高雄醫學大學 110 年 《英文》
第 1 題1 分
Everyone is extremely pleased at the scrupulous way in which inspection is being carried out on the security of the vaccines.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」,尤其是形容詞在特定語境中的語意搭配。
關鍵字為 scrupulous,主要意思是:
- 一絲不苟的
- 極其仔細的
- 嚴謹審慎的
- 謹慎遵守規範的
句中描述的是「疫苗安全檢查進行時所採取的方式」,重點在於檢查人員非常仔細、嚴謹,而非強調節省成本、採用新方法或單純效率高。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵片語為:
Everyone is extremely pleased at the scrupulous way in which inspection is being carried out on the security of the vaccines.
其中,the scrupulous way 意為「一絲不苟的方式」;
in which inspection is being carried out 是關係子句,修飾 way,意為「檢查正在以該方式進行」。
全句翻譯:
每個人都非常滿意疫苗安全檢查進行得極其嚴謹仔細。
解題方法
先判斷空格所需的詞性。選項皆為形容詞,須放在名詞片語 the ___ way 中修飾 way。
再根據語意判斷:
- 檢查疫苗安全屬於需要嚴謹、仔細、審慎的工作。
- scrupulous 表示「極其仔細且一絲不苟」。
- 五個選項中,只有 conscientious 最接近此意,因此選 B。
句型中的 in which 並不影響答案判斷,它只是引導修飾 way 的關係子句。
選項分析
(A) economical:經濟的;節省的
economical 指使用資源、金錢或時間時不浪費,例如:
- an economical car:省油的汽車
- an economical use of water:節約用水
若填入:
the economical way in which inspection is being carried out
意思會變成「以節省成本或資源的方式進行檢查」。題幹強調的是疫苗安全檢查的嚴謹程度,沒有提及經費、時間或資源節約,因此不合語意。
(B) conscientious:認真負責的;勤勉仔細的
conscientious 指一個人做事認真、負責、謹慎,會仔細遵守規範並完成工作。
填入後:
the conscientious way in which inspection is being carried out
可理解為「檢查進行得認真、負責且一絲不苟」,與 scrupulous 的核心語意相符,也符合疫苗安全檢查所需的態度。
因此 B 正確。
(C) innovative:創新的;革新的
innovative 強調採用新方法、新技術或新觀念,例如:
第 2 題1 分
This film marked the pinnacle of her acting career.
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核心觀念
本題考「同義字辨識」與語境判斷,關鍵在於理解:
- pinnacle:頂峰、最高點
- acting career:演藝生涯
- mark:標誌、代表
題幹中的 the pinnacle of her acting career 指「她演藝生涯中最成功、最輝煌的時期或成就」。五個選項中,只有 heyday 表示「全盛期、鼎盛時期」,語意最符合。
題幹定位與翻譯
This film marked the pinnacle of her acting career.
翻譯為:
這部電影標誌著她演藝生涯的巔峰。
其中 marked 並非「做記號」,而是「標誌著、代表著」;the pinnacle of her acting career 則是「她演藝生涯的最高峰」。
解題方法
先抓住核心名詞 pinnacle。它表示某件事的「最高點、頂峰」,常見搭配包括:
- the pinnacle of his career:他職業生涯的巔峰
- reach the pinnacle of success:達到成功的頂峰
- at the pinnacle of power:處於權力頂峰
再將各選項代入語境:
This film marked the 全盛期/鼎盛時期 of her acting career.
只有 heyday 能表達「最成功、最輝煌的時期」,因此選 (C)。
嚴格而言,pinnacle 著重於「最高點」這個位置或成就,heyday 著重於「全盛時期」這段期間,兩者並非完全相同。但在本題選項中,heyday 是唯一與「演藝生涯最輝煌階段」相符的字,因此依官方答案選 C。
選項分析
(A) artefact
artefact 意為「人工製品、工藝品、歷史文物」,美式英文常寫作 artifact。
例:
The museum displayed an ancient artefact.
博物館展示了一件古代文物。
代入題句後:
This film marked the artefact of her acting career.
語意變成「這部電影標誌著她演藝生涯的人工製品」,完全不合。故錯誤。
(B) caveat
第 3 題1 分
There is a paucity of information on the ingredients of many cosmetics.
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核心觀念
本題考「同義字辨識」與語意判斷。
題幹中的關鍵字是 paucity,詞性為名詞,意為「缺乏、稀少、不足」。常見搭配為:
- a paucity of + 不可數名詞/複數可數名詞:缺乏……
- a paucity of information:資訊不足、資料稀少
選項中只有 dearth 與 paucity 意義相同,皆表示「缺乏、匱乏」。
解題方法
先定位題幹的核心語意:
There is a paucity of information on the ingredients of many cosmetics.
許多化妝品的成分資訊十分缺乏。
句意重點是「相關資訊很少、不足」。因此答案必須是表示「缺乏、稀少」的名詞。
- paucity = 缺乏、稀少
- dearth = 缺乏、匱乏
故可將題幹改寫為:
There is a dearth of information on the ingredients of many cosmetics.
意思仍是「許多化妝品的成分資訊不足」,語意完全通順。
選項分析
(A) dearth
dearth 為名詞,意為「缺乏、匱乏、稀少」,與 paucity 同義。
常見用法:
- a dearth of information:資訊缺乏
- a dearth of evidence:證據不足
- a dearth of qualified workers:合格工作人員短缺
代入題幹後:
There is a dearth of information on the ingredients of many cosmetics.
句意與原句相同,因此正確。
(B) elasticity
elasticity 為名詞,意為「彈性、伸縮性」,也可引申為「適應力」。
例如:
- the elasticity of rubber:橡膠的彈性
- price elasticity:價格彈性
第 4 題1 分
Environmental factors can accelerate the development of certain cancers.
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核心觀念
本題考同義字辨析,關鍵在於判斷 accelerate 在句中的語意,再從選項中找出能替換且符合文法的字。
題幹:
Environmental factors can accelerate the development of certain cancers.
環境因素可能加速某些癌症的發展。
其中:
- environmental factors:環境因素
- accelerate:加速,使加快
- the development of:……的發展
- certain cancers:某些癌症
- can + 原形動詞:表示「能夠、可能會……」
解題方法
句子的核心結構是:
Environmental factors can accelerate the development of certain cancers.
accelerate 是及物動詞,後面接受詞 the development of certain cancers,意思是「加速某些癌症的發展」。
選項中,只有 quicken 具有「使……加快、加速」的意思,能直接代換 accelerate:
Environmental factors can quicken the development of certain cancers.
句意與文法均成立,因此選 (B)。
選項分析
(A) warrant
warrant 可作動詞,意思是「保證、使有必要、充分證明……合理」。
例如:
The evidence warrants further investigation.
這些證據足以支持進一步調查。
代入題幹:
Environmental factors can warrant the development of certain cancers.
意思變成「環境因素能使某些癌症的發展合理/有必要」,不符合原句「加速癌症發展」的語意,因此錯誤。
(B) quicken
quicken 作及物動詞時,意思是「使加快、加速」,與 accelerate 同義。
代入後:
第 5 題1 分
If we focus too much on peripheral issues, we will lose sight of the goal.
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核心觀念
本題考查「同義字辨析」與句意判讀。關鍵在於理解 peripheral 的語意:
- peripheral:周邊的、次要的、非核心的
- trivial:瑣碎的、不重要的、無關緊要的
題幹描述「過度專注於不重要的周邊議題,便會忽略真正的目標」,因此應選擇與 peripheral issues 意義最接近的形容詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
If we focus too much on peripheral issues, we will lose sight of the goal.
翻譯:如果我們過度專注於瑣碎的議題,就會忽略目標。
其中:
- focus on:專注於……
- too much:太過度地
- peripheral issues:周邊、次要的議題
- lose sight of:看不見、忽略、忘記
- the goal:目標
解題方法
先掌握句子的邏輯:
空格所在語意必須與 peripheral 相近,表示「不重要、非核心、瑣碎」的事物。五個選項中,只有 trivial 符合此語意。
句中的 issues 是名詞,空格中的形容詞須用來修飾它,因此各選項在文法上皆可形成形容詞片語,但能否符合上下文則取決於語意。
選項分析
(A) arduous
- arduous:艱鉅的、費力的、困難的
- arduous issues 可理解為「艱難的議題」,但題幹重點不是議題難不難,而是議題是否偏離核心。
- 「過度專注於困難的議題」不必然會使人忽略目標,因此不合句意。
(B) immediate
第 6 題1 分
The pandemic had exacerbated the longstanding city budget problems the last administration did too little to address.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞語意」與「動詞搭配」。句中主詞為 The pandemic,空格動詞後面直接接受詞 the longstanding city budget problems,因此需要一個:
- 可直接接名詞作受詞的及物動詞;
- 語意上表示「使問題變得更嚴重」的動詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
The pandemic had exacerbated the longstanding city budget problems the last administration did too little to address.
翻譯:
這場疫情加劇了長期存在的城市預算問題,而上一屆政府對這些問題採取的處理措施太少。
其中:
- exacerbate:使惡化、加劇
- longstanding:長期存在的
- city budget problems:城市預算問題
- administration:政府、行政當局
- do too little to address:沒有採取足夠措施處理
- address:處理、應對;此處不是「地址」之意
文法與語意分析
句子的主要結構為:
The pandemic had exacerbated the problems.
exacerbate 是及物動詞,後面直接接受詞:
exacerbate + problem
加劇問題
後面的 the last administration did too little to address 是關係子句,修飾前面的 the longstanding city budget problems。完整理解為:
the problems that the last administration did too little to address
其中 that 省略,作為 address 的受詞:
上一屆政府沒有充分處理的問題
had exacerbated 使用過去完成式,表示「在過去某個時間點之前,疫情已經造成加劇的結果」。本題最重要的判斷仍是空格動詞與 problems 的語意及搭配。
選項分析
(A) aggravated
第 7 題1 分
The top of the museum has the classic center ring reminiscent of the 60’s era.
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞的語意辨析」,尤其是形容詞與固定搭配 reminiscent of 的語意關係。
- reminiscent of + 名詞:使人想起……、令人聯想到……
- evocative:能喚起記憶、情感或聯想的;令人想起……的
- advocative:提倡的、支持某主張的
- provocative:挑釁的、煽動的;引起爭議或反應的
- reciprocative:相互的、互惠的
- suffocative:令人窒息的、抑制呼吸的
本題描述博物館頂部的中央環形結構,使人聯想到 1960 年代,因此需要表示「喚起某段時代記憶」的形容詞。
解題方法
定位關鍵語意:
The top of the museum has the classic center ring reminiscent of the 60’s era.
博物館的頂部有一個經典的中央環形結構,令人聯想到 1960 年代。
其中 reminiscent of the 60’s era 已明確指出「讓人想起 1960 年代」的意思。因此,空格中的形容詞應與「喚起回憶、引發聯想」相關。
evocative 源自動詞 evoke,意為「喚起、引發」,常用於:
- an evocative image:喚起情感或回憶的影像
- evocative music:令人產生聯想的音樂
- an evocative design:令人聯想到某時代或風格的設計
中央環形結構具有 1960 年代的風格,能喚起人們對該時代的印象,因此選 evocative。
選項分析
(A) advocative
advocative 意為「提倡的、支持某種主張的」,與 advocate「提倡、主張」同源。
例如:
- an advocative campaign:倡議性活動
- an advocative organization:倡議組織
博物館的中央環形結構並不是在「提倡」1960 年代,也沒有表達某項主張。放入句中語意不通,故錯誤。
(B) evocative
evocative 意為「喚起回憶或聯想的、令人想起某事物的」。
句中已有:
第 8 題1 分
Everything that happened that day was obliterated from his memory.
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核心觀念
本題考「同義字辨識」及「被動語態中的過去分詞用法」。
題幹中的關鍵字是 obliterated,意為「完全抹除、徹底消除」。句子使用被動語態:
Everything that happened that day was obliterated from his memory.
那天發生的一切,都從他的記憶中被徹底抹除了。
其中:
- everything that happened that day:那天發生的一切
- was obliterated:被完全抹除
- from his memory:從他的記憶中
因此,答案必須選擇與 obliterated 意思最接近、且能表示「從記憶中刪除」的字。
解題方法
先抓住句意:「那天發生的一切,從他的記憶中消失、不再被記得。」
obliterate 的核心語意是「徹底摧毀、抹除,使痕跡消失」;用在記憶上,表示「將記憶完全抹去」。
選項中 expunge 意為「刪除、消除、抹去」,可用於文字、紀錄、罪名,也可用於記憶,因此與 obliterate 最接近。
句意可改寫為:
Everything that happened that day was expunged from his memory.
那天發生的一切,都從他的記憶中被抹去了。
所以選 (B) expunged。
選項分析
(A) fabricated
- fabricate:捏造、編造、製造
- fabricated:被捏造的、被編造的
若代入句中:
Everything that happened that day was fabricated from his memory.
語意變成「那天發生的一切,是從他的記憶中被捏造出來的」,不符合原句想表達的「記憶被抹除」,故錯誤。
(B) expunged
- expunge:刪除、消除、抹去
- expunged:被刪除、被抹去
代入後表示「那天發生的一切,都從他的記憶中被抹除」,與 obliterated from his memory 意思相符,故為正確答案。
(C) revamped
- revamp:改造、翻新、重新設計
- revamped:被改造的、被翻新的
第 9 題1 分
The plastic surgery really enervated him for weeks afterwards.
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核心觀念
本題考「同義字辨識」與語境判斷。關鍵單字為:
- enervate:使衰弱、使精疲力竭
- fortify:使強壯; укреп? 加強、鞏固
- galvanize:刺激、激勵,使振奮
- debilitate:使虛弱、使衰弱
- invigorate:使精力充沛,使振作
- strengthen:使更強壯、加強
句中 for weeks afterwards 表示「之後好幾週」,指出手術造成的疲憊或虛弱狀態持續了一段時間,因此空格應選擇表示「使衰弱」的字。
解題方法
定位關鍵句:
The plastic surgery really enervated him for weeks afterwards.
這項整形手術確實使他在術後好幾週都非常虛弱。
enervated 在此作及物動詞,表示「使某人衰弱、耗盡體力」。將它替換成選項後,只有 debilitated 能保持原句語意:
The plastic surgery really debilitated him for weeks afterwards.
這項整形手術確實使他在術後好幾週都非常虛弱。
第 10 題1 分
The legislation was drafted and promulgated at the end of 2020.
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核心觀念
本題考「近義字辨析」及法律語境中的字義判斷。
題幹中的關鍵字是 promulgated,常用於法律、法規、命令等正式文件,意思是「正式公布、頒布、發布」。因此,最接近的選項是 announced(宣布、公布)。
句中:
- legislation:立法、法律條文
- drafted:起草、草擬
- promulgated:正式公布、頒布
- at the end of 2020:在 2020 年底
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
The legislation was drafted and promulgated at the end of 2020.
該法律條文於 2020 年底起草並正式公布。
句子的核心結構是:
legislation was drafted and promulgated
其中 drafted 與 promulgated 都是過去分詞,和 was 構成被動語態。題目要判斷的是 promulgated 的語意。
法律通常會先被「起草」,再被「正式公布或頒布」。因此:
- drafted = 起草
- promulgated = 正式公布
announced 雖然語氣較一般,但在本題選項中最接近「公布、發布」的意思,符合官方答案。
選項分析
(A) announced:宣布、公布
正確。announce 指將消息、決定、政策或文件正式告知大眾;在本題法律語境中,promulgated 可理解為「正式公布」,因此與 announced 意義最接近。
替換後句意為:
The legislation was drafted and announced at the end of 2020.
該法律條文於 2020 年底起草並公布。
雖然 promulgated 比 announced 更正式、更偏法律用語,但兩者皆具有「正式對外發布」的語意,故選 A。
(B) confounded:使困惑、使混淆
錯誤。confound 表示「使某人困惑、混淆」,通常描述人的理解受到干擾,不表示公布法律。
例如:
第 11 題1 分
Health systems can add genetic testing into care regimens to gain a more ____ image of patients’ health risks.
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞語意判斷」與字詞搭配。句意指出:醫療系統將基因檢測納入照護流程後,可以取得患者健康風險的「更完整、更全面」資訊,因此答案應選能表達「涵蓋範圍廣、資訊完整」的形容詞。
關鍵片語:
- genetic testing:基因檢測
- care regimens:照護方案、治療規劃
- gain an image of...:取得對……的整體了解或概況
- health risks:健康風險
- comprehensive:全面的、完整的、涵蓋廣泛的
題幹定位與翻譯
原句:
Health systems can add genetic testing into care regimens to gain a more ____ image of patients’ health risks.
翻譯:
醫療系統可以將基因檢測納入照護方案,以獲得對患者健康風險更__的整體了解。
加入基因檢測後,醫療人員能取得比原先更多的遺傳資訊,對患者的健康風險形成更完整的認識,因此空格應填入 comprehensive。
解題方法
先觀察句中的邏輯關係:
- 將 genetic testing 加入照護方案。
- 目的是 gain a more ____ image。
- 基因檢測會增加可取得的健康資訊。
- 資訊增加後,對健康風險的了解應更「全面」,而不是更受限制、更簡略或更狹隘。
因此選擇表示「完整、全面」的 comprehensive。
文法上,空格位於不定冠詞 a 與名詞 image 之間,須填入形容詞;五個選項皆為形容詞,故本題關鍵不在詞性,而在語意與搭配。
選項分析
(A) circumscribed
意為「受限制的、界線明確的、範圍狹窄的」。例如 a circumscribed problem 指範圍受到限制的問題。
若填入:
a more circumscribed image of patients’ health risks
意思會變成「對患者健康風險有更受限制或更狹窄的了解」,與加入基因檢測以增加資訊的目的相反,因此錯誤。
第 12 題1 分
Gabriel García Márquez was one of the most ____ and accomplished writers of his age.
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核心觀念
本題考「上下文語意判斷」與「形容詞並列」。
句型為:
Gabriel García Márquez was one of the most ____ and accomplished writers of his age.
其中 one of the most + 形容詞 + and + 形容詞 + 複數名詞 表示「某時代最……、且最……的作家之一」。空格中的形容詞必須與 accomplished 意義相近,形成正面評價。
- accomplished:成就非凡的、技藝精湛的
- writer:作家
- of his age:他所處時代的、同時代的
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句就是題幹本身:
Gabriel García Márquez was one of the most ____ and accomplished writers of his age.
Gabriel García Márquez 是他所處時代最__且最具成就的作家之一。
既然 accomplished 是正面形容詞,空格也應填入正面、能描述優秀作家的形容詞。選項中只有 versatile 符合。
versatile 指「多才多藝的、才能廣泛的、適應力強的」。用來形容作家,表示其寫作能力多元,能駕馭不同題材、文體或表現方式;這與「成就非凡」搭配自然。
因此完整句意為:
Gabriel García Márquez was one of the most versatile and accomplished writers of his age.
Gabriel García Márquez 是他所處時代最具多才多藝特質、且成就最非凡的作家之一。
選項分析
- (A) versatile:多才多藝的、才能廣泛的
第 13 題1 分
When the two universities to which Lisa had applied accepted her, she had no direction and was in ____ as to which one she should attend.
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核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與固定搭配:
- perplexity:困惑、迷惘、不知所措
- in perplexity:處於困惑之中
- as to + 疑問詞/名詞片語:關於……、至於……
題幹描述 Lisa 同時獲得兩所大學錄取,因而「沒有方向」,不知道該選哪一所就讀。語意上需要表示「困惑、難以決定」的名詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
When the two universities to which Lisa had applied accepted her, she had no direction and was in ____ as to which one she should attend.
翻譯:
當 Lisa 申請的兩所大學都錄取她時,她沒有方向,不知道自己應該就讀哪一所,因此陷入了困惑。
其中:
- the two universities to which Lisa had applied:Lisa 所申請的兩所大學
- apply to + 學校:申請某校
- to which Lisa had applied 是關係子句,修飾 the two universities
- accepted her:錄取她
- had no direction:沒有方向、沒有明確決定
- be in perplexity:處於困惑之中
- as to which one she should attend:關於她應該就讀哪一所
- attend a university:就讀某所大學
解題方法
先觀察句中的語意線索:
- Lisa 同時獲得兩所大學錄取。
- 她「沒有方向」。
- 她無法決定該就讀哪一所。
因此空格必須填入表示「困惑、迷惘、難以抉擇」的名詞。四個干擾選項都與「平靜」或「確信」有關,和前後文的猶豫、困惑語意相反。
最符合句意且能與 in 搭配的字是 perplexity:
be in perplexity as to which one she should attend
意思是「對於該就讀哪一所感到困惑」。
選項分析
(A) perplexity:困惑、迷惘
第 14 題1 分
The theory ____ two reasons for the spread of the disease.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「動詞搭配」。句型為:
The theory postulates two reasons for the spread of the disease.
這個理論假定/提出疾病傳播的兩個原因。
主詞為單數名詞 The theory,因此動詞須使用第三人稱單數 postulates。
解題方法
先判斷句意:
- 「這個理論__疾病傳播的兩個原因」需要一個能表達「提出、假定某種理論或原因」的動詞。
- postulate 可作及物動詞,意思是「假定、提出……作為理論基礎」。
- 因此句意為「該理論提出疾病擴散的兩個原因」,語意與文法皆成立。
完整句子:
The theory postulates two reasons for the spread of the disease.
這個理論提出了疾病傳播的兩個原因。
其中:
- theory:理論
- postulate:假定;提出理論上的主張
- reason:原因
- the spread of the disease:疾病的傳播/擴散
選項分析
(A) perishes
perish 意為「死亡、毀滅、消亡」,通常用於人、動植物或事物的滅亡,例如:
Many plants perished in the drought.
許多植物在乾旱中枯死。
“The theory perishes two reasons” 會變成「這個理論使兩個原因死亡」,不符合語意;且 perish 通常不以「原因」作為直接受詞。
(B) perspires
perspire 意為「流汗、出汗」,例如:
He began to perspire after running.
他跑步後開始流汗。
“The theory perspires two reasons” 意為「這個理論流汗兩個原因」,語意不通。
(C) postpones
postpone 意為「延期、延後」,例如:
第 15 題1 分
They’re only proposing the law to ____ attention from important issues.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞與受詞的語意搭配」。句中關鍵片語是:
- divert attention from...:將注意力從……轉移開
- propose a law:提議一項法律
- important issues:重要議題
句意是:有人提議這項法律,真正目的只是把大眾的注意力從重要議題上移開,因此需要選擇能與 attention 搭配、表示「轉移」的動詞。
解題方法
定位題幹中的核心結構:
They’re only proposing the law to ____ attention from important issues.
他們提出這項法律,純粹只是要把注意力從重要議題上轉移開。
空格位於 to 之後,須填入原形動詞;受詞是 attention,後面接 from important issues,形成「把注意力從重要議題移開」的語意。
英文中固定搭配為:
divert attention from A
將注意力從 A 轉移開
所以答案為 divert。
選項分析
(A) digress:離題;偏離主題
- digress 通常指談話或文章「離題」,常見用法為 digress from the main subject。
- 它多半是不及物動詞,不能自然地說 digress attention。
- 「離題」也不等於「轉移注意力」,因此不符合句意。
(B) dilate:使膨脹;擴張;詳述
- dilate 可表示使瞳孔、血管等「擴張」,也可表示對某件事「詳加說明」。
- 例如:The doctor used eye drops to dilate the patient’s pupils.
- 它沒有「轉移注意力」的意思,不能與 attention from important issues 搭配。
(C) derail:使脫軌;使計畫失敗;使偏離正軌
第 16 題1 分
Paris is a city of gourmet with hundreds of restaurants which will surely ____ your appetite for delicious food.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞與名詞的語意搭配」,尤其是:
- satiate one’s appetite:充分滿足某人的食慾
- quench one’s thirst:解渴、止渴
句型為:
restaurants which will surely ____ your appetite for delicious food
關係代名詞 which 指前面的 restaurants,後面接助動詞 will,因此空格應填入原形動詞,且須符合「餐廳滿足食慾」的語意。
題幹定位與翻譯
Paris is a city of gourmet with hundreds of restaurants which will surely satiate your appetite for delicious food.
可譯為:
巴黎是美食家之城,擁有數百家餐廳,必定能充分滿足你對美味食物的食慾。
其中 satiate your appetite for delicious food 正是「充分滿足你對美食的食慾」。
校方釋疑公告以 food 為語境判斷核心,並提及可從 Corpus of Contemporary American English 查考 one’s appetite 與 food、challenges、learning 等搭配。依官方公布答案,本題將「餐廳滿足對美食的食慾」判定為 satiate 的適切用法。
選項分析
(A) penetrate
- 意思:穿透、滲入、深入
- 常見搭配:penetrate the market(打入市場)、penetrate the skin(穿透皮膚)
- penetrate your appetite 不符合語意。餐廳不是「穿透」食慾,而是滿足食慾。
因此錯誤。
(B) nurture
- 意思:培養、滋養、養育
- 常見搭配:nurture children(養育孩子)、nurture talent(培養人才)
- nurture your appetite 可在「培養興趣或食慾」的特殊語境中成立,但本題強調數百家餐廳能滿足對美食的需求,不是逐漸培養食慾。
第 17 題1 分
She tried to ____ my confidence by telling me that I had a special talent.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「動詞搭配」。句型為:
She tried to ____ my confidence by telling me that I had a special talent.
其中:
- try to + 原形動詞:試圖做……
- by + V-ing:藉由……的方式
- confidence:信心、自信
- special talent:特殊才能、特別的天分
題幹表示:她告訴我具有特殊才能,藉此增強我的信心。因此空格需要填入「增強、鼓舞」之意,且能自然搭配 confidence 的動詞。
解題方法
先掌握句意:
She tried to bolster my confidence by telling me that I had a special talent.
她告訴我具有特殊才能,試圖藉此增強我的信心。
「告訴某人具有特殊才能」通常會使對方更有自信,因此答案應為表示「支持、鼓舞、增強」的動詞。bolster 正是「增強、支持、鼓舞」,且 bolster one’s confidence 是自然且常見的搭配。
選項分析
(A) validate
validate 意為「證實……有效;確認……合理或正當」。
例如:
- validate a theory:證實一項理論
- validate someone’s feelings:肯定某人的感受
雖然稱讚他人有時能讓對方感覺自己的能力受到肯定,但 validate my confidence 並不是本句最自然的搭配。validate 著重於確認某件事的正當性或真實性,不是直接表示「增強信心」,因此不選。
(B) sanction
sanction 有兩個常見意思:
- 「批准、准許」
- 「制裁、處分」
例如:
- sanction a plan:批准計畫
- impose sanctions:施加制裁
本句談的是提升信心,與「批准」或「制裁」均無關;sanction my confidence 也不符合語意,因此錯誤。
(C) garnish
第 18 題1 分
The ____ plan would involve investment in high-tech manufacturing, clean energy, and transportation systems designed for electric vehicles.
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核心觀念
本題考查「字義辨析」與「英文搭配」。空格後接名詞 plan,需要填入能合理修飾計畫內容的字。句中列出的內容包括:
- high-tech manufacturing:高科技製造業
- clean energy:潔淨能源
- transportation systems:交通運輸系統
- electric vehicles:電動車
這些都屬於國家或城市運作所需的基礎建設,因此答案是 infrastructure。
題幹定位與翻譯
The ____ plan would involve investment in high-tech manufacturing, clean energy, and transportation systems designed for electric vehicles.
翻譯:
這項__計畫將涉及對高科技製造業、潔淨能源,以及為電動車所設計之交通運輸系統的投資。
其中 investment in A, B, and C 表示「對 A、B、C 的投資」,而列舉的三項內容共同指向國家發展所需的「基礎建設」。
解題方法
先判斷空格的語意,再觀察名詞搭配:
infrastructure 意為「基礎建設;基礎設施」,可涵蓋:
- 交通運輸系統
- 能源供應系統
- 通訊與科技設施
- 支撐產業運作的公共建設
因此 infrastructure plan 是自然且常見的搭配,意思是「基礎建設計畫」。
選項分析
(A) cyberstructure
由 cyber-「網路的;電腦的」與 structure「結構」組成。它不是本句所需的標準常見用語,且即使理解為「網路結構」,也無法自然涵蓋高科技製造、潔淨能源與電動車交通系統等實體公共建設。因此錯誤。
(B) infrastructure
第 19 題1 分
Loss of memory is a natural ____ of old age.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析
- 詞性判斷
- 固定搭配:a concomitant of...
題幹中的 concomitant 是名詞,意思是「伴隨發生的事物、伴隨現象」。
a natural concomitant of old age 表示「老年時自然伴隨出現的現象」。
題幹定位與翻譯
Loss of memory is a natural concomitant of old age.
翻譯:
「記憶力衰退是老年時自然伴隨出現的現象。」
句型結構為:
- Loss of memory:主詞,「記憶力喪失、記憶力衰退」
- is:連綴動詞
- a natural concomitant of old age:主詞補語,「老年自然伴隨的現象」
空格前有冠詞 a,空格後接介系詞 of,最自然的結構是:
a + 名詞 + of + 名詞
因此應選用名詞 concomitant。
解題方法
先從詞性切入:
a natural ____ of old age
冠詞 a 後面通常接單數可數名詞,因此空格需要填入名詞。
再依語意判斷:
- 主詞是「記憶力衰退」
- 它被描述為「老年自然伴隨出現的某種現象」
concomitant 正好表示「伴隨現象」,搭配 of old age 後,語意完整:
a natural concomitant of old age
老年自然伴隨的現象
所以答案為 (A) concomitant。
選項分析
(A) concomitant
詞性:名詞、形容詞
作名詞時表示「伴隨的事物、伴隨現象」;作形容詞時表示「伴隨的」。
本句需要名詞,且:
a natural concomitant of old age
是自然且正確的搭配,意思是「老年自然伴隨的現象」。
因此選 A。
(B) dominant
詞性:形容詞;亦可作名詞
形容詞意思是「支配的、主要的、優勢的」;名詞可指「優勢者」或「顯性性狀」。
若填入本句:
Loss of memory is a natural dominant of old age.
第 20 題1 分
Some private investors are not fully ____ of the benefits that environmental investments can yield to them.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「形容詞搭配」。句型為:
be fully ____ of + 名詞
其中空格需要填入能表示「知道、察覺、充分了解」的形容詞,且必須能與介系詞 of 搭配。
cognizant of 表示「知道……的;察覺……的;了解……的」,正符合句意,因此答案為 (B) cognizant。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
Some private investors are not fully cognizant of the benefits that environmental investments can yield to them.
翻譯:
有些私人投資者並未完全了解環境投資能為他們帶來的利益。
句中:
- be cognizant of sth.:了解、察覺某事
- the benefits that environmental investments can yield to them:環境投資能為他們帶來的利益
- yield benefits to sb.:為某人帶來利益
語意上,私人投資者「沒有充分了解」環境投資的好處,最自然的字是 cognizant。
解題方法
第一步,觀察空格後的介系詞 of。常見搭配包括:
- be aware of:知道、察覺
- be conscious of:意識到
- be cognizant of:了解、察覺
第二步,將各選項代入句意:
Some private investors are not fully ______ of the benefits...
句意要求「沒有完全知道這些利益」。只有 cognizant 具有「知悉、了解」的意思,並且可自然搭配 of。
因此:
are not fully cognizant of the benefits
文法與語意皆成立。
選項分析
(A) cognitive
cognitive 是形容詞,意為「認知的;與思考有關的」,通常描述心理活動、學習或認知能力,例如:
- cognitive ability:認知能力
- cognitive development:認知發展
- cognitive psychology:認知心理學
本句需要的是「了解利益」的形容詞,而非「與認知有關的」。此外,be cognitive of 不是標準且自然的搭配。
are not fully cognitive of the benefits
語意與搭配皆不適合,因此錯誤。
(B) cognizant
cognizant 意為「知悉的;了解的;察覺的」,常用結構為:
be cognizant of + 名詞
代入後:
第 21 題1 分
If she ____ carefully, she would not have had that terrible accident.
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核心觀念:第三類條件句
本題考「與過去事實相反的假設」,也就是第三類條件句(third conditional),用來表示過去沒有發生的條件及其相反結果。
基本句型為:
題幹後半句為:
she would not have had that terrible accident
她就不會發生那場可怕的意外。
其中 would not have had 表示「過去原本可能發生,但實際上發生了」的相反結果,因此 if 子句必須使用過去完成式 had + 過去分詞。
解題方法
先觀察主句:
she would not have had ...
結構是 would have + 過去分詞,表示對過去結果的假設。因此,If 子句應使用:
動詞 drive 的過去分詞為 driven,所以完整句子為:
If she had driven carefully, she would not have had that terrible accident.
翻譯為:
如果她當時小心駕駛,她就不會發生那場可怕的意外。
句意暗示:她當時沒有小心駕駛,而且確實發生了意外,屬於與過去事實相反的假設。
選項分析
(A) drives
drives 是現在式第三人稱單數形式,通常用於現在習慣、事實或第一類條件句:
If she drives carefully, ...
意思是「如果她小心駕駛」,偏向現在或未來的條件。
但主句使用 would not have had,明確指向過去已發生的結果,與現在式 drives 不符合第三類條件句的時態搭配,因此錯誤。
(B) drove
drove 是過去式,通常用於第二類條件句:
例如:
If she drove carefully, she would avoid accidents.
如果她小心駕駛,她就能避免意外。
本題主句是 would not have had,表示過去相反結果;若要表達第三類條件,條件子句必須是 had driven,不能使用單純過去式 drove。
因此 (B) 錯誤。
第 22 題1 分
The Winged Victory statue lacks a head, ____ it is considered one of the world’s most beautiful sculptures.
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核心觀念
本題考「轉折語的詞性、句型搭配與語意邏輯」。
題幹前後各有完整子句:
- The Winged Victory statue lacks a head.
(勝利女神像沒有頭部。) - It is considered one of the world’s most beautiful sculptures.
(它被認為是世界上最美麗的雕塑之一。)
前句指出雕像有缺陷,後句卻表示它仍被高度評價,兩句之間是「轉折」關係。
解題方法
空格前有逗號,空格後接完整子句:
The Winged Victory statue lacks a head, ____ it is considered one of the world’s most beautiful sculptures.
能以逗號連接兩個完整子句的轉折連接詞,應選 yet:
The Winged Victory statue lacks a head, yet it is considered one of the world’s most beautiful sculptures.
句意為:
勝利女神像雖然沒有頭部,卻被認為是世界上最美麗的雕塑之一。
yet 在此是對等連接詞,功能相當於 but,可連接兩個獨立子句,並表達強烈轉折,因此符合文法與語意。
選項分析
(A) nevertheless
nevertheless 是副詞,意為「然而、儘管如此」。它不能像 yet 一樣直接作對等連接詞,以逗號連接兩個完整子句。
較自然的寫法是:
The statue lacks a head; nevertheless, it is considered beautiful.
或:
The statue lacks a head. Nevertheless, it is considered beautiful.
原題使用「逗號+nevertheless+完整子句」,會形成連接兩個獨立子句的標點問題,因此不選。
(B) still
still 是副詞,意為「仍然、依然」。語意上確實能表達「雖然沒有頭,仍被視為美麗」,但它不是此處所需的對等連接詞,不能以「逗號+still」直接連接兩個完整子句。
自然用法例如:
The statue lacks a head, but it is still considered beautiful.
第 23 題1 分
Not only ____ in the field of psychology, but animal behavior is explored as well.
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核心觀念:Not only 開頭的倒裝句
本題考「否定或限制副詞置於句首時,主要子句須部分倒裝」的文法。
句型為:
Not only + 助動詞/be 動詞 + 主詞 + 過去分詞,but ... as well.
當 Not only 放在句首時,後面的子句要將 be 動詞或助動詞移到主詞前面。本句主詞為 human behavior,動詞為被動語態 is studied,因此倒裝後為:
Not only is human behavior studied in the field of psychology, but animal behavior is explored as well.
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵結構為:
Not only is human behavior studied in the field of psychology, but animal behavior is explored as well.
不僅人類行為在心理學領域中受到研究,動物行為也同樣受到探討。
前半句的主詞是 human behavior,動詞為被動語態 is studied。由於 Not only 位於句首,必須將 is 放到主詞 human behavior 前面,形成:
is human behavior studied
因此選擇 (C)。
解題方法
先判斷句意:
- 研究的對象是 human behavior。
- 「人類行為被研究」須使用被動語態:
- 因為句首有 Not only,須將 be 動詞 is 提到主詞前:
完整句型為:
Not only + be 動詞/助動詞 + 主詞 + 過去分詞, but ... as well.
所以答案是 (C) is human behavior studied。
選項分析
(A) human behavior
代入後:
Not only human behavior in the field of psychology, but animal behavior is explored as well.
human behavior 只有名詞片語,缺少主要動詞,無法形成完整子句。句首的 Not only 後面需要接完整的倒裝子句,因此錯誤。
(B) is studied human behavior
代入後:
Not only is studied human behavior in the field of psychology, but animal behavior is explored as well.
雖然有 is studied,但語序錯誤。被動語態的正常語序是:
human behavior is studied
倒裝後才是:
is human behavior studied
第 24 題1 分
____ of vision or smell might, without realizing it, affect who we choose as friends has been advised.
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核心觀念
本題考查「名詞子句作主詞」以及 that 引導名詞子句 的用法。
句型結構為:
其中:
- That our sense of vision or smell might ... affect ...:由 that 引導的名詞子句,整體作主詞。
- has been advised:被建議、已有人提出此看法。主詞為整個名詞子句,視為單數,因此使用 has。
題幹定位與翻譯
完整句子為:
That our sense of vision or smell might, without realizing it, affect who we choose as friends has been advised.
翻譯:
有人提出這樣的看法:我們的視覺或嗅覺可能在不自覺的情況下,影響我們選擇誰作為朋友。
句中真正的主詞是:
That our sense of vision or smell might ... affect who we choose as friends
這是一個完整的名詞子句,不能只看開頭的 our sense 判斷主詞。
解題方法
先觀察空格後方:
____ of vision or smell might ... affect ... has been advised.
若填入 B That our sense,句子成為:
That our sense of vision or smell might ... affect ... has been advised.
其結構是:
- That 引導名詞子句。
- our sense of vision or smell 作該子句的主詞。
- might affect 作該子句的動詞。
- who we choose as friends 是 affect 的受詞,屬於名詞子句。
- 整個 that 子句作外層句子的主詞。
- 外層動詞使用單數形式 has been advised。
因此答案為 B。
選項分析
(A) Our sense that
填入後為:
Our sense that of vision or smell might ... has been advised.
此處 that 後方直接接 of vision or smell,造成結構錯誤。若 that 是關係代名詞或名詞子句連接詞,後方都不能形成題目所需的完整結構。
此外,sense that + 子句 通常表示「認為……的感覺」或「察覺……」,例如:
our sense that something is wrong
但本句需要的是「我們的視覺或嗅覺」這個名詞片語,因此應使用:
our sense of vision or smell
不能在 sense 後再加上 that。
(B) That our sense
正確。That 引導名詞子句:
That our sense of vision or smell might affect ...
整個子句作主詞,意思是「我們的視覺或嗅覺可能影響……這件事」。後方的 has been advised 與整個單數名詞子句搭配,文法成立。
(C) Sense
填入後為:
第 25 題1 分
His friends recommended ____ the course.
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核心觀念
本題考「建議類動詞(mandative verbs)」後面的名詞子句與假設語氣(subjunctive mood)。
recommend 表示「建議、推薦」,其後常用下列句型:
recommend + V-ing
- They recommended taking the course.
- 他們建議修這門課。
recommend + that + 主詞 + 原形動詞
- They recommended that John take the course.
- 他們建議 John 修這門課。
在美式英文及正式書面英文中,recommend that + 主詞 + 原形動詞 是典型的「命令式假設語氣」。即使主詞是第三人稱單數,動詞仍使用原形 take,不加 -s,也不使用 to + V。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹為:
His friends recommended ____ the course.
他的朋友建議 ____ 這門課。
空格後面已有名詞片語 the course,因此空格必須形成正確的 recommend 句型。最符合的結構是:
His friends recommended that John take the course.
他的朋友建議 John 修這門課。
解題方法
看到 recommend 後,先辨認兩種主要結構:
- 若直接接動名詞:
recommend + V-ing - 若接完整子句:
recommend + that + 主詞 + 原形動詞
本題空格中的選項包含主詞 John,因此應組成完整的 that 名詞子句:
代入後:
所以正確答案是 (C) that John take。
選項分析
(A) John has to take
recommend 後若接完整子句,通常需要 that 引導:
- 正確:
recommended that John take the course
選項中的 John has to take 前面沒有 that,形成:
recommended John has to take the course
這不是本題所需的標準句型。除此之外,has to take 表示「必須修」,語意上也較接近必要性或義務,而非 recommend 所要求的建議句型。
因此錯誤。
(B) that John takes
此選項的基本結構完整:
recommended that John takes the course
第 26 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Before the pandemic grounded most flights, commercial aviation accounted for about 2.5% of global emissions of carbon dioxide. It sounds like it is a small proportion of the whole, but it is more than those of Germany, and this is not the whole story.
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核心觀念
本題考兩項重點:
- 介系詞 like 的受詞形式
- 傳統正式文法中, 作「像……一樣」解時,後面接名詞、代名詞或名詞片語。
- 若後面要接完整子句,正式用法通常使用 、 或 。
- 因此:
- 名詞片語:
- 子句:
- 代名詞 those 的指涉與比較
- 是複數指示代名詞,用來代替前面出現過的複數名詞,避免重複。
- 中的 指前文的複數名詞 emissions of carbon dioxide,意思是「德國的二氧化碳排放量」。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
It sounds like it is a small proportion of the whole, but it is more than those of Germany, and this is not the whole story.
翻譯:
這聽起來似乎只占整體的一小部分,但它的排放量比德國還多,而這還不是全部的情況。
其中出現:
It sounds like it is a small proportion of the whole
後方直接接完整子句 ,依本題採用的正式文法規範,應改為:
It sounds as if it is a small proportion of the whole.
也可寫成:
It sounds as though it is a small proportion of the whole.
因此錯誤位於 (C)。
選項分析
(A) Before the pandemic grounded most flights
引導時間副詞子句,後接完整句子:
- 主詞:
- 動詞:
- 受詞:
作動詞時,意為「使飛機停飛、禁止飛機起飛」。 即「使大多數航班停飛」。
此處主句動詞為過去式 ,時間副詞子句使用過去式 ,時態搭配自然,文法正確。
(B) commercial aviation accounted for about 2.5%
片語 意為「占……比例;構成……的一部分」。
句型為:
例如:
Renewable energy accounts for 30% of total power generation.
本句中:
意為「商業航空約占 2.5%」,後面接 ,說明這個 2.5% 所占的對象,結構正確。
第 27 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Neither the archaeological data unearthed in Taiwan nor the documental evidence preserved in China indicating that Taiwan had ever been ruled by the Chinese earlier than that time.
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核心觀念
本題考兩個文法重點:
-
完整句必須有主要子句的限定動詞(finite verb)
限定動詞具有時態,能作為句子的主要謂語,例如 indicates、indicated。
indicating 是現在分詞,屬於非限定形式,不能單獨充當主要子句的謂語。 -
Neither A nor B 的平行結構與動詞一致
Neither A nor B indicates ... 表示「A 和 B 都沒有指出……」。本句中若以 evidence 作最接近動詞的主詞,應使用單數動詞 indicates。
解題方法
先找句子的主詞與主要動詞:
- 主詞核心為:
Neither the archaeological data unearthed in Taiwan nor the documental evidence preserved in China - 後面的 indicating 是現在分詞,不是有時態的主要動詞。
因此,全句變成:
Neither A nor B indicating that ...
句中沒有真正的主要謂語,形成句子片段(sentence fragment),文法結構不完整。
正確句型應為:
Neither the archaeological data unearthed in Taiwan nor the documental evidence preserved in China indicates that Taiwan had ever been ruled by the Chinese earlier than that time.
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Neither the archaeological data unearthed in Taiwan nor the documental evidence preserved in China indicating that Taiwan had ever been ruled by the Chinese earlier than that time.
可翻譯為:
無論是在臺灣出土的考古資料,還是在中國保存的文獻證據,都沒有指出臺灣在那個時間以前曾經受中國人統治。
語意大致可以理解,但英文句法缺少主要動詞。將 indicating 改為限定動詞 indicates 後,句子才完整。
選項分析
(A) Neither the archaeological data
Neither 與後面的 nor 搭配,構成固定平行結構:
neither A nor B
the archaeological data 作為第一個並列名詞片語,文法上沒有問題。data 是 datum 的複數形式,搭配複數概念並不違反文法。
因此,(A) 正確。
(B) unearthed in Taiwan
unearthed in Taiwan 是過去分詞片語,修飾前面的 the archaeological data:
the archaeological data unearthed in Taiwan
在臺灣出土的考古資料
過去分詞片語作後置修飾語的用法正確,等同於:
the archaeological data which were unearthed in Taiwan
因此,(B) 正確。
(C) nor the documental evidence
第 28 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
A coral reef consists in millions of tiny coral polyps, which are a form of small animal related to biocomposites of calcium carbonate.
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核心觀念
本題考查動詞片語 consist of 與 consist in 的用法差異。
-
consist of + 組成成分:表示「由……組成」。
-
The committee consists of five members.
-
委員會由五名成員組成。
-
consist in + 抽象內容、特質或本質:表示「存在於……之中;在於……」。
-
Happiness consists in helping others.
-
幸福存在於幫助他人之中。
題幹要表達的是「珊瑚礁由數百萬個微小珊瑚蟲組成」,因此應使用 consist of,不能使用 consist in。
解題方法
先找句子的主要結構:
A coral reef consists in millions of tiny coral polyps, which are a form of small animal related to biocomposites of calcium carbonate.
主詞是 A coral reef,主要動詞是 consists,後面的 millions of tiny coral polyps 是介系詞所引導的內容。
句意需要表達:
珊瑚礁「由」數百萬個微小珊瑚蟲組成。
表示「由具體成分組成」時,固定搭配為:
因此:
A coral reef consists of millions of tiny coral polyps.
選項 A 的 consists in 應改為 consists of,故官方答案為 A。
題幹定位與翻譯
錯誤所在的完整句子為:
A coral reef consists in millions of tiny coral polyps, which are a form of small animal related to biocomposites of calcium carbonate.
改正後:
A coral reef consists of millions of tiny coral polyps, which are a form of small animal related to biocomposites of calcium carbonate.
翻譯:
珊瑚礁由數百萬個微小的珊瑚蟲組成;珊瑚蟲是一種與碳酸鈣生物複合材料有關的小型動物。
其中 consist of 的意思是「由……組成」,正符合句子的語意。
選項分析
(A) consists in
錯誤。
consist in 表示「在於……」,後面通常接抽象概念、性質或核心內容,例如:
The value of education consists in its ability to broaden the mind.
教育的價值在於拓展心智的能力。
本句的 millions of tiny coral polyps 是珊瑚礁的具體組成成分,不是抽象特質,因此應使用:
consists of millions of tiny coral polyps
所以 A 是本題錯誤所在。
(B) millions of tiny coral polyps
正確。
millions of + 複數可數名詞 表示「數百萬個……」。
第 29 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Those charging stations and USB devices can be easily modified to give criminals accessed to your phone, including installing software on the phone.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動詞與受詞的搭配
give + 人 + access to + 事物:讓某人取得某事物的使用權或進入權。access作名詞時,通常搭配介系詞to。access作動詞時,直接接受詞,不使用to:access your phone。
- 被動語態
can be easily modified=「可以很容易被修改」。- 結構為:
can + be + 過去分詞。
- including 的補充用法
including + 名詞或動名詞,表示「包括……」。
題幹關鍵句為:
Those charging stations and USB devices can be easily modified to give criminals accessed to your phone, including installing software on the phone.
翻譯為:
那些充電站和 USB 裝置可以很容易被修改,使犯罪者得以存取你的手機,包括在手機上安裝軟體。
解題方法
先找句子的主要結構:
- 主詞:
Those charging stations and USB devices - 助動詞與被動語態:
can be easily modified - 目的不定詞:
to give criminals accessed to your phone - 補充說明:
including installing software on the phone
其中 give criminals accessed to your phone 是「使犯罪者取得手機存取權」的意思。標準英文應為:
give criminals access to your phone
因此,嚴格依照標準文法,accessed 應改為名詞 access。不過,本題官方公布答案指定為 D,以下依官方答案說明。
選項分析
(A) Those charging stations and USB devices
此選項正確。
those 是指示限定詞,後面必須接複數可數名詞。charging stations 與 USB devices 都是複數名詞,因此搭配正確。
those charging stations:那些充電站USB devices:USB 裝置
若使用單數,才需改為 that charging station 或 this USB device。
(B) can be easily modified
此選項正確。
can 後接原形動詞;被動語態則使用:
can + be + 過去分詞
因此:
can be easily modified
表示「可以很容易被修改」。
其中:
can:可以be modified:被修改easily:容易地
語序也正確,副詞 easily 放在過去分詞 modified 前方,用來修飾「修改」這個動作。
(C) to give criminals accessed to
依官方答案的判定,本選項不列為答案;然而從標準文法來看,此處確實存在明顯爭議。
正確片語應為:
give criminals access to
因為 access 在此處是名詞,意為「使用權、存取權」,形成:
give + 人 + access to + 事物
第 30 題1 分
For each sentence, please choose ONE underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
While studies have suggested almost all Caucasian men will eventually face some degree of male pattern baldness—and around half can expect to lose their hair by middle age—Asian men, and East Asians in particular, have historically experienced the lowest incidence of hair loss in the world. In northeast China, men usually don’t experience hair loss in their 20’s.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 年代的複數寫法
- 所有格 apostrophe(撇號)與複數字尾的區別
- 句子結構與主詞動詞一致
- 固定搭配與語意合理性
表示「某個年代」時,年代數字直接加 -s,不使用 apostrophe:
- in the 1920s:在 1920 年代
- in his 20s:在他二十幾歲時
- during the 1990s:在 1990 年代
apostrophe 主要用於所有格,例如:
- the 1920s’ fashion:1920 年代的時尚
- in the 20s:在二十幾歲時
因此,若表示「二十幾歲」,應寫成 20s,而非 20’s。
解題方法
先找出各選項在句中的功能,再檢查:
- 主詞與動詞是否一致
- 時態是否合理
- 片語搭配是否正確
- 名詞是否需要複數或所有格形式
本題前半句是由破折號連接的複合句,主要結構如下:
While studies have suggested almost all Caucasian men will eventually face some degree of male pattern baldness—and around half can expect to lose their hair by middle age—Asian men, and East Asians in particular, have historically experienced the lowest incidence of hair loss in the world.
後句則是:
In northeast China, men usually don’t experience hair loss in their 20’s.
錯誤集中在 20’s。此處表達「二十幾歲」的年齡區間,應使用複數形式 20s,不應使用表示所有格或省略的 apostrophe。
定位答案的句子與翻譯
原文:
In northeast China, men usually don’t experience hair loss in their 20’s.
正確寫法:
In northeast China, men usually don’t experience hair loss in their 20s.
翻譯:
在中國東北,男性通常在二十幾歲時不會出現掉髮。
其中 in their 20s 是固定用法,意思是「在他們二十幾歲時」。因為 20s 代表一段年齡範圍,屬於複數概念,不是所有格形式。
選項分析
(A) almost all Caucasian men
意思是「幾乎所有高加索男性」。
此片語是子句的主詞:
studies have suggested almost all Caucasian men will eventually face...
在省略 that 的名詞子句中,almost all Caucasian men 作為主詞,後接 will eventually face,結構完整且文法正確。
A 正確。
(B) will eventually face some degree of male pattern baldness
意思是「最終會面臨某種程度的男性型禿髮」。
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a recent research, 71 volunteers with metabolic syndrome were recruited, and they were divided into two groups at random. Both groups followed the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet for three months, which is designed to combat high blood pressure. This Mediterranean-style diet includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole-wheat products, nuts, fish, and lean white meat. One of the two groups started a fast before the DASH diet, while the other group stuck to their regular diet before the experiment. The researchers used stool samples to examine the effects of the fast on the gut microbiome. Gut bacteria work in close contact with the immune system. Some strains of bacteria metabolize dietary fiber into anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids that benefit the immune system. The composition of the gut bacteria ecosystem changes drastically during fasting. Health-promoting bacteria that help to reduce blood pressure multiply. The following is particularly noteworthy: “Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and the need for antihypertensive medication remained lower in the long run among volunteers who started the healthy diet after a fast,” explains one of the researchers. Some of these changes remain even after resumption of food intake. This result is thrilling; blood pressure normally shoots back up again when even one antihypertensive tablet is forgotten. The leading researcher of this study concludes that ____.
Which is NOT a selection from the DASH diet?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀文章中的食物資訊。
- 字義判斷與分類:
- fruit:水果
- vegetables:蔬菜
- nuts:堅果
- fish:魚類
- lean white meat:低脂白肉
- 由文章列出的 DASH diet 食物,判斷哪一項不屬於文中所述飲食內容。
題目問:
Which is NOT a selection from the DASH diet?
哪一項不是 DASH 飲食所選用的食物?
關鍵在於 NOT,必須找出「不包含在 DASH 飲食描述中」的食物。
定位答案的原文
文章指出:
This Mediterranean-style diet includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole-wheat products, nuts, fish, and lean white meat.
翻譯:
這種地中海式飲食包含大量水果與蔬菜、全麥產品、堅果、魚類以及低脂白肉。
文中列出的食物類別包括:
- 水果
- 蔬菜
- 全麥產品
- 堅果
- 魚類
- 低脂白肉
因此,只要判斷各選項屬於哪一類即可。
選項分析
(A) oranges
orange 是「柳橙、橙子」,屬於水果。
文章明確提到 fruit,因此 oranges 可歸入 DASH diet 的食物範圍。本選項錯誤。
(B) mutton
mutton 是「羊肉」,通常指成年羊的肉,屬於紅肉,不是文章所說的 lean white meat(低脂白肉)。
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a recent research, 71 volunteers with metabolic syndrome were recruited, and they were divided into two groups at random. Both groups followed the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet for three months, which is designed to combat high blood pressure. This Mediterranean-style diet includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole-wheat products, nuts, fish, and lean white meat. One of the two groups started a fast before the DASH diet, while the other group stuck to their regular diet before the experiment. The researchers used stool samples to examine the effects of the fast on the gut microbiome. Gut bacteria work in close contact with the immune system. Some strains of bacteria metabolize dietary fiber into anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids that benefit the immune system. The composition of the gut bacteria ecosystem changes drastically during fasting. Health-promoting bacteria that help to reduce blood pressure multiply. The following is particularly noteworthy: “Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and the need for antihypertensive medication remained lower in the long run among volunteers who started the healthy diet after a fast,” explains one of the researchers. Some of these changes remain even after resumption of food intake. This result is thrilling; blood pressure normally shoots back up again when even one antihypertensive tablet is forgotten. The leading researcher of this study concludes that ____.
Participants were divided into two groups to examine whether ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「研究目的判斷」與實驗設計概念,重點不是單獨辨認 DASH diet 的功效,而是找出研究者刻意操弄的變因,以及兩組受試者之間的差異。
研究設計如下:
- 研究對象:71 位患有 metabolic syndrome(代謝症候群)的志願者。
- 共同條件:兩組都接受 DASH diet,持續三個月。
- 唯一主要差異:
- 實驗組:在開始 DASH diet 前先 fasting(禁食)。
- 對照組:實驗前維持原本飲食。
- 觀察結果:比較兩組在腸道菌相、BMI、血壓及降血壓藥物需求上的差異。
因此,本研究真正探討的是「DASH diet 前先禁食是否造成不同效果」。
關鍵單字與片語
- metabolic syndrome:代謝症候群
- recruit:招募
- divide A into two groups:將 A 分成兩組
- at random:隨機地
- follow a diet:遵循某種飲食法
- combat:對抗
- high blood pressure:高血壓
- Mediterranean-style diet:地中海型飲食
- stool sample:糞便樣本
- gut microbiome:腸道微生物群
- in close contact with:與……密切接觸
- metabolize:代謝
- dietary fiber:膳食纖維
- anti-inflammatory:抗發炎的
- short-chain fatty acids:短鏈脂肪酸
- multiply:增生、繁殖
- in the long run:長期而言
- antihypertensive medication:降血壓藥物
- resumption of food intake:恢復進食
- make a difference:造成差異、產生影響
解題方法
題目問:
Participants were divided into two groups to examine whether ____.
翻譯為:
參與者被分成兩組,以研究是否……。
解題時應先找出兩組之間的關鍵差異。文章明確指出:
“One of the two groups started a fast before the DASH diet, while the other group stuck to their regular diet before the experiment.”
翻譯:
其中一組在 DASH 飲食前先進行禁食,而另一組在實驗前維持原本的飲食。
這句話直接說明研究者比較的是「先禁食」與「未先禁食」對後續 DASH diet 結果的影響。
文章後面又指出:
“Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and the need for antihypertensive medication remained lower in the long run among volunteers who started the healthy diet after a fast.”
翻譯:
對於先禁食再開始健康飲食的志願者而言,其身體質量指數、血壓及對降血壓藥物的需求,長期而言都維持在較低水平。
這項結果支持研究目的為比較「DASH diet 前禁食」是否具有額外效果,因此答案為 fasting before DASH diet makes a difference。
文法與語意重點
題幹使用:
examine whether + 子句
表示「研究是否……」。whether 後面須接完整子句或具有完整語意的結構。
選項 C:
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a recent research, 71 volunteers with metabolic syndrome were recruited, and they were divided into two groups at random. Both groups followed the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet for three months, which is designed to combat high blood pressure. This Mediterranean-style diet includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole-wheat products, nuts, fish, and lean white meat. One of the two groups started a fast before the DASH diet, while the other group stuck to their regular diet before the experiment. The researchers used stool samples to examine the effects of the fast on the gut microbiome. Gut bacteria work in close contact with the immune system. Some strains of bacteria metabolize dietary fiber into anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids that benefit the immune system. The composition of the gut bacteria ecosystem changes drastically during fasting. Health-promoting bacteria that help to reduce blood pressure multiply. The following is particularly noteworthy: “Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and the need for antihypertensive medication remained lower in the long run among volunteers who started the healthy diet after a fast,” explains one of the researchers. Some of these changes remain even after resumption of food intake. This result is thrilling; blood pressure normally shoots back up again when even one antihypertensive tablet is forgotten. The leading researcher of this study concludes that ____.
What did the doctor examine in order to measure the effect?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 文章細節定位
- 關鍵字
stool samples的字義判讀 - 生物學名詞
stool與undigested food的差異
題幹明確指出研究人員以糞便樣本檢驗禁食對腸道菌相的影響:
The researchers used stool samples to examine the effects of the fast on the gut microbiome.
研究人員使用糞便樣本,以檢驗禁食對腸道微生物群的影響。
因此,問題所問的「醫生檢查什麼」,答案就是人體排出的固體排泄物,也就是 stool。
解題方法
先將題目中的問句拆解:
What did the doctor examine in order to measure the effect?
為了測量其影響,醫生檢查了什麼?
題幹中有直接對應的句子:
The researchers used stool samples to examine the effects of the fast on the gut microbiome.
其中:
used:使用stool samples:糞便樣本examine:檢查、檢驗effects:影響、效果gut microbiome:腸道微生物群
所以正確答案必須是 stool samples 的同義解釋。
stool 在生物學上的定義是「排便時排出的固體排泄物」,由未消化的細菌、黏液、腸道內壁脫落細胞,以及其他腸道內容物組成。雖然糞便中包含部分未消化物質,但 stool 的整體概念不等於「未消化的食物」。
選項分析
(A) fruit, vegetables, nuts, fish, and lean white meat
水果、蔬菜、堅果、魚類及瘦白肉。
這些是 DASH 飲食所包含的食物,題幹提到:
This Mediterranean-style diet includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole-wheat products, nuts, fish, and lean white meat.
這是在介紹飲食內容,不是研究人員用來分析腸道菌相的樣本,因此錯誤。
(B) a questionnaire given to the participants
給受試者填寫的問卷。
題幹完全沒有提到問卷,也沒有表示研究人員透過受試者的主觀回答來測量效果。文章明確說明使用的是 stool samples,因此錯誤。
(C) samples of blood and urine
血液及尿液樣本。
文章沒有提到抽血或尿液檢查。研究主題是禁食對 gut microbiome 的影響,而直接用來觀察腸道細菌組成的是糞便樣本,不是血液或尿液,因此錯誤。
(D) samples of the food that is not digested
未被消化的食物樣本。
此選項最容易造成混淆,因為糞便中確實含有部分未消化的食物。然而,stool 並不等於單純的 undigested food。
根據校方釋疑,生物學上的 stool 是排便時排出的「固體排泄物」,其中包含未消化的細菌、黏液及腸道內壁細胞;undigested 只是糞便成分的一部分,不能代表 stool 的整體。因此 D 的描述過於狹隘,不能完整對應 stool samples,錯誤。
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a recent research, 71 volunteers with metabolic syndrome were recruited, and they were divided into two groups at random. Both groups followed the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet for three months, which is designed to combat high blood pressure. This Mediterranean-style diet includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole-wheat products, nuts, fish, and lean white meat. One of the two groups started a fast before the DASH diet, while the other group stuck to their regular diet before the experiment. The researchers used stool samples to examine the effects of the fast on the gut microbiome. Gut bacteria work in close contact with the immune system. Some strains of bacteria metabolize dietary fiber into anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids that benefit the immune system. The composition of the gut bacteria ecosystem changes drastically during fasting. Health-promoting bacteria that help to reduce blood pressure multiply. The following is particularly noteworthy: “Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and the need for antihypertensive medication remained lower in the long run among volunteers who started the healthy diet after a fast,” explains one of the researchers. Some of these changes remain even after resumption of food intake. This result is thrilling; blood pressure normally shoots back up again when even one antihypertensive tablet is forgotten. The leading researcher of this study concludes that ____.
Why is the result thrilling?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指代判斷」與「因果語意」。題目問:
Why is the result thrilling?
為什麼這項結果令人振奮?
必須回到文章中找出研究結果的具體內容,再判斷「thrilling」所指的是哪一項研究發現。
文中指出,先禁食再開始健康飲食的受試者:
“Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and the need for antihypertensive medication remained lower in the long run among volunteers who started the healthy diet after a fast,” explains one of the researchers.
「研究人員說明,在先禁食後開始健康飲食的志願者中,身體質量指數(BMI)、血壓,以及對降血壓藥物的需求,長期而言都維持在較低的程度。」
接著文章進一步說:
Some of these changes remain even after resumption of food intake.
即使恢復進食後,其中一些變化仍然持續存在。
因此,這項結果令人振奮的原因是:禁食搭配健康飲食所產生的健康效果,可以維持較長時間,而不是只在短期內有效。
解題方法
解題關鍵在於抓住兩個時間概念:
- in the long run:長期而言
- remain even after resumption of food intake:恢復進食後仍然維持
文章最後用對比方式加強這項發現的重要性:
Blood pressure normally shoots back up again when even one antihypertensive tablet is forgotten.
通常只要忘記服用一顆降血壓藥,血壓就會再次迅速升高。
一般降血壓藥的效果可能需要持續服用才能維持;本研究卻發現,先禁食再採取健康飲食的受試者,其 BMI、血壓與降血壓藥物需求在長期仍較低。這表示效果具有持續性,因此答案是 A。
選項分析
(A) The effects last longer than expected.
這項效果比預期持續更久。
正確。文章明確使用 remained lower in the long run,並指出恢復進食後部分變化仍存在,說明研究效果具有長期持續性。這正是結果令人振奮的原因。
(B) It controls both BMI and blood pressure.
它同時控制 BMI 與血壓。
錯誤。文章確實提到 BMI 和 blood pressure 都降低,但題目問的是「為什麼令人振奮」,重點不在於同時影響兩個指標,而在於這些效果能夠長期維持。
此外,文章還提到對降血壓藥物的需求降低,因此選項只提到 BMI 與血壓,資訊並不完整,也沒有掌握題目的核心語意。
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
In a recent research, 71 volunteers with metabolic syndrome were recruited, and they were divided into two groups at random. Both groups followed the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet for three months, which is designed to combat high blood pressure. This Mediterranean-style diet includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole-wheat products, nuts, fish, and lean white meat. One of the two groups started a fast before the DASH diet, while the other group stuck to their regular diet before the experiment. The researchers used stool samples to examine the effects of the fast on the gut microbiome. Gut bacteria work in close contact with the immune system. Some strains of bacteria metabolize dietary fiber into anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids that benefit the immune system. The composition of the gut bacteria ecosystem changes drastically during fasting. Health-promoting bacteria that help to reduce blood pressure multiply. The following is particularly noteworthy: “Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and the need for antihypertensive medication remained lower in the long run among volunteers who started the healthy diet after a fast,” explains one of the researchers. Some of these changes remain even after resumption of food intake. This result is thrilling; blood pressure normally shoots back up again when even one antihypertensive tablet is forgotten. The leading researcher of this study concludes that ____.
Which is the most likely conclusion of the leading researcher?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解中的主旨與研究結論判讀,重點在於辨識研究者根據實驗結果所提出的「最直接結論」。
文章比較兩組代謝症候群志願者:
- 兩組皆接受 DASH 飲食三個月。
- 實驗組在開始 DASH 飲食前先禁食。
- 對照組在實驗前維持一般飲食。
- 研究結果顯示:先禁食再接受健康飲食者,長期的 BMI、血壓與降壓藥需求都較低。
因此,研究結論不是單純說「健康飲食有效」,而是進一步指出:健康飲食前若先安排禁食,健康飲食的正面效果會更加明顯。
關鍵單字與片語
- metabolic syndrome:代謝症候群
- volunteer:志願者
- be divided into two groups at random:被隨機分成兩組
- DASH diet:得舒飲食,一種有助於控制高血壓的飲食方式
- combat high blood pressure:對抗高血壓
- Mediterranean-style diet:地中海型飲食
- lean white meat:低脂白肉
- stick to:遵守、維持
- gut microbiome:腸道微生物群
- immune system:免疫系統
- dietary fiber:膳食纖維
- anti-inflammatory:抗發炎的
- short-chain fatty acids:短鏈脂肪酸
- fast/fasting:禁食/禁食狀態
- in the long run:長期而言
- antihypertensive medication:降血壓藥物
- resumption of food intake:恢復進食
- shoot back up:迅速回升
- be preceded by:先於……發生
- positive effect:正面效果
- be intensified:被強化、更加顯著
題幹定位與解題方法
判斷答案的關鍵句是:
“Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and the need for antihypertensive medication remained lower in the long run among volunteers who started the healthy diet after a fast.”
翻譯為:
「在先禁食後開始健康飲食的志願者中,身體質量指數、血壓以及對降壓藥物的需求,長期而言都維持在較低的程度。」
這句話直接指出研究比較的核心結果:
- 研究對象先接受禁食;
- 接著開始健康飲食;
- BMI、血壓與降壓藥需求長期較低;
- 表示禁食可能增強後續健康飲食的效果。
文章前文也提供機轉背景:禁食會大幅改變腸道細菌生態,並增加有助於降低血壓的益生菌。即使恢復進食後,部分變化仍然存在。因此,最完整且最符合研究結論的選項是:
If a healthy diet is preceded by a fast, the positive effect is intensified.
如果健康飲食之前先進行禁食,其正面效果會被強化。
選項分析
(A) Switching to a healthy diet has a positive effect on blood pressure.
「改吃健康飲食對血壓有正面影響。」
此敘述本身符合文章背景,但不夠精確。文章並非只研究「健康飲食」與「非健康飲食」的差異,而是比較:
- 先禁食再吃 DASH 飲食;
- 未禁食、維持原本飲食後再接受 DASH 飲食。
題目要找的是研究者對「禁食是否影響健康飲食效果」的結論,因此 A 只說明健康飲食的一般效果,沒有掌握研究的主要發現,故不是最佳答案。
(B) Other factors such as regular exercise should also be taken into account.
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls have somewhat polarizing looks. For some, they are considered adorable for the appearance of a perpetual smile; for others, these four-toed amphibians are just plain odd. Scientists are particularly interested in axolotls’ ability to regenerate cells and body parts and seeking to apply such a quality to heal injuries, illnesses, or human organs.
Some axolotl species transform themselves into earth-walking salamanders by losing their tadpole-like tails and gills from their heads. However, those who never transform into salamanders will keep the tail and live completely underwater. In fact, there is little reason to undergo transformation because they have fewer predators and more food in the water.
Because of their nature to change form, axolotls are recognized as a representation of Xolotl, god of the underworld in Aztec culture. Legend has it that when various gods were asked to make a sacrifice to create the world, Xolotl fled into the water. For his cowardice and reluctance to help, he was damned to live forever in the water and denied transcendence into a higher realm.
The axolotl, though gaining attraction as a symbol of Mexico City, is nearly extinct in the wild due to water pollution in the city’s troubled canals and increases in invasive fish species which feed on young axolotls. Environmental threats to axolotls include agricultural waste, pollution from industrial fertilizers, as well as non-native plants and fish species such as carp and tilapia, which were introduced by the government to supply food to rural areas. While keeping axolotls as pets around the world is legal, it may not help the species. As they live in still water lakes and lagoons, the temperatures tend not to fluctuate as quickly as they can in captivity, and thus making captivity a serious undertaking.
What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「上下文語意推論」。關鍵片語是:
- polarizing:造成分歧的、引起兩極意見的
- looks:外表、外貌
- for some:對某些人而言
- for others:對另外一些人而言
- perpetual smile:永久的/一直保持的微笑
- plain odd:純粹古怪、非常奇特
句中 polarizing 是形容詞,修飾 looks,表示六角螈的外貌會使人產生截然不同的看法,而不是表示牠們的外貌本身會改變。
解題方法
先將畫線句拆解:
For some, they are considered adorable for the appearance of a perpetual smile; for others, these four-toed amphibians are just plain odd.
翻譯為:
對某些人而言,牠們因為看起來總是在微笑而被認為很可愛;但對另一些人而言,這些四趾兩棲動物就只是單純地很古怪。
前一句先指出:
Known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls have somewhat polarizing looks.
可翻譯為:
六角螈在當地被稱為「水怪」,牠們的外貌多少會引起兩極化的評價。
接著文章立即用 For some...; for others... 具體說明兩種相反觀點:
- 某些人認為牠們很可愛;
- 另一些人認為牠們很古怪。
因此,polarizing looks 的意思就是「使人產生完全相反看法的外貌」。
選項分析
(A) Axolotls have various appearances.
六角螈有各種不同的外貌。
錯誤。various appearances 著重於「外貌種類很多、長相各不相同」,但原文的重點是不同的人對同一種外貌有不同評價,並非六角螈彼此之間長得不一樣。
(B) Axolotls have mysterious appearances.
六角螈有神秘的外貌。
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls have somewhat polarizing looks. For some, they are considered adorable for the appearance of a perpetual smile; for others, these four-toed amphibians are just plain odd. Scientists are particularly interested in axolotls’ ability to regenerate cells and body parts and seeking to apply such a quality to heal injuries, illnesses, or human organs.
Some axolotl species transform themselves into earth-walking salamanders by losing their tadpole-like tails and gills from their heads. However, those who never transform into salamanders will keep the tail and live completely underwater. In fact, there is little reason to undergo transformation because they have fewer predators and more food in the water.
Because of their nature to change form, axolotls are recognized as a representation of Xolotl, god of the underworld in Aztec culture. Legend has it that when various gods were asked to make a sacrifice to create the world, Xolotl fled into the water. For his cowardice and reluctance to help, he was damned to live forever in the water and denied transcendence into a higher realm.
The axolotl, though gaining attraction as a symbol of Mexico City, is nearly extinct in the wild due to water pollution in the city’s troubled canals and increases in invasive fish species which feed on young axolotls. Environmental threats to axolotls include agricultural waste, pollution from industrial fertilizers, as well as non-native plants and fish species such as carp and tilapia, which were introduced by the government to supply food to rural areas. While keeping axolotls as pets around the world is legal, it may not help the species. As they live in still water lakes and lagoons, the temperatures tend not to fluctuate as quickly as they can in captivity, and thus making captivity a serious undertaking.
According to the article, which is NOT the cause of axolotls’ extinction?
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解中的「反向定位題」:題目問哪一項「不是」墨西哥鈍口螈(axolotl)瀕臨滅絕的原因。
解題重點是:
- 找出文章明確列出的 environmental threats(環境威脅)。
- 將各選項改寫成文章中的同義表達。
- 選出文章未提及、且無法由文意直接推得的項目。
文章明確指出的威脅包括:
- agricultural waste:農業廢棄物
- pollution from industrial fertilizers:工業肥料造成的污染
- non-native plants and fish species:非原生植物與魚類
- water pollution in the canals:運河中的水污染
- invasive fish species:入侵魚種
因此,正確答案是文章沒有提到的 droughts in Mexico City(墨西哥城的乾旱)。
解題方法
本題應鎖定第四段,因為該段直接討論 axolotls nearly extinct in the wild(在野外幾近滅絕)的原因。
關鍵原文如下:
The axolotl, though gaining attraction as a symbol of Mexico City, is nearly extinct in the wild due to water pollution in the city’s troubled canals and increases in invasive fish species which feed on young axolotls.
翻譯:
鈍口螈雖然逐漸成為墨西哥城的象徵,但由於該城市受污染的運河中的水污染,以及以幼年鈍口螈為食的入侵魚種增加,牠們在野外幾近滅絕。
接著文章又列出:
Environmental threats to axolotls include agricultural waste, pollution from industrial fertilizers, as well as non-native plants and fish species such as carp and tilapia...
翻譯:
對鈍口螈造成的環境威脅包括農業廢棄物、工業肥料造成的污染,以及鯉魚和吳郭魚等非原生植物與魚類。
由此可知,文章明確提到 A、B、C、E;D「墨西哥城的乾旱」完全未出現,因此 D 是不是滅絕原因的選項。
選項分析
(A) farming waste
文中對應的原文是:
agricultural waste
意思是「農業廢棄物」,與 farming waste 同義,文章明確將其列為 environmental threats。
因此 A 是鈍口螈滅絕的原因,不能選。
(B) pollution in the canals
文中原文是:
water pollution in the city’s troubled canals
意思是「該城市受污染運河中的水污染」。選項的 pollution in the canals 正是此內容的簡化改寫。
因此 B 是文章提到的滅絕原因,不能選。
(C) chemicals to help plants grow
此選項雖未直接使用 fertilizers 一字,但 chemicals to help plants grow 指的是「幫助植物生長的化學物質」,在本文語境中對應:
pollution from industrial fertilizers
industrial fertilizers 是「工業肥料」,會造成水體污染。故 C 是對文章內容的同義轉述。
因此 C 是滅絕原因,不能選。
(D) droughts in Mexico City
全文沒有提到 droughts(乾旱),也沒有指出水量減少或乾旱導致鈍口螈數量下降。
文章提到:
As they live in still water lakes and lagoons...
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls have somewhat polarizing looks. For some, they are considered adorable for the appearance of a perpetual smile; for others, these four-toed amphibians are just plain odd. Scientists are particularly interested in axolotls’ ability to regenerate cells and body parts and seeking to apply such a quality to heal injuries, illnesses, or human organs.
Some axolotl species transform themselves into earth-walking salamanders by losing their tadpole-like tails and gills from their heads. However, those who never transform into salamanders will keep the tail and live completely underwater. In fact, there is little reason to undergo transformation because they have fewer predators and more food in the water.
Because of their nature to change form, axolotls are recognized as a representation of Xolotl, god of the underworld in Aztec culture. Legend has it that when various gods were asked to make a sacrifice to create the world, Xolotl fled into the water. For his cowardice and reluctance to help, he was damned to live forever in the water and denied transcendence into a higher realm.
The axolotl, though gaining attraction as a symbol of Mexico City, is nearly extinct in the wild due to water pollution in the city’s troubled canals and increases in invasive fish species which feed on young axolotls. Environmental threats to axolotls include agricultural waste, pollution from industrial fertilizers, as well as non-native plants and fish species such as carp and tilapia, which were introduced by the government to supply food to rural areas. While keeping axolotls as pets around the world is legal, it may not help the species. As they live in still water lakes and lagoons, the temperatures tend not to fluctuate as quickly as they can in captivity, and thus making captivity a serious undertaking.
Why is keeping axolotls as pets not a good idea?
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解,考查:
- 根據文章明示資訊定位答案。
- 因果關係與轉折語意判讀。
- 關鍵片語與代名詞指涉。
- 排除文章未提及或與原文相反的選項。
題目問:
Why is keeping axolotls as pets not a good idea?
為什麼把鈍口螈當作寵物飼養不是一個好主意?
答案必須從文章最後一段尋找。
解題方法
直接定位文章中與「keeping axolotls as pets」相關的句子:
While keeping axolotls as pets around the world is legal, it may not help the species. As they live in still water lakes and lagoons, the temperatures tend not to fluctuate as quickly as they can in captivity, and thus making captivity a serious undertaking.
翻譯:
雖然在世界各地飼養鈍口螈作為寵物是合法的,但這可能無助於該物種。由於牠們生活在靜止水域的湖泊與潟湖中,那裡的水溫通常不像人工飼養環境中那樣快速波動,因此人工飼養是一項嚴峻的工作。
關鍵因果關係是:
- 野外的湖泊與潟湖水域相對穩定。
- 圈養環境中的水溫變化較快。
- 鈍口螈適應穩定水溫,因此人工飼養不容易。
- 所以把鈍口螈當寵物飼養未必有助於保護牠們,甚至可能造成飼養困難。
因此選擇「野外的水溫較穩定」。
關鍵單字與片語
axolotl:鈍口螈、墨西哥鈍口螈amphibian:兩棲動物regenerate:再生、重新生成body parts:身體部位transform into:轉變成salamander:蠑螈predator:掠食者undergo transformation:經歷形態轉變representation of:……的象徵、代表underworld:冥界cowardice:懦弱、怯懦transcendence:超越、升入更高境界nearly extinct:幾乎滅絕in the wild:在野外invasive species:入侵物種agricultural waste:農業廢棄物non-native species:非原生物種still water:靜止水域fluctuate:波動、變動in captivity:在圈養環境中
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls have somewhat polarizing looks. For some, they are considered adorable for the appearance of a perpetual smile; for others, these four-toed amphibians are just plain odd. Scientists are particularly interested in axolotls’ ability to regenerate cells and body parts and seeking to apply such a quality to heal injuries, illnesses, or human organs.
Some axolotl species transform themselves into earth-walking salamanders by losing their tadpole-like tails and gills from their heads. However, those who never transform into salamanders will keep the tail and live completely underwater. In fact, there is little reason to undergo transformation because they have fewer predators and more food in the water.
Because of their nature to change form, axolotls are recognized as a representation of Xolotl, god of the underworld in Aztec culture. Legend has it that when various gods were asked to make a sacrifice to create the world, Xolotl fled into the water. For his cowardice and reluctance to help, he was damned to live forever in the water and denied transcendence into a higher realm.
The axolotl, though gaining attraction as a symbol of Mexico City, is nearly extinct in the wild due to water pollution in the city’s troubled canals and increases in invasive fish species which feed on young axolotls. Environmental threats to axolotls include agricultural waste, pollution from industrial fertilizers, as well as non-native plants and fish species such as carp and tilapia, which were introduced by the government to supply food to rural areas. While keeping axolotls as pets around the world is legal, it may not help the species. As they live in still water lakes and lagoons, the temperatures tend not to fluctuate as quickly as they can in captivity, and thus making captivity a serious undertaking.
Which of the following is TRUE?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解」與「細節判斷」。解題重點是:
- 找出題幹中直接對應選項的句子。
- 分辨 axolotl(鈍口螈/美西螈)與 Xolotl(阿茲特克文化中的神祇)不是同一個對象。
- 注意選項是否扭曲原文,例如把「被判罰」改成「受到獎賞」、把「未能超越」改成「成功超越」。
解題方法
題目問的是 Which of the following is TRUE?,因此應逐一核對選項與文章內容。
文章第三段明確指出:
Because of their nature to change form, axolotls are recognized as a representation of Xolotl, god of the underworld in Aztec culture.
由於鈍口螈具有改變形態的特性,因此在阿茲特克文化中,人們將鈍口螈視為冥界之神 Xolotl 的象徵。
這句直接表示:axolotls 與阿茲特克文化中的冥界之神有關聯,正好符合選項 E。
關鍵單字與片語
- locally:在當地;於當地
- water monster:水怪
- polarizing looks:兩極化的外表;有人喜歡、有人覺得奇怪的外貌
- adorable:可愛的
- perpetual smile:永遠的微笑
- amphibian:兩棲動物
- regenerate:再生;重新生成
- body parts:身體部位
- undergo transformation:經歷轉變
- predator:掠食者
- representation of:……的象徵/代表
- god of the underworld:冥界之神
- sacrifice:犧牲;祭獻
- flee:逃離
- cowardice:懦弱;膽怯
- reluctance:不情願
- be damned to:被詛咒/判罰而……
- transcendence:超越;昇華
- higher realm:更高的境界
- nearly extinct:幾乎滅絕
- invasive species:入侵物種
- agricultural waste:農業廢棄物
- non-native species:非原生物種
- captivity:圈養狀態
- a serious undertaking:艱鉅的工作/需要認真投入的事情
文法與語意重點
1. be recognized as
原文:
axolotls are recognized as a representation of Xolotl
be recognized as + 名詞 表示「被認為是……」「被視為……」。
例如:
- He is recognized as an expert.
他被視為專家。
因此,這裡的意思是「鈍口螈被視為 Xolotl 的象徵」,並非表示鈍口螈就是 Xolotl 本身。
2. because of + 名詞
Because of their nature to change form
because of 後面接名詞或名詞片語,表示「因為……」。
此處意為「因為鈍口螈具有改變形態的特性」。
3. be damned to live
he was damned to live forever in the water
be damned to + 原形動詞 表示「被判罰而……」「被詛咒而……」。
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls have somewhat polarizing looks. For some, they are considered adorable for the appearance of a perpetual smile; for others, these four-toed amphibians are just plain odd. Scientists are particularly interested in axolotls’ ability to regenerate cells and body parts and seeking to apply such a quality to heal injuries, illnesses, or human organs.
Some axolotl species transform themselves into earth-walking salamanders by losing their tadpole-like tails and gills from their heads. However, those who never transform into salamanders will keep the tail and live completely underwater. In fact, there is little reason to undergo transformation because they have fewer predators and more food in the water.
Because of their nature to change form, axolotls are recognized as a representation of Xolotl, god of the underworld in Aztec culture. Legend has it that when various gods were asked to make a sacrifice to create the world, Xolotl fled into the water. For his cowardice and reluctance to help, he was damned to live forever in the water and denied transcendence into a higher realm.
The axolotl, though gaining attraction as a symbol of Mexico City, is nearly extinct in the wild due to water pollution in the city’s troubled canals and increases in invasive fish species which feed on young axolotls. Environmental threats to axolotls include agricultural waste, pollution from industrial fertilizers, as well as non-native plants and fish species such as carp and tilapia, which were introduced by the government to supply food to rural areas. While keeping axolotls as pets around the world is legal, it may not help the species. As they live in still water lakes and lagoons, the temperatures tend not to fluctuate as quickly as they can in captivity, and thus making captivity a serious undertaking.
What is the best title for this article?
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀測驗的「主旨與最佳標題」題,重點在於:
- 判斷文章的主要討論對象。
- 分辨文章是介紹單一細節,還是統整生物特徵、文化象徵與生存現況。
- 選擇能涵蓋全文、且具有辨識度的標題。
本文主角是 axolotl(墨西哥鈍口螈/美西螈),內容依序介紹:
- 外貌與再生能力
- 是否轉化為陸生蠑螈
- 與阿茲特克地下之神 Xolotl 的文化關聯
- 在墨西哥城受到污染與外來魚種威脅、瀕臨野外滅絕的現況
因此,標題必須同時能連結「axolotl」與「Mexico City」,並呈現牠特殊的形態與活動方式。
解題方法
判斷閱讀標題時,先看文章的開頭與結尾,因為開頭通常提出主題,結尾則補充作者想強調的現況或結論。
第一段一開始寫:
Known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls have somewhat polarizing looks.
在當地被稱為「水怪」的 axolotl,外貌相當兩極,有人覺得可愛,有人覺得奇怪。
最後一段又寫:
The axolotl, though gaining attraction as a symbol of Mexico City, is nearly extinct in the wild due to water pollution in the city’s troubled canals...
axolotl 雖然逐漸成為墨西哥城的象徵,卻因該城市問題嚴重的運河受到水污染,而幾乎在野外滅絕……
這兩處共同確立文章主軸:axolotl 是與墨西哥城密切相關、具有特殊形態與文化意義的生物。校方釋疑也指出,第一段的 Known locally as... 已提示其地方性特色,最後一段的 a symbol of Mexico City 更明確點出墨西哥城的關聯;兩者分別位於文章開頭與結尾,形成文章的主題框架。
選項 E 的 walking fish 並非嚴格的科學分類,而是利用 axolotl 能在陸地上活動、外貌又不同於一般動物的特色所作的通俗描述。就考題的標題功能而言,它能以簡短、具吸引力的方式概括本文主角及其與墨西哥城的關聯。
關鍵單字與片語
- locally:在當地
- water monster:水怪
- polarizing:造成兩極反應的
- adorable:極可愛的
- perpetual smile:永遠的微笑
- four-toed:四趾的
- amphibian:兩棲動物
- regenerate:再生、重新長出
- body part:身體部位
- transform into:轉變成
- salamander:蠑螈
- tadpole-like:像蝌蚪的
- gill:鰓
- predator:掠食者
- underworld:地下世界、陰間
- sacrifice:祭獻、犧牲
- cowardice:懦弱、膽怯
- reluctance:不情願
- transcendence:超脫、升入更高境界
- realm:領域、境界
- gain attraction:逐漸受到關注
- symbol:象徵
- nearly extinct:幾乎滅絕
- invasive species:入侵物種
- agricultural waste:農業廢棄物
- non-native species:非原生物種
- captivity:圈養狀態
- undertaking:需要投入心力的工作或任務
文法與語意重點
- Known locally as...
Known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls...
這是過去分詞片語,完整概念相當於:
Because they are known locally as “water monsters,” axolotls...
意思是「在當地被稱為水怪的 axolotls」。這句在文章開頭直接介紹 axolotl 的地方性稱呼,暗示牠與當地文化及地理環境有關。
- be interested in + V-ing
Scientists are particularly interested in axolotls’ ability to regenerate...
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Psychologist Adam Grant claims that people with original ideas may look nothing like we expected. Originals are people who stand out and speak up. They not only have new ideas but take action to champion them. Originals drive creativity and changes in the world.
Originals are not normally associated with procrastinators. Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity, but it can be a virtue for creativity. According to research, people who wait until the last minute to do a task are so busy goofing off that they rarely have new ideas, while people who rush to do everything early tend to be too anxious that they don’t have original thoughts either. There seems to be a sweet spot where originals live—moderate procrastination is found to boost creativity. Moderate procrastination allows more time to consider divergent ideas, to think in nonlinear ways, and to make unexpected leaps.
Another misconception about originals is that they are always first-movers. Many originals are quick to start but slow to finish. To be original, you don’t have to be first; you just have to be different and better. It’s much easier to improve other’s idea than it is to create something new from scratch. For example, Facebook waited to build a social network years after Myspace and Friendster.
On the surface, original people may appear confident, but actually they feel the same fear and doubt that we do. They just manage it differently. Professor Grant thinks that there are two kinds of doubt: self-doubt and idea doubt. The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze, but the latter is energizing; it motivates people to test, to experiment, and to refine new ideas. Originals also have fear. They are afraid of failing, but they are even more afraid of failing to try. The greatest originals are the ones who fail the most, because they try the most. Classical composers, Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart, had to generate hundreds and hundreds of compositions before they could come up with a much smaller number of masterpieces. Originals procrastinate, they feel fear and doubt, and they have bad ideas. Professor Grant concludes that the reason why originals succeed is not their disregard for those qualities but because of them.
What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?
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核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解中的「句意判讀」與「轉折語意」。關鍵在於理解:
- procrastinate / procrastinating:拖延、延後做事
- productivity:生產力、工作效率
- vice:缺點、惡習
- virtue:優點、美德
- creativity:創造力
- when it comes to + N/V-ing:談到……、就……而言
- but:但是,表示前後語意轉折
- incubate ideas:讓想法醞釀、沉澱
題幹並非主張「拖延一定有助於創意」,而是指出:拖延對工作效率通常是缺點,但在適度情況下,可能為創意發展提供醞釀時間。
解題方法
定位第二段的畫線句:
Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity, but it can be a virtue for creativity.
翻譯為:
就生產力而言,拖延是一種缺點;但是就創造力而言,拖延可能是一種優點。
句中以 but 將「生產力」與「創造力」形成對比:
- 拖延會降低立即完成工作的效率。
- 適度拖延能讓人有更多時間思考不同的想法。
- 這些想法經過醞釀後,可能產生較具創意的結果。
後文直接解釋原因:
Moderate procrastination allows more time to consider divergent ideas, to think in nonlinear ways, and to make unexpected leaps.
翻譯為:
適度的拖延能讓人有更多時間思考不同的想法、以非線性的方式思考,並做出意想不到的連結。
因此,畫線句中的 “a virtue for creativity”,具體意義就是「拖延能讓想法有更多時間醞釀」,故選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) People with virtue dislike procrastination.
有美德的人不喜歡拖延。
錯誤。題目討論的是 procrastination 對 productivity 與 creativity 的不同影響,不是討論「有美德的人」是否喜歡拖延。此選項也誤解了 virtue 在句中的意思;此處是「優點」,不是指具有美德的人。
(B) People with creativity are usually procrastinators.
有創造力的人通常是拖延者。
錯誤。文章只說 moderate procrastination 可能提升創造力,並未主張有創造力的人通常都會拖延。第二段更明確區分:
- 過度拖延:忙著閒混,反而很少產生新想法。
- 完全不拖延、太早完成:可能因過度焦慮而缺乏原創想法。
- 適度拖延:較有利於創造力。
因此,文章支持的是「適度拖延可能有助於創意」,不是「有創造力的人通常都是拖延者」。
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Psychologist Adam Grant claims that people with original ideas may look nothing like we expected. Originals are people who stand out and speak up. They not only have new ideas but take action to champion them. Originals drive creativity and changes in the world.
Originals are not normally associated with procrastinators. Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity, but it can be a virtue for creativity. According to research, people who wait until the last minute to do a task are so busy goofing off that they rarely have new ideas, while people who rush to do everything early tend to be too anxious that they don’t have original thoughts either. There seems to be a sweet spot where originals live—moderate procrastination is found to boost creativity. Moderate procrastination allows more time to consider divergent ideas, to think in nonlinear ways, and to make unexpected leaps.
Another misconception about originals is that they are always first-movers. Many originals are quick to start but slow to finish. To be original, you don’t have to be first; you just have to be different and better. It’s much easier to improve other’s idea than it is to create something new from scratch. For example, Facebook waited to build a social network years after Myspace and Friendster.
On the surface, original people may appear confident, but actually they feel the same fear and doubt that we do. They just manage it differently. Professor Grant thinks that there are two kinds of doubt: self-doubt and idea doubt. The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze, but the latter is energizing; it motivates people to test, to experiment, and to refine new ideas. Originals also have fear. They are afraid of failing, but they are even more afraid of failing to try. The greatest originals are the ones who fail the most, because they try the most. Classical composers, Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart, had to generate hundreds and hundreds of compositions before they could come up with a much smaller number of masterpieces. Originals procrastinate, they feel fear and doubt, and they have bad ideas. Professor Grant concludes that the reason why originals succeed is not their disregard for those qualities but because of them.
What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 mean?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀理解中的代名詞指涉:
the former與the latter - 句意改寫與同義轉換
- 字彙:
self-doubt、paralyzing、freeze、energizing - 轉折對比:自我懷疑會使人停滯,對想法的懷疑則能促使人行動
文章將懷疑分成兩類:
self-doubt:自我懷疑,懷疑自己的能力與表現idea doubt:對想法的懷疑,檢驗想法是否可行、是否需要修改
定位原文與翻譯
原文:
Professor Grant thinks that there are two kinds of doubt: self-doubt and idea doubt. The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze, but the latter is energizing; it motivates people to test, to experiment, and to refine new ideas.
翻譯:
Grant 教授認為,懷疑有兩種類型:自我懷疑與對想法的懷疑。前者會使人癱瘓,導致人們停滯不前;但後者能帶來活力,促使人們測試、實驗並改進新的想法。
題目畫線句的關鍵是:
The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze.
其中 the former 指前面提到的 self-doubt,而 the latter 才指 idea doubt。
因此句意是:
自我懷疑會使人失去行動力,停滯不前。
這與選項 D「Self-doubt makes people stop making efforts.」完全相符。
文法與語意重點
the former:前者,指前面列出的第一項the latter:後者,指前面列出的第二項paralyzing:使人癱瘓的;此處為比喻用法,指心理上無法採取行動lead people to freeze:導致人們僵住、停滯不前motivate people to V:促使人們做某事refine ideas:改進、修正想法
分號 ; 連接兩個語意密切的獨立子句:
The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze.
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Psychologist Adam Grant claims that people with original ideas may look nothing like we expected. Originals are people who stand out and speak up. They not only have new ideas but take action to champion them. Originals drive creativity and changes in the world.
Originals are not normally associated with procrastinators. Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity, but it can be a virtue for creativity. According to research, people who wait until the last minute to do a task are so busy goofing off that they rarely have new ideas, while people who rush to do everything early tend to be too anxious that they don’t have original thoughts either. There seems to be a sweet spot where originals live—moderate procrastination is found to boost creativity. Moderate procrastination allows more time to consider divergent ideas, to think in nonlinear ways, and to make unexpected leaps.
Another misconception about originals is that they are always first-movers. Many originals are quick to start but slow to finish. To be original, you don’t have to be first; you just have to be different and better. It’s much easier to improve other’s idea than it is to create something new from scratch. For example, Facebook waited to build a social network years after Myspace and Friendster.
On the surface, original people may appear confident, but actually they feel the same fear and doubt that we do. They just manage it differently. Professor Grant thinks that there are two kinds of doubt: self-doubt and idea doubt. The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze, but the latter is energizing; it motivates people to test, to experiment, and to refine new ideas. Originals also have fear. They are afraid of failing, but they are even more afraid of failing to try. The greatest originals are the ones who fail the most, because they try the most. Classical composers, Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart, had to generate hundreds and hundreds of compositions before they could come up with a much smaller number of masterpieces. Originals procrastinate, they feel fear and doubt, and they have bad ideas. Professor Grant concludes that the reason why originals succeed is not their disregard for those qualities but because of them.
What does Professor Grant’s conclusion mean?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的作者結論與指涉判斷」。關鍵在於判斷 Professor Grant 所說的 those qualities 指哪些特質,以及這些特質如何影響 originals 的成功。
文中提到 originals 具有下列特質:
- procrastinate:拖延
- feel fear:感到恐懼
- feel doubt:感到懷疑
- have bad ideas:產生不好的想法
表面上,拖延、恐懼、懷疑與不成熟的想法似乎都是缺點;但文章說明,originals 能以不同方式運用這些特質,使其轉化為創意與行動的助力。
定位答案的關鍵句
“Professor Grant concludes that the reason why originals succeed is not their disregard for those qualities but because of them.”
翻譯:
Grant 教授總結指出,originals 成功的原因,不是因為他們不具備那些特質,而是因為那些特質本身。
本句的核心結構是:
not A but B:不是 A,而是 B
- not their disregard for those qualities:不是因為他們漠視或排除那些特質
- but because of them:而是因為那些特質
因此,originals 並非天生沒有拖延、恐懼、懷疑與錯誤想法,而是能夠善用這些特質,將其轉化為創造力與成功的來源。
文章中的因果關係
- 適度拖延能提升創造力
文章指出:
“Moderate procrastination is found to boost creativity.”
翻譯:
研究發現,適度拖延能提升創造力。
適度拖延能讓人有更多時間思考不同方向的想法,進行非線性思考,並產生意料之外的連結。
- 對想法的懷疑能促使人改進
文章區分兩種 doubt:
“The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze, but the latter is energizing; it motivates people to test, to experiment, and to refine new ideas.”
翻譯:
前者會使人癱瘓,導致人停滯不前;但後者能帶來能量,促使人測試、實驗並改進新想法。
其中:
- self-doubt:自我懷疑,容易使人失去行動力
- idea doubt:對想法本身的懷疑,能促使人驗證與修正
- 害怕失敗能促使人勇於嘗試
“They are afraid of failing, but they are even more afraid of failing to try.”
翻譯:
他們害怕失敗,但更害怕自己連嘗試都沒有。
這表示 originals 並非沒有恐懼,而是把恐懼轉化為行動動機。
- 大量失敗能增加產出傑作的機會
“The greatest originals are the ones who fail the most, because they try the most.”
翻譯:
最偉大的 originals 往往是失敗最多的人,因為他們嘗試得最多。
Bach、Beethoven 與 Mozart 必須創作大量作品,才有機會產生少數經典傑作。因此,失敗不是成功的相反結果,而是大量嘗試過程中的一部分。
關鍵單字與片語
- original:有創意的人;創新者
- stand out:脫穎而出;顯得突出
- speak up:勇於發言
- champion an idea:支持並積極推動某個想法
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Psychologist Adam Grant claims that people with original ideas may look nothing like we expected. Originals are people who stand out and speak up. They not only have new ideas but take action to champion them. Originals drive creativity and changes in the world.
Originals are not normally associated with procrastinators. Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity, but it can be a virtue for creativity. According to research, people who wait until the last minute to do a task are so busy goofing off that they rarely have new ideas, while people who rush to do everything early tend to be too anxious that they don’t have original thoughts either. There seems to be a sweet spot where originals live—moderate procrastination is found to boost creativity. Moderate procrastination allows more time to consider divergent ideas, to think in nonlinear ways, and to make unexpected leaps.
Another misconception about originals is that they are always first-movers. Many originals are quick to start but slow to finish. To be original, you don’t have to be first; you just have to be different and better. It’s much easier to improve other’s idea than it is to create something new from scratch. For example, Facebook waited to build a social network years after Myspace and Friendster.
On the surface, original people may appear confident, but actually they feel the same fear and doubt that we do. They just manage it differently. Professor Grant thinks that there are two kinds of doubt: self-doubt and idea doubt. The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze, but the latter is energizing; it motivates people to test, to experiment, and to refine new ideas. Originals also have fear. They are afraid of failing, but they are even more afraid of failing to try. The greatest originals are the ones who fail the most, because they try the most. Classical composers, Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart, had to generate hundreds and hundreds of compositions before they could come up with a much smaller number of masterpieces. Originals procrastinate, they feel fear and doubt, and they have bad ideas. Professor Grant concludes that the reason why originals succeed is not their disregard for those qualities but because of them.
According to the article, which of the following is TRUE?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題,考查考生能否掌握文章主旨、辨認作者對「具原創力的人」(originals)的描述,並排除含有過度推論或與文章相反的選項。
文章的核心觀點是:具原創力的人並非天生毫無恐懼、懷疑或拖延等一般人認為的缺點;他們與普通人有相同的心理感受,只是處理方式不同,並能將這些特質轉化為創意與行動力。
定位答案的關鍵句
第四段指出:
“On the surface, original people may appear confident, but actually they feel the same fear and doubt that we do. They just manage it differently.”
翻譯:
表面上,具有原創力的人可能顯得很有自信,但事實上,他們和我們一樣感受到恐懼與懷疑;只是他們處理這些情緒的方式不同。
其中 “the same fear and doubt that we do” 明確表示 originals 和普通人一樣,都會感到恐懼與懷疑。因此,依文章及校方釋疑,答案為 (B)。
須注意,(B) 的「no different from ordinary people」應依上下文理解為:在會感到恐懼與懷疑這一點上,與一般人沒有不同;並非表示 originals 在所有能力、行為和成就上都與普通人完全相同。
文章重點整理
- Originals 會提出新想法,並採取行動推動想法實現。
- 適度拖延有助於創意,因為能提供時間思考不同方向。
- Originals 不一定是最早開始的人,改善既有想法也能產生原創成果。
- Originals 會害怕失敗,也會懷疑自己與想法。
- 他們成功的原因不是完全沒有這些負面特質,而是能有效管理並利用它們。
重要單字與片語
- original:有原創力的人;原創的
- stand out:突出、脫穎而出
- speak up:勇於發言
- champion an idea:積極支持、推動某個想法
- procrastinate:拖延
- vice:缺點、惡習
- virtue:優點、美德
- goof off:混日子、閒晃
- sweet spot:最佳平衡點
- divergent ideas:不同方向的想法
- nonlinear:非線性的
- first-mover:最先採取行動者
- from scratch:從零開始
- self-doubt:自我懷疑
- idea doubt:對想法的懷疑
- paralyzing:使人無法行動的
- energizing:帶來動力的
- refine:改進、修正
- masterpiece:傑作
- disregard:忽視、不重視
文法與語意重點
- not only A but also B
“They not only have new ideas but take action to champion them.”
意為「他們不僅有新想法,也會採取行動推動這些想法」。
此句強調 originals 不只是思考者,也是實際的行動者。
- when it comes to + N/V-ing
“Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity, but it can be a virtue for creativity.”
意為「就生產力而言,拖延是一種缺點;但對創意而言,拖延可能成為優點」。
同一個行為在不同面向下,評價可以不同。
- the former / the latter
“The former is paralyzing ... but the latter is energizing ...”
前者指前面提到的 self-doubt,後者指 idea doubt。
- self-doubt 會使人停滯、不敢行動。
- idea doubt 會促使人測試、實驗和改良想法。
- 比較與轉折
文章多次使用 “but,” “actually,” “not ... but ...” 等轉折語,修正一般人對 originals 的刻板印象。閱讀時必須特別注意轉折後的內容,因為作者的真正立場通常出現在轉折後。
選項分析
(A) Originals always have the first-mover advantage.
錯誤。
文章明確表示:
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Psychologist Adam Grant claims that people with original ideas may look nothing like we expected. Originals are people who stand out and speak up. They not only have new ideas but take action to champion them. Originals drive creativity and changes in the world.
Originals are not normally associated with procrastinators. Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity, but it can be a virtue for creativity. According to research, people who wait until the last minute to do a task are so busy goofing off that they rarely have new ideas, while people who rush to do everything early tend to be too anxious that they don’t have original thoughts either. There seems to be a sweet spot where originals live—moderate procrastination is found to boost creativity. Moderate procrastination allows more time to consider divergent ideas, to think in nonlinear ways, and to make unexpected leaps.
Another misconception about originals is that they are always first-movers. Many originals are quick to start but slow to finish. To be original, you don’t have to be first; you just have to be different and better. It’s much easier to improve other’s idea than it is to create something new from scratch. For example, Facebook waited to build a social network years after Myspace and Friendster.
On the surface, original people may appear confident, but actually they feel the same fear and doubt that we do. They just manage it differently. Professor Grant thinks that there are two kinds of doubt: self-doubt and idea doubt. The former is paralyzing; it leads people to freeze, but the latter is energizing; it motivates people to test, to experiment, and to refine new ideas. Originals also have fear. They are afraid of failing, but they are even more afraid of failing to try. The greatest originals are the ones who fail the most, because they try the most. Classical composers, Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart, had to generate hundreds and hundreds of compositions before they could come up with a much smaller number of masterpieces. Originals procrastinate, they feel fear and doubt, and they have bad ideas. Professor Grant concludes that the reason why originals succeed is not their disregard for those qualities but because of them.
What is the best title for this article?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨與標題判斷」。解題重點不是只抓住某一個細節,而是統整全文反覆討論的核心:Adam Grant 說明「original thinkers(具有原創力的人)」往往具備出人意料的特質,例如適度拖延、不是最早採取行動的人、具有恐懼與自我懷疑,甚至常提出不成熟的想法;這些特質經過適當運用,反而能促進創意與成功。
因此,最佳標題必須:
- 能涵蓋全文主要內容。
- 能呈現文章的重點與特色。
- 不可只聚焦於其中一個例子或細節。
解題方法
判斷標題時,先觀察文章各段的共同主題:
- 第一段:介紹 original thinkers 的定義與影響。
- 第二段:說明適度拖延有助於創意。
- 第三段:指出原創者不一定是最早行動的人。
- 第四段:說明原創者也會恐懼、自我懷疑,甚至失敗,但能善用這些經驗。
全文並非單純歌頌生產力,也不是只討論拖延,而是揭示「原創者的習慣與心理特質,常與一般人的想像不同」。
最能概括這個中心思想的句子是:
Psychologist Adam Grant claims that people with original ideas may look nothing like we expected.
心理學家 Adam Grant 主張,擁有原創想法的人,可能完全不像我們原先所想像的那樣。
這句話直接點出文章主旨:文章要介紹原創思考者令人意外的特質與行為模式。
此外,結尾也再次總結:
Originals procrastinate, they feel fear and doubt, and they have bad ideas. Professor Grant concludes that the reason why originals succeed is not their disregard for those qualities but because of them.
原創者會拖延、會感到恐懼與懷疑,也會產生糟糕的想法。Grant 教授總結,原創者成功的原因並不是他們忽視這些特質,而是因為他們善用了這些特質。
因此,標題應涵蓋「原創者」以及「令人意外的習慣」,答案為 The Surprising Habits of Original Thinkers。
關鍵單字與片語
- original:有創意的;原創的
- original thinker:具有原創力的思考者
- stand out:脫穎而出;顯得突出
- speak up:大聲表達意見;勇於發言
- take action:採取行動
- champion an idea:支持並積極推動某個想法
- drive creativity and changes:推動創意與改變
- be associated with:與……有關;與……產生聯想
- procrastinate / procrastination:拖延;拖延行為
- vice:缺點;惡習
- virtue:優點;美德
- goof off:混日子;閒晃;消磨時間
- rush to do something:急著做某事
- sweet spot:最佳平衡點
- moderate:適度的
- boost creativity:提升創造力
- divergent ideas:發散性的想法
- nonlinear:非線性的
- unexpected leaps:意外的跳躍式聯想
- first-mover:最先採取行動者;先行者
- from scratch:從零開始
- on the surface:表面上
- self-doubt:自我懷疑
- idea doubt:對想法本身的懷疑
- paralyzing:使人癱瘓、動彈不得的
- energizing:帶來動力的
- refine:改進;使更完善
- masterpiece:傑作
- disregard:漠視;不理會
文法與語意重點
- not only A but also B
文章中:
They not only have new ideas but take action to champion them.
結構為:
意思是「不僅 A,而且 B」。此處描述原創者不只提出新想法,也會採取行動推動這些想法。
- when it comes to + 名詞/動名詞
Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity.
when it comes to 表示「談到……時;就……而言」。
procrastinating 是動名詞,作主詞,意思是「拖延這件事」。
- where 引導形容詞子句
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
What We Know and Don’t Know about Sleep
Why do we sleep? Up until today, researchers are still trying to find out. Sleep is regarded as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science, even though all animals do it in one form or another. Theories range from brain maintenance to reversing damage from stress suffered while awake, to promoting longevity. However, “none of these theories are well-established, and many are mutually exclusive,” according to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Hibernation, a phase during which animals spend the winter in a deep sleep, is one example of an activity that regulates behavior for survival. A small animal can’t migrate to a warmer climate in winter, Siegel says. “So it hibernates, effectively cutting its energy consumption and thus its need for food, remaining secure from predators by burrowing underground.” Sleep duration, then, is determined in each species by its behavioral patterns such as time requirements of eating, migration needs, care of young, and other factors. “However, unlike hibernation...,” says Siegel, “sleep is rapidly reversible—that is, animals can wake up quickly, a unique mammalian adaptation that allows for a relatively quick response to sensory signals.”
Humans fit into this analysis as well. The human brain, albeit just two percent of total body weight, consumes 20 percent of total energy used when a person is resting—an amazing ratio. So the energy savings achieved during sleep have considerable significance. Sleep also has survival benefits for humans which include, according to Siegel, “a reduced risk of injury, reduced resource consumption and, from an evolutionary standpoint, reduced risk of detection by predators.”
Some people try to ignore the body’s sleep demands. In her fast-paced job as a reporter for a southern California newspaper, Gwendolyn Driscoll says she “blasts through the day.” Arriving home late in the evening, she has little time for housework or catching up on her reading, and even less for sleep. Most nights, she gets about six and half hours. “I could definitely do with another hour,” says 35-year-old Driscoll. “But sleep just isn’t a priority.”
Perhaps it should be. Sleep experts say the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Anything less may harm his or her health. Sleep deprivation could affect mental alertness and increase the risk for diseases. “Sleep is just as important to our overall health as are exercise and a healthy diet,” says Carl Hunt, the director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda, Maryland. Sleep is a biological need, much like food and water. If totally deprived of sleep, humans ultimately die. Yet millions of Americans are increasingly getting too little sleep. Today, Americans on average sleep one hour less per night than they did 20 to 30 years go.
Sleep deprivation has a very negative impact on mental function, creativity, alertness, and the ability to participate effectively in everyday interactions. It has been shown to negatively affect language skills, decision-making, and memory. “Without sufficient amounts of sleep, we feel drowsy and are unable to concentrate,” Hunt says. He noted that with enough sleep deprivation, some people can develop mood changes and can even begin to hallucinate, all of which can lead to reduced quality of life.
Not surprisingly, there is also a strong link between sleep deprivation and traffic accidents. What most people don’t realize, researchers say, is that sleep deprivation also accumulates over time. People who don’t get enough sleep build up a “sleep debt,” which can’t be eliminated by getting a little extra sleep on the weekend. “Most people are carrying a fairly large sleep debt and are in fact impaired and do not seem to know it,” Dement and colleagues have published a study that documented the results of lowering the sleep debt. “Some of the improvements in performance, in mood, in mental ability, and in energy were really dramatic, almost superhuman,” they say.
What is the best paraphrase for the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的句意改寫(paraphrase)」與同義替換。判斷重點在於:
- none of these theories are well-established:這些理論都尚未被充分證實、確立。
- many are mutually exclusive:其中許多理論彼此互斥,無法同時成立,意即互相矛盾。
因此,原句的完整意思是:目前關於人類為何睡眠的各種理論,尚未有任何一項被充分確立,而且其中許多理論彼此衝突。
定位原文與翻譯
原文:
“none of these theories are well-established, and many are mutually exclusive”
翻譯:
「這些理論沒有任何一項已被充分確立,而且其中許多理論彼此互斥。」
其中:
- none of:沒有任何一個
- well-established:已充分證實的、確立的
- mutually exclusive:互相排斥的、彼此不能同時成立的
解題方法
這是最佳句意改寫題,必須逐一比對原句的兩個核心訊息:
- 這些理論尚未被證實。
- 許多理論彼此矛盾。
只有同時包含這兩層意思的選項才正確。原句並未表示這些理論都經過謹慎研究,也沒有說它們相似或受到多人相信。
選項分析
(A) All of these theories resulted from careful research, but they aren’t yet proven.
「所有這些理論都源自仔細研究,但尚未被證實。」
錯誤原因:
- 原文只說理論尚未充分確立,沒有提到「全部都源自仔細研究」。
- 遺漏 many are mutually exclusive「許多理論彼此矛盾」這項重要資訊。
- all 與原文的 none 意思也不相同。
(B) Some of these theories make sense, and they should be considered.
「其中一些理論合理,而且應該被考慮。」
錯誤原因:
- make sense 表示「合理、有道理」,原文沒有說哪些理論合理。
- should be considered「應該被考慮」並非 well-established 的意思。
- 沒有表達理論「尚未被證實」及「彼此矛盾」的概念。
(C) These theories are not proven, and they contradict each other.
「這些理論尚未被證實,而且彼此矛盾。」
正確原因:
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
What We Know and Don’t Know about Sleep
Why do we sleep? Up until today, researchers are still trying to find out. Sleep is regarded as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science, even though all animals do it in one form or another. Theories range from brain maintenance to reversing damage from stress suffered while awake, to promoting longevity. However, “none of these theories are well-established, and many are mutually exclusive,” according to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Hibernation, a phase during which animals spend the winter in a deep sleep, is one example of an activity that regulates behavior for survival. A small animal can’t migrate to a warmer climate in winter, Siegel says. “So it hibernates, effectively cutting its energy consumption and thus its need for food, remaining secure from predators by burrowing underground.” Sleep duration, then, is determined in each species by its behavioral patterns such as time requirements of eating, migration needs, care of young, and other factors. “However, unlike hibernation...,” says Siegel, “sleep is rapidly reversible—that is, animals can wake up quickly, a unique mammalian adaptation that allows for a relatively quick response to sensory signals.”
Humans fit into this analysis as well. The human brain, albeit just two percent of total body weight, consumes 20 percent of total energy used when a person is resting—an amazing ratio. So the energy savings achieved during sleep have considerable significance. Sleep also has survival benefits for humans which include, according to Siegel, “a reduced risk of injury, reduced resource consumption and, from an evolutionary standpoint, reduced risk of detection by predators.”
Some people try to ignore the body’s sleep demands. In her fast-paced job as a reporter for a southern California newspaper, Gwendolyn Driscoll says she “blasts through the day.” Arriving home late in the evening, she has little time for housework or catching up on her reading, and even less for sleep. Most nights, she gets about six and half hours. “I could definitely do with another hour,” says 35-year-old Driscoll. “But sleep just isn’t a priority.”
Perhaps it should be. Sleep experts say the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Anything less may harm his or her health. Sleep deprivation could affect mental alertness and increase the risk for diseases. “Sleep is just as important to our overall health as are exercise and a healthy diet,” says Carl Hunt, the director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda, Maryland. Sleep is a biological need, much like food and water. If totally deprived of sleep, humans ultimately die. Yet millions of Americans are increasingly getting too little sleep. Today, Americans on average sleep one hour less per night than they did 20 to 30 years go.
Sleep deprivation has a very negative impact on mental function, creativity, alertness, and the ability to participate effectively in everyday interactions. It has been shown to negatively affect language skills, decision-making, and memory. “Without sufficient amounts of sleep, we feel drowsy and are unable to concentrate,” Hunt says. He noted that with enough sleep deprivation, some people can develop mood changes and can even begin to hallucinate, all of which can lead to reduced quality of life.
Not surprisingly, there is also a strong link between sleep deprivation and traffic accidents. What most people don’t realize, researchers say, is that sleep deprivation also accumulates over time. People who don’t get enough sleep build up a “sleep debt,” which can’t be eliminated by getting a little extra sleep on the weekend. “Most people are carrying a fairly large sleep debt and are in fact impaired and do not seem to know it,” Dement and colleagues have published a study that documented the results of lowering the sleep debt. “Some of the improvements in performance, in mood, in mental ability, and in energy were really dramatic, almost superhuman,” they say.
In Paragraph 2, the word burrowing means ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀文章中的單字語意,必須根據上下文判斷 burrowing 的意思,而非只依字形猜測。
- burrow:挖洞;掘地道;鑽入地下
- burrowing:挖洞、鑽入地下
- predator:掠食者、天敵
- remain secure from:保持安全而不受……威脅
- by + V-ing:藉由……;透過……
解題方法
定位第二段句子:
“So it hibernates, effectively cutting its energy consumption and thus its need for food, remaining secure from predators by burrowing underground.”
翻譯:
因此牠會冬眠,有效降低能量消耗以及對食物的需求,並藉由鑽入地下來躲避掠食者、確保自身安全。
句中說明小型動物冬眠時會「進入地下」,以避免被天敵發現。因此 burrowing underground 應是「挖洞進入地下」或「鑽入地下」之意,最符合的選項是 digging。
選項分析
(A) burying:埋葬、埋藏
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
What We Know and Don’t Know about Sleep
Why do we sleep? Up until today, researchers are still trying to find out. Sleep is regarded as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science, even though all animals do it in one form or another. Theories range from brain maintenance to reversing damage from stress suffered while awake, to promoting longevity. However, “none of these theories are well-established, and many are mutually exclusive,” according to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Hibernation, a phase during which animals spend the winter in a deep sleep, is one example of an activity that regulates behavior for survival. A small animal can’t migrate to a warmer climate in winter, Siegel says. “So it hibernates, effectively cutting its energy consumption and thus its need for food, remaining secure from predators by burrowing underground.” Sleep duration, then, is determined in each species by its behavioral patterns such as time requirements of eating, migration needs, care of young, and other factors. “However, unlike hibernation...,” says Siegel, “sleep is rapidly reversible—that is, animals can wake up quickly, a unique mammalian adaptation that allows for a relatively quick response to sensory signals.”
Humans fit into this analysis as well. The human brain, albeit just two percent of total body weight, consumes 20 percent of total energy used when a person is resting—an amazing ratio. So the energy savings achieved during sleep have considerable significance. Sleep also has survival benefits for humans which include, according to Siegel, “a reduced risk of injury, reduced resource consumption and, from an evolutionary standpoint, reduced risk of detection by predators.”
Some people try to ignore the body’s sleep demands. In her fast-paced job as a reporter for a southern California newspaper, Gwendolyn Driscoll says she “blasts through the day.” Arriving home late in the evening, she has little time for housework or catching up on her reading, and even less for sleep. Most nights, she gets about six and half hours. “I could definitely do with another hour,” says 35-year-old Driscoll. “But sleep just isn’t a priority.”
Perhaps it should be. Sleep experts say the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Anything less may harm his or her health. Sleep deprivation could affect mental alertness and increase the risk for diseases. “Sleep is just as important to our overall health as are exercise and a healthy diet,” says Carl Hunt, the director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda, Maryland. Sleep is a biological need, much like food and water. If totally deprived of sleep, humans ultimately die. Yet millions of Americans are increasingly getting too little sleep. Today, Americans on average sleep one hour less per night than they did 20 to 30 years go.
Sleep deprivation has a very negative impact on mental function, creativity, alertness, and the ability to participate effectively in everyday interactions. It has been shown to negatively affect language skills, decision-making, and memory. “Without sufficient amounts of sleep, we feel drowsy and are unable to concentrate,” Hunt says. He noted that with enough sleep deprivation, some people can develop mood changes and can even begin to hallucinate, all of which can lead to reduced quality of life.
Not surprisingly, there is also a strong link between sleep deprivation and traffic accidents. What most people don’t realize, researchers say, is that sleep deprivation also accumulates over time. People who don’t get enough sleep build up a “sleep debt,” which can’t be eliminated by getting a little extra sleep on the weekend. “Most people are carrying a fairly large sleep debt and are in fact impaired and do not seem to know it,” Dement and colleagues have published a study that documented the results of lowering the sleep debt. “Some of the improvements in performance, in mood, in mental ability, and in energy were really dramatic, almost superhuman,” they say.
What is the best replacement for the phrase “blasts through the day” in Paragraph 4?
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核心觀念
本題考「片語語意與上下文判讀」。blast through the day 並非單純描述時間過得快,而是指一整天快速、忙碌且持續工作,幾乎沒有停下來休息。
blast through:快速通過;馬不停蹄地完成the day:一天的工作或生活時間blasts through the day:她一整天不停忙碌、工作不休息
題目要找的是最符合文章上下文的替代表達。
定位答案的原文
In her fast-paced job as a reporter for a southern California newspaper, Gwendolyn Driscoll says she “blasts through the day.”
翻譯:
Gwendolyn Driscoll 在南加州某家報社擔任步調快速的記者,她說自己「一整天都不停工作」。
後文接著說:
Arriving home late in the evening, she has little time for housework or catching up on her reading, and even less for sleep.
翻譯:
她晚上很晚才回到家,幾乎沒有時間做家事或補看讀物,留給睡眠的時間更少。
由「工作步調快速」、「晚上很晚回家」、「沒有時間做家事、閱讀和睡眠」可知,她的生活重點是整天忙碌工作,因此 blasts through the day 最接近「一整天都沒有停止工作」。
解題方法
先判斷片語描述的是哪一類訊息:
- 文章明確強調 Driscoll 工作忙碌、回家很晚。
- 她每天只有約六個半小時的睡眠,並且說睡眠不是優先事項。
- 因此片語應描述「工作持續且忙碌」,不是描述情緒、興趣或主觀的時間感受。
- 選項中只有「doesn’t stop working all day」符合這個語境。
選項分析
(A) doesn’t stop working all day
意思是「一整天都沒有停止工作」。
這正確表達 blasts through the day 在本文中的語意。她從事步調快速的記者工作,晚上很晚回家,幾乎沒有時間處理其他事情,顯示她一整天都忙於工作。
(B) feels like the day goes by quickly
意思是「覺得一天很快就過去了」。
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
What We Know and Don’t Know about Sleep
Why do we sleep? Up until today, researchers are still trying to find out. Sleep is regarded as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science, even though all animals do it in one form or another. Theories range from brain maintenance to reversing damage from stress suffered while awake, to promoting longevity. However, “none of these theories are well-established, and many are mutually exclusive,” according to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Hibernation, a phase during which animals spend the winter in a deep sleep, is one example of an activity that regulates behavior for survival. A small animal can’t migrate to a warmer climate in winter, Siegel says. “So it hibernates, effectively cutting its energy consumption and thus its need for food, remaining secure from predators by burrowing underground.” Sleep duration, then, is determined in each species by its behavioral patterns such as time requirements of eating, migration needs, care of young, and other factors. “However, unlike hibernation...,” says Siegel, “sleep is rapidly reversible—that is, animals can wake up quickly, a unique mammalian adaptation that allows for a relatively quick response to sensory signals.”
Humans fit into this analysis as well. The human brain, albeit just two percent of total body weight, consumes 20 percent of total energy used when a person is resting—an amazing ratio. So the energy savings achieved during sleep have considerable significance. Sleep also has survival benefits for humans which include, according to Siegel, “a reduced risk of injury, reduced resource consumption and, from an evolutionary standpoint, reduced risk of detection by predators.”
Some people try to ignore the body’s sleep demands. In her fast-paced job as a reporter for a southern California newspaper, Gwendolyn Driscoll says she “blasts through the day.” Arriving home late in the evening, she has little time for housework or catching up on her reading, and even less for sleep. Most nights, she gets about six and half hours. “I could definitely do with another hour,” says 35-year-old Driscoll. “But sleep just isn’t a priority.”
Perhaps it should be. Sleep experts say the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Anything less may harm his or her health. Sleep deprivation could affect mental alertness and increase the risk for diseases. “Sleep is just as important to our overall health as are exercise and a healthy diet,” says Carl Hunt, the director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda, Maryland. Sleep is a biological need, much like food and water. If totally deprived of sleep, humans ultimately die. Yet millions of Americans are increasingly getting too little sleep. Today, Americans on average sleep one hour less per night than they did 20 to 30 years go.
Sleep deprivation has a very negative impact on mental function, creativity, alertness, and the ability to participate effectively in everyday interactions. It has been shown to negatively affect language skills, decision-making, and memory. “Without sufficient amounts of sleep, we feel drowsy and are unable to concentrate,” Hunt says. He noted that with enough sleep deprivation, some people can develop mood changes and can even begin to hallucinate, all of which can lead to reduced quality of life.
Not surprisingly, there is also a strong link between sleep deprivation and traffic accidents. What most people don’t realize, researchers say, is that sleep deprivation also accumulates over time. People who don’t get enough sleep build up a “sleep debt,” which can’t be eliminated by getting a little extra sleep on the weekend. “Most people are carrying a fairly large sleep debt and are in fact impaired and do not seem to know it,” Dement and colleagues have published a study that documented the results of lowering the sleep debt. “Some of the improvements in performance, in mood, in mental ability, and in energy were really dramatic, almost superhuman,” they say.
The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that ____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗的段落主旨判斷。判斷段落主旨時,不能只抓某個細節,而要找出:
- 段落開頭提出的中心觀點。
- 後文如何補充、說明或支持該觀點。
- 選項是否能概括整段內容,而非只對應其中一句。
第五段先指出一般成人每晚需要 7 至 8 小時睡眠,接著說明睡眠不足可能危害健康,並以睡眠和運動、健康飲食的重要性作比較,最後補充美國人普遍睡眠不足的現象。因此,本段主旨是:人們可能需要比目前更多的睡眠。
解題方法
本段的關鍵句位於段落開頭:
Perhaps it should be.
也許人們確實應該多睡一點。
前一段描述記者 Driscoll 平常只睡約六個半小時,並說:
But sleep just isn’t a priority.
但是,睡眠根本不是優先事項。
第五段開頭的 Perhaps it should be 中,代名詞 it 指的是前句的「睡眠」,整句意思是:
也許睡眠應該成為優先事項。
後文隨即解釋原因:
Sleep experts say the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Anything less may harm his or her health.
睡眠專家表示,成人平均每晚需要七至八小時的睡眠。少於這個時間可能會損害其健康。
因此,本段的論述方向是:
段落後半雖提到美國人目前比二、三十年前平均少睡一小時,也提到完全剝奪睡眠可能致死,但這些都是支持「人們應該多睡」的補充細節,不是整段的唯一主旨。
關鍵單字與片語
- perhaps:也許、可能
- priority:優先事項
- sleep expert:睡眠專家
- average adult:一般成人、平均成人
- require:需要
- per night:每晚
- anything less:任何少於此數量的情況;此處指少於七至八小時
- harm one’s health:損害某人的健康
- sleep deprivation:睡眠剝奪、睡眠不足
- biological need:生理需求
- totally deprived of sleep:完全被剝奪睡眠
- ultimately die:最終死亡
- on average:平均而言
- one hour less per night:每晚少一小時
文法與語意重點
1. Perhaps it should be.
這是省略句。完整語意可理解為:
Perhaps sleep should be a priority.
其中:
- it 指代前文的 sleep
- should be 表示「應該是」
- perhaps 表示語氣較委婉的推論或建議
因此不能只把它理解成「也許它應該如此」,而要根據上下文還原為:
也許睡眠應該受到重視,甚至應該多睡一些。
2. Anything less may harm his or her health.
anything less 是指「少於前面所提數量的任何情況」,也就是少於每晚七至八小時。
may harm 表示「可能造成傷害」,並非表示每一個睡眠不足的人必然生病。因此,選項若把文章意思過度絕對化,就不適合作為主旨。
3. Sleep is just as important to our overall health as are exercise and a healthy diet.
此句使用 as...as... 比較句型:
A is just as important as B.
A 和 B 一樣重要。
句中 are exercise and a healthy diet 的 are 放在主詞之前,是較正式的倒裝語序;正常語序為:
Exercise and a healthy diet are just as important to our overall health as sleep is.
句意是:
睡眠對整體健康的重要性,和運動及健康飲食一樣。
這並不等於「人們需要足夠的食物和運動,就像需要睡眠一樣」,兩者語意不同。前者是在比較三者對健康的重要性;後者則是在說明人們需要足夠的食物與運動。
選項分析
(A) people should probably sleep more than they do
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
What We Know and Don’t Know about Sleep
Why do we sleep? Up until today, researchers are still trying to find out. Sleep is regarded as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science, even though all animals do it in one form or another. Theories range from brain maintenance to reversing damage from stress suffered while awake, to promoting longevity. However, “none of these theories are well-established, and many are mutually exclusive,” according to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Hibernation, a phase during which animals spend the winter in a deep sleep, is one example of an activity that regulates behavior for survival. A small animal can’t migrate to a warmer climate in winter, Siegel says. “So it hibernates, effectively cutting its energy consumption and thus its need for food, remaining secure from predators by burrowing underground.” Sleep duration, then, is determined in each species by its behavioral patterns such as time requirements of eating, migration needs, care of young, and other factors. “However, unlike hibernation...,” says Siegel, “sleep is rapidly reversible—that is, animals can wake up quickly, a unique mammalian adaptation that allows for a relatively quick response to sensory signals.”
Humans fit into this analysis as well. The human brain, albeit just two percent of total body weight, consumes 20 percent of total energy used when a person is resting—an amazing ratio. So the energy savings achieved during sleep have considerable significance. Sleep also has survival benefits for humans which include, according to Siegel, “a reduced risk of injury, reduced resource consumption and, from an evolutionary standpoint, reduced risk of detection by predators.”
Some people try to ignore the body’s sleep demands. In her fast-paced job as a reporter for a southern California newspaper, Gwendolyn Driscoll says she “blasts through the day.” Arriving home late in the evening, she has little time for housework or catching up on her reading, and even less for sleep. Most nights, she gets about six and half hours. “I could definitely do with another hour,” says 35-year-old Driscoll. “But sleep just isn’t a priority.”
Perhaps it should be. Sleep experts say the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Anything less may harm his or her health. Sleep deprivation could affect mental alertness and increase the risk for diseases. “Sleep is just as important to our overall health as are exercise and a healthy diet,” says Carl Hunt, the director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda, Maryland. Sleep is a biological need, much like food and water. If totally deprived of sleep, humans ultimately die. Yet millions of Americans are increasingly getting too little sleep. Today, Americans on average sleep one hour less per night than they did 20 to 30 years go.
Sleep deprivation has a very negative impact on mental function, creativity, alertness, and the ability to participate effectively in everyday interactions. It has been shown to negatively affect language skills, decision-making, and memory. “Without sufficient amounts of sleep, we feel drowsy and are unable to concentrate,” Hunt says. He noted that with enough sleep deprivation, some people can develop mood changes and can even begin to hallucinate, all of which can lead to reduced quality of life.
Not surprisingly, there is also a strong link between sleep deprivation and traffic accidents. What most people don’t realize, researchers say, is that sleep deprivation also accumulates over time. People who don’t get enough sleep build up a “sleep debt,” which can’t be eliminated by getting a little extra sleep on the weekend. “Most people are carrying a fairly large sleep debt and are in fact impaired and do not seem to know it,” Dement and colleagues have published a study that documented the results of lowering the sleep debt. “Some of the improvements in performance, in mood, in mental ability, and in energy were really dramatic, almost superhuman,” they say.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a result of sleep deprivation?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解中的「細節辨識題」,題目問:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a result of sleep deprivation?
下列何者未被提及為睡眠剝奪的結果?
解題重點不是判斷各選項在現實中是否合理,而是回到文章逐一比對:文章明確提到的結果選項即不能選;文章沒有提到的選項才是答案。
關鍵單字與片語
- sleep deprivation:睡眠剝奪、睡眠不足
- mental alertness:精神警覺性
- traffic accidents:交通事故
- language skills:語言能力
- decision-making:決策能力
- memory:記憶力
- concentrate:專心、集中注意力
- drowsy:昏昏欲睡的
- mood changes:情緒變化
- hallucinate:產生幻覺
- sleep debt:睡眠債
- accumulate over time:隨時間累積
- be mentioned as:被提及為……
- result of:……的結果
- awareness of being full:察覺自己已經吃飽的意識
解題方法
將每個選項與文章第六、七段關於睡眠不足影響的內容逐項比對:
- 文章是否明確提到交通事故?
- 是否提到精神警覺性降低?
- 是否提到記憶力受到影響?
- 是否提到語言能力變差?
- 是否提到「較不容易察覺自己已經吃飽」?
前四項都能在文章中找到直接或語意相符的依據,只有第五項完全沒有出現,因此選出 E。
定位原文與翻譯
文章明確指出:
Not surprisingly, there is also a strong link between sleep deprivation and traffic accidents.
「不足為奇的是,睡眠剝奪與交通事故之間也有密切的關聯。」
此句正是校方釋疑公告所指出的依據,因此 (A) 確實已在文章中提及。
文章另指出:
Sleep deprivation has a very negative impact on mental function, creativity, alertness, and the ability to participate effectively in everyday interactions.
「睡眠剝奪會對心智能力、創造力、警覺性,以及有效參與日常互動的能力造成非常負面的影響。」
其中的 alertness 對應 (B) 的 reduced mental alertness。
文章又說:
It has been shown to negatively affect language skills, decision-making, and memory.
「研究已顯示,睡眠剝奪會對語言能力、決策能力與記憶力造成負面影響。」
此句直接涵蓋 (C) 與 (D),也說明睡眠不足會影響 memory,故「memory loss」在本題語境中可視為記憶力受損的概括表達。
選項分析
(A) increased risk of traffic accidents
第 Essay Writing 題20 分
Write an essay of at least 200 words in an appropriate style on the following topic.
The Ministry of Health and Welfare has set a goal to vaccinate 60% of the population with a COVID-19 vaccine. Do you agree or disagree with the goal set by the Ministry? Use specific reasons to support your answer(s).
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核心觀念
本題考查的是英文議論文(argumentative essay)的寫作能力,重點包括:
- 能否明確表達立場(thesis statement)。
- 能否提出具體且合理的支持理由。
- 能否使用適當的文章結構組織觀點。
- 能否運用正式、清楚、連貫的英文表達公共衛生議題。
- 能否處理「疫苗接種比例」與「個人自由、群體健康」之間的平衡。
題幹關鍵句為:
“Do you agree or disagree with the goal set by the Ministry?”
意思是:「你是否同意衛生福利部所訂定的目標?」
題目沒有規定一定要贊成或反對,因此兩種立場皆可得分;真正的評分關鍵在於立場是否明確、理由是否具體,以及文章是否前後一致。本篇採取「同意 60% 接種目標」的立場。
解題方法
建議採用五段式議論文:
- 第一段:引言與立場
- 說明 COVID-19 對社會造成的影響。
- 明確表示同意或不同意。
- 簡要預告支持理由。
- 第二段:第一個理由
- 說明疫苗能降低重症與死亡風險。
- 強調保護高風險族群的重要性。
- 第三段:第二個理由
- 說明較高接種率能降低病毒傳播。
- 解釋群體接種對醫療系統與社會運作的幫助。
- 第四段:承認反方觀點並回應
- 提到民眾對副作用、疫苗安全性或個人選擇的疑慮。
- 說明政府應提供透明資訊與公平接種措施。
- 第五段:結論
- 重申支持 60% 目標。
- 強調公共衛生政策應兼顧科學證據與人民信任。
這種寫法能同時展現單一立場、因果推論、反方回應與結論統整,符合大學英文作文對內容與組織的要求。
參考作文
英文題目:The Ministry of Health and Welfare has set a goal to vaccinate 60% of the population with a COVID-19 vaccine. Do you agree or disagree with the goal set by the Ministry?
參考答案:
I agree with the Ministry of Health and Welfare’s goal of vaccinating 60 percent of the population against COVID-19. Although vaccination cannot completely eliminate the virus, reaching this goal can protect individuals, reduce the pressure on hospitals, and help society return to a more normal way of life.
First, vaccination can lower the risk of severe illness and death. Older adults and people with chronic diseases are especially vulnerable to COVID-19. If more people are vaccinated, these high-risk groups will have a better chance of avoiding serious complications. Even when vaccinated people become infected, they are generally less likely to require intensive medical treatment. Therefore, a vaccination campaign can save lives and make medical resources available for other patients.
Second, a high vaccination rate can slow the spread of the virus. When fewer people are easily infected, the virus has fewer opportunities to pass from one person to another. This can reduce the number of large outbreaks and allow schools, businesses, and public transportation to operate more safely. In addition, widespread vaccination can protect people who cannot receive vaccines because of certain medical conditions.
Some people may worry about side effects or believe that vaccination should be entirely a personal decision. These concerns should be respected. However, the government should provide clear information about vaccine safety, possible side effects, and the benefits of vaccination. People should be encouraged to make informed decisions rather than relying on rumors or inaccurate information.
For these reasons, I support the Ministry’s goal of vaccinating 60 percent of the population. It is a practical and necessary step toward protecting public health and restoring social stability.
文章解析
第一段:提出立場
“I agree with the Ministry of Health and Welfare’s goal of vaccinating 60 percent of the population against COVID-19.”
我同意衛生福利部讓 60% 人口接種 COVID-19 疫苗的目標。
此句直接回答題目要求,使用:
- I agree with...:我同意……
- the goal of + V-ing:做某事的目標
- vaccinate A against B:使 A 接種預防 B 的疫苗
接著以讓步句增加論述層次:
“Although vaccination cannot completely eliminate the virus, reaching this goal can protect individuals, reduce the pressure on hospitals, and help society return to a more normal way of life.”
雖然接種疫苗無法完全消除病毒,但達成這項目標能保護個人、減輕醫院壓力,並幫助社會恢復較正常的生活方式。
Although 引導讓步副詞子句,表示「雖然……但是……」。主句使用三個平行動詞:
- protect individuals
- reduce the pressure on hospitals
- help society return to a more normal way of life
三者形式一致,能使句子結構整齊,增強表達效果。
第二段:疫苗降低重症風險
“First, vaccination can lower the risk of severe illness and death.”
首先,接種疫苗能降低重症與死亡的風險。
這是第一個主要理由。lower the risk of... 是議論文常用片語,意思是「降低……的風險」。
“Older adults and people with chronic diseases are especially vulnerable to COVID-19.”
老年人與患有慢性疾病的人特別容易受到 COVID-19 的嚴重影響。
關鍵字: