
意為「任意地;武斷地;隨意地」。
此字表示缺乏客觀標準或根據個人意志任意決定,與 judiciously 的「經過審慎判斷」相反,因此錯誤。
(B) haphazardly
意為「雜亂地;無計畫地;碰運氣地」。
若醫師開立抗生素 haphazardly,表示沒有系統、沒有規畫地使用,會增加用藥不當的風險,與題幹要求的審慎用藥不符,因此錯誤。
(C) indiscriminately
意為「不加區別地;不分青紅皂白地;濫無選擇地」。
抗生素若被不加選擇地使用,容易造成濫用與抗藥性。此字與 judiciously 的意義相反,因此錯誤。
(D) prudently
第 9 題1 分
The astute diplomat navigated the tense negotiations, securing a favorable agreement for her country.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “astute.”
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核心觀念
本題考查同義字辨析,重點是判斷 astute 在句中的語意。
- astute:精明的、敏銳的、機警而善於判斷的
- shrewd:精明的、敏銳的、老謀深算的
兩者皆可形容一個人具有敏銳的判斷力,能在複雜情勢中做出有利決策,因此 astute 與 shrewd 意義最接近。
題幹定位與翻譯
The astute diplomat navigated the tense negotiations, securing a favorable agreement for her country.
翻譯:
這位精明的外交官處理了緊張的談判,為她的國家爭取到一份有利的協議。
句中關鍵線索是:
- navigated the tense negotiations:應對緊張的談判
- securing a favorable agreement:爭取到有利的協議
外交官能在緊張談判中妥善周旋,並為國家取得有利協議,顯示她具有精明、敏銳的判斷力,因此選 shrewd。
解題方法
先將題幹中的 astute 代入中文語意:
精明的外交官在緊張的談判中靈活應對,為國家取得有利協議。
再比較各選項是否能表達「精明、善於判斷」的意思。只有 shrewd 與此語意相符,且可自然形容外交官的談判能力。
選項分析
- (A) apathetic:冷漠的、漠不關心的
指對人或事缺乏興趣與情感,不表示聰明或判斷敏銳。若說 an apathetic diplomat,意義是「漠不關心的外交官」,與成功處理談判的語境不合。
第 10 題1 分
Alzheimer’s disease impairs memory, thinking skills, and cognitive function, eventually interfering with daily activities and independent living.
Please choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word “impairs.”
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核心觀念
本題考查字義辨識與語境判斷,關鍵字為 impair。
impair
- 詞性:動詞
- 中文:損害、削弱、妨礙,使功能變差
- 常見搭配:
- impair memory:損害記憶力
- impair cognitive function:損害認知功能
- impair one’s ability to work:妨礙某人的工作能力
題幹描述阿茲海默症會影響記憶、思考能力與認知功能,語意上是「使這些能力衰退或受損」。
解題方法
先抓住句子的邏輯:
Alzheimer’s disease impairs memory, thinking skills, and cognitive function, eventually interfering with daily activities and independent living.
翻譯為:
阿茲海默症會損害記憶力、思考能力與認知功能,最後進而妨礙日常活動及獨立生活。
由後半句 interfering with daily activities and independent living(妨礙日常活動與獨立生活)可知,前面的 impairs 必須具有「使能力變差、造成損害」的意思。
五個選項中,只有 deteriorates 與「衰退、惡化」最接近,因此依官方答案選 A。
選項分析
(A) deteriorates
- 中文:惡化、衰退、變差
- 與 impairs 都可表示功能逐漸變差或受到損害。
- 阿茲海默症會使記憶力與認知功能衰退,語意符合題幹。
- 本題官方答案為 A。
補充:deteriorate 通常是不及物動詞,常見用法為:
- Memory deteriorates.
記憶力衰退。 - His cognitive function deteriorates over time.
他的認知功能隨時間惡化。
題目選項寫成第三人稱單數 deteriorates,在字義選擇題中是以「功能衰退」的概念對應 impairs。嚴格而言,若直接取代原句,deteriorates memory 不如 impairs memory 自然;這是本題可能的語法搭配爭議。不過在所有選項中,A 仍是唯一符合「功能變差」語意的答案。
(B) elevates
- 中文:提高、提升、使升高
- 例如:elevate blood pressure 意為「使血壓升高」。
- 題幹是阿茲海默症損害記憶與認知功能,不是提升這些能力,因此錯誤。
(C) fortifies
- 中文:強化、鞏固、增強
- 例如:fortify the immune system 意為「強化免疫系統」。
第 11 題1 分
No one was reported injured or killed, although the Russian military does not often disclose _____ figures.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與「固定搭配」。
句中關鍵片語為:
- casualty figures:傷亡數字、傷亡人數
- disclose:公開、透露
- military:軍方、軍隊
- report injured or killed:被報導受傷或死亡
在戰爭、軍事衝突或災難的語境中,casualty figures 是常見搭配,指官方公布的傷亡統計,包括受傷者與死亡者。
解題方法
先觀察句意:
No one was reported injured or killed, although the Russian military does not often disclose _____ figures.
據報導沒有人受傷或死亡,然而俄羅斯軍方並不常公開 _____ 數字。
前半句談到「受傷或死亡」,後半句又提到軍方不常公布某種數字,因此空格應填入與「人員傷亡」相關的字。
casualty 的意思是「傷亡者;傷亡人數」,因此:
casualty figures = 傷亡數字
句意完整:
據報導沒有人受傷或死亡,然而俄羅斯軍方並不常公開傷亡數字。
文法與語意重點
casualty 在此作名詞修飾另一個名詞 figures。英語中,名詞可放在另一個名詞前作修飾語,例如:
- accident report:事故報告
- medical school:醫學院
- casualty figures:傷亡數字
即使後面的 figures 是複數,前面的名詞修飾語通常仍使用單數形式,因此寫成 casualty figures,不是 casualties figures。
第 12 題1 分
Before _____ to the experimental treatment, the patient consulted multiple specialists to gain a full understanding of the potential risks.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動名詞片語作介系詞 before 的受詞
- 固定搭配:consent to + 名詞
- 依語意判斷動詞與 treatment 的關係
題幹句型為:
Before _____ to the experimental treatment, the patient consulted multiple specialists to gain a full understanding of the potential risks.
其中 Before 是介系詞,後面接動名詞(V-ing):
Before + V-ing, S + V ...
前後子句的主詞皆指 the patient,可還原為:
Before the patient consented to the experimental treatment, ...
因此空格應填 consenting。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的介系詞 to:
_____ to the experimental treatment
四個選項皆為 V-ing 形式,但能自然與 to the treatment 搭配,且符合病人決定接受治療的語意者,是:
consent to the treatment
同意接受治療
consent 作動詞時,常用結構為:
consent to + 名詞/動名詞
the patient consulted multiple specialists 表示病人在接受實驗性治療前,先諮詢多位專家,以充分了解潛在風險。這個語意符合「同意接受治療」:
Before consenting to the experimental treatment, ...
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Before consenting to the experimental treatment, the patient consulted multiple specialists to gain a full understanding of the potential risks.
翻譯:
在同意接受實驗性治療之前,這名病人諮詢了多位專家,以充分了解潛在的風險。
句中 to gain a full understanding 是目的不定詞,表示「為了充分了解」;potential risks 表示「潛在風險」。
選項分析
(A) ascending
ascending 是 ascend 的動名詞,意為「上升、登上」。
ascend to the experimental treatment
ascend to 通常用於「登上高處」或「升任職位」,如 ascend to the throne(登上王位)。
第 13 題1 分
Advanced genetic engineering techniques require sterile laboratory conditions, as even the slightest contamination can _____ the accuracy of results.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查「字義判斷」與「動詞搭配」。句意指出:進階基因工程技術需要無菌的實驗室環境,因為即使是最輕微的污染,也會對實驗結果的準確性造成不利影響。
關鍵結構為:
- contamination:污染
- accuracy of results:結果的準確性
- jeopardize:危及、損害,使……陷入危險
- sterile laboratory conditions:無菌的實驗室條件
- the slightest:最輕微的、絲毫的
空格後接的是 the accuracy of results,需要一個能表示「損害準確性」的及物動詞,因此選 jeopardize。
解題方法
先掌握句子的因果關係:
Advanced genetic engineering techniques require sterile laboratory conditions, as even the slightest contamination can _____ the accuracy of results.
進階基因工程技術需要無菌的實驗室條件,因為即使最輕微的污染也可能_____結果的準確性。
前半句說明需要無菌環境,後半句則解釋原因:污染會使實驗結果不準確。
因此,空格應填入具有負面意義、可與 accuracy 搭配的動詞。
文法上:
所以五個選項在形式上都能接在 can 後面,真正的判斷關鍵在於語意與搭配。只有 jeopardize the accuracy 能自然表達「危及結果的準確性」。
選項分析
(A) contextualize
contextualize 意為「將……置於背景中理解、提供上下文」。
例如:
- contextualize historical events
將歷史事件置於時代背景中理解
句中若填入:
contamination can contextualize the accuracy of results
意思會變成「污染可以將結果的準確性置於背景中理解」,與「污染導致實驗結果失真」的因果語意不符。因此錯誤。
(B) jeopardize
jeopardize 意為「危及、危害、損害」。
填入後:
even the slightest contamination can jeopardize the accuracy of results
第 14 題1 分
Before initiating the complex biochemical experiment, the researchers _____ prepared the instruments and reviewed the protocols to minimize errors that could compromise the validity of their results.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 副詞的語意辨識
- 副詞修飾動詞
- 上下文對詞義的限定
空格位於動詞 prepared 前方,需填入副詞,說明研究人員準備儀器、複習實驗流程時的態度或方式。關鍵在於後方的目的片語:
to minimize errors that could compromise the validity of their results
以減少可能損害實驗結果有效性的錯誤。
此語境強調研究人員準備工作的仔細、周密與一絲不苟,因此應選 meticulously。
解題方法
先判斷詞性。空格修飾動詞 prepared,因此需要副詞。五個選項皆為副詞,但語意不同,必須依照上下文判斷。
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:
the researchers meticulously prepared the instruments and reviewed the protocols to minimize errors
研究人員一絲不苟地準備儀器並複習實驗流程,以減少錯誤。
研究工作尤其是複雜的生化實驗,需要仔細準備與核對流程,才能降低誤差。因此 meticulously 與句意完全吻合。
選項分析
(A) maliciously
- 中文:惡意地、懷有惡意地
- maliciously 表示出於傷害他人的惡意。
- 句中研究人員準備儀器、複習實驗流程,是為了減少錯誤、確保結果有效,沒有傷害他人的意圖。
- 因此語意不合。
(B) meticulously
- 中文:一絲不苟地、極其仔細地、周密地
- meticulously prepared 表示「極其仔細地準備」。
- 研究人員面對複雜的生化實驗,事先準備儀器並複習實驗流程,以降低可能影響結果的錯誤,正符合 meticulously 的語意。
- 此選項正確。
(C) precariously
- 中文:危險地、不穩定地、岌岌可危地
- precariously 表示某件事處於不安全、不穩定或容易失敗的狀態。
- 若填入此字,會變成「研究人員危險地準備儀器」,與「為了減少錯誤」的上下文方向不符。
- 因此錯誤。
(D) presumptuously
- 中文:放肆地、冒昧地、自以為是地
- presumptuously 表示行為過度自信、冒犯他人,或未經允許便擅自行動。
- 題幹沒有涉及傲慢、冒犯或越權行為;研究人員的行動反而展現審慎態度。
- 因此錯誤。
(E) pretentiously
第 15 題1 分
The artist's work covers a wide _____ of styles, ranging from abstract to hyper-realistic portraits.
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核心觀念
本題考查「字義辨析」與固定搭配。
句型為:
cover a wide range/spectrum of + 名詞
涵蓋廣泛的……範圍
題幹描述藝術家的作品從「抽象風格」到「超寫實肖像」,重點在於風格種類分布很廣,因此空格應填表示「範圍、光譜」的 spectrum。
解題方法
定位關鍵語意:
ranging from abstract to hyper-realistic portraits
從抽象作品到超寫實肖像
句中 ranging from A to B 表示「範圍從 A 延伸到 B」,用來補充說明前面的 a wide _____ of styles。因此空格需要能表示「涵蓋各種不同程度或類型的範圍」的名詞。
完整句意為:
The artist's work covers a wide spectrum of styles, ranging from abstract to hyper-realistic portraits.
這位藝術家的作品涵蓋廣泛的風格,從抽象風格到超寫實肖像皆有。
spectrum 原意是「光譜」,引申為「範圍、系列、各種不同程度的集合」,與 a wide spectrum of styles 搭配自然。
關鍵單字與片語
- artist:藝術家
- work:作品;此處為不可數名詞
- cover:涵蓋,包括
- a wide spectrum of:廣泛的……範圍;各式各樣的……
- style:風格
- range from A to B:範圍從 A 到 B
- abstract:抽象的;抽象藝術
- hyper-realistic:超寫實的
- portrait:肖像;肖像畫
選項分析
(A) anomaly
anomaly 意為「異常、反常現象、異例」。
- 例:an anomaly in the data
資料中的異常現象
「異常現象」不能合理表示藝術風格的廣泛範圍。
a wide anomaly of styles 不是自然的英文搭配,也與後面的 ranging from...to... 語意不合。
第 16 題1 分
Blood vessel networks form the circulatory infrastructure of the body, comprising a hierarchical system of arteries, capillaries and veins that _____ tissues.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「關係子句中的語意判斷」。
題幹描述血管網絡構成人體的循環基礎,由動脈、微血管與靜脈組成;這些血管會分布、穿透人體組織。因此空格需要填入表示「滲透、遍布、充滿」的動詞。
關鍵句為:
Blood vessel networks form the circulatory infrastructure of the body, comprising a hierarchical system of arteries, capillaries and veins that _____ tissues.
翻譯:
血管網絡構成人體的循環基礎,由動脈、微血管與靜脈所組成的階層性系統構成,而這些血管會遍布各種組織。
其中,關係代名詞 that 所指的是前面的複數名詞 arteries, capillaries and veins,因此空格應填原形動詞 permeate。
解題方法
先判斷句意:
- 主詞:Blood vessel networks
- 主要動詞:form
- 分詞片語:comprising a hierarchical system...
- 關係子句:that _____ tissues
血管與組織之間的合理關係是「血管遍布或穿透組織」。將各選項代入:
arteries, capillaries and veins that permeate tissues
語意為「遍布組織的動脈、微血管與靜脈」,符合人體循環系統的生理描述。
因此選擇 (D) permeate。
選項分析
(A) accelerate
accelerate 是「加速、促進速度」。
若代入句中:
arteries, capillaries and veins that accelerate tissues
變成「會加速組織的動脈、微血管與靜脈」,血管本身並非直接使組織加速,語意不合。血管可以運送氧氣與養分、移除代謝廢物,但不能說血管「加速組織」。
(B) elicit
elicit 是「引起、誘發、 elicited a response」。
常見搭配包括:
- elicit a response:引起反應
- elicit information:取得資訊
- elicit sympathy:博得同情
arteries, capillaries and veins that elicit tissues
語意成為「引起組織的動脈、微血管與靜脈」,缺乏合理的受詞關係;血管不是用來「誘發組織」的事物,因此不合文意。
(C) ignite
ignite 是「點燃、引燃」,也可引申為「激起」。
常見搭配包括:
- ignite a fire:點燃火焰
- ignite passion:激起熱情
- ignite a conflict:引發衝突
arteries, capillaries and veins that ignite tissues
第 17 題1 分
The evil of social hierarchy and race hatred must be eliminated while it is still in a(n) _____ state; otherwise it may grow to dangerous proportions.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「語意搭配」。關鍵結構為:
The evil of social hierarchy and race hatred must be eliminated while it is still in an embryonic state; otherwise it may grow to dangerous proportions.
社會階級制度與種族仇恨所造成的罪惡,必須趁它仍處於胚胎般的初期狀態時加以消除;否則它可能擴大到危險的程度。
句中有兩個重要語意線索:
- while it is still in a(n) _____ state:表示某事物尚處於早期、尚未成熟的狀態。
- otherwise it may grow to dangerous proportions:表示若不及早處理,問題會逐漸擴大,形成嚴重後果。
因此,空格應填入表示「初期、尚未發展完全」的形容詞。
解題方法
句型為:
be in an + 形容詞 + state
處於某種狀態
空格需要填入形容詞,且必須能與「問題尚未擴大,之後可能成長到危險程度」的語意相連。
embryonic 原意為「胚胎的」,引申為「初期的、尚未成熟的、尚在萌芽階段的」。
因此:
in an embryonic state
處於萌芽階段/尚未成熟的狀態
放入句中後,意思完整自然:
這種罪惡必須在尚未發展壯大時消除,否則可能擴大到危險程度。
【答案】為 (C) embryonic。
選項分析
(A) arthritic
arthritic 意為「關節炎的;患關節炎的」,源自 arthritis(關節炎)。
例如:
an arthritic knee
患關節炎的膝蓋
arthritic state 通常用來描述身體或關節的病變狀態,不能合理形容社會階級與種族仇恨這類社會問題的發展初期。因此錯誤。
(B) divergent
divergent 意為「分歧的;不同方向的;偏離的」。
例如:
divergent opinions
分歧的意見
此字強調「彼此不同或朝不同方向發展」,不表示「尚在初期、尚未成熟」。
in a divergent state 放入本句後,無法與後面的 grow to dangerous proportions 形成合理語意,因此錯誤。
(C) embryonic
embryonic 意為:
- 胚胎的
- 萌芽中的
- 尚未成熟的
- 尚在初期發展階段的
例如:
an embryonic plan
尚在萌芽階段的計畫
第 18 題1 分
The media _____ expanded his empire by acquiring several television networks and newspapers.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語境判斷」。句意描述一位透過收購多家電視網與報紙,擴大媒體事業版圖的人,因此應選擇表示「媒體大亨」的 mogul。
關鍵句型為:
The media _____ expanded his empire by acquiring several television networks and newspapers.
這位媒體大亨透過收購數家電視網與報紙,擴大了自己的事業帝國。
其中:
- media:媒體,為 medium 的複數形
- mogul:大亨、巨頭,常指在某一產業具有巨大財富與影響力的人
- expand:擴大、擴張
- empire:帝國;此處指龐大的商業版圖
- acquire:收購、取得
- television network:電視網
- newspaper:報紙
解題方法
先觀察句中的語意線索:
expanded his empire by acquiring several television networks and newspapers
「透過收購多家電視網與報紙來擴張自己的帝國」顯示此人:
- 在媒體產業擁有事業;
- 具備足以進行大型收購的財力;
- 在該產業具有相當地位與影響力。
因此,空格應填入表示「產業大亨、業界巨頭」的名詞 mogul。
句子的結構是:
- The media mogul:主詞,媒體大亨
- expanded:過去式動詞
- his empire:受詞
- by acquiring...:介系詞 by + V-ing,表示「藉由……方式」
選項分析
(A) apprentice
意為「學徒、實習生」,指正在接受訓練、學習某種技術或職業的人。例如:
- an apprentice chef:廚師學徒
學徒通常尚未成為產業領導者,與句中能收購多家電視網與報紙、擴張事業帝國的身分不符。
(B) bureaucrat
意為「官僚、公務員」,通常指政府機關中的行政官員。句子描述的是媒體企業經營者,而非政府行政人員,因此語意不合。
第 19 題1 分
The grand _____ stood at the heart of the city, a testament to centuries of architectural innovation and history.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:依據上下文選出符合語意的名詞。
- 詞性與句型:空格位於形容詞
grand之後,需填入名詞。 - 語意搭配:
stood at the heart of the city表示「坐落於城市中心」,後方的a testament to...用來補充說明前面的事物具有歷史與建築價值。
題幹定位與翻譯
The grand _____ stood at the heart of the city, a testament to centuries of architectural innovation and history.
翻譯:
那座宏偉的___坐落於城市中心,是數世紀建築創新與歷史的見證。
grand 意為「宏偉的、壯麗的」;stood at the heart of the city 意為「坐落在城市中心」;a testament to... 意為「……的見證/明證」。
題幹提到「宏偉」、「建築創新」、「數世紀的歷史」,最合理的對象是「宏偉的建築物」,因此選 edifice。
解題方法
先判斷詞性:
The grand _____的基本結構為「冠詞 + 形容詞 + 名詞」。- 空格必須填入名詞。
- 再根據語意判斷:該名詞必須能夠坐落於城市中心,且能成為建築創新與歷史的見證。
edifice 是名詞,意為「大型建築物、宏偉建築」,與 grand 及 architectural innovation and history 均形成自然搭配:
the grand edifice
宏偉的建築物
因此正確答案為 (C) edifice。
選項分析
(A) caprice
caprice 為名詞,意為「反覆無常的念頭、任性、突發奇想」。
例如:
He acted on a sudden caprice.
他一時興起便採取了行動。
caprice 是抽象概念,不能自然地說某個「任性念頭」坐落於城市中心,也無法合理成為數世紀建築創新與歷史的見證,因此錯誤。
(B) cheetah
cheetah 為名詞,意為「獵豹」,是一種動物。
雖然文法上名詞可放入空格,但:
the grand cheetah
第 20 題1 分
This national park has been preserved in all its _____ wildness so that visitors in future years may see how people lived during the eighteenth century.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞的語意搭配」。
句型為:
in all its + 形容詞 + 名詞
其中 wildness 是「野性、荒野狀態」,空格需填入能表達「未受破壞、保持原始狀態」的形容詞。
官方答案選 pristine,形成:
in all its pristine wildness
保有其完整原始的荒野風貌
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵語句是:
This national park has been preserved in all its _____ wildness so that visitors in future years may see how people lived during the eighteenth century.
翻譯:
這座國家公園以其完整原始的荒野狀態保存下來,使未來的遊客能看見十八世紀的人們如何生活。
後半句 so that visitors in future years may see... 表示保存國家公園的目的,是讓後世看見過去的生活環境。因此,空格應帶有「原始、未遭人為破壞」的正面語意。
解題方法
先判斷句子的語意方向:
- has been preserved:已被保存
- national park:國家公園
- wildness:荒野、野性
- so that... may see how people lived during the eighteenth century:保留歷史原貌,供後人觀察
因此,空格應選擇「原始而未受破壞」的形容詞。
pristine 的核心意思是:
- 原始純潔的
- 未受污染的
- 未遭破壞的
- 保持最初狀態的
搭配 pristine wildness,正好表示「未受破壞的原始荒野」,符合整句語意,故選 (D)。
選項分析
(A) esoteric
esoteric:深奧的、只有少數人理解的、秘傳的。
此字通常修飾知識、思想、學問或術語,例如:
- esoteric knowledge:深奧的知識
- an esoteric theory:艱深的理論
「深奧的荒野」無法合理表達國家公園被保存的狀態,與後文「讓遊客了解十八世紀生活」的語意不合,故錯。
(B) hedonistic
hedonistic:享樂主義的、追求感官享受的。
此字通常形容人、生活方式或社會價值觀,例如:
- a hedonistic lifestyle:享樂主義的生活方式
- a hedonistic person:追求享樂的人
荒野不具備「追求享樂」的特質,hedonistic wildness 語意不通,故錯。
(C) lubricious
lubricious:好色的、淫蕩的;也可指油滑的。
此字帶有強烈的負面性與性意味,通常形容人的性格或行為,不適合修飾國家公園的荒野景觀。放入句中會造成語意荒謬,故錯。
(D) pristine
第 21 題1 分
Emergency room staff must make quick decisions under pressure, assessing patients’ vital signs, identifying life-threatening conditions, and providing immediate medical care to stabilize _____ in critical condition.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「指示代名詞」的用法,並結合「指示代名詞 + 修飾語」的句型。
句中空格位於動詞 stabilize 之後,作為受詞,指的是前文提到的 patients。由於患者是複數,且後面有介系詞片語 in critical condition 修飾,應使用:
those in critical condition
處於危急狀態的那些人
此片語等同於:
those who are in critical condition
其中 those 代替複數的人或事物,後面的 in critical condition 用來限定其範圍。
解題方法
先找出空格所指的對象:
Emergency room staff must make quick decisions under pressure, assessing patients’ vital signs, identifying life-threatening conditions, and providing immediate medical care to stabilize _____ in critical condition.
題幹前面明確提到 patients,因此空格應代替「患者們」,需要複數形式。
再觀察空格後面的修飾語:
in critical condition
「處於危急狀態的那些人」是英文中常見的表達方式:
those + 介系詞片語
因此完整句意為:
急診室工作人員必須在壓力下迅速做出決定,包括評估病人的生命徵象、辨識危及生命的情況,並提供立即的醫療照護,以穩定那些處於危急狀態的患者。
定位答案的關鍵原文
providing immediate medical care to stabilize those in critical condition
翻譯:
提供立即的醫療照護,以穩定那些處於危急狀態的患者。
選項分析
(A) this
this 是單數指示代名詞,通常指「這個人、這件事、這個東西」。本句所指的是複數的 patients,不是單一患者,因此數量不符。
此外,this in critical condition 也不符合本題要表達的「那些處於危急狀態的患者」之慣用句型。
(B) that
第 22 題1 分
_____ in Africa as a volunteer, she understood the real impact of poverty.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「分詞構句」與「完成式分詞」的用法。
完整句可還原為:
After she had worked in Africa as a volunteer, she understood the real impact of poverty.
她曾在非洲擔任志工後,了解了貧窮的真正影響。
當前後子句主詞相同,且要表達「前一動作已完成,之後才發生另一動作」時,可將副詞子句簡化為完成式分詞構句:
因此:
Having worked in Africa as a volunteer, she understood the real impact of poverty.
曾在非洲擔任志工後,她了解了貧窮的真正影響。
其中,Having worked 表示「已經工作過/曾經擔任過」,動作發生在 understood 之前。
解題方法
先觀察逗點後的主要子句:
she understood the real impact of poverty
主詞為 she,動詞為過去式 understood。逗點前應是修飾整個主要子句的分詞構句,且其邏輯主詞也必須是 she。
語意上,句子要表達:
- 她先在非洲擔任志工。
- 她後來理解貧窮的真正影響。
前一動作早於後一動作,因此使用完成式分詞:
work as a volunteer 是正確片語,意思是「擔任志工、以志工身分工作」。
選項分析
(A) Being worked
being + 過去分詞 通常形成被動的進行式分詞,意為「正被……」。
Being worked in Africa 會變成「正被在非洲工作」,語意不合。人在此處是主動「工作」,不是「被工作」,因此不能使用被動形式 being worked。
若要表達「正在非洲擔任志工」,可使用:
Being a volunteer in Africa, she understood ...
但 Being worked 本身並不成立。
(B) Had working
had 若作為過去完成式助動詞,後面必須接過去分詞:
正確形式應是 had worked,不能接 working。此外,Had working in Africa 置於逗點前也不是合格的分詞構句。
(C) Had been working
had been working 是過去完成進行式,通常需要完整子句結構:
第 23 題1 分
Hormones have many jobs, from promoting bodily growth to _____ to regulating metabolism.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「平行結構(parallelism)」以及介系詞 後接動名詞的用法。
題幹句型為:
Hormones have many jobs, from promoting bodily growth to _____ to regulating metabolism.
其中:
from為介系詞,後接promoting- 第一個
to為介系詞,後接regulating - 中間的
to也應維持相同結構,後接與promoting、regulating平行的動名詞
因此句型應為:
from promoting bodily growth to aiding digestion to regulating metabolism
三個動名詞片語皆表示荷爾蒙的功能,形成平行排列。
解題方法
先觀察題幹中已出現的兩個動作:
promoting bodily growth:促進身體生長regulating metabolism:調節新陳代謝
兩者都是「動名詞 -ing + 受詞」的結構。中間空格也必須填入相同形式,構成:
因此應選 aiding digestion,完整句意為:
荷爾蒙有許多作用,從促進身體生長、幫助消化,到調節新陳代謝。
題幹定位答案的關鍵句:
Hormones have many jobs, from promoting bodily growth to aiding digestion to regulating metabolism.
翻譯:
荷爾蒙有許多功能,從促進身體生長、幫助消化,到調節新陳代謝。
選項分析
(A) aid digestion
aid 在此為原形動詞,無法與前後的 promoting、regulating 形成平行結構。
錯誤結構:
from promoting bodily growth to aid digestion to regulating metabolism
to 在此為介系詞,後面應接名詞或動名詞,不能直接接原形動詞 aid。
(B) an aid of digestion
an aid 是名詞片語,表示「一種幫助」,但 of digestion 的搭配不自然。通常會說:
第 24 題1 分
_____ to get into college that she decided to start blogging about it.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念:so ... that ... 結果句與倒裝
本題考查結果句型:
基本語序為:
It was so difficult to get into college that she decided to start blogging about it.
意思是:「考上大學非常困難,因此她決定開始寫部落格記錄這件事。」
當 so + 形容詞 移到句首以加強語氣時,主句須使用倒裝:
因此:
So difficult was it to get into college that she decided to start blogging about it.
其中 it 是虛主詞,真正的主詞是後面的不定詞片語 to get into college。
解題方法
先還原句子的正常語序:
It was so difficult to get into college that she decided to start blogging about it.
再將 so difficult 移到句首強調:
So difficult移至句首。be動詞 was移到主詞it前方。- 後接
that結果子句。
形成:
So difficult was it to get into college that she decided to start blogging about it.
所以空格應填:
So difficult was it
題幹定位與翻譯
完整句子:
So difficult was it to get into college that she decided to start blogging about it.
翻譯:
考上大學是如此困難,以至於她決定開始寫部落格記錄這件事。
句中的 so difficult ... that ... 表示「如此困難,以至於……」,後面的 that she decided ... 是前面「非常困難」所造成的結果。
選項分析
(A) So difficult was it:正確
這是正式英文中的倒裝結構:
so difficult 位於句首,因此 was 必須置於主詞 it 前面,形成:
So difficult was it ... that ...
文法與語意皆完整,故選 A。
(B) So difficult it was:錯誤
第 25 題1 分
_____ a 20-year-old player captained the college team.
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核心觀念
本題考「否定副詞片語置於句首時的倒裝句」以及「現在完成式」。
句首的 Never before 意為「以前從未、從來沒有」。當含有否定意義的副詞或副詞片語置於句首時,必須將助動詞移到主詞前方,形成部分倒裝:
本句使用現在完成式:
表示「截至目前為止,從未發生過某事」。
解題方法
先判斷句首需要表達「以前從未」的語意,因此應選用固定片語 Never before。
接著,Never before 位於句首,具有否定意義,必須進行倒裝:
一般語序:
A 20-year-old player has never before captained the college team.
倒裝語序:
Never before has a 20-year-old player captained the college team.
因此完整句為:
Never before has a 20-year-old player captained the college team.
翻譯:
以前從未有過一名 20 歲的球員擔任大學隊隊長。
其中:
- never before:以前從未
- a 20-year-old player:一名 20 歲的球員
- captain:擔任隊長;率領……
- the college team:該大學隊
- has captained:曾擔任隊長、曾率領過
選項分析
(A) Before never has
組合順序錯誤。英文固定用法是 never before,不是 before never。
此外,否定副詞片語應整體置於句首,再接倒裝結構:
Never before has + 主詞 + 過去分詞
因此 Before never has 不符合英文自然語序。
(B) Never before has
正確。
- Never before 放在句首,表示「以前從未」。
- has 是助動詞,置於主詞 a 20-year-old player 前,符合否定副詞置首的倒裝規則。
第 26 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Reaching seven hours of blissful, undisturbed sleep could very well involve placing limits on caffeine intake, drinking chamomile tea and averting our eyes to blue light before bedtime.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動名詞片語作主詞。
- 情態助動詞後接原形動詞。
- 多個動名詞片語並列時的平行結構。
- 動詞搭配的介系詞與固定用法。
句子的主要結構為:
Reaching seven hours of blissful, undisturbed sleep could very well involve placing limits on caffeine intake, drinking chamomile tea and averting our eyes to blue light before bedtime.
其中:
- 主詞:
Reaching seven hours of blissful, undisturbed sleep - 動詞:
could ... involve involve的受詞:placing ...,drinking ...和averting ...三個並列動名詞片語
題幹定位與翻譯
Reaching seven hours of blissful, undisturbed sleep could very well involve placing limits on caffeine intake, drinking chamomile tea and averting our eyes to blue light before bedtime.
翻譯:
要達到七小時幸福且不受干擾的睡眠,很可能需要限制咖啡因攝取、飲用洋甘菊茶,並在睡前把視線避開藍光。
錯誤位於 averting our eyes to blue light。標準搭配應為:
avert our eyes from blue light
因此 to 的使用不正確,應改成 from。
選項分析
(A) Reaching
reaching 是動名詞,意思是「達到、獲得」。整個片語:
Reaching seven hours of ... sleep
作為句子的主詞,表示「達到七小時……的睡眠」這件事,文法正確。
動名詞片語作主詞時,通常視為單數概念,例如:
Exercising regularly is beneficial.
規律運動是有益的。
因此本句以 Reaching ... sleep 作主詞完全合理。
(B) involve
本句有情態助動詞 could:
could very well involve
情態助動詞後面必須接原形動詞,因此使用 involve,不能使用 involves 或 involving。
could very well 表示「很可能、非常有可能」;involve 表示「包含、需要」。
句型為:
主詞 + could + 原形動詞
所以:
Reaching ... sleep could involve ...
文法正確。
(C) placing
第 27 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
If you would have gone to last night’s game, I am sure you would have enjoyed seeing our team win.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念:第三類條件句
本題考「與過去事實相反」的假設語氣,也就是第三類條件句:
此句表示「如果過去曾經做某事,過去就會有某種結果」,但事實上並未發生。
題幹為:
If you would have gone to last night’s game, I am sure you would have enjoyed seeing our team win.
如果你昨晚有去看比賽,我確定你一定會很享受看到我們隊伍獲勝。
條件子句中的 would have gone 應改為 had gone:
If you had gone to last night’s game, I am sure you would have enjoyed seeing our team win.
因此,官方答案為 (A)。
解題方法
先找出條件句的兩個部分:
- If you would have gone to last night’s game:條件子句
- I am sure you would have enjoyed seeing our team win:主要子句及其受詞子句
條件子句談的是「昨晚是否去比賽」這個過去情況,且結果是假設性的過去結果,因此應使用第三類條件句:
原句使用:
在一般第三類條件句中,if 子句不可使用 would have + 過去分詞,所以 (A) 為不合文法的部分。
選項分析
(A) would have gone——錯誤,應改為 had gone
go 的過去分詞為 gone,但本題的問題在於條件子句用了 would have gone。
第三類條件句的 if 子句應使用:
因此應為:
If you had gone to last night’s game...
would have gone 應保留給主要子句中的假設結果,不應放在一般的 if 條件子句中。
(B) last night’s——正確
last night’s game 是所有格結構,表示「昨晚的比賽」。
- last night:昨晚
- last night’s game:昨晚的比賽
表示時間的名詞片語可加 's 作為所有格,例如:
- this morning’s meeting:今天早上的會議
- yesterday’s news:昨天的新聞
第 28 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Since the beginning of recorded history, man has struggled for full freedom and equality, and fought against oppression and restrain.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 詞性辨識:動詞與名詞的區別。
- 平行結構:並列成分須具備相同詞性與相近結構。
- 現在完成式:。
- 介系詞搭配與句意判讀。
題幹句意為:
Since the beginning of recorded history, man has struggled for full freedom and equality, and fought against oppression and restrain.
自有文字記載的歷史開始,人類一直為完整的自由與平等而奮鬥,並對抗壓迫與束縛。
解題方法
先觀察句子的主要結構:
man has struggled for full freedom and equality, and fought against oppression and restrain.
主詞為單數名詞 man,前半句使用現在完成式 has struggled。後面的 fought 與 struggled 由 and 連接,形成並列動詞,完整形式可理解為:
man has struggled ..., and has fought ...
第二個 has 省略,但文法上成立。
再觀察介系詞 against 後面的受詞:
against oppression and restrain
oppression 是名詞,因此與它由 and 連接的另一個字,也應使用名詞。restrain 通常是動詞「抑制、克制、阻止」,此處需要名詞「束縛、抑制」,應改為 restraint。
因此錯誤在 (E) restrain。
選項分析
(A) Since
Since 可作為介系詞,表示「自從……以來」。
since the beginning of recorded history 是正確的介系詞片語,表示「自有文字記載的歷史開始以來」。
因此 (A) 正確。
(B) has struggled
struggle 為動詞,表示「奮鬥、努力、抗爭」。
句中主詞 man 為單數,搭配現在完成式:
man has struggled
結構為 ,文法正確。
此外,struggle for 表示「為……而奮鬥」,因此 has struggled for full freedom and equality 搭配自然。
因此 (B) 正確。
(C) and
and 連接兩個並列動詞:
第 29 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
We’re in the unprecedenting situation where innumerable cultural forces are spinning our brains into fear-based thinking that not only leads to anxiety but also teaches us to use the anxiety-prone parts of our brain.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 形容詞的正確字形與構詞。
- 關係副詞與先行詞的搭配。
- 分詞片語的修飾關係。
not only A but also B的平行結構。- 複合形容詞的使用。
題幹中關鍵句為:
We’re in the unprecedenting situation where innumerable cultural forces are spinning our brains into fear-based thinking that not only leads to anxiety but also teaches us to use the anxiety-prone parts of our brain.
翻譯:
我們正處於一種前所未有的情況中:無數的文化力量正把我們的大腦推向以恐懼為基礎的思考,而這種思考不僅導致焦慮,也教導我們使用大腦中容易產生焦慮的部分。
解題方法
先找各劃線部分的詞性與句中功能,再判斷字形是否正確、修飾關係是否合理。
本句主幹為:
We’re in the ______ situation where ...
the ______ situation 中空格應放形容詞,修飾 situation。因此首先檢查 (A) 是否為正確的形容詞形式。
表示「前所未有的」應使用:
unprecedented
而題目使用:
unprecedenting
這不是標準英文中的正確形容詞,因此 (A) 為文法錯誤。
選項分析
(A) unprecedenting——錯誤,答案
正確形式為:
unprecedented
unprecedented 是形容詞,意為「前所未有的、史無前例的」。
例句:
This is an unprecedented situation.
這是前所未有的情況。
unprecedenting 並非 unprecedented 的正確變化形式。unprecedented 源自名詞 precedent「先例」,表示「沒有先例的」。現代標準英文中沒有 unprecedent 這個可自然加上 -ing 的動詞,因此不能寫成 unprecedenting。
本句應改為:
We’re in the unprecedented situation where ...
(B) where——正確
where 是關係副詞,可引導修飾地點或情況的關係子句。雖然 situation 不是實際地點,但 where 可用於表示「在這種情況下」。
句中:
the situation where innumerable cultural forces are spinning our brains ...
意思是:
無數文化力量正在影響我們大腦的這種情況
where 的使用可以接受。較正式的寫法也可使用:
第 30 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Signs that someone is emotionally abusing you include them being demeaning, insulting, threatening, controlling, limiting your contact with friends and family, humiliating, intimidating, shaming, and overlooking your needs and wants.
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核心觀念
本題考查兩個重點:
- include 的句型
include + 名詞/代名詞include + V-inginclude + 受詞 + V-ing
例:
The symptoms include fever and coughing.
The symptoms include him coughing constantly.
- 平行結構(parallelism)與分詞/形容詞用法
being + V-ing 可表示「處於……狀態」或「正在做……」。題目將多個描述情緒虐待者行為的字詞並列。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Signs that someone is emotionally abusing you include them being demeaning, insulting, threatening, controlling, limiting your contact with friends and family, humiliating, intimidating, shaming, and overlooking your needs and wants.
翻譯:
一個人在情感上虐待你的跡象,包括此人貶低你、侮辱你、威脅你、控制你、限制你與朋友及家人的聯絡、羞辱你、恐嚇你、使你感到羞恥,以及忽視你的需求與想要的事物。
解題方法
先找主句骨架:
- 主詞:
Signs - 動詞:
include - 受詞:
them being ...
Signs 是複數,所以動詞使用 include 正確。them being ... 是 include 的受詞結構,其中 them 指稱「那個情感虐待他人的人」。
接著檢查 being 後面的並列成分:
- demeaning
- insulting
- threatening
- controlling
- limiting
- humiliating
- intimidating
- shaming
- overlooking
官方答案將 demeaning 視為錯誤,認為此處應與後面的行為描述保持一致,改寫為被動概念的 demeaned。依官方命題意圖,答案選 C。
不過,從現代英語實際用法來看,demeaning 本身可以作形容詞,表示「貶低人的、侮辱性的」,例如:
demeaning comments:貶低人的評論a demeaning attitude:貶低他人的態度
因此,them being demeaning 在語法及語意上並非完全不能成立。此題的官方答案存在一定爭議,較接近「命題者要求的字形平行」而非絕對的文法錯誤。
選項分析
(A) include
正確。主詞是複數名詞 Signs,因此使用複數主詞搭配的動詞 include。
Signs include ...正確- 若主詞是單數,才會使用
includes
例:
The signs include anxiety and depression.
這些跡象包括焦慮與憂鬱。
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In the Amazon rainforest, certain companies, referred to as “carbon cowboys,” are taking advantage of the carbon credit system for financial profit. These companies claim to help the environment by generating carbon credits, which are sold to corporations seeking to offset their emissions.
While the concept of carbon credits is designed to encourage environmental protection, carbon cowboys often neglect the rights and well-being of local communities, particularly the quilombola people, who rely on the forest for their livelihoods.
These carbon cowboys frequently deceive local communities by not fully informing them about the long-term consequences of carbon credit projects. Many communities are pressured into signing agreements that allow companies to control their land in exchange for promises of environmental protection.
However, these agreements are often vague, and the local people are not fully aware of how their land will be used or how they will benefit. In many cases, the promised benefits never materialize, and the communities lose control over their ancestral territories.
The main issue with carbon credits is that, in some instances, they do not live up to their promises of environmental protection. The lack of transparency and consultation with local communities raises doubts about the effectiveness of these projects. Carbon cowboys often prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights.
To ensure that carbon credits actually contribute to environmental preservation, stronger regulations and oversight are necessary. The government and environmental organizations must work to ensure that local communities are fully informed and involved in the decision-making process. In this case, carbon credits can be used in a way that is fair, transparent, and beneficial for both the environment and the people who depend on it.
What is the best title for the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨與最佳標題」判斷。最佳標題必須同時符合:
- 涵蓋文章主要內容。
- 凸顯作者真正關注的核心問題。
- 不可只描述背景、局部內容,或與文章立場相反。
- 標題的語氣與文章態度必須一致。
本文雖然以 Amazon rainforest 與 carbon credits 為背景,但重點並非介紹碳權制度的功能,而是批判「carbon cowboys」利用碳權計畫剝削當地社群、侵害土地權益,並指出制度缺乏透明度與監督。
解題方法
判斷標題時,先觀察各段功能:
- 第 1 段:介紹 carbon cowboys 利用碳權制度獲利。
- 第 2~4 段:說明當地社群遭欺騙、被迫簽約,並失去祖傳土地的控制權。
- 第 5 段:指出碳權計畫缺乏透明度,企業重視利潤勝過環境與社群權益。
- 第 6 段:提出改善方式,包括加強規範、監督及社群參與。
因此,文章主旨可整理為:
Carbon cowboys exploit local communities under the cover of carbon credit projects.
也就是「碳牛仔以碳權計畫為名,剝削當地社群」。
定位答案的關鍵原文
“carbon cowboys often neglect the rights and well-being of local communities”
翻譯:碳牛仔經常忽視當地社群的權利與福祉。
“the communities lose control over their ancestral territories”
翻譯:這些社群失去對祖傳領地的控制權。
“Carbon cowboys often prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights.”
翻譯:碳牛仔經常把利潤置於環境健全性與社群權利之上。
上述句子直接呈現文章核心:當地社群受到剝削,企業追求利益並侵害土地與社群權益。因此最佳標題是 The Exploitation of Local Communities by Carbon Cowboys。
選項分析
(A) The Rise of Carbon Cowboys in the Amazon
意為「碳牛仔在亞馬遜地區的崛起」。
此選項只強調 carbon cowboys 的出現與增加,沒有呈現文章批判的「剝削當地社群」這項核心問題。文章也沒有詳細描述 carbon cowboys 如何崛起,因此範圍過於表面,錯誤。
(B) The Benefits of Carbon Credits for Local Farmers
意為「碳權對當地農民的好處」。
文章並未強調碳權帶來的利益,反而指出許多承諾的好處從未實現,當地社群還因此失去土地控制權:
“In many cases, the promised benefits never materialize”
意為「在許多案例中,承諾的利益從未實現」。
此外,文中的 local communities 不等同於 local farmers,選項不僅與文章立場相反,也縮小並錯置了對象,錯誤。
(C) Carbon Credits: A Way to Save the Environment
意為「碳權:拯救環境的方法」。
這個標題將碳權描述成正面且有效的環境保護方法,但本文對碳權計畫的實際成效抱持批判態度,明確指出:
“they do not live up to their promises of environmental protection”
意為「它們沒有實現環境保護的承諾」。
文章主張必須加強規範與監督,並非認定現行碳權制度能有效拯救環境,因此錯誤。
(D) Carbon Cowboys: Protecting the Amazon Rainforest
意為「碳牛仔:保護亞馬遜雨林」。
此選項把 carbon cowboys 描寫成環境保護者,與文章內容完全相反。文中指出這些公司經常優先追求利潤,忽略環境完整性及社群權利,因此 carbon cowboys 並非真正的雨林守護者,錯誤。
(E) The Exploitation of Local Communities by Carbon Cowboys
意為「碳牛仔對當地社群的剝削」。
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In the Amazon rainforest, certain companies, referred to as “carbon cowboys,” are taking advantage of the carbon credit system for financial profit. These companies claim to help the environment by generating carbon credits, which are sold to corporations seeking to offset their emissions.
While the concept of carbon credits is designed to encourage environmental protection, carbon cowboys often neglect the rights and well-being of local communities, particularly the quilombola people, who rely on the forest for their livelihoods.
These carbon cowboys frequently deceive local communities by not fully informing them about the long-term consequences of carbon credit projects. Many communities are pressured into signing agreements that allow companies to control their land in exchange for promises of environmental protection.
However, these agreements are often vague, and the local people are not fully aware of how their land will be used or how they will benefit. In many cases, the promised benefits never materialize, and the communities lose control over their ancestral territories.
The main issue with carbon credits is that, in some instances, they do not live up to their promises of environmental protection. The lack of transparency and consultation with local communities raises doubts about the effectiveness of these projects. Carbon cowboys often prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights.
To ensure that carbon credits actually contribute to environmental preservation, stronger regulations and oversight are necessary. The government and environmental organizations must work to ensure that local communities are fully informed and involved in the decision-making process. In this case, carbon credits can be used in a way that is fair, transparent, and beneficial for both the environment and the people who depend on it.
To which of the positions marked [1], [2], [3], [4] and [5] does the following sentence best belong?
“This undermines the credibility of the carbon credit system and makes it harder for genuinely sustainable initiatives to succeed.”
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核心觀念
本題考「段落銜接與代名詞指涉」。插入句為:
“This undermines the credibility of the carbon credit system and makes it harder for genuinely sustainable initiatives to succeed.”
中文意為:
「這會削弱碳信用額度制度的可信度,也使真正永續的計畫更難成功。」
判斷插入位置時,須注意兩點:
- This 必須能指回前文所描述的具體問題。
- 後半句的 genuinely sustainable initiatives 必須與文章前文的「碳信用額度制度」及其環境保護目標相互呼應,且插入後語意須能自然銜接。
關鍵單字與片語
- carbon credit:碳信用額度、碳權
- carbon credit system:碳信用額度制度
- undermine:削弱、損害
- credibility:可信度、公信力
- genuinely:真正地、確實地
- sustainable:永續的
- initiative:倡議、計畫、行動
- succeed:成功
- transparency:透明度
- consultation:諮詢、協商
- environmental integrity:環境完整性、環境誠信
- oversight:監督
- materialize:實現、成真
解題方法
先觀察插入句中的指示代名詞 This。它不是單純指前一句的某一個名詞,而是指前文所描述的整體現象,例如:
- 碳信用額度計畫缺乏透明度;
- 地方社群沒有獲得充分告知;
- 承諾的利益沒有實現;
- 社群失去祖傳土地的控制權;
- 「carbon cowboys」只重視獲利,忽視環境與社群權益。
最適合的前文是:
“In many cases, the promised benefits never materialize, and the communities lose control over their ancestral territories.”
中文為:
「在許多案例中,承諾的利益始終沒有實現,而這些社群也失去了對祖傳領土的控制權。」
接在此句之後,This 可概括指涉「承諾落空、社群受損、土地控制權被奪走」的整體問題。這些問題自然會削弱大眾對碳信用額度制度的信任,也會使真正遵守環境標準的永續計畫更難獲得支持。
接著文章進入:
“The main issue with carbon credits is that, in some instances, they do not live up to their promises of environmental protection.”
中文為:
「碳信用額度的主要問題在於,在某些情況下,它們並未履行環境保護的承諾。」
插入句先指出「這些弊端造成的後果」;下一句再概括說明「碳信用額度制度的主要問題」,邏輯順序為:
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In the Amazon rainforest, certain companies, referred to as “carbon cowboys,” are taking advantage of the carbon credit system for financial profit. These companies claim to help the environment by generating carbon credits, which are sold to corporations seeking to offset their emissions.
While the concept of carbon credits is designed to encourage environmental protection, carbon cowboys often neglect the rights and well-being of local communities, particularly the quilombola people, who rely on the forest for their livelihoods.
These carbon cowboys frequently deceive local communities by not fully informing them about the long-term consequences of carbon credit projects. Many communities are pressured into signing agreements that allow companies to control their land in exchange for promises of environmental protection.
However, these agreements are often vague, and the local people are not fully aware of how their land will be used or how they will benefit. In many cases, the promised benefits never materialize, and the communities lose control over their ancestral territories.
The main issue with carbon credits is that, in some instances, they do not live up to their promises of environmental protection. The lack of transparency and consultation with local communities raises doubts about the effectiveness of these projects. Carbon cowboys often prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights.
To ensure that carbon credits actually contribute to environmental preservation, stronger regulations and oversight are necessary. The government and environmental organizations must work to ensure that local communities are fully informed and involved in the decision-making process. In this case, carbon credits can be used in a way that is fair, transparent, and beneficial for both the environment and the people who depend on it.
What does “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
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核心觀念
本題考「代名詞指涉」與「語意判斷」。判斷代名詞所指對象時,不能只看距離最近的名詞,還要依據:
- 文法上的單複數與人稱是否一致。
- 語意上誰能合理成為動詞或片語的對象。
- 上下文的主題與邏輯是否吻合。
題目中的關鍵句是:
In this case, carbon credits can be used in a way that is fair, transparent, and beneficial for both the environment and the people who depend on it.
翻譯為:
在這種情況下,碳權可以以公平、透明的方式使用,並同時造福環境以及依賴它而生活的人們。
其中,the people who depend on it 意為「依賴它而生活的人們」。文章前文多次指出當地社群依賴森林維生,因此 it 指的是亞馬遜雨林(the Amazon rainforest)。
關鍵單字與片語
carbon credit:碳權、碳信用額度carbon cowboy:以碳權計畫牟利、卻忽視環境與社區權益的公司或業者take advantage of:利用、占便宜financial profit:財務利益、金錢獲利offset emissions:抵銷排放量local communities:當地社群livelihood:生計、謀生方式deceive:欺騙long-term consequences:長期後果be pressured into + V-ing:被迫做某事ancestral territories:祖傳領地environmental preservation:環境保育lack of transparency:缺乏透明度environmental integrity:環境完整性、環境保護的真實成效oversight:監督、監管be involved in:參與depend on:依賴
解題方法
先觀察 it 所在的關係子句:
the people who depend on it
who 修飾前面的 the people,而 depend on it 表示「依賴 it」。因此要找的是一個能被人們依賴、且符合全文內容的事物。
文章一開始即以亞馬遜雨林為背景:
In the Amazon rainforest, certain companies...
文中又明確指出:
the quilombola people, who rely on the forest for their livelihoods
翻譯為:
依賴森林維持生計的昆多波拉人。
這句與最後的 the people who depend on it 形成直接呼應:
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In the Amazon rainforest, certain companies, referred to as “carbon cowboys,” are taking advantage of the carbon credit system for financial profit. These companies claim to help the environment by generating carbon credits, which are sold to corporations seeking to offset their emissions.
While the concept of carbon credits is designed to encourage environmental protection, carbon cowboys often neglect the rights and well-being of local communities, particularly the quilombola people, who rely on the forest for their livelihoods.
These carbon cowboys frequently deceive local communities by not fully informing them about the long-term consequences of carbon credit projects. Many communities are pressured into signing agreements that allow companies to control their land in exchange for promises of environmental protection.
However, these agreements are often vague, and the local people are not fully aware of how their land will be used or how they will benefit. In many cases, the promised benefits never materialize, and the communities lose control over their ancestral territories.
The main issue with carbon credits is that, in some instances, they do not live up to their promises of environmental protection. The lack of transparency and consultation with local communities raises doubts about the effectiveness of these projects. Carbon cowboys often prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights.
To ensure that carbon credits actually contribute to environmental preservation, stronger regulations and oversight are necessary. The government and environmental organizations must work to ensure that local communities are fully informed and involved in the decision-making process. In this case, carbon credits can be used in a way that is fair, transparent, and beneficial for both the environment and the people who depend on it.
What does the word “cowboy” mean in the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判讀」與「上下文語意推論」。cowboy 原意是「牛仔」,但在 carbon cowboy 中並非指真正的牧牛人,而是比喻利用制度漏洞、以不正當方式牟利的人或公司。
判斷字義時,須注意:
carbon credit:碳信用額度、碳權offset emissions:抵銷排放take advantage of:利用、占便宜neglect:忽視deceive:欺騙be pressured into V-ing:被迫做某事vague:模糊不清的materialize:實現、成真ancestral territories:祖傳領地transparency:透明度oversight:監督environmental integrity:環境完整性、環境誠信
解題方法
本題不必依賴 cowboy 的字典本義,應直接從文章對 carbon cowboys 的描述判斷其褒貶及行為特徵。文章多次指出這些公司:
-
are taking advantage of the carbon credit system for financial profit
利用碳信用額度制度來獲取財務利益。 -
often neglect the rights and well-being of local communities
經常忽視當地社群的權利與福祉。 -
frequently deceive local communities
頻繁欺騙當地社群。 -
prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights
將利潤置於環境誠信與社群權利之上。
因此,carbon cowboy 指的是「經營方式不誠實、利用他人或制度牟利的公司」,與選項 (A) 的意思完全相符。
定位答案的關鍵原文
These companies claim to help the environment ...
carbon cowboys often neglect the rights and well-being of local communities
翻譯:這些公司聲稱要幫助環境;然而,所謂的「碳牛仔」經常忽視當地社群的權利與福祉。
另外,文章明確指出:
Carbon cowboys often prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In the Amazon rainforest, certain companies, referred to as “carbon cowboys,” are taking advantage of the carbon credit system for financial profit. These companies claim to help the environment by generating carbon credits, which are sold to corporations seeking to offset their emissions.
While the concept of carbon credits is designed to encourage environmental protection, carbon cowboys often neglect the rights and well-being of local communities, particularly the quilombola people, who rely on the forest for their livelihoods.
These carbon cowboys frequently deceive local communities by not fully informing them about the long-term consequences of carbon credit projects. Many communities are pressured into signing agreements that allow companies to control their land in exchange for promises of environmental protection.
However, these agreements are often vague, and the local people are not fully aware of how their land will be used or how they will benefit. In many cases, the promised benefits never materialize, and the communities lose control over their ancestral territories.
The main issue with carbon credits is that, in some instances, they do not live up to their promises of environmental protection. The lack of transparency and consultation with local communities raises doubts about the effectiveness of these projects. Carbon cowboys often prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights.
To ensure that carbon credits actually contribute to environmental preservation, stronger regulations and oversight are necessary. The government and environmental organizations must work to ensure that local communities are fully informed and involved in the decision-making process. In this case, carbon credits can be used in a way that is fair, transparent, and beneficial for both the environment and the people who depend on it.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「推論題」(inference question)。答案不一定會在文章中逐字出現,而是要根據文章明示的事實,推導出最合理的結論。
文章主旨是:部分「carbon cowboys」為牟利而推動碳權計畫,忽視環境成效與當地社群權益;相關協議內容模糊、資訊揭露不足,導致社群失去土地控制權。因此,推論時應特別注意:
- 企業是否充分規劃與評估計畫。
- 當地社群在計畫中的角色。
- 政府應加強或減少監督。
- 碳權是否為唯一解決方案。
關鍵單字與片語
- carbon credit:碳權、碳信用額度
- carbon cowboy:以碳權計畫牟利、缺乏規範的公司或業者
- take advantage of:利用、趁機占便宜
- offset emissions:抵銷排放量
- neglect:忽視
- rights and well-being:權利與福祉
- livelihood:生計
- deceive:欺騙
- long-term consequences:長期後果
- be pressured into V-ing:受到壓力而被迫做某事
- vague:模糊不清的
- materialize:實現、成真
- ancestral territory:祖傳土地、祖先留下的領域
- transparency:透明度
- consultation:諮詢、徵詢意見
- environmental integrity:環境完整性、環境保護的真實成效
- oversight:監督
- be involved in:參與……
文法與語意重點
referred to as “carbon cowboys”是過去分詞片語,修飾certain companies,意思是「被稱為 carbon cowboys 的某些公司」。which are sold to corporations中的which指前面的carbon credits,表示「這些碳權被賣給……」。who rely on the forest for their livelihoods中的who指the quilombola people,說明這些人依靠森林維持生計。allow companies to control their land是allow + 受詞 + 原形動詞,表示「允許公司控制他們的土地」。prioritize A over B表示「把 A 置於 B 之上」,此處意為「重視利益更甚於環境完整性與社群權利」。
解題方法
先找出文章對 carbon cowboys 行為的整體描述:
“These agreements are often vague, and the local people are not fully aware of how their land will be used or how they will benefit.”
「這些協議往往含糊不清,當地人民並不完全了解土地將如何被使用,也不了解自己將如何受益。」
文章又指出:
“Carbon cowboys often prioritize profit over environmental integrity and community rights.”
「碳牛仔往往把利潤置於環境完整性與社群權利之上。」
由「協議模糊」、「未充分告知」、「忽視長期後果」以及「重視獲利」可推知,這些公司在規劃碳權計畫時,未對計畫內容、土地使用方式、社群利益及長期影響進行周全評估。
因此,最符合文章推論的是:
(A) Carbon cowboys did not carefully evaluate their project plans.
「碳牛仔並未仔細評估他們的計畫。」
選項分析
(A) Carbon cowboys did not carefully evaluate their project plans.
正確。文章沒有直接使用 carefully evaluate,但明確說明協議模糊、資訊不完整、社群不了解土地用途與利益,且承諾的好處往往沒有實現。
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
World Allergy Organization (WAO) published the WAO White Book on Allergy in 2010 and an updated version in 2013 which highlighted that although the burden of allergic diseases has increased over the last 40 years, we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training to address this. It was estimated that approximately 20% of the global population is affected by allergic diseases. This disconnect is echoed in a consensus statement released by the International Collaboration in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (iCAALL) which draws attention to shortcomings in allergy training, and in the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) advocacy manifesto on “Tackling the Allergy Crisis in Europe.”
Allergy is often associated with affluent countries. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing in developing countries as populations move from rural to urban environments. A disproportionate health burden is carried by patients in developing countries who often face suboptimal environmental conditions and impeded access to effective medical care, compounded by a lack of allergy specialists. It is also noted that not first but second generation migrant populations to an allergy-prevalent country acquire the increased risk of allergy and asthma. The findings imply that prolonged, generational exposure to an altered, allergy inducing environment increases the predisposition to allergy manifestations. It is thought that improving undergraduate and postgraduate training and access to skilled allergy specialists should reduce costs by minimizing misdiagnoses or under-appreciation of allergy severity, thereby improving health outcomes.
What is the best title for the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨與最佳標題」判斷。解題重點是:
- 掌握文章反覆出現的核心概念。
- 判斷標題涵蓋的範圍是否足以統整全文。
- 排除與文章意思相反、過度限縮或加入文章未提及結論的選項。
本文主旨是:過敏性疾病在全球造成日益嚴重的健康負擔,且開發中國家的盛行情況也逐漸上升;然而,過敏專業訓練、醫療服務與專科醫師配置仍不足,因此需要改善相關醫療資源。
解題方法
判斷最佳標題時,應先找出文章的「主軸」與「涵蓋範圍」。
本文第一段指出:
“although the burden of allergic diseases has increased over the last 40 years, we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training to address this.”
意思是:「雖然過敏性疾病的負擔在過去四十年間增加,相關的醫療服務供給與訓練卻沒有相應增加。」
接著又說:
“It was estimated that approximately 20% of the global population is affected by allergic diseases.”
意思是:「據估計,全球約有百分之二十的人口受到過敏性疾病影響。」
第二段則進一步說明,過敏疾病不只存在於富裕國家:
“the prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing in developing countries as populations move from rural to urban environments.”
意思是:「隨著人口從農村移居都市,開發中國家的過敏性疾病盛行率也正在上升。」
文章最後提出改善大學部與研究所階段的訓練、增加過敏專科醫師,有助於減少誤診、降低醫療成本並改善健康結果。
因此,全文的中心是「全球過敏性疾病負擔日益增加,以及各地醫療與訓練資源不足」,最能統整全文的標題是 The Growing Global Burden of Allergic Diseases。
關鍵單字與片語
- allergy:過敏
- allergic disease:過敏性疾病
- burden:負擔,尤指疾病造成的健康與社會負擔
- prevalence:盛行率
- global population:全球人口
- affluent country:富裕國家
- developing country:開發中國家
- urban environment:都市環境
- rural environment:農村環境
- suboptimal:未達理想程度的
- impeded access to:受阻的取得途徑;難以獲得
- allergy specialist:過敏專科醫師
- predisposition to:對……的易感性、傾向
- manifestation:症狀表現
- misdiagnosis:誤診
- under-appreciation:低估、未充分認識
- severity:嚴重程度
- health outcome:健康結果
- service provision:服務提供
- training:訓練、培訓
- corresponding:相應的、對應的
- highlight:強調、凸顯
- echo:呼應、反映相同問題
- draw attention to:使人注意到
- compound:使情況更加嚴重
文法與語意重點
- although A, B:雖然 A,但是 B
“although the burden of allergic diseases has increased ..., we have not seen a corresponding increase ...”
句型中的 although 引導讓步副詞子句,表示「雖然疾病負擔上升」,主句卻指出「醫療服務與訓練沒有相對增加」。這呈現出疾病需求與醫療資源之間的落差。
- as + 子句:隨著……
“as populations move from rural to urban environments”
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
World Allergy Organization (WAO) published the WAO White Book on Allergy in 2010 and an updated version in 2013 which highlighted that although the burden of allergic diseases has increased over the last 40 years, we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training to address this. It was estimated that approximately 20% of the global population is affected by allergic diseases. This disconnect is echoed in a consensus statement released by the International Collaboration in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (iCAALL) which draws attention to shortcomings in allergy training, and in the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) advocacy manifesto on “Tackling the Allergy Crisis in Europe.”
Allergy is often associated with affluent countries. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing in developing countries as populations move from rural to urban environments. A disproportionate health burden is carried by patients in developing countries who often face suboptimal environmental conditions and impeded access to effective medical care, compounded by a lack of allergy specialists. It is also noted that not first but second generation migrant populations to an allergy-prevalent country acquire the increased risk of allergy and asthma. The findings imply that prolonged, generational exposure to an altered, allergy inducing environment increases the predisposition to allergy manifestations. It is thought that improving undergraduate and postgraduate training and access to skilled allergy specialists should reduce costs by minimizing misdiagnoses or under-appreciation of allergy severity, thereby improving health outcomes.
What does “this disconnect” in the first paragraph refer to?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指示詞/代名詞回指」與上下文語意判讀。題目問 this disconnect 所指為何,必須回到前一句尋找兩個彼此不相稱、存在落差的內容。
關鍵句為:
“Although the burden of allergic diseases has increased over the last 40 years, we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training to address this.”
翻譯:
「雖然過去 40 年來過敏性疾病所造成的負擔已經增加,但我們並未看到相應的醫療服務提供與訓練有所增加,以因應這項問題。」
因此,this disconnect 指的是:
- 過敏疾病病例/疾病負擔持續增加;
- 但相關醫療服務與專業訓練沒有相應增加。
這正是選項 (D) 所描述的「過敏病例增加與醫療訓練之間的落差」。
關鍵單字與片語
- allergy:過敏
- allergic diseases:過敏性疾病
- burden:疾病負擔;健康問題所造成的整體影響
- corresponding:相對應的;相稱的
- service provision:醫療服務的提供
- training:訓練,本文特別指過敏學相關的醫學教育與專業訓練
- address:處理;因應
- disconnect:脫節;不相稱;落差
- shortcomings:缺失;不足
- prevalence:盛行率
- developing countries:開發中國家
- suboptimal:未達理想程度的
- impeded access to:受阻的取得管道
- lack of:缺乏
- predisposition to:對……的易感性;傾向
- manifestation:症狀表現;疾病表現
- minimize:使……降至最低
- misdiagnosis:誤診
- under-appreciation:低估;未充分認知
解題方法
第一步,確認 this disconnect 的回指對象。指示詞 this 通常回指前文剛提到的事實,而 disconnect 表示「兩件事情之間的不一致或落差」。
第二步,尋找前文具有對比關係的句子。文章以 although A, B 架構呈現:
- A:the burden of allergic diseases has increased
- 過敏疾病負擔增加。
- B:we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training
- 醫療服務與訓練沒有相應增加。
第三步,將這組對比與選項比對。只有 (D) 同時掌握「過敏病例增加」及「醫療訓練不足」的核心落差。
文法與語意重點
本句使用 although A, B 的讓步副詞子句:
Although the burden of allergic diseases has increased, we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training.
句型意義為:
「雖然 A,但是 B。」
其中:
- has increased:現在完成式,表示過去開始的增加一直延續到現在,或其結果對現在仍有影響。
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
World Allergy Organization (WAO) published the WAO White Book on Allergy in 2010 and an updated version in 2013 which highlighted that although the burden of allergic diseases has increased over the last 40 years, we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training to address this. It was estimated that approximately 20% of the global population is affected by allergic diseases. This disconnect is echoed in a consensus statement released by the International Collaboration in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (iCAALL) which draws attention to shortcomings in allergy training, and in the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) advocacy manifesto on “Tackling the Allergy Crisis in Europe.”
Allergy is often associated with affluent countries. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing in developing countries as populations move from rural to urban environments. A disproportionate health burden is carried by patients in developing countries who often face suboptimal environmental conditions and impeded access to effective medical care, compounded by a lack of allergy specialists. It is also noted that not first but second generation migrant populations to an allergy-prevalent country acquire the increased risk of allergy and asthma. The findings imply that prolonged, generational exposure to an altered, allergy inducing environment increases the predisposition to allergy manifestations. It is thought that improving undergraduate and postgraduate training and access to skilled allergy specialists should reduce costs by minimizing misdiagnoses or under-appreciation of allergy severity, thereby improving health outcomes.
Why do second generation migrant populations have a higher risk of developing allergies than their parents do?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係判斷」。關鍵在於辨認文章如何解釋第二代移民較容易罹患過敏與氣喘:
- 第一代移民:原本在鄉村或過敏盛行率較低的環境成長。
- 第二代移民:在過敏盛行率較高的國家出生、成長,從小到大接受較長時間的過敏原與環境因素暴露。
- 長期且跨世代的環境暴露,會提高過敏表現的傾向。
因此,答案不是單純的遺傳,而是文章強調的「較長時間暴露於改變後、容易誘發過敏的環境」。
解題方法
先定位題幹中直接談到第二代移民的句子:
“It is also noted that not first but second generation migrant populations to an allergy-prevalent country acquire the increased risk of allergy and asthma.”
翻譯為:
「此外,有研究指出,移民至過敏盛行國家的並非第一代,而是第二代移民人口,會獲得較高的過敏與氣喘風險。」
接著看作者對此現象的解釋:
“The findings imply that prolonged, generational exposure to an altered, allergy inducing environment increases the predisposition to allergy manifestations.”
翻譯為:
「這些發現意味著,長期且跨世代暴露於已改變、會誘發過敏的環境,會提高出現過敏表現的傾向。」
句中的因果關係是:
因此,第二代移民因為一生在過敏盛行的環境中暴露時間較長,所以罹患過敏的風險較高,符合選項 (C)。
文法與語意重點
- not A but B
文章中的:
“not first but second generation migrant populations”
是「不是第一代,而是第二代」的對比句型。
- not first:不是第一代
- but second generation:而是第二代
這表示作者特別排除第一代,將焦點放在第二代移民。
- acquire the increased risk
- acquire:獲得、逐漸產生
- increased risk:增加的風險
此處不是說第二代移民出生時必然帶有過敏基因,而是指他們在特定環境中生活後,逐漸具有較高的過敏與氣喘風險。
- prolonged exposure to
- prolonged:長期的、延長的
- exposure to:暴露於……
prolonged exposure to allergens 即「長期暴露於過敏原」。
- predisposition to
- predisposition:易感性、傾向、體質
- predisposition to allergy manifestations:出現過敏表現的傾向
這個字表示「較容易發生某種疾病的傾向」,不等於一定會發病。
- allergy-inducing environment
- allergy-inducing:會誘發過敏的
- environment:環境
此處的環境因素才是文章所強調的主要原因。
關鍵單字與片語
- allergy:過敏
- allergic disease:過敏性疾病
- asthma:氣喘
- affluent country:富裕國家
- developing country:開發中國家
- prevalence:盛行率
- rural environment:鄉村環境
- urban environment:都市環境
- suboptimal:不理想的、未達最佳狀態的
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
World Allergy Organization (WAO) published the WAO White Book on Allergy in 2010 and an updated version in 2013 which highlighted that although the burden of allergic diseases has increased over the last 40 years, we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training to address this. It was estimated that approximately 20% of the global population is affected by allergic diseases. This disconnect is echoed in a consensus statement released by the International Collaboration in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (iCAALL) which draws attention to shortcomings in allergy training, and in the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) advocacy manifesto on “Tackling the Allergy Crisis in Europe.”
Allergy is often associated with affluent countries. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing in developing countries as populations move from rural to urban environments. A disproportionate health burden is carried by patients in developing countries who often face suboptimal environmental conditions and impeded access to effective medical care, compounded by a lack of allergy specialists. It is also noted that not first but second generation migrant populations to an allergy-prevalent country acquire the increased risk of allergy and asthma. The findings imply that prolonged, generational exposure to an altered, allergy inducing environment increases the predisposition to allergy manifestations. It is thought that improving undergraduate and postgraduate training and access to skilled allergy specialists should reduce costs by minimizing misdiagnoses or under-appreciation of allergy severity, thereby improving health outcomes.
What does the phrase “affluent countries” most likely mean based on the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「字詞語境判斷」,要依據上下文推測 affluent countries 的意思。
- affluent:富裕的、富足的
- country:國家
- affluent countries:富裕國家、經濟較發達的國家
文章先指出過敏常與富裕國家有關,接著以 However 轉折,說明開發中國家的過敏疾病盛行率也正在上升,且患者常面臨環境條件不佳、醫療照護不足與過敏專科醫師缺乏等問題。因此,affluent countries 是相對於 developing countries 而言,指生活條件與醫療資源較佳的富裕國家。
解題方法
定位關鍵句:
Allergy is often associated with affluent countries. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing in developing countries as populations move from rural to urban environments.
翻譯:
過敏通常與富裕國家有關。然而,隨著人口從鄉村移居都市,開發中國家的過敏疾病盛行率也正在上升。
接著觀察文章對 developing countries 的描述:
A disproportionate health burden is carried by patients in developing countries who often face suboptimal environmental conditions and impeded access to effective medical care, compounded by a lack of allergy specialists.
翻譯:
開發中國家的患者承受了不成比例的健康負擔;他們經常面臨不理想的環境條件,以及受阻礙的有效醫療照護,問題又因缺乏過敏專科醫師而更加嚴重。
由此可知,文章將兩類國家作對比:
- affluent countries:富裕、生活條件較佳、醫療資源較充足
- developing countries:發展中、環境與醫療服務較不理想
所以最符合文意的是「富裕且具有較佳生活條件與醫療可近性的國家」。
選項分析
(A) Countries with a high level of industrial pollution
「具有高度工業污染的國家」
錯誤。affluent 的意思是「富裕的」,不是「工業污染嚴重的」。文章提到環境條件不佳,是在描述 developing countries 面臨的問題,並非 affluent 一字的定義。
(B) Wealthy nations with better living conditions and healthcare access
「具有較佳生活條件與醫療可近性的富裕國家」
正確。
- wealthy:富有的、富裕的
- living conditions:生活條件
- healthcare access:醫療照護的可近性
此選項正確掌握 affluent 的核心語意,也符合文章將 affluent countries 與醫療資源不足的 developing countries 對比的脈絡。
(C) Countries with a high prevalence of allergies but poor medical services
「過敏盛行率高但醫療服務不佳的國家」
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
World Allergy Organization (WAO) published the WAO White Book on Allergy in 2010 and an updated version in 2013 which highlighted that although the burden of allergic diseases has increased over the last 40 years, we have not seen a corresponding increase in service provision and training to address this. It was estimated that approximately 20% of the global population is affected by allergic diseases. This disconnect is echoed in a consensus statement released by the International Collaboration in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (iCAALL) which draws attention to shortcomings in allergy training, and in the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) advocacy manifesto on “Tackling the Allergy Crisis in Europe.”
Allergy is often associated with affluent countries. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing in developing countries as populations move from rural to urban environments. A disproportionate health burden is carried by patients in developing countries who often face suboptimal environmental conditions and impeded access to effective medical care, compounded by a lack of allergy specialists. It is also noted that not first but second generation migrant populations to an allergy-prevalent country acquire the increased risk of allergy and asthma. The findings imply that prolonged, generational exposure to an altered, allergy inducing environment increases the predisposition to allergy manifestations. It is thought that improving undergraduate and postgraduate training and access to skilled allergy specialists should reduce costs by minimizing misdiagnoses or under-appreciation of allergy severity, thereby improving health outcomes.
According to the passage, what is the proposed solution to addressing the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases?
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核心觀念
本題屬於英文閱讀測驗,重點在於:
- 根據文章尋找作者提出的「解決方法」。
- 分辨文章中的「問題背景」與「作者主張」。
- 掌握因果關係與同義改寫。
文章指出,過敏疾病盛行率上升,但醫療服務與專業訓練沒有同步增加;因此,作者主張應加強醫療人員的過敏相關教育與訓練,並增加病人接受專業醫療的機會。
定位答案的關鍵句
文章最後明確提出:
“It is thought that improving undergraduate and postgraduate training and access to skilled allergy specialists should reduce costs by minimizing misdiagnoses or under-appreciation of allergy severity, thereby improving health outcomes.”
翻譯:
「一般認為,改善大學部與研究所階段的訓練,並增加取得專業過敏科醫師服務的機會,應能透過減少誤診或低估過敏嚴重程度來降低成本,進而改善健康結果。」
其中:
- improving undergraduate and postgraduate training:改善大學部與研究所階段的訓練
- access to skilled allergy specialists:取得專業過敏科醫師服務的機會
- minimizing misdiagnoses:減少誤診
- under-appreciation of allergy severity:低估過敏疾病的嚴重程度
- thereby improving health outcomes:因而改善健康結果
選項 (C) Improving education and training for healthcare professionals 正是對此句的精確改寫。
解題方法
先找題目中的關鍵字:
- proposed solution:提出的解決方案
- addressing the increasing prevalence:處理日益增加的盛行率
接著回到文章尋找作者提出的改善措施,而不是只尋找疾病成因或現況描述。
文章前半段說明:
- 過敏疾病的負擔增加。
- 全球約有五分之一人口受到過敏疾病影響。
- 過敏專業訓練與醫療服務不足。
- 開發中國家缺乏過敏專科醫師,病人也較難取得有效醫療照護。
文章最後才提出對策:改善醫療教育與訓練,並提升專科醫療的可近性。因此答案應選擇與 education and training 直接相關的選項。
選項分析
(A) Reducing urbanization to prevent allergy-related conditions
減少都市化,以預防過敏相關疾病。
錯誤。文章指出,當人口由鄉村移往都市時,開發中國家的過敏疾病盛行率正在增加;都市化是文章描述的背景因素之一,但作者並沒有主張以減少都市化作為解決方案。文章提出的對策是改善訓練與醫療服務,而非阻止人口都市化。
(B) Increasing allergy research funding for more effective treatments
增加過敏研究經費,以取得更有效的治療方式。
錯誤。文章重點在於醫療人員訓練不足、專科醫師缺乏,以及誤診和低估疾病嚴重程度等問題。文中沒有提出增加研究經費或開發新治療方法的主張,因此不符合文章明示的解決方案。
(C) Improving education and training for healthcare professionals
改善醫療專業人員的教育與訓練。
正確。這是最後一段關鍵句中 improving undergraduate and postgraduate training 的同義改寫。醫療人員接受更完整的過敏疾病訓練後,可減少誤診、避免低估病情,並改善整體醫療結果。此選項也涵蓋文章所強調的專業能力提升。
(D) Investing in technology to remove allergens from the environment
投資科技以移除環境中的過敏原。
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Global coffee prices have soared to their highest in nearly 50 years due to poor weather in Brazil and Vietnam, forcing roasters such as Nestle to raise prices and consumers to hunt for cheaper brews amid the cost of living crisis. Production problems linked to bad weather in Brazil and Vietnam have seen global supplies lagging demand for three years. That has left stocks depleted and driven benchmark ICE exchange prices to a peak of US$3.36 per lb.
Last time coffee traded that high was in 1977 when snow destroyed swathes of Brazil’s plantations. However, the shock to consumers was much bigger back then. If adjusted for inflation, US17.68 today.
Brazil, which produces nearly half the world’s arabica, high-end beans used primarily in roast and ground blends, experienced one of its worst droughts on record this year. Although rains finally arrived in October, soil moisture remains low and experts say the trees are producing too many leaves and too few of the flowers that turn into cherries. Consultancy StoneX sees Brazil’s arabica output falling 10.5 percent to 40 million bags next year, offset somewhat by higher robusta output, thus cutting the country’s overall crop by 0.5 percent.
In Vietnam, which produces some 40 percent of the robusta beans typically used to make instant coffee, a severe drought earlier this year was followed by excess rains since October. The crop could shrink up to 10 percent in the year by the end of September next year, adding to the global robusta shortage.
Surging coffee prices are a problem for roasters. The boss of Nestle, the world’s biggest coffee firm, was ousted earlier this year after the board grew unhappy about weak sales and a loss of market share due to price rises, which prompted consumers to switch to cheaper brands. Roasters tend to buy coffee many months in advance, which means consumers will likely see the price spike in 6 to 12 months.
Consumers who drink out will feel less of a pinch of today’s rising prices. Roasters like Starbucks that sell mostly to cafés should fare better as the global coffee price accounts for only about 1.4 percent of the total price of a typical US$5 cup of coffee in a café.
How is the information in the passage organized?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章組織方式」(text organization)。判斷重點不是逐句翻譯,而是掌握全文的主旨與段落功能,確認作者如何安排資訊。
本文核心脈絡為:
全球咖啡價格上漲
→ 巴西、越南氣候異常造成供給減少
→ 全球庫存降低、供不應求
→ 烘焙業者提高售價、消費者改買較便宜的品牌
→ 不同業者與消費者受到的影響不同
因此,文章採用的是「原因—結果」(cause-and-effect)的組織方式。
解題方法
先觀察首段已直接指出價格上漲的原因與後果:
“Global coffee prices have soared to their highest in nearly 50 years due to poor weather in Brazil and Vietnam, forcing roasters such as Nestle to raise prices and consumers to hunt for cheaper brews amid the cost of living crisis.”
翻譯:全球咖啡價格因巴西與越南的惡劣天候而飆升至近 50 年來最高,迫使雀巢等烘焙業者提高價格,也使消費者在生活成本危機中尋找較便宜的咖啡。
此句已呈現完整的因果關係:
- 原因:poor weather in Brazil and Vietnam
- 結果一:global coffee prices have soared
- 結果二:roasters raise prices
- 結果三:consumers hunt for cheaper brews
後文則分別補充:
- 巴西乾旱與越南氣候異常,導致咖啡產量下降。
- 供給落後需求三年,使庫存耗盡、價格創高。
- 烘焙業者面臨銷售減弱與市占率流失。
- 消費者將在約 6 至 12 個月後感受到價格上漲。
- 咖啡館業者受到的影響相對有限。
全文不是單純排列資料,而是先提出價格上漲的現象,再說明成因,最後分析對產業與消費者造成的影響,故選 (B)。
定位答案的關鍵句
除了首段之外,第二段至第四段也集中說明價格上漲的原因:
“Production problems linked to bad weather in Brazil and Vietnam have seen global supplies lagging demand for three years.”
翻譯:與巴西及越南惡劣天候有關的生產問題,使全球供給已連續三年落後於需求。
其中:
- linked to bad weather:與惡劣天候有關
- global supplies lagging demand:全球供給落後需求
- for three years:持續三年
第五、六段則說明價格上漲帶來的影響:
“That has left stocks depleted and driven benchmark ICE exchange prices to a peak of US
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Global coffee prices have soared to their highest in nearly 50 years due to poor weather in Brazil and Vietnam, forcing roasters such as Nestle to raise prices and consumers to hunt for cheaper brews amid the cost of living crisis. Production problems linked to bad weather in Brazil and Vietnam have seen global supplies lagging demand for three years. That has left stocks depleted and driven benchmark ICE exchange prices to a peak of US$3.36 per lb.
Last time coffee traded that high was in 1977 when snow destroyed swathes of Brazil’s plantations. However, the shock to consumers was much bigger back then. If adjusted for inflation, US17.68 today.
Brazil, which produces nearly half the world’s arabica, high-end beans used primarily in roast and ground blends, experienced one of its worst droughts on record this year. Although rains finally arrived in October, soil moisture remains low and experts say the trees are producing too many leaves and too few of the flowers that turn into cherries. Consultancy StoneX sees Brazil’s arabica output falling 10.5 percent to 40 million bags next year, offset somewhat by higher robusta output, thus cutting the country’s overall crop by 0.5 percent.
In Vietnam, which produces some 40 percent of the robusta beans typically used to make instant coffee, a severe drought earlier this year was followed by excess rains since October. The crop could shrink up to 10 percent in the year by the end of September next year, adding to the global robusta shortage.
Surging coffee prices are a problem for roasters. The boss of Nestle, the world’s biggest coffee firm, was ousted earlier this year after the board grew unhappy about weak sales and a loss of market share due to price rises, which prompted consumers to switch to cheaper brands. Roasters tend to buy coffee many months in advance, which means consumers will likely see the price spike in 6 to 12 months.
Consumers who drink out will feel less of a pinch of today’s rising prices. Roasters like Starbucks that sell mostly to cafés should fare better as the global coffee price accounts for only about 1.4 percent of the total price of a typical US$5 cup of coffee in a café.
Which of the following statements correctly describes Brazil and Vietnam in terms of their coffee production?
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解,重點在於:
- 辨識文章中的「國家—咖啡品種—產量變化」關係。
- 區分 arabica 與 robusta 兩種咖啡豆。
- 判斷選項是否與原文的主詞、數據、時間及因果關係完全相符。
- 注意預測語氣,例如 could shrink、sees ... falling,表示預估,不是已經發生的確定事實。
文章提供的關鍵資訊如下:
- Brazil 生產全球將近一半的 arabica。
- Vietnam 生產約 40% 的 robusta。
- Brazil 的 arabica 產量預估下降 10.5%。
- Vietnam 的咖啡收成可能縮減最多 10%。
因此,正確選項是 E。
解題方法
本題不需要計算,只要鎖定第三、四段對兩國咖啡生產的描述。
定位答案的原文是:
Brazil, which produces nearly half the world’s arabica, high-end beans used primarily in roast and ground blends, experienced one of its worst droughts on record this year.
翻譯:
巴西生產全球將近一半的阿拉比卡咖啡豆;這種高級咖啡豆主要用於烘焙咖啡與研磨咖啡混合品。巴西今年經歷了有紀錄以來最嚴重的乾旱之一。
以及:
In Vietnam, which produces some 40 percent of the robusta beans typically used to make instant coffee, a severe drought earlier this year was followed by excess rains since October.
翻譯:
越南生產全球約 40% 的羅布斯塔咖啡豆;這類咖啡豆通常用於製造即溶咖啡。越南今年稍早遭遇嚴重乾旱,十月起又接連出現過多降雨。
這兩句直接對應:
- Brazil → 主要的 arabica 生產國
- Vietnam → 主要的 robusta 生產國
所以答案為 E。
選項分析
(A) Vietnam’s overall coffee production is larger than Brazil’s.
越南的整體咖啡產量比巴西多。
錯誤。文章只說:
- 巴西生產全球將近一半的 arabica。
- 越南生產約 40% 的 robusta。
這是兩國在不同咖啡品種中的占比,不能據此比較兩國的「整體咖啡產量」。文章也沒有提供巴西與越南總產量的直接比較。
常見陷阱是把「某品種的全球占比」誤讀成「該國整體咖啡產量」。
(B) Vietnam’s coffee production was affected only by drought.
越南的咖啡生產只受到乾旱影響。
錯誤。原文明確指出:
a severe drought earlier this year was followed by excess rains since October
越南先遭遇嚴重乾旱,十月起又出現過多降雨。因此,越南的咖啡生產受到乾旱與過量降雨兩種天候因素影響。
only 是強烈限定詞,表示「唯一、只有」,只要文章提到另一個影響因素,選項就不成立。
(C) Brazil’s coffee production dropped by 0.5 percent next year.
巴西的咖啡產量明年下降 0.5%。
錯誤。原文的完整資訊是:
StoneX sees Brazil’s arabica output falling 10.5 percent to 40 million bags next year, offset somewhat by higher robusta output, thus cutting the country’s overall crop by 0.5 percent.
翻譯:
StoneX 預估巴西的阿拉比卡產量明年將下降 10.5%,至 4,000 萬袋;較高的羅布斯塔產量會部分抵銷這項下降,因此巴西全國的整體收成減少 0.5%。
選項將兩個不同層次混在一起:
- arabica output:下降 10.5%
- overall crop:因羅布斯塔產量增加而整體減少 0.5%
此外,原文使用 sees ... falling,表示預測;選項使用 dropped,容易理解成已經發生的過去事實。因此,依官方答案判定,C 不成立。
本選項是本題最具混淆性的干擾選項,因為它抓到了「0.5%」這個數字,卻忽略了 0.5% 指的是整體收成的預估變化,而非單純的阿拉比卡產量下降。
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Global coffee prices have soared to their highest in nearly 50 years due to poor weather in Brazil and Vietnam, forcing roasters such as Nestle to raise prices and consumers to hunt for cheaper brews amid the cost of living crisis. Production problems linked to bad weather in Brazil and Vietnam have seen global supplies lagging demand for three years. That has left stocks depleted and driven benchmark ICE exchange prices to a peak of US$3.36 per lb.
Last time coffee traded that high was in 1977 when snow destroyed swathes of Brazil’s plantations. However, the shock to consumers was much bigger back then. If adjusted for inflation, US17.68 today.
Brazil, which produces nearly half the world’s arabica, high-end beans used primarily in roast and ground blends, experienced one of its worst droughts on record this year. Although rains finally arrived in October, soil moisture remains low and experts say the trees are producing too many leaves and too few of the flowers that turn into cherries. Consultancy StoneX sees Brazil’s arabica output falling 10.5 percent to 40 million bags next year, offset somewhat by higher robusta output, thus cutting the country’s overall crop by 0.5 percent.
In Vietnam, which produces some 40 percent of the robusta beans typically used to make instant coffee, a severe drought earlier this year was followed by excess rains since October. The crop could shrink up to 10 percent in the year by the end of September next year, adding to the global robusta shortage.
Surging coffee prices are a problem for roasters. The boss of Nestle, the world’s biggest coffee firm, was ousted earlier this year after the board grew unhappy about weak sales and a loss of market share due to price rises, which prompted consumers to switch to cheaper brands. Roasters tend to buy coffee many months in advance, which means consumers will likely see the price spike in 6 to 12 months.
Consumers who drink out will feel less of a pinch of today’s rising prices. Roasters like Starbucks that sell mostly to cafés should fare better as the global coffee price accounts for only about 1.4 percent of the total price of a typical US$5 cup of coffee in a café.
What made the coffee price spike in 1977 more significant than the current one?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題,考查:
- 根據文章明示資訊定位答案
- 理解「名目價格」與「經通貨膨脹調整後價格」的差異
- 辨識因果關係與比較語意
文章比較的是:
- 目前咖啡價格:每磅 $3.36
- 1977 年的每磅 17.68
因此,雖然目前咖啡價格創下近 50 年新高,但若以相同購買力比較,1977 年的價格其實高出許多。
解題方法
題目問:
What made the coffee price spike in 1977 more significant than the current one?
關鍵在於文章第二段的明示句:
If adjusted for inflation, US17.68 today.
翻譯:
如果按照通貨膨脹調整,1977 年每磅 3.36 美元相當於今日每磅 17.68 美元。
這表示 1977 年的 17.68 的購買力。換言之,1977 年咖啡價格上漲對消費者造成的實質衝擊,比目前的每磅 $3.36 更大。
所以正確答案是 (D) Inflation-adjusted prices show that coffee was much more expensive then.
翻譯:
經通貨膨脹調整後的價格顯示,當時的咖啡貴得多。
選項分析
(A) Coffee consumption was higher in 1977 than it is today.
咖啡消費量在 1977 年比現在高。
錯誤。文章沒有比較 1977 年與現在的咖啡消費量,也沒有指出消費量是造成價格衝擊差異的原因。題目詢問的是價格上漲為何更具重大性,文章提供的直接依據是通貨膨脹調整後的價格。
(B) The price increase in 1977 was caused by a global economic crisis.
1977 年的價格上漲是由全球經濟危機造成的。
錯誤。文章明確指出:
Last time coffee traded that high was in 1977 when snow destroyed swathes of Brazil’s plantations.
翻譯:
上一次咖啡交易價格達到這麼高是在 1977 年,當時大雪摧毀了巴西大片咖啡種植園。
文中提到的原因是大雪破壞巴西咖啡園,不是全球經濟危機。
(C) Modern coffee traders have better strategies to handle price fluctuations.
現代咖啡交易商有更好的策略來應對價格波動。
錯誤。文章沒有提到現代交易商的策略,也沒有將交易制度或風險管理能力列為兩個時期價格衝擊不同的原因。此選項屬於文章未提供的推論。
(D) Inflation-adjusted prices show that coffee was much more expensive then.
經通貨膨脹調整後的價格顯示,當時的咖啡貴得多。
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Global coffee prices have soared to their highest in nearly 50 years due to poor weather in Brazil and Vietnam, forcing roasters such as Nestle to raise prices and consumers to hunt for cheaper brews amid the cost of living crisis. Production problems linked to bad weather in Brazil and Vietnam have seen global supplies lagging demand for three years. That has left stocks depleted and driven benchmark ICE exchange prices to a peak of US$3.36 per lb.
Last time coffee traded that high was in 1977 when snow destroyed swathes of Brazil’s plantations. However, the shock to consumers was much bigger back then. If adjusted for inflation, US17.68 today.
Brazil, which produces nearly half the world’s arabica, high-end beans used primarily in roast and ground blends, experienced one of its worst droughts on record this year. Although rains finally arrived in October, soil moisture remains low and experts say the trees are producing too many leaves and too few of the flowers that turn into cherries. Consultancy StoneX sees Brazil’s arabica output falling 10.5 percent to 40 million bags next year, offset somewhat by higher robusta output, thus cutting the country’s overall crop by 0.5 percent.
In Vietnam, which produces some 40 percent of the robusta beans typically used to make instant coffee, a severe drought earlier this year was followed by excess rains since October. The crop could shrink up to 10 percent in the year by the end of September next year, adding to the global robusta shortage.
Surging coffee prices are a problem for roasters. The boss of Nestle, the world’s biggest coffee firm, was ousted earlier this year after the board grew unhappy about weak sales and a loss of market share due to price rises, which prompted consumers to switch to cheaper brands. Roasters tend to buy coffee many months in advance, which means consumers will likely see the price spike in 6 to 12 months.
Consumers who drink out will feel less of a pinch of today’s rising prices. Roasters like Starbucks that sell mostly to cafés should fare better as the global coffee price accounts for only about 1.4 percent of the total price of a typical US$5 cup of coffee in a café.
What does the phrase “feel less of a pinch” mean in the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查英文片語的語意判讀,重點是:
- feel the pinch:感受到經濟壓力、感受到財務負擔
- feel less of a pinch:感受到較小的經濟壓力,受漲價影響較輕
其中:
- pinch 原意為「捏、夾」,在此為引申義,表示「困境、經濟壓力」。
- less of a pinch 表示「較少的壓力」,不是「較少消費」。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句是:
Consumers who drink out will feel less of a pinch of today’s rising prices.
翻譯為:
在外面喝咖啡的消費者,受到今日咖啡價格上漲的財務壓力會比較小。
下一句提供原因:
Roasters like Starbucks that sell mostly to cafés should fare better as the global coffee price accounts for only about 1.4 percent of the total price of a typical US
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Global coffee prices have soared to their highest in nearly 50 years due to poor weather in Brazil and Vietnam, forcing roasters such as Nestle to raise prices and consumers to hunt for cheaper brews amid the cost of living crisis. Production problems linked to bad weather in Brazil and Vietnam have seen global supplies lagging demand for three years. That has left stocks depleted and driven benchmark ICE exchange prices to a peak of US$3.36 per lb.
Last time coffee traded that high was in 1977 when snow destroyed swathes of Brazil’s plantations. However, the shock to consumers was much bigger back then. If adjusted for inflation, US17.68 today.
Brazil, which produces nearly half the world’s arabica, high-end beans used primarily in roast and ground blends, experienced one of its worst droughts on record this year. Although rains finally arrived in October, soil moisture remains low and experts say the trees are producing too many leaves and too few of the flowers that turn into cherries. Consultancy StoneX sees Brazil’s arabica output falling 10.5 percent to 40 million bags next year, offset somewhat by higher robusta output, thus cutting the country’s overall crop by 0.5 percent.
In Vietnam, which produces some 40 percent of the robusta beans typically used to make instant coffee, a severe drought earlier this year was followed by excess rains since October. The crop could shrink up to 10 percent in the year by the end of September next year, adding to the global robusta shortage.
Surging coffee prices are a problem for roasters. The boss of Nestle, the world’s biggest coffee firm, was ousted earlier this year after the board grew unhappy about weak sales and a loss of market share due to price rises, which prompted consumers to switch to cheaper brands. Roasters tend to buy coffee many months in advance, which means consumers will likely see the price spike in 6 to 12 months.
Consumers who drink out will feel less of a pinch of today’s rising prices. Roasters like Starbucks that sell mostly to cafés should fare better as the global coffee price accounts for only about 1.4 percent of the total price of a typical US$5 cup of coffee in a café.
According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀定位與同義轉述
- 文章細節判讀
- 主詞範圍與因果關係
- 時間副詞與推論限制
解題時須將每個選項與原文逐一比對,特別注意:
- 主詞是否擴大:一家公司的行為,不代表整個產業。
- 時間是否一致:未來才會發生,不等於現在立即發生。
- 因果方向是否正確:價格上漲導致銷售下滑,不是拒絕漲價導致被撤換。
- 細節是否被對調:arabica 與 robusta 的用途不可混淆。
關鍵單字與片語
- soar:急遽上升、飆升
- poor weather:惡劣天候
- force A to V:迫使 A 做某事
- hunt for cheaper brews:尋找較便宜的咖啡飲品
- lag behind demand:落後於需求、不足以滿足需求
- depleted:耗盡的、枯竭的
- benchmark:基準的
- swathes of:大片的
- plantation:種植園
- adjust for inflation:按通貨膨脹調整
- arabica:阿拉比卡咖啡豆,較高級,主要用於烘焙研磨咖啡
- robusta:羅布斯塔咖啡豆,常用於即溶咖啡
- output:產量
- offset:抵銷、部分彌補
- crop:農作物收成
- shrink:縮減、減少
- roaster:焙豆業者、咖啡烘焙商
- be ousted:被撤換、被逐出職位
- market share:市場占有率
- fare better:表現較佳、受到較小衝擊
- account for:占……的比例
- pinch:壓力、衝擊
解題方法
本題屬於「根據文章判斷正確敘述」的閱讀理解題。應採用「選項關鍵字定位法」:
- 先找選項中的專有名詞,例如 arabica、Nestle、roasters、Starbucks。
- 再比對原文對該名詞的描述。
- 若選項加入 primarily、immediately、all、due to 等限定或因果字眼,必須確認原文是否真的支持。
本題直接定位的關鍵句是:
“Brazil’s arabica output falling 10.5 percent to 40 million bags next year, offset somewhat by higher robusta output”
翻譯為:
「巴西的阿拉比卡咖啡豆產量明年將下降 10.5%,減至四千萬袋,但較高的羅布斯塔咖啡豆產量將部分抵銷這項減少。」
此句明確指出:
- Brazil’s arabica output 下降;
- Brazil’s robusta output 上升;
- robusta 產量增加可部分抵銷 arabica 產量下降。
因此,正確答案為 (D)。
選項分析
(A) Despite being high-end beans, arabica is primarily used for instant coffee.
儘管阿拉比卡咖啡豆屬於高級豆,它主要用於製作即溶咖啡。
錯誤。
原文指出:
“arabica, high-end beans used primarily in roast and ground blends”
翻譯為:
「阿拉比卡是高級咖啡豆,主要用於烘焙及研磨咖啡混合品。」
相反地,文章說:
“robusta beans typically used to make instant coffee”
翻譯為:
「羅布斯塔咖啡豆通常用於製作即溶咖啡。」
本選項將 arabica 與 robusta 的用途對調,因此錯誤。
(B) The boss of Nestle refused to raise coffee prices and decided to step down.
雀巢公司的執行長拒絕調漲咖啡價格,並決定自行下台。
錯誤。
原文指出:
“The boss of Nestle ... was ousted earlier this year after the board grew unhappy about weak sales and a loss of market share due to price rises”
翻譯為:
「雀巢公司的執行長在今年稍早被撤換,原因是董事會對價格上漲所造成的銷售疲弱與市場占有率流失感到不滿。」
錯誤有二:
- was ousted 是「被撤換」,不是執行長自行決定下台。
- 原文沒有說他「拒絕調漲價格」;文章反而指出價格上漲造成銷售下滑與市場占有率下降。
因此本選項與原文不符。
(C) Roasters are responding to falling coffee output by raising prices immediately.
焙豆業者因應咖啡產量下降而立即調漲價格。
錯誤。
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Allison Burk’s daughter was struggling. The American teenager had uncontrolled emotions, a decreased ability to pay attention, and trouble completing work on time. A family doctor suggested testing for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. This led to an unexpected discovery: The teen had ADHD, and her mother, Allison Burk, did too. During her daughter’s testing, Burk thought, “Wait a minute. This sounds familiar.” “I was able to piece together that this might be something I was experiencing,” said Burk, who lives in Columbus, Ohio. She sought testing for herself and was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of 42.
More adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. Diagnoses have been rising for at least 20 years, but seem to have increased sharply in the last few years. A recent government study suggested that more than 15 million adults in the United States, approximately 1 in 17, have been diagnosed with ADHD. The condition starts in childhood, but about half of adults with ADHD are diagnosed when they are 18 or older.
Some doctors say the number of people seeking ADHD testing is sharply increasing. “Just in our clinic, requests for assessments have doubled in the last two years,” said Justin Barterian. He is a psychologist based at Ohio State University. Diagnoses have been increasing in both kids and adults. The recent government report also found adult ADHD was more common than what earlier estimates had suggested. Increasing demand for ADHD medication led to severe shortages after the COVID-19 pandemic hit in March 2020. A 2023 study showed that the rise in prescriptions was notable in adults, especially among women.
ADHD diagnoses and medication were increasing before the pandemic. This is partly because of a change in general diagnostic measures in 2013. Those changes expanded the definition of ADHD and reduced the number of symptoms required for diagnosis. But cases really seemed to increase in 2020, when schools closed and many adults were forced to work from home. It is very difficult to focus when you are home with your kids. Such conditions may have worsened ADHD symptoms in people with less severe cases.
How does the author start the passage with?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀文章的開頭寫作方式」與「段落主旨定位」,不是考 ADHD 的醫學定義或統計資料。
題目問:
How does the author start the passage with?
句型 start the passage with + 名詞/動名詞 意為「作者以……開始這篇文章」。解題時應優先觀察第一段,而不是被後文的統計數據或症狀描述干擾。
文章一開始並未先下定義或列出數據,而是以 Allison Burk 一家人的實際經歷作為引子,先描述女兒接受 ADHD 檢測,接著母親發現自己也可能患有 ADHD,最後接受檢測並被診斷。
因此,正確答案是 (B) By describing a personal story in a family。
解題方法
定位第一段的開頭:
Allison Burk’s daughter was struggling.
艾莉森・伯克的女兒正陷入困境。
接著文章說明女兒出現情緒失控、注意力下降、無法準時完成工作的問題。家庭醫師建議她接受 ADHD 檢測,卻意外發現女兒和母親都患有 ADHD。
關鍵情節包括:
This led to an unexpected discovery: The teen had ADHD, and her mother, Allison Burk, did too.
這導向一個意外的發現:這名青少年患有 ADHD,而她的母親 Allison Burk 也一樣。
以及:
She sought testing for herself and was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of 42.
她為自己尋求檢測,並在 42 歲時被診斷出 ADHD。
這是一個以真實家庭經驗呈現主題的故事,功能是引起讀者興趣,再自然帶出「成人 ADHD 診斷增加」這個主題。第二段才開始進入整體社會現象與統計資料:
More adults are being diagnosed with ADHD.
越來越多成年人被診斷出 ADHD。
所以,文章的「開頭方式」是先講述個人與家庭故事,答案為 (B)。
選項分析
(A) By defining ADHD and its symptoms
錯誤。文章第一段確實提到一些與 ADHD 有關的表現,例如:
- uncontrolled emotions:情緒失控
- a decreased ability to pay attention:注意力下降的能力
- trouble completing work on time:難以準時完成工作
但這些內容是放在女兒個人遭遇的敘述中,並非正式定義 ADHD,也沒有以「ADHD 是……」的方式說明其完整定義。故不能選 A。
(B) By describing a personal story in a family
正確。作者先描寫 Allison Burk 的女兒面臨困難,之後透過女兒的檢測,發現母親也有 ADHD,形成一個具體的家庭故事。
其中:
During her daughter’s testing, Burk thought, “Wait a minute. This sounds familiar.”
女兒接受檢測時,Burk 心想:「等一下,這聽起來很熟悉。」
這句話充分呈現母親由女兒的情況聯想到自身經驗,是典型的個人故事敘述。
(C) By explaining the history of ADHD research
錯誤。文章沒有從 ADHD 的研究歷史、發現過程或重要研究者開始,也沒有按照年代介紹研究發展。關於診斷標準的改變,是第四段才提到:
This is partly because of a change in general diagnostic measures in 2013.
這部分是因為 2013 年一般診斷標準有所改變。
這是在解釋診斷增加的原因,不是介紹 ADHD 研究史。
(D) By listing common misconceptions about ADHD
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Allison Burk’s daughter was struggling. The American teenager had uncontrolled emotions, a decreased ability to pay attention, and trouble completing work on time. A family doctor suggested testing for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. This led to an unexpected discovery: The teen had ADHD, and her mother, Allison Burk, did too. During her daughter’s testing, Burk thought, “Wait a minute. This sounds familiar.” “I was able to piece together that this might be something I was experiencing,” said Burk, who lives in Columbus, Ohio. She sought testing for herself and was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of 42.
More adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. Diagnoses have been rising for at least 20 years, but seem to have increased sharply in the last few years. A recent government study suggested that more than 15 million adults in the United States, approximately 1 in 17, have been diagnosed with ADHD. The condition starts in childhood, but about half of adults with ADHD are diagnosed when they are 18 or older.
Some doctors say the number of people seeking ADHD testing is sharply increasing. “Just in our clinic, requests for assessments have doubled in the last two years,” said Justin Barterian. He is a psychologist based at Ohio State University. Diagnoses have been increasing in both kids and adults. The recent government report also found adult ADHD was more common than what earlier estimates had suggested. Increasing demand for ADHD medication led to severe shortages after the COVID-19 pandemic hit in March 2020. A 2023 study showed that the rise in prescriptions was notable in adults, especially among women.
ADHD diagnoses and medication were increasing before the pandemic. This is partly because of a change in general diagnostic measures in 2013. Those changes expanded the definition of ADHD and reduced the number of symptoms required for diagnosis. But cases really seemed to increase in 2020, when schools closed and many adults were forced to work from home. It is very difficult to focus when you are home with your kids. Such conditions may have worsened ADHD symptoms in people with less severe cases.
What can be inferred from the second paragraph?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「段落推論」與語意判讀,重點不是找出文章明說的句子,而是根據第二段提供的資訊,推導最合理的結論。
第二段的核心資訊如下:
- ADHD 的成人診斷人數增加。
- ADHD 診斷人數至少已上升 20 年,近幾年增加更明顯。
- 美國超過 1,500 萬名成人被診斷出 ADHD。
- ADHD 始於兒童期,但約一半成人患者在 18 歲以後才被診斷。
關鍵單字與片語
be diagnosed with ADHD:被診斷患有 ADHDmore adults are being diagnosed:有更多成人正接受診斷diagnoses have been rising:診斷人數一直上升increase sharply:大幅增加in the last few years:在最近幾年approximately:大約condition:疾病、病況start in childhood:始於兒童期be diagnosed when...:在……時被診斷
文法上,are being diagnosed 是現在進行式被動語態,表示「目前正有更多成人被診斷」;have been rising 是現在完成進行式,表示「從過去延續至今的上升趨勢」。
解題方法
先抓第二段的轉折結構:
The condition starts in childhood, but about half of adults with ADHD are diagnosed when they are 18 or older.
這種病況始於兒童期,但約一半的 ADHD 成人患者是在 18 歲或更年長時才被診斷。
這句排除了「ADHD 只在成年後才出現」的說法,也表示成人階段才被診斷的比例很高。
再結合前文:
More adults are being diagnosed with ADHD.
有更多成人被診斷出 ADHD。
文章雖然沒有直接說「成人對 ADHD 的認識提高」,但診斷人數長期增加,且許多患者直到成年才接受診斷,最合理的推論是:比起過去,更多成人開始注意到自身可能具有 ADHD 症狀,並尋求診斷。
因此選擇 (B)。
選項分析
(A) The majority of ADHD cases are first identified in adulthood.
大多數 ADHD 病例最初是在成年期被發現。
錯誤。文章說:
about half of adults with ADHD are diagnosed when they are 18 or older
約一半的 ADHD 成人患者是在 18 歲或以後被診斷。
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Allison Burk’s daughter was struggling. The American teenager had uncontrolled emotions, a decreased ability to pay attention, and trouble completing work on time. A family doctor suggested testing for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. This led to an unexpected discovery: The teen had ADHD, and her mother, Allison Burk, did too. During her daughter’s testing, Burk thought, “Wait a minute. This sounds familiar.” “I was able to piece together that this might be something I was experiencing,” said Burk, who lives in Columbus, Ohio. She sought testing for herself and was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of 42.
More adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. Diagnoses have been rising for at least 20 years, but seem to have increased sharply in the last few years. A recent government study suggested that more than 15 million adults in the United States, approximately 1 in 17, have been diagnosed with ADHD. The condition starts in childhood, but about half of adults with ADHD are diagnosed when they are 18 or older.
Some doctors say the number of people seeking ADHD testing is sharply increasing. “Just in our clinic, requests for assessments have doubled in the last two years,” said Justin Barterian. He is a psychologist based at Ohio State University. Diagnoses have been increasing in both kids and adults. The recent government report also found adult ADHD was more common than what earlier estimates had suggested. Increasing demand for ADHD medication led to severe shortages after the COVID-19 pandemic hit in March 2020. A 2023 study showed that the rise in prescriptions was notable in adults, especially among women.
ADHD diagnoses and medication were increasing before the pandemic. This is partly because of a change in general diagnostic measures in 2013. Those changes expanded the definition of ADHD and reduced the number of symptoms required for diagnosis. But cases really seemed to increase in 2020, when schools closed and many adults were forced to work from home. It is very difficult to focus when you are home with your kids. Such conditions may have worsened ADHD symptoms in people with less severe cases.
What does Justin Barterian’s quote in the third paragraph support?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「引文功能判讀」。解題重點是確認 Justin Barterian 的引文直接支持哪一項敘述,而非將整段文章的所有資訊混合判斷。
引文為:
“Just in our clinic, requests for assessments have doubled in the last two years,” said Justin Barterian.
翻譯:
「光是在我們的診所,要求接受評估的人數在過去兩年就增加了一倍。」Justin Barterian 說。
其中:
- requests for assessments:要求接受評估、要求接受檢測
- have doubled:已增加一倍、變成原來的兩倍
- in the last two years:在過去兩年內
這句話明確指出,近兩年尋求 ADHD 檢測的人數大幅增加,因此支持「ADHD 檢測需求在近年顯著上升」。
解題方法
先鎖定題目指定的範圍:第三段 Justin Barterian 的引文。
再判斷引文中的主詞與數據:
- 主詞:requests for assessments,檢測需求
- 動詞:have doubled,增加一倍
- 時間:in the last two years,近兩年
因此,引文直接說明的是「檢測需求上升」,不是藥物供應、兒童與成人的比例、研究的首創性,也不是家長對 ADHD 的認知提升。
選項分析
(A) ADHD testing demand has significantly risen in recent years.
ADHD 檢測需求在近年顯著上升。
正確。引文指出 Barterian 所在的診所,評估需求在過去兩年 doubled,也就是增加為原來的兩倍。這直接支持近年 ADHD 檢測需求大幅上升的說法。
(B) ADHD medication shortages were caused by supply chain disruptions.
ADHD 藥物短缺是由供應鏈中斷造成的。
錯誤。第三段確實提到:
“Increasing demand for ADHD medication led to severe shortages…”
翻譯為:
「對 ADHD 藥物不斷增加的需求,導致嚴重短缺。」
文章將藥物短缺歸因於需求增加,並未提到 supply chain disruptions(供應鏈中斷)。而且 Barterian 的引文談的是 testing demand,也就是檢測需求,不是藥物短缺的成因。
(C) The majority of new ADHD diagnoses are in children rather than adults.
大多數新的 ADHD 診斷出現在兒童,而不是成人。
錯誤。文章只說:
“Diagnoses have been increasing in both kids and adults.”
翻譯為:
「兒童與成人的診斷數量都在增加。」
這句話沒有表示哪一個族群占多數。引文也只談檢測需求增加,沒有比較兒童與成人的新診斷比例。
(D) The 2023 study was the first to confirm a rise in adult ADHD prescriptions.
2023 年的研究首次證實成人 ADHD 處方增加。
錯誤。文章提到:
“A 2023 study showed that the rise in prescriptions was notable in adults, especially among women.”
翻譯為:
「2023 年的一項研究顯示,處方數量的增加在成人中相當顯著,尤其是女性。」
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Allison Burk’s daughter was struggling. The American teenager had uncontrolled emotions, a decreased ability to pay attention, and trouble completing work on time. A family doctor suggested testing for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. This led to an unexpected discovery: The teen had ADHD, and her mother, Allison Burk, did too. During her daughter’s testing, Burk thought, “Wait a minute. This sounds familiar.” “I was able to piece together that this might be something I was experiencing,” said Burk, who lives in Columbus, Ohio. She sought testing for herself and was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of 42.
More adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. Diagnoses have been rising for at least 20 years, but seem to have increased sharply in the last few years. A recent government study suggested that more than 15 million adults in the United States, approximately 1 in 17, have been diagnosed with ADHD. The condition starts in childhood, but about half of adults with ADHD are diagnosed when they are 18 or older.
Some doctors say the number of people seeking ADHD testing is sharply increasing. “Just in our clinic, requests for assessments have doubled in the last two years,” said Justin Barterian. He is a psychologist based at Ohio State University. Diagnoses have been increasing in both kids and adults. The recent government report also found adult ADHD was more common than what earlier estimates had suggested. Increasing demand for ADHD medication led to severe shortages after the COVID-19 pandemic hit in March 2020. A 2023 study showed that the rise in prescriptions was notable in adults, especially among women.
ADHD diagnoses and medication were increasing before the pandemic. This is partly because of a change in general diagnostic measures in 2013. Those changes expanded the definition of ADHD and reduced the number of symptoms required for diagnosis. But cases really seemed to increase in 2020, when schools closed and many adults were forced to work from home. It is very difficult to focus when you are home with your kids. Such conditions may have worsened ADHD symptoms in people with less severe cases.
What was a key factor contributing to the increase in ADHD diagnoses and medication use before the pandemic?
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核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解題,考查考生:
- 能否掌握文章的時間脈絡:疫情前與疫情後。
- 能否辨認造成 ADHD 診斷數量與藥物使用增加的主要原因。
- 能否根據文章明確資訊,排除文章未提及或與原文不符的選項。
題目問的是:
What was a key factor contributing to the increase in ADHD diagnoses and medication use before the pandemic?
疫情前,造成 ADHD 診斷數量與藥物使用增加的一項關鍵因素是什麼?
關鍵限定語是 before the pandemic,因此必須尋找文章中說明「疫情前」原因的句子。
解題方法
先定位文章第四段的前兩句:
ADHD diagnoses and medication were increasing before the pandemic. This is partly because of a change in general diagnostic measures in 2013. Those changes expanded the definition of ADHD and reduced the number of symptoms required for diagnosis.
翻譯:
在疫情之前,ADHD 的診斷數量與藥物使用就已經增加。這部分是因為 2013 年一般診斷標準的改變。這些改變擴大了 ADHD 的定義,並降低了診斷所需的症狀數量。
其中:
- a change in general diagnostic measures:一般診斷標準的改變
- expanded the definition of ADHD:擴大 ADHD 的定義
- reduced the number of symptoms required for diagnosis:降低診斷所需的症狀數量
這些內容直接對應選項 (C) Changes in diagnostic criteria that broadened the definition of ADHD。
因此,正確答案為 (C)。
選項分析
(A) Increased stress levels in modern society
「現代社會壓力增加」。
文章確實提到 ADHD 症狀可能因居家與孩子相處、在家工作等情況而惡化:
It is very difficult to focus when you are home with your kids.
但這段內容是在說 2020 年學校關閉、成人被迫在家工作後的情況,屬於疫情期間或疫情後的因素,並非題目所問的「疫情前」關鍵原因。文章也沒有指出現代社會壓力增加是診斷與用藥增加的主要原因,因此錯誤。
(B) Greater public awareness of ADHD symptoms through social media
「透過社群媒體提高大眾對 ADHD 症狀的認識」。
文章沒有提到 social media,也沒有說明社群媒體造成診斷增加。雖然大眾認知提高在現實中可能影響就醫意願,但不能以文章外的常識取代原文證據,因此錯誤。
(C) Changes in diagnostic criteria that broadened the definition of ADHD
「診斷標準改變,使 ADHD 的定義更加廣泛」。
此選項完全符合原文:
Those changes expanded the definition of ADHD and reduced the number of symptoms required for diagnosis.
翻譯:
這些改變擴大了 ADHD 的定義,並降低了診斷所需的症狀數量。
當診斷定義擴大、所需症狀數量減少時,符合診斷條件的人數會增加,進而可能使 ADHD 診斷與藥物使用上升。因此正確。
(D) A rise in online learning, which made ADHD symptoms more noticeable
「線上學習增加,使 ADHD 症狀更明顯」。
文章提到的是 2020 年學校關閉,以及許多成人改在家工作:
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Allison Burk’s daughter was struggling. The American teenager had uncontrolled emotions, a decreased ability to pay attention, and trouble completing work on time. A family doctor suggested testing for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. This led to an unexpected discovery: The teen had ADHD, and her mother, Allison Burk, did too. During her daughter’s testing, Burk thought, “Wait a minute. This sounds familiar.” “I was able to piece together that this might be something I was experiencing,” said Burk, who lives in Columbus, Ohio. She sought testing for herself and was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of 42.
More adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. Diagnoses have been rising for at least 20 years, but seem to have increased sharply in the last few years. A recent government study suggested that more than 15 million adults in the United States, approximately 1 in 17, have been diagnosed with ADHD. The condition starts in childhood, but about half of adults with ADHD are diagnosed when they are 18 or older.
Some doctors say the number of people seeking ADHD testing is sharply increasing. “Just in our clinic, requests for assessments have doubled in the last two years,” said Justin Barterian. He is a psychologist based at Ohio State University. Diagnoses have been increasing in both kids and adults. The recent government report also found adult ADHD was more common than what earlier estimates had suggested. Increasing demand for ADHD medication led to severe shortages after the COVID-19 pandemic hit in March 2020. A 2023 study showed that the rise in prescriptions was notable in adults, especially among women.
ADHD diagnoses and medication were increasing before the pandemic. This is partly because of a change in general diagnostic measures in 2013. Those changes expanded the definition of ADHD and reduced the number of symptoms required for diagnosis. But cases really seemed to increase in 2020, when schools closed and many adults were forced to work from home. It is very difficult to focus when you are home with your kids. Such conditions may have worsened ADHD symptoms in people with less severe cases.
How did the pandemic exacerbate ADHD symptoms in some individuals?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀文章後的因果關係判斷。
- 根據上下文辨識「疫情如何使部分 ADHD 患者症狀惡化」。
- 分辨「症狀惡化」與「新病例增加」的差異。
- 注意文章明確陳述的原因,不以選項自行添加的資訊取代原文。
文章指出,ADHD 原本就會在兒童時期開始,疫情期間遠距工作、學校停課,使人們處於較缺乏結構、干擾更多的環境中,因而讓部分原本症狀較輕微的人更難集中注意力,症狀因而惡化。
解題方法
先鎖定題幹中的關鍵字:
- exacerbate:使惡化、加劇
- symptoms:症狀
- some individuals:某些個人、部分人士
題目問的是「疫情如何使部分個人的 ADHD 症狀惡化」,不是問:
- 疫情是否直接造成 ADHD;
- 診斷標準是否改變;
- ADHD 病例為何增加;
- 藥物需求為何上升。
定位原文中的關鍵句:
“But cases really seemed to increase in 2020, when schools closed and many adults were forced to work from home.”
翻譯:
「但是,病例在 2020 年似乎確實增加了,當時學校停課,許多成年人被迫在家工作。」
接著文章進一步解釋:
“It is very difficult to focus when you are home with your kids.”
翻譯:
「當你和孩子一起待在家裡時,要集中注意力是非常困難的。」
以及:
“Such conditions may have worsened ADHD symptoms in people with less severe cases.”
翻譯:
「這樣的情況可能使原本症狀較不嚴重的人,其 ADHD 症狀惡化。」
由此可知,疫情造成的遠距工作與停課,使人們在家中面對更多干擾,集中注意力更加困難,因此符合 (B)。
文法與語意重點
- How did the pandemic exacerbate ADHD symptoms...?
- How did... ?:詢問「……是如何發生的?」
- exacerbate + 受詞:使某事惡化、加劇
例如:
Stress exacerbated her symptoms.
「壓力使她的症狀惡化。」
- when schools closed and many adults were forced to work from home
- when 引導時間副詞子句。
- were forced to + 原形動詞:被迫做某事
were forced to work from home = 被迫在家工作。
- It is very difficult to focus when you are home with your kids.
- It is + 形容詞 + to V:做某事是……的
It is difficult to focus. = 集中注意力很困難。 - focus:集中注意力、專注。
- may have worsened
- may have + 過去分詞:表示對過去事件的推測。
- worsen:變糟、使惡化。
- 此處重點是「疫情環境使既有症狀變嚴重」,不是說疫情創造了 ADHD。
選項分析
(A) Increased screen time during the pandemic directly caused a rise in ADHD cases.
疫情期間增加的螢幕時間直接造成 ADHD 病例增加。
錯誤。文章沒有提到 screen time(螢幕使用時間),也沒有說螢幕時間「直接造成」ADHD 病例增加。文章實際指出的是學校停課、在家工作,以及在家中較難集中注意力。
第 作文 題20 分
Write an essay of at least 200 words regarding the following sentences:
Personality tests are sometimes criticized as pseudoscience, though opinions vary. In this writing, define what constitutes a scientific study. Then outline its key steps, using examples to illustrate its essential characteristics.
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核心觀念
本題不是要求單純討論人格測驗是否科學,而是要說明「科學研究」的定義、步驟與核心特徵。文章必須同時完成三項任務:
- 定義何謂 scientific study。
- 說明科學研究的主要流程。
- 以 personality tests 等例子,具體呈現客觀性、可驗證性、可重複性與證據導向等特徵。
題目特別提到人格測驗常被批評為 pseudoscience,因此文章可將人格測驗作為貫穿全文的例子,但不可把篇幅全部花在介紹人格類型。
題幹語意與定位句
題幹原文:
Personality tests are sometimes criticized as pseudoscience, though opinions vary.
人格測驗有時被批評為偽科學,儘管各方看法不一。
In this writing, define what constitutes a scientific study. Then outline its key steps, using examples to illustrate its essential characteristics.
在這篇文章中,請定義何謂構成一項科學研究,接著概述其主要步驟,並以例子說明其重要特徵。
其中第二句是作答主軸,明確要求「定義+步驟+例證」,不可只寫個人對人格測驗的看法。
關鍵單字與片語
- personality test:人格測驗
- be criticized as:被批評為……
- pseudoscience:偽科學
- opinions vary:看法不一
- constitute:構成、組成
- scientific study:科學研究
- define:定義
- outline:概述、列出大綱
- key steps:主要步驟
- illustrate:說明、闡明
- essential characteristics:核心特徵
- objective:客觀的
- measurable:可測量的
- testable:可檢驗的
- hypothesis:假說
- evidence:證據
- variable:變項
- control group:控制組
- experimental group:實驗組
- collect data:蒐集資料
- analyze data:分析資料
- draw a conclusion:下結論
- replicate:重複進行、再現
- peer review:同儕審查
- reliable:可靠的
- valid:有效的、具效度的
文法與語意重點
- though 引導讓步副詞子句
“though opinions vary” 表示「儘管看法不一」。此處承認社會上對人格測驗存在不同意見,可使文章開頭更客觀。
- what constitutes a scientific study
“what” 引導名詞子句,作為 “define” 的受詞。
“constitute” 是「構成」,因此整句不是詢問「科學研究是什麼名稱」,而是要求說明哪些條件足以構成科學研究。
- using examples to illustrate……
“using” 是現在分詞片語,表示「利用例子來說明」。文章不能只抽象列出步驟,必須搭配具體情境,例如研究人格測驗是否能預測團隊合作表現。
- 被動語態
“Personality tests are sometimes criticized……” 使用被動語態,重點放在「人格測驗受到批評」這件事,而非指出誰批評。寫作時可使用 “Data are collected” 或 “The results are analyzed” 描述科學流程。
- 轉承語的使用
可使用 “First,” “Next,” “After that,” “Finally,” 組織研究步驟;使用 “However,” “Therefore,” “For example,” 增加邏輯清晰度。
解題方法
最穩定的寫法是採用「五段式」:
- 引言:承接人格測驗爭議,提出科學研究的基本定義。
- 提出問題與假說:說明研究必須從明確問題開始,並提出可檢驗的假說。
- 設計研究與蒐集資料:介紹變項、樣本、控制條件與資料蒐集。
- 分析結果與形成結論:根據數據判斷假說是否獲得支持。
- 重複驗證與總結:說明研究結果必須能被其他研究者重複檢驗。
人格測驗的例子可設定為:「人格測驗分數是否能預測大學生在團隊任務中的合作表現?」這個問題具有可測量性,也能自然帶出研究設計。
科學研究的主要步驟
一、提出明確問題
科學研究必須針對可觀察、可測量的問題展開。例如:
Can personality-test scores predict students’ performance in group projects?
人格測驗分數能否預測學生在團體專題中的表現?
這比「哪一種人格最好」更科學,因為「最好」含義模糊,缺乏客觀測量標準。
二、提出可檢驗的假說
假說必須能透過資料判斷真偽。例如: