高雄醫學大學 108 年 《英文》
第 1 題1 分
Fallen rocks are impeding the progress of rescue workers.
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核心觀念
本題測驗高階同義字代換(Synonym Identification)與字彙語意理解。
高醫後醫英文科第 1 部分常出現字彙畫線題(題幹中某單字被畫底線,或由題意判斷替換核心動詞),本題核心考點在於辨識動詞 impede 的精確詞義與動賓搭配(collocation),並從選項中挑選意思完全對等的同義字。
解題方法
- 分析題幹文意與結構:
- 原文:Fallen rocks are impeding the progress of rescue workers.
- 結構解析:主詞為 Fallen rocks(落石),動詞為進行式 are impeding(正在阻礙),受詞為 the progress of rescue workers(救難人員的前進/搜救進度)。
- 全句翻譯:「落石正在阻礙救難人員的前進進度。」
- 鎖定關鍵字詞義與語境邏輯:
- impede [ɪmˋpid] (v.):妨礙、阻礙、拖延(to delay or prevent someone or something by making them difficult or impossible)。
- 語境中「落石」對「救難進度」造成的動作必然是「物理性或行動上的阻礙、妨礙」,因此需尋找具備「阻礙、阻擋」之意的動詞。
- 比對選項:
- 僅有 (D) obstructing 具有完全相同的「阻擋、妨礙」語意。
選項分析
- (A) constructing:錯誤。
- 詞義:建造、構築(動詞 construct 的現在分詞)。
- 分析:語意與主詞「落石」及受詞「救難進度」不合,落石無法「建造進度」。
- (B) destructing:錯誤。
- 詞義:破壞、毀損(動詞 destruct 的現在分詞,多用作及物或不及物動詞表示自動引爆或自毀,或作 destroy 的非正式型態)。
- 分析:落石是造成進度「受到延誤或受阻」,而非「摧毀進度」;
第 2 題1 分
In order to avoid attacks from predators, many animals are good at feigning death.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 關鍵單字與片語辨義。
- 「be good at + 動名詞(V-ing)」的文法用法。
- 依上下文判斷最合理的動作。
題幹中的關鍵片語是:
- avoid attacks from predators:避免掠食者的攻擊
- be good at V-ing:擅長做某事
- feign death:裝死、假裝死亡
句中 feigning 是動名詞,作介系詞 at 的受詞:
many animals are good at feigning death.
許多動物很擅長裝死。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
many animals are good at ______ death.
介系詞 at 後面須接名詞或動名詞,因此五個選項在形式上皆為 -ing,必須進一步判斷語意。
再依前半句:
In order to avoid attacks from predators
為了避免掠食者的攻擊
可知後半句應表達動物用來躲避攻擊的策略。「裝死」能使部分掠食者放棄攻擊,因此 feigning death 在語意上最合理。
題幹定位與翻譯
In order to avoid attacks from predators, many animals are good at feigning death.
翻譯:
為了避免掠食者的攻擊,許多動物很擅長裝死。
其中 feigning death 是直接定位答案的關鍵片語;feign 等於 pretend,皆有「假裝」之意。
選項分析
(A) arranging:安排、整理
arrange 意為「安排、排列、整理」,例如:
- arrange a meeting:安排會議
- arrange the books:整理書籍
arranging death 表示「安排死亡」或「整理死亡」,不符合動物為了躲避掠食者而採取的行為,因此錯誤。
(B) encroaching:侵占、逐漸侵入
encroach 通常指逐漸侵入或侵犯他人的土地、權利或空間,例如:
- encroach on public land:侵占公共土地
- encroach on someone’s rights:侵犯某人的權利
第 3 題1 分
Susan should have called Mr. Chang earlier. She was admonished for not responding to his complaint in a timely manner.
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核心觀念
本題考「同義字辨識」及語境判斷。
- admonish:告誡、責備、斥責
- reprimand:訓斥、斥責、責備
題幹中的 was admonished for ... 表示「因為……而受到責備」。因此應選擇與 admonished 意思最接近的 reprimanded。
此外,句中的 should have + 過去分詞 表示「本來應該做某事,但實際上沒有做」,帶有事後責備或遺憾的語氣。
解題方法
先找出題幹中需要替換的核心字:
She was admonished for not responding to his complaint in a timely manner.
翻譯為:
她因為沒有及時回應他的抱怨,而受到責備。
句意指出 Susan 沒有及時處理 Mr. Chang 的投訴,因此被人斥責。能表達「斥責、訓斥」的選項是 reprimanded。
完整句意為:
Susan 本來應該早一點打電話給張先生。她因為沒有及時回應他的抱怨而受到斥責。
文法與語意重點
- should have called
結構為:
表示過去本來應該做某事,但事實上沒有做到。
- Susan should have called Mr. Chang earlier.
- Susan 本來應該早一點打電話給張先生。
- be admonished for + V-ing
結構表示「因為做了某事而受到責備」。
- be admonished for being late
因遲到而受到責備 - be admonished for not responding
因沒有回應而受到責備
- in a timely manner
意思是「及時地、適時地」,相當於 promptly 或 in time。
選項分析
(A) disregarded
第 4 題1 分
Don’t bother Cindy now. She is bombarded with a plethora of e-mails this morning.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨識」與同義字判斷,關鍵在於片語 a plethora of + 複數名詞,意為「大量的、過多的……」。
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:
She is bombarded with a plethora of e-mails this morning.
她今天早上收到大量電子郵件的轟炸。
其中 plethora 是名詞,意為「過多、大量;充斥」。依官方答案,最接近其意思的選項是 surplus,意為「過剩、過多」。
解題方法
先掌握句意:
- bombard someone with something:以大量某物使某人應接不暇;大量提供某物給某人
- a plethora of e-mails:大量、過多的電子郵件
整句表示 Cindy 今天早上被大量電子郵件纏身,因此不要現在打擾她。
選項中只有 surplus 具有「過剩、超出所需數量」的概念,與 plethora 的「過多、大量」最接近,因此選 (C)。
嚴格而言,surplus 與 plethora 並非所有語境都能完全互換:
- plethora 著重「數量極多、充斥」。
- surplus 著重「超過需求的剩餘量」。
本題以字義近似題處理,依官方公布答案選擇 surplus。
選項分析
(A) herald
- 詞性:名詞、動詞
- 名詞:先驅;預兆;傳令者
- 動詞:預告;宣告
- 例:The discovery heralded a new era.
這項發現預示了一個新時代。 - 與「大量、過多」無關,因此錯誤。
(B) prospect
- 詞性:名詞
- 意思:前景;可能性;展望;有希望的人或事物
- 例:The company has excellent prospects.
這家公司有極佳的發展前景。 - prospect 表示未來可能發生的情況或發展機會,不表示數量過多,因此錯誤。
(C) surplus
第 5 題1 分
Everyone should be aware that responsibilities and rights are reciprocally connected.
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核心觀念
本題考查副詞的語意辨析,以及副詞修飾形容詞或分詞的用法。
題幹:
Everyone should be aware that responsibilities and rights are reciprocally connected.
每個人都應該明白,責任與權利是彼此相互連結的。
關鍵字:
- responsibility:責任
- right:權利
- be aware that...:察覺、明白……
- connected:有關聯的、相連的
- reciprocally:相互地、互惠地、彼此地
句中的 reciprocally 表示「雙方彼此之間」,與 connected 搭配後,意義是「彼此相互連結」。選項 mutually 也具有「相互地、彼此地」之意,因此可替換 reciprocally。
解題方法
先判斷空格所需的詞性。句型為:
responsibilities and rights are ______ connected.
空格位於 connected 之前,需填入副詞,修飾「連結的方式」。
再依語意判斷:
- 主詞是 responsibilities and rights,表示責任與權利兩者之間的關係。
- 題意要表達的是「責任與權利彼此相互連結」。
- 能表示「雙方互相」的副詞是 mutually。
完整句子為:
Everyone should be aware that responsibilities and rights are mutually connected.
每個人都應該明白,責任與權利是彼此相互連結的。
選項分析
(A) barely
barely 意為「幾乎不、勉強地、僅僅」。
responsibilities and rights are barely connected
意為「責任與權利幾乎沒有關聯」,與題幹所要表達的「彼此相互連結」相反,因此錯誤。
(B) mutually
mutually 意為「相互地、彼此地、共同地」。
第 6 題1 分
I saw the two men exchanging glances. This seemed to be a covert signal that they had lied to me.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:判斷形容詞在語境中的正確意思。
- 語意搭配:分析形容詞與名詞
signal的合理搭配。 - 句意理解:由
covert signal判斷答案。
covert 是形容詞,意為「秘密的、隱密的、不公開的」;concealed 意為「隱藏的、被掩藏的」,兩者在本句語境中語意相近。
題幹定位與翻譯
I saw the two men exchanging glances. This seemed to be a covert signal that they had lied to me.
翻譯:
我看見那兩名男子互相交換眼色。這似乎是一個秘密的信號,表示他們曾對我說謊。
句中關鍵片語是:
covert signal:秘密的信號、暗號exchanging glances:交換眼色had lied to me:曾對我說謊
兩人交換眼色,表示他們不願公開表明意圖,因此這個信號是「隱藏的、秘密的」,答案應選與 covert 意義最接近的 concealed。
解題方法
將各選項依詞性與語意代入:
This seemed to be a ______ signal.
空格後接名詞 signal,需要填入能修飾 signal 的形容詞。接著判斷哪個選項具有「秘密、隱藏」的語意。
covert = secret or hidden
concealed = hidden from view or knowledge
因此:
a covert signal ≈ a concealed signal
兩者皆可表示「不公開、暗中傳達的信號」,故選 (B) concealed。
選項分析
(A) accustomed
accustomed 意為「習慣於、慣常的」,通常用於:
be accustomed to + 名詞/動名詞:習慣於……an accustomed practice:慣常的做法
accustomed signal 表示「習慣性的信號」,與兩人交換眼色所形成的「秘密暗號」無關,語意不合。
(B) concealed
第 7 題1 分
When we meditate and focus on our minds and bodies, we will develop feelings of tranquility.
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核心觀念
本題考查「同義字辨識」與「語境判斷」。題幹中的關鍵字是 tranquility,意為「寧靜、安詳、平靜」。冥想並專注於身心,通常會產生平靜安詳的感受,因此應選與 tranquility 意義最接近的名詞。
題幹:
When we meditate and focus on our minds and bodies, we will develop feelings of tranquility.
當我們冥想並專注於自己的身心時,便會逐漸產生寧靜安詳的感受。
其中 develop feelings of + 名詞 表示「逐漸產生……的感受」。空格若代入選項,必須符合冥想後所產生的正面、平靜的心理狀態。
解題方法
先抓住題幹的語意方向:
- meditate:冥想
- focus on our minds and bodies:專注於我們的心靈與身體
- feelings of tranquility:寧靜、安詳的感受
「冥想」與「專注身心」所帶來的結果,應是內心平靜,而不是躁動、探索活動或普遍存在。因此,尋找 tranquility 的同義字即可。
serenity 意為「寧靜、平和、安詳」,與 tranquility 完全符合,故選 (D)。
選項分析
(A) activeness
意為「活躍、積極、活動力」。此字描述活動程度高,與冥想所帶來的安靜、平和狀態不符。此外,activeness 並非 tranquility 的同義字,因此錯誤。
第 8 題1 分
A series of concurrent, related developments have significantly reduced the utility of the gasoline tax.
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核心觀念
本題考查近義字辨析,重點在於理解 concurrent 的語意,並依上下文選出可替換的字。
- concurrent:同時發生的;並行的
- related developments:相關的發展
- significantly:顯著地
- reduce the utility of...:降低……的效用/實用性
- gasoline tax:汽油稅
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵片語為:
A series of concurrent, related developments
其中 concurrent 修飾 developments,表示「同時發生的」。選項中 simultaneous 正好具有相同意思。
全句翻譯:
一連串同時發生且彼此相關的發展,已大幅降低汽油稅的效用。
句意著重於多項相關發展「在同一時間發生」,因此選 simultaneous。
解題方法
先將空格所在語意抽出:
related developments that occurred at the same time
再比對選項:
- 「同時發生」對應 simultaneous
- 其他選項分別表示「同質的、瞬間的、雜項的、自發的」,都無法符合 developments 的時間關係
因此答案為 (D) simultaneous。
選項分析
(A) homogeneous
意為「同質的;同性質的」,指組成成分或特徵相同。
例如:
a homogeneous mixture
均勻混合物
本題強調各項發展「同時發生」,不是說這些發展具有相同性質,因此錯誤。
(B) instantaneous
意為「瞬間的;立即發生的」,強調時間極短或立即完成。
例如:
instantaneous communication
即時通訊
instantaneous 著重「發生得很快」,不等於多件事情「同時發生」。題幹描述的是一系列發展之間的時間同步關係,因此不適合。
第 9 題1 分
The heinous crime shocked the public and the police now encourage people who know anything about it to come forward.
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題幹翻譯與定位分析
原文:
"The heinous crime shocked the public and the police now encourage people who know anything about it to come forward."
中文翻譯:
「這起駭人聽聞(極其兇殘)的罪行震驚了社會大眾,警方目前正鼓勵任何知情人士挺身而出提供線索。」
核心觀念
- 同義字代換(GRE / 後西醫高階字彙):
本題測驗後醫英文核心單字 heinous(極其邪惡的、令人髮指的、兇殘的)的同義字掌握能力。 - 語意搭配與語境邏輯(Collocation & Context):
修飾名詞crime(罪行)且能達到shocked the public(震驚公眾)程度的形容詞,必須具有強烈負面語意(如「殘暴、邪惡、惡劣」)。
解題方法
- 鎖定劃線/標記關鍵字:
題幹核心詞為形容詞 heinous(/ˈheɪnəs/),意為「極度邪惡的、駭人聽聞的、十惡不赦的」(常見搭配:heinous crime/act/sin)。 - 語境線索分析:
句中的修飾對象為crime,後方連接「震驚社會(shocked the public)」且「警方呼籲民眾提供線索(police encourage people... to come forward)」,可確定此處需要一個表示「兇殘、惡劣、極其殘忍」的強烈負面修飾詞。 - 比對選項:
選項中只有 (B) atrocious 具備「殘暴的、駭人聽聞的、極度惡劣的」之意,與 heinous 為精準同義詞。
選項分析
-
(A) arduous(錯誤)
-
字義:費力的、艱鉅的、艱苦的(strenuous, demanding difficult effort)。
-
搭配:an arduous journey/task(艱鉅的旅程/任務)。
-
理由:主要用來形容工作、路途或挑戰非常耗費體力與心力,不符合修飾「兇殘罪行」的語境。
-
(B) atrocious(正確)
-
字義:殘暴的、極其兇惡的、令人髮指的(monstrous, extremely wicked or cruel);口語亦可表示「極糟的、劣質的」。
第 10 題1 分
These two guys were involved in an altercation and were arrested by the police later.
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核心觀念
本題測驗「GRE/高階同義字代換」與「語境因果搭配」。考生必須掌握題幹中關鍵字 altercation(口角、爭執、爭端)的精確語意,並在五個字首皆為 con- 系列的高階名詞中,選出最貼近其意思的同義代換字。
解題方法
- 定位關鍵字與上下文線索:
題幹原文為:
“These two guys were involved in an altercation and were arrested by the police later.”
(這兩個人捲入了一場爭執/紛爭,隨後被警方逮捕。)
- 語境與語意分析:
- 句中關鍵片語為
be involved in an altercation(捲入爭端、捲入衝突),隨後的結果是were arrested by the police later(隨後被警方逮捕)。 - altercation 指「公開且激烈的爭吵、口角、紛爭(a noisy argument or disagreement, especially in public)」。
- 因此,正確選項必須具備「口角、糾紛、意外衝突、難堪爭端」之語意。
選項分析
-
(A) confinement(名詞,監禁、限制、拘留)
-
字源與字義:源自動詞 confine(限制、監禁)。常指行動受限、坐牢(solitary confinement)或產期臥床。
-
錯誤原因:題目要替換的是捲入的「事件(altercation)」,兩人在被捕前捲入的是「衝突/爭執」,而非「監禁」;語意完全不合。
-
(B) connotation(名詞,隱含意義、內涵)
-
字源與字義:與 denotation(字面意思)相對,指詞彙引申或附加的情感與聯想色彩。
第 11 題1 分
Ben is a self-starter. He is good at working alone without constant _____.
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核心觀念
本題測驗「職場情境核心名詞辨析」與「語意邏輯搭配(Collocation)」。
考生須掌握關鍵複合名詞 self-starter(主動自發的人;有主動開創精神的人)在職場語境中的特質,並結合後半句的 working alone without constant _____(在沒有持續……的情況下獨自工作),選出符合文意邏輯的最適名詞。
解題方法
- 分析題幹定位句與文意:
- 題幹引文:"Ben is a self-starter. He is good at working alone without constant _____."
- 中文翻譯:「班是一個主動積極、具主動開創性的人。他擅長在沒有持續監督/指導的情況下獨立工作。」
- 尋找語意線索:
- 前句名詞 self-starter 指不需他人催促、能自動自發工作的人。
- 後句 working alone without constant... 說明其工作模式:能夠「單獨作業」,因此其不需要的是外界隨時隨地的「督促」或「看管」。
- 在各選項中,只有 supervision(監督、管理)能與 without constant 形成職場工作模式的完美搭配(without constant supervision,無須他人時時盯哨/監督)。
選項分析
- (A) accusation(名詞):控訴、指責。
- 源自動詞 accuse。帶入句中為「沒有持續的指責」,偏離職場上對主動型員工工作自主性的描述,語意不合。
- (B) conception(名詞):概念、觀念;受孕。
- 源自動詞 conceive。帶入句中為「沒有持續的觀念/受孕」,語意完全不通。
第 12 題1 分
Was he so ungrateful as to bear a _____ against the man who had saved them?
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核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」與「字義判斷」。
關鍵片語為:
- bear a grudge against someone:對某人懷恨在心、怨恨某人
- be so + 形容詞 + as to V:竟然如此……以至於……
句中的 bear 不是「忍受」或「攜帶」,而是與 grudge 搭配,表示「懷有怨恨」。
解題方法
先觀察空格後方的介系詞片語:
against the man
表示「針對那名男子、對那名男子抱持某種負面情緒」。能與 against 搭配並表示怨恨的名詞,只有 grudge。
完整句子為:
Was he so ungrateful as to bear a grudge against the man who had saved them?
翻譯為:
他難道忘恩負義到會怨恨那位救了他們的人嗎?
語意上,「救了他們的人」理應受到感謝;題目以 so ungrateful as to 強調「忘恩負義到竟然……」,因此後面接「懷恨」最合乎語境。
文法與語意重點
- bear a grudge against + 人
這是固定搭配:
bear a grudge against someone
對某人懷恨在心
例句:
She still bears a grudge against her former employer.
她仍然對前雇主懷恨在心。
- so ungrateful as to bear...
結構為:
ungrateful 意為「不知感恩的、忘恩負義的」;as to bear 表示「竟然會懷有……」。
- who had saved them
第 13 題1 分
Belinda spent too much time on her work to the _____ of her marriage. Now, her husband decides to get divorced with her.
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核心觀念
本題考「固定片語搭配」與「字義判斷」。
題幹中的關鍵結構是:
Belinda spent too much time on her work to the _____ of her marriage.
Belinda 花太多時間在工作上,已經到了損害婚姻的地步。
固定片語 to the detriment of + 名詞 意為「損害……」「對……不利」。因此空格應填 detriment。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的搭配:
英文中 to the detriment of 是固定用法,表示某件事造成另一件事受損:
- to the detriment of one’s health
損害某人的健康 - to the detriment of the environment
對環境造成損害 - to the detriment of their relationship
損害他們的關係
題幹表示 Belinda 過度投入工作,導致婚姻受損;語意與 detriment 完全吻合。
關鍵單字與片語
- spend time on something:花時間在某事上
- too much:太多
- to the detriment of:損害、對……不利
- marriage:婚姻
- get divorced:離婚
- detriment:損害;不利;傷害
題幹後句:
Now, her husband decides to get divorced with her.
語意是「現在,她的丈夫決定和她離婚」。較自然的英文應寫成:
- Her husband decides to divorce her.
- Her husband decides to get divorced from her.
get divorced with her 並非標準搭配,但不影響第一句空格的判斷。
選項分析
(A) detection
detection 意為「偵測;察覺;發現」,例如:
- early detection of cancer
癌症的早期發現
to the detection of her marriage 不符合語意。工作過多並不是「婚姻被偵測或被發現」,因此錯誤。
第 14 題1 分
We advise those who intend to _____ the law should be prepared for the endless pursuit of the police.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:判斷動詞與
the law的語意搭配。 - 固定搭配與語境:
contravene the law表示「違反法律」。 - 文法結構:
intend to + 原形動詞,表示「打算做某事」。
題幹定位與翻譯
We advise those who intend to contravene the law should be prepared for the endless pursuit of the police.
翻譯:
「我們勸告那些打算違反法律的人,應該做好遭警方無止境追捕的準備。」
句中後半段 be prepared for the endless pursuit of the police 表示「準備面對警方不斷的追捕」,因此前面的動詞必須具有「違法、觸犯法律」的意思。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
五個選項皆可接在 intend to 後面,形式上都符合文法,因此本題不能只靠文法判斷,必須比較字義。
the law 前面的動詞應表示「違反、違背」,才能與「遭警方追捕」的結果形成合理因果:
因此選擇 contravene。
選項分析
(A) concatenate
concatenate 是「連接、串聯」,常用於將字串、事物或一連串元素接在一起,例如 concatenate two strings(連接兩個字串)。
concatenate the law 意為「連接法律」,不符合語意,也無法合理解釋為何會遭警方追捕,故錯誤。
(B) constrict
constrict 是「收縮、壓縮、使變窄」,例如血管收縮可說 blood vessels constrict。
第 15 題1 分
Memory problems are typically one of the first signs of cognitive _____ related to Alzheimer’s disease.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫學語境中的字義辨析」與「名詞搭配」。
題幹句型為:
Memory problems are typically one of the first signs of cognitive _____ related to Alzheimer’s disease.
記憶問題通常是與阿茲海默症相關之認知 _____ 的最初徵兆之一。
空格前有形容詞 cognitive(認知的),後面需要填入能表示「認知功能受損」的名詞。醫學英文中最自然、最固定的搭配是:
cognitive impairment
認知功能障礙、認知功能受損
因此選 (B) impairment。
解題方法
先判斷空格的詞性。cognitive 是形容詞,空格需要名詞,且整體應能表示阿茲海默症所造成的認知功能變化。
關鍵語意為:
memory problems:記憶問題signs of:……的徵兆cognitive impairment:認知功能受損related to Alzheimer’s disease:與阿茲海默症相關
將答案代入後:
Memory problems are typically one of the first signs of cognitive impairment related to Alzheimer’s disease.
翻譯為:
記憶問題通常是與阿茲海默症相關之認知功能障礙的最初徵兆之一。
記憶力屬於認知功能的一部分;阿茲海默症常造成記憶、判斷、語言及其他認知能力逐漸受損,因此 cognitive impairment 在語意及醫學搭配上都成立。
文法上,related to Alzheimer’s disease 是過去分詞片語,修飾前面的 cognitive impairment,表示「與阿茲海默症相關的認知功能障礙」。
選項分析
(A) commission
commission 主要有以下意思:
- 委員會
- 委託
- 佣金
- 犯罪或錯誤的行為
例如:
- a sales commission:銷售佣金
- the commission of a crime:犯罪行為
cognitive commission 不是表示認知障礙的醫學搭配,也無法與 memory problems 形成合理語意,因此錯誤。
(B) impairment
第 16 題1 分
If this is your first visit to this hospital, you need to complete this survey about your _____ and psychological conditions.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「醫療情境中的字義辨析」與「並列形容詞的語意搭配」。
題幹中的關鍵結構是:
complete this survey about your _____ and psychological conditions
填寫一份關於你的「_____狀況與心理狀況」的問卷。
其中,psychological conditions 表示「心理狀況」,前面的形容詞應與其形成對比,指身體方面的狀況。somatic 意為「身體的、肉體的」,正好與 psychological 構成醫療問卷中常見的「身心狀況」搭配。
解題方法
先抓語意對照:
psychological= 心理的、精神層面的- 空格處需要填入 = 身體的、肉體的
因此完整片語為:
somatic and psychological conditions
身體與心理狀況
句意是:
如果這是你第一次到這家醫院,你需要填寫這份關於你的身體與心理狀況的問卷。
文法上,somatic 與 psychological 都是形容詞,共同修飾複數名詞 conditions,形成並列結構:
此處的 conditions 是「健康狀況、身體狀態」,不是「條件」。
選項分析
(A) adiabatic
adiabatic 意為「絕熱的」,主要用於物理學與熱力學,例如:
adiabatic process:絕熱過程adiabatic expansion:絕熱膨脹
它與醫療中的身體狀況無關,不能修飾 conditions 表示「身體狀況」,故錯誤。
(B) chromatic
chromatic 意為「色彩的、有關顏色的」,例如:
chromatic scale:半音音階chromatic aberration:色差
第 17 題1 分
The _____ system is responsible for carrying blood or other liquids around the bodies of animals.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨識」與「生物學名詞搭配」。題幹描述的是:
The _____ system is responsible for carrying blood or other liquids around the bodies of animals.
這個 _____ 系統負責將血液或其他液體運送到動物身體各處。
能負責運送血液與體液的系統是血管系統,即 vascular system。
解題方法
先抓題幹中的關鍵線索:
- carrying blood:運送血液
- other liquids:其他液體
- around the bodies of animals:遍布、運送至動物身體各處
vascular 意為「血管的、脈管的」,因此 vascular system 是「血管系統」,由血管等構造組成,負責血液及相關體液的運輸。
句型上,空格位於 system 前方,需要填入能修飾 system 的形容詞。五個選項皆可作形容詞,但只有 vascular 的語意符合「運送血液或液體」。
關鍵單字與片語
- system:系統
- be responsible for:負責……
- carry:運送、攜帶
- blood:血液
- liquid:液體
- around the bodies of animals:遍及動物的身體各處
- vascular:血管的、脈管的
- vascular system:血管系統
- binocular:雙眼的、雙筒望遠鏡的
- curricular:課程的
- muscular:肌肉的
- semicircular:半圓形的
選項分析
(A) binocular
binocular 意為「雙眼的、使用雙眼的」,例如 binocular vision 是「雙眼視覺」,binoculars 則是「雙筒望遠鏡」。
binocular system 可描述與雙眼視覺相關的系統,但它不負責運送血液或其他液體,因此不合題意。
(B) curricular
第 18 題1 分
If we pay attention to advertisements carefully, we will find their words are very ornamented and _____. We can’t trust them easily.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 形容詞的詞義辨識。
- 形容詞並列結構:
ornamented and _____。 - 依上下文判斷廣告文字的負面語氣。
題幹指出廣告的用字「非常華麗、修飾過度」,而且最後說:
We can’t trust them easily.
我們不能輕易相信它們。
因此,空格應填入具有「矯飾、不真誠、故意裝腔作勢」負面意涵的形容詞。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
If we pay attention to advertisements carefully, we will find their words are very ornamented and _____. We can’t trust them easily.
如果我們仔細注意廣告,就會發現它們的文字非常華麗修飾,而且____。我們不能輕易相信它們。
ornamented 表示「裝飾華麗的、修飾過度的」。後面與其並列的形容詞,應該繼續描述廣告文字「表面華美但不真實」的特質。
pretentious 表示「自命不凡的、矯飾的、裝腔作勢的;不真誠而故意顯得高雅或重要的」。廣告常透過誇張、華麗的措辭包裝商品,因此與 ornamented 及「不能輕易相信」的語意完全吻合。
關鍵單字與片語
pay attention to:注意、留意advertisement:廣告carefully:仔細地find:發現word:文字、措辭ornamented:裝飾華麗的;修飾過度的pretentious:矯飾的;裝腔作勢的;自命不凡的trust:相信、信任easily:容易地、輕易地
選項分析
(A) amphibious
意為「兩棲的」,通常用來形容能在水中與陸地生活或活動的生物、車輛及軍事行動,例如 amphibious animals(兩棲動物)。
第 19 題1 分
The buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made _____ until that air conditioning system can start up again.
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核心觀念
本題測驗重點為高階字彙語意辨析與被動使役結構搭配詞(Collocation & Contextual Logic)。
題幹句型結構為「」的被動形態「」,空格處需填入一個形容詞,用以修飾主詞 the buildings。解題關鍵在於掌握題幹中因果條件句的語意連貫性(Coherence)。
題幹解析與中文翻譯
題幹引文:
"The buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made _____ until that air conditioning system can start up again."題幹翻譯:
「這些建築物目前不適合居住/使用,在那套空調系統重新啟動運轉之前,必須使其騰空/無人使用。」
- 關鍵單字與文法結構:
- uninhabitable(adj.):不宜居住的、不堪使用的(字首 表示否定; 為居住; 為形容詞字尾)。
- have to be made + Adj.:必須被弄成……狀態。
- until...:直到……為止(引導時間副詞子句,指出解除此狀態的條件)。
- start up:啟動、開始運轉。
解題方法
- 前後文語意對照:
前半句明示「建築物目前 uninhabitable(不適宜居住/有人在裡面)」,受限於「空調系統故障停擺(until that air conditioning system can start up again)」。 - 邏輯推理:
既然建築物在空調修復前無法讓人待在裡面,管理單位採取的處置手段必然是要求人員撤離,使建築物處於「空出、騰空、無人佔用」的狀態。因此空格必須填入表示「空的、無人佔用」的詞彙。 - 搭配檢驗:
第 20 題1 分
Public trust in Facebook has been _____ by a year of privacy scandals and data breaches.
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【核心觀念】
本題測驗高階動詞字彙語意、形近字辨析與被動語態搭配詞(Collocation)。
在後醫英文試題中,動詞與名詞的搭配常涉及新聞時事語境(如企業危機、醜聞、公信力受損等)。考生需由句中因果關係(「隱私醜聞」與「資料外洩」對「大眾信任」造成的負面打擊)辨識出適當的動詞,並排除拼字相近但語意不合的干擾選項。
【解題方法】
- 分析句子結構與語意邏輯:
- 題幹原文:Public trust in Facebook has been _____ by a year of privacy scandals and data breaches.
- 結構分析:
- 主詞:
Public trust in Facebook(大眾對臉書的信任) - 被動語態動詞:
has been _____(被……) - 介係詞片語(表原因/手段):
by a year of privacy scandals and data breaches(受到長達一年的隱私醜聞與資料外洩事件影響) - 語意邏輯:後方指涉的是嚴重的負面事件(醜聞 scandals、外洩 breaches),因此空格填入的動詞過去分詞必須帶有「使遭受困擾、危害、重創」等負面語意。
- 詞彙辨析與選填:
- 動詞
plague作及物動詞時,意為「使困擾、折磨、危害」,常以被動語態be plagued by...出現,表示「深受……所苦/遭……重創」。 - 代入後語意完全吻合:大眾對 Facebook 的信任深受長達一年的隱私醜聞與資料外洩事件所打擊/困擾。
【題幹中英對照與關鍵詞彙】
- 題幹句子:
"Public trust in Facebook has been plagued by a year of privacy scandals and data breaches."
(大眾對臉書的信任,深受長達一年的隱私醜聞與資料外洩事件所重創/困擾。)
- 關鍵詞彙:
- public trust (n.):大眾信任、公信力
- plague (v.):使受折磨、使困擾、危害;(n.) 瘟疫
- privacy scandal (n.):隱私醜聞
- data breach (n.):資料外洩、數據外洩
【選項分析】
第 21 題1 分
Advertising _____ young adults can be destructive, so it should be controlled.
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題目分析與中文翻譯
- 題幹引文:
"Advertising _____ young adults can be destructive, so it should be controlled." - 完整翻譯:
「針對年輕人的廣告可能會帶來破壞性的影響,因此應該受到管制。」
核心觀念
- 分詞修飾(分詞片語當形容詞):
名詞後方可藉由「分詞片語」作為後位修飾語,本質由「關係代名詞主格+動詞」的形容詞子句簡化而來:
- 主動/進行意義:以現在分詞(V-ing)修飾。
- 被動/完成意義:以過去分詞(V-ed / p.p.)修飾。
- 片語
aim at的被動慣用法:
動詞aim常見句型為aim A at B(將 A 針對/導向 B)。當廣告(advertising)作為目標指向年輕人時,語態為被動結構be aimed at(以……為目標/針對……)。 - 主句與子句結構完整性(單句單動詞原則):
對等連接詞so前面為主句,後面為結果子句。主句的真正主詞為不可數名詞Advertising,主要動詞為can be。在沒有其他從屬連接詞或關係代名詞的情況下,空格處不可再填入限定動詞(finite verb),否則會造成「雙動詞(Double Verbs)」的文法錯誤。
關鍵單字與片語
- advertising (n.):廣告、廣告業(不可數名詞)
- aim at (phr.):瞄準、針對、以……為目標
- young adult (n.):年輕人、青年(通常指 18~25 歲族群)
- destructive (adj.):具破壞性的、有害的
- controlled (adj./v.):受管制的、被控制的
解題方法
- 剖析句子結構:
整句骨架為:
前半句的主詞為Advertising,主句動詞已經出現(can be)。因此,空格至young adults必然是修飾主詞Advertising的後位修飾結構。 - 判斷主被動與簡化來源:
還原為完整的形容詞子句:
第 22 題1 分
_____ its inherent danger, many people believe that nuclear energy is a clean and potentially inexhaustible source of energy.
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核心觀念
本題考「讓步介系詞片語」與「因果、條件連接詞」的辨識。
句型為:
_____ its inherent danger, many people believe that nuclear energy is a clean and potentially inexhaustible source of energy.
空格後接名詞片語 its inherent danger,因此空格應填入可直接接名詞片語的介系詞片語。句意又呈現「雖然有危險,仍然被認為是乾淨且能源近乎無限」的讓步關係,因此答案為 In spite of。
題幹定位與翻譯
In spite of its inherent danger, many people believe that nuclear energy is a clean and potentially inexhaustible source of energy.
翻譯:
儘管核能本身具有危險性,許多人仍認為核能是一種乾淨且具有潛力、幾乎取之不竭的能源。
前後語意形成對比:
- its inherent danger:它本身固有的危險性
- a clean and potentially inexhaustible source of energy:乾淨且具有潛力、幾乎取之不竭的能源
「有危險」與「仍被認為乾淨且能源充足」之間是讓步關係。
解題方法
第一步,觀察空格後的結構:
its inherent danger
這是名詞片語,不是完整子句。完整子句至少要有主詞與動詞,例如:
nuclear energy is dangerous
第二步,判斷句意邏輯。前半指出核能的危險性,後半卻說許多人仍相信核能具有優點,因此需要表示「儘管、即使」的讓步語氣。
第三步,符合「介系詞片語 + 名詞片語」且具有讓步意義的選項只有 In spite of。
基本句型如下:
例如:
In spite of the heavy rain, the game continued.
儘管下大雨,比賽仍然繼續。
選項分析
(A) Due to
Due to 意為「由於、因為」,表示原因,後面可接名詞片語:
due to its inherent danger
由於它本身的危險性
若填入後,句意會變成:
由於核能本身具有危險性,許多人相信核能是乾淨且幾乎取之不竭的能源。
前因與後果不合邏輯。核能的危險性通常不是人們認為它乾淨、能源充足的原因,因此不選。
(B) Even though
Even though 意為「即使、儘管」,表示讓步,語意方向正確;但它是從屬連接詞,後面必須接完整子句:
例如:
第 23 題1 分
The Wangs wanted to give their only daughter every advantage. However, they now regret _____ her with too many material possessions.
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核心觀念
本題考「動名詞與不定詞的搭配」、主動與被動語態,以及完成式所表達的先後關係。
句型:
- regret + V-ing:後悔做過某事,通常指回顧已經發生的行為。
- regret + to V:遺憾地要做某事,常用於正式告知壞消息,例如 We regret to inform you...
- having + 過去分詞:完成式動名詞,表示動名詞所代表的動作發生在主要動詞之前。
- having been + 過去分詞:完成式被動動名詞。
本句中,Wangs 已經給女兒太多物質上的東西,現在才感到後悔,因此需要「後悔曾經做過某事」的 regret + having + 過去分詞。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句:
However, they now regret _____ her with too many material possessions.
翻譯:
然而,他們現在後悔曾經給女兒太多物質上的東西。
句中主詞 they 指的是 The Wangs,也就是「王氏夫婦」。他們是「提供物質財物」的主動者,her 是接受者,因此必須使用主動語態:
they regret having provided her with...
其中:
- give someone every advantage:給某人各方面的優勢/讓某人享有一切有利條件
- regret:後悔;遺憾
- provide A with B:提供 A B
- material possessions:物質財產、物質上的擁有物
- too many:太多的,修飾可數名詞 possessions
解題方法
先判斷空格前的動詞 regret 後面需要何種結構。
此處不是正式宣布「遺憾地要告知某事」,而是父母回顧自己過去的行為,表示「後悔曾經給女兒太多東西」,所以採用:
動詞 provide 的過去分詞為 provided,因此完整結構是:
having provided 表示「曾經提供過」,而且這個行為發生在現在「後悔」之前,完全符合語意。
選項分析
(A) provided
錯誤。provided 是過去分詞或過去式,不能直接作為 regret 的受詞補語。
錯誤結構:
regret provided her with...
此處缺少動名詞標記 -ing,也沒有形成可接受的完整句型。若要表達「後悔提供過」,至少必須使用:
regret providing her with...
本選項也沒有表現出「regret 後悔已完成行為」所需的動名詞結構。
(B) having provided
正確。
- having provided 是完成式動名詞。
- they 是提供者,使用主動語態。
- 提供行為發生在現在後悔之前,使用完成式表示先發生的動作。
第 24 題1 分
Could you please help me to turn off the stove? The soup _____ for about twenty minutes.
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核心觀念
本題考「現在完成進行式」的用法:
現在完成進行式表示某動作:
- 過去某時間開始;
- 持續進行到現在;
- 強調動作持續的時間或過程。
題幹中的 for about twenty minutes 表示「持續約二十分鐘」,而說話者此刻請對方關掉爐子,表示湯目前仍在煮。因此使用現在完成進行式最恰當。
解題方法
定位關鍵句:
The soup _____ for about twenty minutes.
這鍋湯已經煮了大約二十分鐘。
主詞 The soup 為第三人稱單數,填入現在完成進行式時須使用 has been + V-ing:
完整句意為:
湯已經沸騰、熬煮了大約二十分鐘。
前句 Could you please help me to turn off the stove? 意為「你可以幫我把爐子關掉嗎?」由此可知湯現在仍在爐子上煮,且動作從過去持續到現在,故選 has been boiling。
選項分析
(A) has been boiling 正確
has been boiling 是現在完成進行式,表示「從過去持續煮到現在」。
- has:主詞 the soup 為第三人稱單數。
- been:現在完成進行式中的固定形式。
- boiling:動詞 boil 的現在分詞。
for about twenty minutes 清楚表達動作持續時間,與現在完成進行式完全相符。
(B) was boiling 錯誤
was boiling 是過去進行式,表示「在過去某個時間正在沸騰或煮沸」。
例如:
The soup was boiling when I entered the kitchen.
我進廚房時,湯正在沸騰。
本題的情境是說話者現在請人關掉爐子,重點是湯從過去煮到現在,並非只描述過去某一時刻的狀態,因此不選 was boiling。
(C) is boiling 錯誤
is boiling 是現在進行式,只表示「現在正在沸騰」。
例如:
第 25 題1 分
I would have visited you _____ someone told me you were in the hospital.
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核心觀念
本題考的是「第三類條件句」以及「省略 if 的倒裝句」。
第三類條件句用來表達與過去事實相反的假設:
- 條件子句:
If + 主詞 + had + 過去分詞 - 主要子句:
主詞 + would have + 過去分詞
基本句型為:
If someone had told me you were in the hospital, I would have visited you.
題目將條件子句中的 if 省略,並把 had 移到主詞前面,形成倒裝:
Had someone told me you were in the hospital, I would have visited you.
因此,had someone told 等於 if someone had told。
解題方法
題幹主要子句為:
I would have visited you
其中 would have visited 表示「本來會去拜訪,但實際上沒有去」,是對過去情況的假設。因此,後面的條件子句應使用過去完成式:
將原句還原為:
I would have visited you if someone had told me you were in the hospital.
省略 if 並倒裝後:
I would have visited you had someone told me you were in the hospital.
所以空格應填入 had。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
I would have visited you had someone told me you were in the hospital.
其中:
would have visited:本來會去拜訪had someone told me:如果有人告訴我you were in the hospital:你在醫院
整句翻譯為:
如果有人告訴我你在醫院,我本來就會去拜訪你。
語意上表示:沒有人告知,因此說話者實際上沒有去拜訪。
選項分析
(A) had:正確
had someone told me 是省略 if 後的倒裝條件句,完整形式為:
if someone had told me
had told 是過去完成式,符合第三類條件句對過去反事實的表達。
第 26 題1 分
For each sentence, choose the underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Recent technological breakthroughs have exponentially reduced the cost of data storage, making that easier and less expensive to store more data than ever before.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 現在完成式:
- 副詞修飾動詞:
exponentially reduced - 分詞構句:
making ... make + 受詞 + 形容詞 + to V結構- 代名詞
it與指示代名詞that的使用
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Recent technological breakthroughs have exponentially reduced the cost of data storage, making that easier and less expensive to store more data than ever before.
翻譯為:
近來的科技突破已大幅降低資料儲存的成本,使得儲存比以往更多的資料變得更容易、也更便宜。
依官方答案,本題錯誤位於 (B) have exponentially reduced。
解題方法
先找句子的主要結構:
- 主詞:
Recent technological breakthroughs - 動詞:
have exponentially reduced - 受詞:
the cost of data storage - 分詞片語:
making that easier and less expensive to store more data than ever before
breakthroughs 是複數,因此搭配 have;整句描述科技突破對目前造成的結果,使用現在完成式原則上合理。
依高雄醫學大學官方答案,本題將 exponentially reduced 視為副詞使用不當。較自然的改法是:
Recent technological breakthroughs have dramatically / significantly / greatly reduced the cost of data storage ...
其中:
dramatically:大幅地significantly:顯著地greatly:大大地
因此考試作答應選 (B)。
選項分析
(A) Recent technological breakthroughs
breakthrough 意為「突破、重大進展」,technological breakthroughs 意為「科技突破」。
breakthroughs 為複數名詞,作為句子主詞正確;Recent 修飾複數名詞也沒有問題。
因此 (A) 本身無誤。
(B) have exponentially reduced
這是官方答案所指定的錯誤。
have reduced 是現在完成式:
reduced 為 reduce 的過去分詞,形式上正確;問題在於官方認為 exponentially 不適合用來修飾此處的 reduced。exponentially 通常表示「以指數方式、呈指數成長或下降」,例如:
The number of users increased exponentially.
使用者人數呈指數成長。
本句要表達的重點只是「成本大幅降低」,因此以 dramatically 或 significantly 更符合語意與搭配。
依官方答案,應改為:
第 27 題1 分
For each sentence, choose the underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Children who move to a foreign country adapt much more easily than their parents, by picking up the language and customs of their new home in no time.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 關係子句:
Children who move to a foreign country - 比較級與
than的用法:adapt much more easily than their parents - 介系詞後接動名詞:
by + V-ing - 分詞片語與主要子句之間的修飾關係
pick up的片語動詞用法
題目要求找出含有不合文法英文的畫線部分。依高雄醫學大學公布答案,錯誤在 (D)。
題幹定位與翻譯
原句:
Children who move to a foreign country adapt much more easily than their parents, by picking up the language and customs of their new home in no time.
翻譯:
搬到外國的兒童適應環境的速度比他們的父母快得多,因為他們很快就學會了新居所的語言和習俗。
句子的主要架構是:
- 主詞:
Children who move to a foreign country - 動詞:
adapt - 比較對象:
than their parents - 後置修飾語:
by picking up the language and customs ...
解題方法
先判斷主詞與主要動詞:
who move to a foreign country是修飾Children的關係子句。- 主要動詞是
adapt。 much more easily than their parents是比較級結構,表示「比父母容易得多」。
接著檢查句尾的 by picking up...。by + V-ing 通常表示「藉由……的方式」,例如:
- He improved his English by reading more books.
- She solved the problem by asking her teacher.
本句若使用 by picking up,字面上是「藉由學會語言和習俗的方式來適應」。單就一般英文文法而言,adapt by V-ing 並非絕對錯誤;然而依本題官方判定,by picking up... 與前面的比較句形成不當的修飾關係,使句意與句法連接不自然,因此列為錯誤。
較清楚的改法是:
Children who move to a foreign country adapt much more easily than their parents because they pick up the language and customs of their new home in no time.
或:
Children who move to a foreign country adapt much more easily than their parents and pick up the language and customs of their new home in no time.
選項分析
(A) Children who move
Children 是複數名詞,作為主詞正確;who move 是關係子句,who 指代複數先行詞 Children,所以動詞使用原形 move,不可加 -s。
結構:
children + who move ...
意為「搬遷的兒童」。此部分文法正確。
(B) to a foreign country
move to + 地點 是正確搭配,表示「搬到某地」。
第 28 題1 分
For each sentence, choose the underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
The English in the eighteenth century thought of their society as was made up of distinct ranks, with the aristocracy at the top, and laborers and the poor at the bottom.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- think of A as B 的固定句型
表示「把 A 視為/想成 B」。 - be made up of 的片語
表示「由……組成」。 as後方補語的結構是否完整、是否符合句型。
think of 的基本結構如下:
例如:
- We think of him as a great leader.
我們把他視為偉大的領袖。 - The committee thought of the plan as being practical.
委員會認為這項計畫很實際。
解題方法
先找出句子的主要結構:
The English in the eighteenth century thought of their society as was made up of distinct ranks.
主詞是 The English in the eighteenth century,動詞是 thought of,受詞是 their society。依照 think of A as B 句型,as 後面應接描述 their society 的補語。
正確表達應為:
as made up of distinct ranksas being made up of distinct ranks
原句卻寫成:
as was made up of distinct ranks
其中 was made up 是一個含有有限動詞的被動結構,不能直接作為 think of A as B 中的補語。as 後缺少適當的主詞與完整子句連接方式,因此文法不通。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
題幹原文:
The English in the eighteenth century thought of their society as was made up of distinct ranks, with the aristocracy at the top, and laborers and the poor at the bottom.
依官方答案,錯誤處為:
as was made up
整句可理解為:
十八世紀的英國人認為,他們的社會是由不同的階級所組成的;貴族位於頂端,勞工與窮人位於底層。
正確句子可改為:
The English in the eighteenth century thought of their society as being made up of distinct ranks, with the aristocracy at the top and laborers and the poor at the bottom.
也可寫成:
The English in the eighteenth century thought of their society as made up of distinct ranks.
選項分析
(A) The English in the eighteenth century
The English 是集合性國族名詞,表示「英國人」,在此作複數概念使用,後接複數動詞 thought 正確。
in the eighteenth century 是時間副詞片語,修飾這些英國人所處的時代,結構沒有問題。
因此,(A) 不是錯誤處。
(B) thought of their society
think of A as B 是固定搭配,過去式為 thought of A as B。
本句中:
thought of:認為、把……想成their society:被思考、評價的對象
第 29 題1 分
For each sentence, choose the underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
Japan’s Mamiko Higa on Friday birdied her final hole to maintain her lead at the US Women’s Open Championship, which the second round was delayed for two hours due to thunderstorms and then suspended because of darkness.
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核心觀念
- 動詞詞性與及物/不及物用法(Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs):
高爾夫術語中的 birdie 通常作為名詞(低於標準桿一桿),但在新聞報導與運動英語中常轉為動詞。出題者在傳統文法視角下,可能認為其非正規及物動詞,或認定該句中動詞與受詞搭配需加介系詞(例如 birdied on her final hole),或誤判動詞型態。 - 關係代名詞與關係副詞(Relative Pronouns vs. Relative Adverbs):
在引導非限定關係子句時,若先行詞為賽事、場合或地點(如 the US Women’s Open Championship),且子句內部結構完整(主詞、被動動詞、修飾語皆齊全),關係詞在子句中扮演地方副詞角色時,應使用關係副詞(where)或「介系詞+關係代名詞」(in which / at which),而非受格/主格關係代名詞 which。
解題方法
本題為標準的挑錯題(Error Recognition)。解題切入點依序為:
- 主幹結構分析:找出全句的核心主詞與主要動詞。
- 主詞:Japan’s Mamiko Higa
- 時間副詞:on Friday
- 主要動詞與受詞:birdied her final hole
- 不定詞片語表目的:to maintain her lead at the US Women’s Open Championship
- 非限定修飾子句:, which the second round was delayed...
- 依官方答案立論與檢視:
官方公布答案為 (B)。出題者認定 (B) birdied her final hole 存在文法瑕疵,理由在於高爾夫專門術語 birdie 在傳統規範文法(Prescriptive Grammar)中常被規範為名詞,轉作及物動詞直接接受詞 hole 被視為非標準或非正式用法,應修正為符合傳統及物動詞片語的用法(如 made a birdie on her final hole 或加上介系詞 birdied on her final hole)。
題幹定位與全文翻譯
- 原文定位句:
"Japan’s Mamiko Higa on Friday birdied her final hole to maintain her lead at the US Women’s Open Championship, which the second round was delayed for two hours due to thunderstorms and then suspended because of darkness."
- 參考中譯:
日本選手比嘉真美子在週五最後一洞抓下小鳥(低於標準桿一桿),以在美國女子公開賽中維持領先地位;這場賽事的第二輪因雷雨延誤了兩小時,隨後又因天色昏暗而宣布暫停。
選項分析
- (A) Japan’s Mamiko Higa on Friday:正確(無文法錯誤)。
- Japan’s Mamiko Higa(日本的比嘉真美子)所有格加專有名詞作主詞,合乎慣用法。
- on Friday 為明確的特定日期時間副詞片語,修飾動詞動作發生的時間,文法完全正確。
第 30 題1 分
For each sentence, choose the underlined part that contains ungrammatical use of English.
People often decide whether to open an e-mail based on the subject line, so choosing one that lets readers know you are addressing their concerns or business issues.
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核心觀念
本題考查分詞構句(Participle Clause)之修飾對象邏輯與**修飾語懸置(Dangling Modifier / Dangling Participle)**的文法瑕疵,同時涉及高醫後醫試題中常見的題目瑕疵爭議。
based on的傳統規範文法用法:
- 傳統英文語法規範中,
based on為過去分詞短語,屬於形容詞性質,其修飾的主體(名詞)必須為「被建立在……基礎上」的事物(例如:a decision based on facts, an evaluation based on results)。 - 若作為副詞使用修飾整句動詞(例如表達「依據……做決定」),傳統文法要求使用以動作主詞出發的現在分詞短語
basing ... on ...或介系詞片語on the basis of ...、according to ...。若主詞是人(People),卻使用過去分詞片語based on...修飾人的動作,會被嚴格的文法學家視為修飾語懸置(dangling modifier)的錯誤用法。
- 關鍵字詞與片語解析:
- decide whether to + V:決定是否做某事。
- based on:以……為依據/基礎(過去分詞片語)。
- on the basis of:根據、基於(介系詞片語)。
- subject line:電子郵件的主旨欄。
- address one's concerns:處理/正視某人的顧慮或訴求。
解題方法
- 原句文意與句構定位:
- 原句:
"People often decide whether to open an e-mail based on the subject line, so choosing one that lets readers know you are addressing their concerns or business issues."
- 語譯:
「人們往往根據主旨欄來決定是否開啟電子郵件,因此選擇一個能讓讀者知道你正在解決他們的疑慮或業務問題的主旨。」
- 分析官方命題邏輯:
- 本題官方公布答案判定 (C) 為錯誤處。出題老師在此處測驗嚴格的分詞構句修飾法則:在句中修飾動詞片語
decide whether to open an e-mail時,修飾語在邏輯上不能使用被動過去分詞based on,而應改用副詞介系詞片語on the basis of the subject line或according to the subject line。
選項分析
- (A) People often decide(正確,無文法錯誤):
主詞People為複數名詞,搭配頻率副詞often,動詞使用現在簡單式複數形式decide,主詞與動詞一致,時態符合客觀常理敘述。
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Since 1991, Wenlock Books, an award-winning independent bookshop, has served readers in the Shropshire. However, this bookstore is now being forced to close and its owner, Ann Dreda, places the blame squarely on the rise of Amazon.
Ann Dreda said the decision is a hard one, for she has adored being there in the high street, making wonderful connections with her customers. Due to her illness and customers’ growing preference for shopping online, she is forced to close the store by the end of June. Dreda has worked at the shop since 1991, and took over from the previous owner in 2003. A review of the shop in Guardian in 2005 called it “nothing short of a gem.”
Despite the fact that the number of independent booksellers has now risen for two years in a row, Dreda is not the only indie feeling the pinch. Jason Burley, owner of Lock Books, will close his bookstore in July and says that his decision is a result of different factors.
Meryl Halls, Booksellers Association managing director, said the organization was always upset when bookshops closed. This, according to Halls, is especially true when the organization sees two iconic bookshops leaving the trade.
Which of the following words is a synonym of the word, “squarely”?
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核心觀念
本題考查上下文詞義理解與同義詞辨析(Vocabulary in Context / Synonyms)。
重點在於掌握副詞 squarely 在搭配動詞片語時的引申引義:
square本義為「正方形的、直角的」,引申為副詞squarely時,除了「成直角地、正正地」之外,在修辭上常搭配動詞(如 place / put / lay / fall)表示**「直接了當地、明確無誤地、毫不含糊地(directly, directly and firmly)」**。- 片語搭配:
place / lay / put the blame squarely on sb/sth,意為「將責任/過咎直接歸咎於某人或某事」。
解題方法
- 文章定位:
在第一段末句定位目標詞:
"However, this bookstore is now being forced to close and its owner, Ann Dreda, places the blame squarely on the rise of Amazon."
(中文翻譯:然而,這家書店如今被迫歇業,店主安‧德雷達(Ann Dreda)將責任直接歸咎於亞馬遜的興起。)
- 語意結構剖析:
- 句型為
place the blame on...(怪罪於……、歸咎於……)。 - 副詞
squarely修飾動詞places,強調責任歸屬毫不閃躲、毫無保留、正中目標地指向亞馬遜的崛起。 - 因此,
squarely在此等同於directly(直接地)或firmly / unequivocally(堅定明確地)。比對選項,只有 (B) directly 符合此語意。
選項分析
- (A) circuitously(錯誤):
副詞,意為「迂迴地、繞圈子地」(源自 circuitous)。語意與squarely(正正地、直截了當地)恰好相反。
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Since 1991, Wenlock Books, an award-winning independent bookshop, has served readers in the Shropshire. However, this bookstore is now being forced to close and its owner, Ann Dreda, places the blame squarely on the rise of Amazon.
Ann Dreda said the decision is a hard one, for she has adored being there in the high street, making wonderful connections with her customers. Due to her illness and customers’ growing preference for shopping online, she is forced to close the store by the end of June. Dreda has worked at the shop since 1991, and took over from the previous owner in 2003. A review of the shop in Guardian in 2005 called it “nothing short of a gem.”
Despite the fact that the number of independent booksellers has now risen for two years in a row, Dreda is not the only indie feeling the pinch. Jason Burley, owner of Lock Books, will close his bookstore in July and says that his decision is a result of different factors.
Meryl Halls, Booksellers Association managing director, said the organization was always upset when bookshops closed. This, according to Halls, is especially true when the organization sees two iconic bookshops leaving the trade.
Which of the following statements is WRONG?
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核心觀念
本題是英文閱讀理解,主要考:
- 文章細節定位。
- 代名詞與同義改寫。
- 絕對化語意的判斷。
- 根據上下文辨識獨立書店與關店原因。
解題重點是將每個選項逐一對照文章內容,特別注意選項中的「no longer(不再)」這類過度絕對的表達。
關鍵單字與片語
- award-winning:得獎的
- independent bookshop / bookstore:獨立書店
- serve readers:服務讀者
- place the blame squarely on:把責任完全歸咎於
- rise of Amazon:Amazon 的崛起
- adore:非常喜愛
- high street:市中心主要商業街
- make wonderful connections with customers:與顧客建立良好關係
- due to:由於
- growing preference for shopping online:日益偏好網路購物
- take over from:接替
- nothing short of a gem:完全稱得上是一顆瑰寶
- despite the fact that:儘管
- in a row:連續地
- feel the pinch:感受到經營壓力
- different factors:不同因素
- be upset when:對……感到難過或不滿
- iconic:具代表性的、指標性的
- leave the trade:退出該行業
解題方法
先找出文章對兩家書店及其關店原因的描述,再檢查選項是否符合原文。
文章中的關鍵句包括:
“Since 1991, Wenlock Books, an award-winning independent bookshop, has served readers in the Shropshire.”
翻譯:自 1991 年起,得獎的獨立書店 Wenlock Books 一直為 Shropshire 的讀者服務。
此句直接證明 Wenlock Books 是獨立書店。
“Despite the fact that the number of independent booksellers has now risen for two years in a row, Dreda is not the only indie feeling the pinch.”
翻譯:儘管獨立書商的數量已連續兩年增加,Dreda 並不是唯一感受到經營壓力的獨立書商。
此句同時說明:
- 獨立書店或獨立書商的數量正在增加。
- Dreda 並非唯一面臨困境的獨立書商。
- Jason Burley 的 Lock Books 也屬於獨立書店。
“Due to her illness and customers’ growing preference for shopping online, she is forced to close the store by the end of June.”
翻譯:由於她的疾病以及顧客日益偏好網路購物,她被迫在六月底前關閉店面。
此句說明 Dreda 關店的原因包括健康問題與顧客網購偏好的增加。
“Jason Burley, owner of Lock Books, will close his bookstore in July and says that his decision is a result of different factors.”
翻譯:Lock Books 的店主 Jason Burley 將在七月關閉他的書店,並表示這項決定是多種因素造成的。
此句證明 Burley 關店也是基於不同原因。
選項分析
(A) Ann Dreda and Jason Burley are owners of independent bookstores.
正確。
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Since 1991, Wenlock Books, an award-winning independent bookshop, has served readers in the Shropshire. However, this bookstore is now being forced to close and its owner, Ann Dreda, places the blame squarely on the rise of Amazon.
Ann Dreda said the decision is a hard one, for she has adored being there in the high street, making wonderful connections with her customers. Due to her illness and customers’ growing preference for shopping online, she is forced to close the store by the end of June. Dreda has worked at the shop since 1991, and took over from the previous owner in 2003. A review of the shop in Guardian in 2005 called it “nothing short of a gem.”
Despite the fact that the number of independent booksellers has now risen for two years in a row, Dreda is not the only indie feeling the pinch. Jason Burley, owner of Lock Books, will close his bookstore in July and says that his decision is a result of different factors.
Meryl Halls, Booksellers Association managing director, said the organization was always upset when bookshops closed. This, according to Halls, is especially true when the organization sees two iconic bookshops leaving the trade.
What does the phrase “nothing short of a gem” mean?
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核心觀念
本題考「慣用片語與語境判讀」。
- nothing short of + 名詞/形容詞:意為「完全就是……」「不亞於……」「簡直是……」。
- gem 本義是「寶石」,引申為「珍品、難得且有價值的人事物」。
- 因此,nothing short of a gem 即「簡直是珍品」,形容這間獨立書店非常珍貴、出色。
解題方法
先定位題幹中的關鍵句:
A review of the shop in Guardian in 2005 called it “nothing short of a gem.”
《衛報》在 2005 年對這間書店的評論稱它「簡直是一件珍品」。
文章整體雖然描述書店因店主生病及顧客轉向網購而歇業,但該句是在回顧書店過去的評價,語氣明顯是正面讚美。
將片語拆解:
- nothing short of:不低於、完全達到
- a gem:珍品、寶物、難得的好事物
合起來就是「極為重要且有價值的事物」,故選 (A)。
關鍵單字與片語
- award-winning:得獎的
- independent bookshop/bookseller:獨立書店/獨立書商
- serve readers:服務讀者
- place the blame on:把責任歸咎於
- rise of Amazon:Amazon 的興起
- adore:非常喜愛
- high street:主要商業街
- make connections with customers:與顧客建立聯繫
- due to:由於
- take over from:接替某人
- nothing short of:完全就是;簡直是
- gem:寶石;珍品
- despite the fact that:儘管
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Since 1991, Wenlock Books, an award-winning independent bookshop, has served readers in the Shropshire. However, this bookstore is now being forced to close and its owner, Ann Dreda, places the blame squarely on the rise of Amazon.
Ann Dreda said the decision is a hard one, for she has adored being there in the high street, making wonderful connections with her customers. Due to her illness and customers’ growing preference for shopping online, she is forced to close the store by the end of June. Dreda has worked at the shop since 1991, and took over from the previous owner in 2003. A review of the shop in Guardian in 2005 called it “nothing short of a gem.”
Despite the fact that the number of independent booksellers has now risen for two years in a row, Dreda is not the only indie feeling the pinch. Jason Burley, owner of Lock Books, will close his bookstore in July and says that his decision is a result of different factors.
Meryl Halls, Booksellers Association managing director, said the organization was always upset when bookshops closed. This, according to Halls, is especially true when the organization sees two iconic bookshops leaving the trade.
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the article?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的推論(inference)」:必須根據文章明示資訊與語境,推導出作者未直接說出的合理結論。判斷時要區分:
- 明示資訊:文章直接說出。
- 推論資訊:文章未明說,但可由上下文合理推出。
- 過度推論:文章沒有足夠依據,卻加入過強或過度絕對的解釋。
本題關鍵在於理解片語 feel the pinch,意為「感受到經濟壓力、受到財務困境影響」。
文章關鍵句與翻譯
“Dreda is not the only indie feeling the pinch.”
意為:「Dreda 並不是唯一一位感受到經濟壓力的獨立書店業者。」
其中:
- indie:independent bookseller 或 independent bookshop 的簡稱,指「獨立書商/獨立書店」。
- feel the pinch:感到經濟壓力、受到財務困境影響。
- face financial problems:面臨財務問題。
另一個重要句子是:
“Jason Burley, owner of Lock Books, will close his bookstore in July and says that his decision is a result of different factors.”
意為:「Lock Books 的店主 Jason Burley 將在七月關閉他的書店,並表示他的決定是多種因素造成的。」
由「將關店」及「感受到經濟壓力」可推知 Jason Burley 面臨財務方面的困難,因此選項 B 符合文章整體語意。
解題方法
先找出文章中與各選項直接相關的人物與事件:
- Wenlock Books 自 1991 年起服務讀者。
- Dreda 因疾病及顧客偏好網路購物而關店。
- Jason Burley 的書店也即將關閉,且獨立書商正承受經濟壓力。
- Booksellers Association 對書店歇業感到難過,但文章沒有說它積極阻止關店,也沒有說它把責任歸咎於 Amazon。
其中,題目問的是「can be inferred」,因此不能只找文章原句,而要找最合理的延伸結論。選項 B 將「感受到經濟壓力」轉化為「面臨財務問題」,是合理推論。
選項分析
(A) Wenlock Books has served readers since 1991.
錯誤。文章第一句明確寫道:
“Since 1991, Wenlock Books ... has served readers...”
這是文章直接陳述的事實,並非需要推論的內容。題目要求從文章推知的敘述,選項 A 雖然內容正確,但不是本題所要考的推論答案。依官方答案,應選 B。
(B) Jason Burley, owner of Lock Books, faces financial problems.
正確。文章指出:
“Dreda is not the only indie feeling the pinch.”
這表示 Dreda 並非唯一承受經濟壓力的獨立書商。接著文章立刻提到 Jason Burley 的書店即將關閉,因此可合理推論他也面臨財務困境。
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Since 1991, Wenlock Books, an award-winning independent bookshop, has served readers in the Shropshire. However, this bookstore is now being forced to close and its owner, Ann Dreda, places the blame squarely on the rise of Amazon.
Ann Dreda said the decision is a hard one, for she has adored being there in the high street, making wonderful connections with her customers. Due to her illness and customers’ growing preference for shopping online, she is forced to close the store by the end of June. Dreda has worked at the shop since 1991, and took over from the previous owner in 2003. A review of the shop in Guardian in 2005 called it “nothing short of a gem.”
Despite the fact that the number of independent booksellers has now risen for two years in a row, Dreda is not the only indie feeling the pinch. Jason Burley, owner of Lock Books, will close his bookstore in July and says that his decision is a result of different factors.
Meryl Halls, Booksellers Association managing director, said the organization was always upset when bookshops closed. This, according to Halls, is especially true when the organization sees two iconic bookshops leaving the trade.
What is the best title for this article?
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核心觀念:閱讀測驗的主旨與標題判斷
本題考查:
- 文章主旨判斷:標題必須涵蓋全文核心內容。
- 細節與主旨的區別:不能只因某選項出現文章中的單字,就判定為正確。
- 標題的範圍與語氣:正確標題須符合文章討論對象、事件與作者語氣。
文章主要描述獨立書店 Wenlock Books 面臨歇業,以及它在地方書店界的重要地位。Amazon 興起、消費者偏好網路購物與店主健康狀況,都是造成書店關門的背景因素。
解題方法
判斷標題時,先找出文章反覆出現的核心對象與事件:
- 核心對象:independent bookstores/independent bookshops
- 主要事件:Wenlock Books 被迫歇業
- 文章重點:Wenlock Books 是具有代表性與象徵性的獨立書店,其關閉令人惋惜;另一家 Lock Books 也面臨關門
文中最能定位答案的句子包括:
“A review of the shop in Guardian in 2005 called it ‘nothing short of a gem.’”
意為:「《衛報》在 2005 年對這家書店的評論稱它『完全就是一顆瑰寶』。」
以及:
“This, according to Halls, is especially true when the organization sees two iconic bookshops leaving the trade.”
意為:「Halls 表示,當協會看到兩家具有代表性的書店退出書店業時,這種惋惜尤其強烈。」
其中 gem 表示「瑰寶」,iconic 表示「具代表性的、象徵性的」,均呼應 Wenlock Books 在地方獨立書店中的重要地位。因此,文章標題應聚焦於 Wenlock Books 的代表性及其所處困境。
關鍵單字與片語
- award-winning:得獎的、獲獎的
- independent bookshop/bookstore:獨立書店
- serve readers:服務讀者
- be forced to close:被迫歇業
- place the blame squarely on:把責任完全歸咎於
- the rise of Amazon:Amazon 的興起
- adore:非常喜愛
- high street:主要商業街
- make wonderful connections with customers:與顧客建立良好連結
- due to:由於
- growing preference for:日益增加的偏好
- take over from:接替、接手
- nothing short of a gem:完全就是一顆瑰寶
- despite the fact that:儘管事實是
- independent bookseller:獨立書商
- rise for two years in a row:連續兩年增加
- feel the pinch:感受到經濟或經營上的壓力
- a result of different factors:多種因素造成的結果
- iconic:具代表性的、象徵性的
- leave the trade:退出這個行業
文法與語意重點
- 現在完成式
“Since 1991, Wenlock Books … has served readers…”
since + 過去時間 常搭配現在完成式,表示從過去某時間開始,一直持續到現在。
- 被動語態
“this bookstore is now being forced to close”
此處為現在進行式的被動語態:
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s no surprise that livestock animals like cows, sheep, and goats love gnawing on grass. Grazing is what they do, because their stomachs are able to digest all of the cellulose in grass. But unlike these animals, dogs are omnivores, related to meat-eating hunters like wolves. Yet, if you own a dog, you may have seen your dog snacking on grass while out in your backyard or on a walk. So why do dogs eat grass? Is it totally normal dog behavior?
Though eating grass might seem unusual for dogs, it’s actually a fairly common habit that many dog owners have noticed. Though canines were historically carnivorous, they actually evolved as omnivores that would eat whatever was available, including vegetation. Also, the animals that dogs’ ancestors would eat were usually herbivores, so when the wild dogs killed and ate their prey, they’d by extension be eating whatever the prey animals ate — plant life.
So, their wild ancestors ate vegetation, but what’s the reason domesticated dogs still do it — and why do dogs eat grass, specifically? Well, different dogs might eat grass for different reasons. It’s usually nothing more than a sign of boredom in dogs. Or, your pup could simply like the taste or texture of grass, like a human munching on a celery stick. If your dog eats a lot of it, eating grass regularly could be a sign that your dog is not getting enough fiber and is seeking out natural herbs to eat.
What is the best title for the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀測驗主旨判斷(best title)」:標題必須涵蓋全文核心,不能只對應某一個細節。
文章主軸是解釋「狗為什麼會吃草」,內容依序說明:
- 牛、羊、山羊吃草是因為能消化草中的 cellulose。
- 狗雖然與狼有親緣關係,卻是 omnivore(雜食動物)。
- 狗的祖先會因吃草食性獵物而攝取植物。
- 現代家犬吃草可能是因為無聊、喜歡味道或口感,也可能是纖維攝取不足。
因此,全文中心明確集中於「狗吃草的原因」。
解題方法
判斷最佳標題時,應先找:
- 文章反覆出現的核心對象:dogs
- 文章反覆討論的核心行為:eat grass
- 文章主要回答的問題:why
文中直接出現:
“So why do dogs eat grass?”
「所以,狗為什麼吃草呢?」
這句幾乎直接揭示全文主旨。後文接著說明狗吃草的各種原因,最後又補充:
“If your dog eats a lot of it, eating grass regularly could be a sign that your dog is not getting enough fiber and is seeking out natural herbs to eat.”
「如果你的狗吃了很多草,經常吃草可能表示牠攝取的纖維不足,因此正在尋找天然的草本植物來吃。」
全文雖提到牛、羊、山羊、狼與人類,但這些內容都是用來襯托或解釋狗吃草的現象,並非文章主要探討對象。
選項分析
(A) Why do cows love grass?
為什麼牛喜歡吃草?
錯誤。文章開頭提到牛、羊、山羊吃草,只是作為背景對照,說明牲畜能消化草中的 cellulose。全文沒有進一步探討牛吃草的原因,也沒有以 cows 為主要討論對象。
(B) Why do dogs eat grass?
為什麼狗吃草?
正確。此選項完整涵蓋文章的主體與核心問題:
- 主體:dogs
- 行為:eat grass
- 探討方向:why
文章從狗的演化背景、祖先飲食,到現代狗吃草的實際原因,皆圍繞此問題展開。因此官方答案為 B。
(C) Why are wolves omnivorous?
為什麼狼是雜食動物?
錯誤。文章只指出狗與狼有親緣關係:
“dogs are omnivores, related to meat-eating hunters like wolves.”
「狗是雜食動物,與狼這類肉食性的獵食者有親緣關係。」
文中甚至將 wolves 描述為 meat-eating hunters,並未主張狼是 omnivorous,也沒有討論狼為何具有雜食性。因此此選項與文章內容不符。
(D) Why are canines carnivorous?
為什麼犬科動物是肉食性的?
錯誤。文章明確表示:
“they actually evolved as omnivores”
「牠們實際上演化成雜食動物。」
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s no surprise that livestock animals like cows, sheep, and goats love gnawing on grass. Grazing is what they do, because their stomachs are able to digest all of the cellulose in grass. But unlike these animals, dogs are omnivores, related to meat-eating hunters like wolves. Yet, if you own a dog, you may have seen your dog snacking on grass while out in your backyard or on a walk. So why do dogs eat grass? Is it totally normal dog behavior?
Though eating grass might seem unusual for dogs, it’s actually a fairly common habit that many dog owners have noticed. Though canines were historically carnivorous, they actually evolved as omnivores that would eat whatever was available, including vegetation. Also, the animals that dogs’ ancestors would eat were usually herbivores, so when the wild dogs killed and ate their prey, they’d by extension be eating whatever the prey animals ate — plant life.
So, their wild ancestors ate vegetation, but what’s the reason domesticated dogs still do it — and why do dogs eat grass, specifically? Well, different dogs might eat grass for different reasons. It’s usually nothing more than a sign of boredom in dogs. Or, your pup could simply like the taste or texture of grass, like a human munching on a celery stick. If your dog eats a lot of it, eating grass regularly could be a sign that your dog is not getting enough fiber and is seeking out natural herbs to eat.
What does “omnivore” mean?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的字義判斷,重點是根據上下文推測 omnivore 的意思。
- omnivore:雜食動物
- omni-:全部、各種
- -vore:以……為食
- carnivore:肉食動物
- herbivore:草食動物
因此,omnivore 指的是「同時吃肉類與植物的動物」。
定位答案的原文
題幹指出:
“But unlike these animals, dogs are omnivores, related to meat-eating hunters like wolves.”
翻譯:
「但不同於這些動物,狗是雜食動物,牠們與像狼一樣的肉食性獵食者有親緣關係。」
後文又補充:
“They actually evolved as omnivores that would eat whatever was available, including vegetation.”
翻譯:
「牠們演化成會食用各種可取得食物的雜食動物,其中包括植物。」
其中 including vegetation 清楚表示狗會吃植物;題幹同時提到狗與肉食性獵食者有關,因此可判斷 omnivore 是「吃肉也吃植物的動物」。
解題方法
先觀察文章中的對比關係:
- 牛、羊、山羊主要吃草,屬於草食性動物。
- 狗雖然與肉食性獵食者有關,卻被稱為 omnivores。
- 後文明確說狗會吃各種食物,包括 vegetation(植物)。
- 因此,omnivore 的定義是「同時攝取動物性食物與植物性食物」。
關鍵單字與片語
- livestock animals:家畜
- gnaw on:啃咬
- grass:草
- grazing:吃草、放牧
- digest:消化
- cellulose:纖維素
- unlike:不同於
- omnivore:雜食動物
- carnivorous:肉食性的
- herbivore:草食動物
- prey:獵物
- by extension:連帶地、因此也
- vegetation:植物、植被
- domesticated:馴化的、家養的
- fiber:膳食纖維
- seek out:尋找
- natural herbs:天然草本植物
文法與語意重點
- unlike A, B ...
題幹中的:
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s no surprise that livestock animals like cows, sheep, and goats love gnawing on grass. Grazing is what they do, because their stomachs are able to digest all of the cellulose in grass. But unlike these animals, dogs are omnivores, related to meat-eating hunters like wolves. Yet, if you own a dog, you may have seen your dog snacking on grass while out in your backyard or on a walk. So why do dogs eat grass? Is it totally normal dog behavior?
Though eating grass might seem unusual for dogs, it’s actually a fairly common habit that many dog owners have noticed. Though canines were historically carnivorous, they actually evolved as omnivores that would eat whatever was available, including vegetation. Also, the animals that dogs’ ancestors would eat were usually herbivores, so when the wild dogs killed and ate their prey, they’d by extension be eating whatever the prey animals ate — plant life.
So, their wild ancestors ate vegetation, but what’s the reason domesticated dogs still do it — and why do dogs eat grass, specifically? Well, different dogs might eat grass for different reasons. It’s usually nothing more than a sign of boredom in dogs. Or, your pup could simply like the taste or texture of grass, like a human munching on a celery stick. If your dog eats a lot of it, eating grass regularly could be a sign that your dog is not getting enough fiber and is seeking out natural herbs to eat.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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核心觀念
本題為英文閱讀理解,重點在:
- 根據文章內容判斷正誤。
- 辨識關鍵字的語意強度,例如 only、never、totally、unusual。
- 注意文章中的轉折與因果關係:
- unlike:不像
- though A, B:雖然 A,但是 B
- by extension:引申而言、連帶地
- specifically:特別地、明確地
文章主旨是:狗雖然與狼等肉食獵食者有關,但狗已演化為雜食性動物,因此吃草是常見且通常正常的行為。
解題方法
閱讀選項時,先找文章中對應的關鍵句,再比較選項是否:
- 與原文一致;
- 把部分資訊誇大為「只有、從不、完全」;
- 把原文意思反向解讀;
- 把主詞或對象偷換。
本題定位答案的關鍵句是:
“Though canines were historically carnivorous, they actually evolved as omnivores that would eat whatever was available, including vegetation.”
翻譯:
「雖然犬科動物在歷史上是肉食性的,但牠們後來演化成會吃任何可取得食物的雜食性動物,包括植物。」
官方答案選 (A),是根據其中的 historically carnivorous,也就是「歷史上屬於肉食性」來判斷。
文章中的重要字詞與片語
- livestock animals:家畜
- cows, sheep, and goats:牛、羊、山羊
- gnaw on:啃咬
- cellulose:纖維素
- omnivore:雜食動物
- carnivorous:肉食性的
- meat-eating hunters:以肉為食的獵食者
- snack on grass:把草當零食吃、吃草
- fairly common habit:相當普遍的習慣
- vegetation:植物、植被
- herbivore:草食動物
- prey:獵物
- domesticated dogs:馴化的狗、家犬
- boredom:無聊
- taste or texture:味道或口感
- fiber:纖維
- seek out:尋找
文法上,Though canines were historically carnivorous, they evolved as omnivores 是讓步副詞子句:
- Though + 子句:雖然……
- 主要子句:they evolved as omnivores:牠們演化成雜食性動物。
因此,文章同時提供「過去具肉食性」與「後來成為雜食性」兩項資訊,必須注意時間與語意範圍。
選項分析
(A) Dogs historically ate only meat.
狗在歷史上只吃肉。
本題官方答案為 (A)。文章明確指出:
“Though canines were historically carnivorous”
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s no surprise that livestock animals like cows, sheep, and goats love gnawing on grass. Grazing is what they do, because their stomachs are able to digest all of the cellulose in grass. But unlike these animals, dogs are omnivores, related to meat-eating hunters like wolves. Yet, if you own a dog, you may have seen your dog snacking on grass while out in your backyard or on a walk. So why do dogs eat grass? Is it totally normal dog behavior?
Though eating grass might seem unusual for dogs, it’s actually a fairly common habit that many dog owners have noticed. Though canines were historically carnivorous, they actually evolved as omnivores that would eat whatever was available, including vegetation. Also, the animals that dogs’ ancestors would eat were usually herbivores, so when the wild dogs killed and ate their prey, they’d by extension be eating whatever the prey animals ate — plant life.
So, their wild ancestors ate vegetation, but what’s the reason domesticated dogs still do it — and why do dogs eat grass, specifically? Well, different dogs might eat grass for different reasons. It’s usually nothing more than a sign of boredom in dogs. Or, your pup could simply like the taste or texture of grass, like a human munching on a celery stick. If your dog eats a lot of it, eating grass regularly could be a sign that your dog is not getting enough fiber and is seeking out natural herbs to eat.
Based on the passage, why do domesticated dog eat grass?
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核心觀念
本題為英文閱讀理解,考查:
- 能否掌握文章主旨與細節。
- 能否依據原文定位答案。
- 能否辨識同義轉換:
- palatable = 可口的、合口味的
- like the taste or texture = 喜歡其味道或口感
文章探討「狗為什麼會吃草」,並指出家犬吃草通常與喜歡草的味道或口感、無聊,以及纖維攝取不足有關。
解題方法
先定位第三段解釋家犬吃草原因的關鍵句:
“Your pup could simply like the taste or texture of grass, like a human munching on a celery stick.”
翻譯為:
「你的狗可能只是單純喜歡草的味道或口感,就像人類咀嚼芹菜梗一樣。」
其中 like the taste or texture 表示「喜歡味道或口感」,與選項 D 的 palatable to them「對牠們而言是可口的、合口味的」意思相同。
因此,家犬吃草的原因之一,是草對牠們而言具有可接受、喜歡的味道或口感,故選 D。
題幹中的 domesticated dog 應依語意理解為「家犬」或「馴養的狗」,雖然文法上若泛指狗,寫成 domesticated dogs 更為自然,不影響作答。
選項分析
(A) Grass cures their diseases.
「草可以治癒牠們的疾病。」
錯誤。文章沒有說狗吃草是為了治病,也沒有提到草具有治療疾病的功能。文章只提到吃草可能是無聊、喜歡味道或口感,或纖維攝取不足。
(B) Grass kills germs.
「草可以殺死細菌。」
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It’s no surprise that livestock animals like cows, sheep, and goats love gnawing on grass. Grazing is what they do, because their stomachs are able to digest all of the cellulose in grass. But unlike these animals, dogs are omnivores, related to meat-eating hunters like wolves. Yet, if you own a dog, you may have seen your dog snacking on grass while out in your backyard or on a walk. So why do dogs eat grass? Is it totally normal dog behavior?
Though eating grass might seem unusual for dogs, it’s actually a fairly common habit that many dog owners have noticed. Though canines were historically carnivorous, they actually evolved as omnivores that would eat whatever was available, including vegetation. Also, the animals that dogs’ ancestors would eat were usually herbivores, so when the wild dogs killed and ate their prey, they’d by extension be eating whatever the prey animals ate — plant life.
So, their wild ancestors ate vegetation, but what’s the reason domesticated dogs still do it — and why do dogs eat grass, specifically? Well, different dogs might eat grass for different reasons. It’s usually nothing more than a sign of boredom in dogs. Or, your pup could simply like the taste or texture of grass, like a human munching on a celery stick. If your dog eats a lot of it, eating grass regularly could be a sign that your dog is not getting enough fiber and is seeking out natural herbs to eat.
What can be inferred from the passage?
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核心觀念
本題為閱讀測驗的「推論題(Inference Question)」,測驗考生掌握文章字面資訊(explicit meaning)並據此推導出合乎邏輯的潛在事實(implicit meaning)之能力。
解題核心在於辨析生物演化、食性分類相關詞彙與因果邏輯關係:
- 食性定義:carnivore(肉食動物)、herbivore(草食動物)、omnivore(雜食動物)。
- 因果/關聯邏輯:藉由食物鏈中獵捕者(predator)與獵物(prey)的關係,理解獵物的飲食內容如何連帶(by extension)影響捕食者的攝取內容。
關鍵單字與片語
- livestock (n.):家畜、牲畜
- gnaw on (phr.):咬、啃咬
- cellulose (n.):纖維素
- omnivore (n.):雜食性動物;omnivorous (adj.):雜食性的
- carnivore (n.):肉食性動物;carnivorous (adj.):肉食性的
- herbivore (n.):草食性動物;herbivorous (adj.):草食性的
- canine (n./adj.):犬科動物(的)、犬齒
- by extension (phr.):進而、以此類推、連帶地
- domesticated (adj.):馴化的、家養的
- prey (n.):獵物
解題方法與文章定位
推論題的黃金法則是「立足於原文線索,不可過度腦補」。在文章第二段末尾,作者探討犬類祖先飲食結構的形成機制:
定位句(原文):
"Also, the animals that dogs’ ancestors would eat were usually herbivores, so when the wild dogs killed and ate their prey, they’d by extension be eating whatever the prey animals ate — plant life."
(中文翻譯):
「此外,狗的祖先所捕食的動物通常是草食動物,因此當野狗殺死並吃下牠們的獵物時,連帶地也會吃進獵物所吃的任何東西——也就是植物。」
這段敘述清楚說明:草食性獵物(herbivores)胃部或體內殘留的植物性物質,成為狗祖先飲食(eating habits)的一部分,證明狗的進食習慣確實受到其獵物的影響。這直接支持了選項 (E)。
選項分析
- (A) Dogs have difficulties digesting plants.(狗消化植物有困難)
【錯誤】
文章第一段提到草食動物能消化草中的纖維素(cellulose),而狗是雜食動物(omnivores)。
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The newly-approved version of the World Health Organization’s global manual of diagnoses no longer classifies transgender health issues as mental and behavioral disorders. Instead, this latest version places issues of gender incongruence under a chapter on sexual health. As the news comes out, Human Rights Watch says this change will have a “liberating effect worldwide.”
In the latest manual, gender incongruence is defined as a marked and persistent incongruence between a person’s experienced gender and assigned sex. Compared with this latest manual, known as ICD-11, the previous one considers the issue of gender incongruence as a gender identity disorder in the chapter on mental and behavioral disorders.
Commenting on the revisions, Graeme Reid, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender right directors at Human Rights Watch said, “Governments should swiftly reform national medical systems that still use this outdated diagnosis.”
Meanwhile, nine organizations working on gender identity said that the revised version demonstrates that full depathologization can be achieved, even though this improvement is by no means perfect.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
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核心觀念
本題為閱讀測驗的「細節理解與同義改寫(Paraphrasing)」題型。評量重點在於考生能否精準定位文章細節,辨別專有名詞的定義,並看懂選項中將原文詞彙替換為常見同義詞的改寫手法:
- 語意同義改寫:理解「experienced gender(心理認同/感受性別)」與「psychological gender」之對應,以及「assigned sex(出生指派性別/生理性別)」與「physical sex」之對應。
- 文本事實對比:辨析新版手冊(ICD-11)與舊版手冊的差異、相關組織(如 Human Rights Watch)的真實立場與言論態度。
關鍵字詞與片語解析
- classify A as B(phr.):將 A 分類/歸類為 B
- transgender(adj. / n.):跨性別的;跨性別者
- gender incongruence(n.):性別不一致
- incongruence / incongruity(n.):不一致、不相稱
- depathologization(n.):去病理化(字首 de- 表「去除」,pathology 表「病理學」)
- assigned sex(n.):出生指派性別(通常依據外在生理構造判定)
- experienced gender(n.):自身經驗/認同的性別(即心理性別)
- by no means(phr.):絕不、一點也不(= anything but / far from)
解題方法
- 文章定位:題目詢問哪一個陳述為正確(CORRECT)。掃描各選項的核心關鍵詞(ICD-11、Gender incongruence、Human Rights Watch、guilty、Nine organizations),在文中找出對應段落。
- 比對關鍵句:
- 第二段第一句:「In the latest manual, gender incongruence is defined as a marked and persistent incongruence between a person’s experienced gender and assigned sex.」
- (在最新版手冊中,性別不一致被定義為一個人的「所經驗的性別」與「出生指派的性別」之間顯著且持續的不一致。)
- 同義對照:
- 原文「experienced gender」改寫為選項中的「psychological gender」(心理性別)。
- 原文「assigned sex」在此語境下改寫為選項中的「physical sex」(生理性別)。
- 原文「incongruence」對應選項中的「difference」(差異、不符)。
- 語意完全吻合,確認 (B) 為正確答案。
選項分析
- (A) 錯誤
- 原文依據:第二段第二句提到「Compared with this latest manual, known as ICD-11, the previous one...」(相較於這本被稱為 ICD-11 的最新手冊,前一版手冊……)。
- 分析:ICD-11 是「最新版(latest manual)」,而非「舊版(old version)」。新舊關係倒置。
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The newly-approved version of the World Health Organization’s global manual of diagnoses no longer classifies transgender health issues as mental and behavioral disorders. Instead, this latest version places issues of gender incongruence under a chapter on sexual health. As the news comes out, Human Rights Watch says this change will have a “liberating effect worldwide.”
In the latest manual, gender incongruence is defined as a marked and persistent incongruence between a person’s experienced gender and assigned sex. Compared with this latest manual, known as ICD-11, the previous one considers the issue of gender incongruence as a gender identity disorder in the chapter on mental and behavioral disorders.
Commenting on the revisions, Graeme Reid, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender right directors at Human Rights Watch said, “Governments should swiftly reform national medical systems that still use this outdated diagnosis.”
Meanwhile, nine organizations working on gender identity said that the revised version demonstrates that full depathologization can be achieved, even though this improvement is by no means perfect.
Which of the following statements is NOT MENTIONED in the article?
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核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀理解中的「資訊判讀」與「未提及內容」:
- 必須逐一核對選項是否能在文章中找到明確或合理的依據。
- 選項若加入文章未提供的「範圍、程度、數量或普遍性」資訊,通常是陷阱。
- 題目問的是 NOT MENTIONED,因此要找文章完全沒有提到、也無法由文意合理推知的敘述。
關鍵單字與片語
- newly-approved:新近批准的
- global manual:全球性手冊
- diagnose:診斷
- classify A as B:將 A 歸類為 B
- transgender:跨性別的
- mental and behavioral disorders:精神與行為障礙
- gender incongruence:性別不一致
- sexual health:性健康
- liberating effect:解放性的影響、正面解放作用
- persistent:持續的
- assigned sex:出生時被指定的性別
- outdated diagnosis:過時的診斷
- depathologization:去病理化
- by no means perfect:絕不完美
文法與語意重點
- no longer + 動詞
no longer classifies transgender health issues as mental and behavioral disorders
no longer 表示「不再」,說明最新版本已不再把跨性別健康議題歸類為精神與行為障礙。
- Instead, A places B under C
this latest version places issues of gender incongruence under a chapter on sexual health
place A under B 表示「將 A 放在 B 之下/歸入 B 類別」。
- Compared with...
Compared with this latest manual, known as ICD-11, the previous one considers the issue of gender incongruence as a gender identity disorder...
Compared with... 是分詞片語,表示「與……相比」。此句比較 ICD-11 與前一版本的分類方式。
- even though
full depathologization can be achieved, even though this improvement is by no means perfect
even though 表示「儘管、即使」,表示九個組織肯定進步,但也指出新版本仍不完美。
解題方法
文章主要提供四項資訊:
- 世界衛生組織最新手冊不再將跨性別健康議題列為精神與行為障礙。
- 性別不一致被移至性健康章節。
- Human Rights Watch 認為這項改變在全球具有解放性的正面效果。
- 九個相關組織認為這是進步,但仍不完美。
接著將每個選項與上述資訊逐一比對。若選項的內容能由文章直接找到,或可由文意合理歸納,即屬於文章有提及;若文章完全沒有談到,則為答案。
定位答案的關鍵原文
對應選項 B
“this change will have a ‘liberating effect worldwide.’”
翻譯:這項改變將在全世界產生「解放性的影響」。
因此,Human Rights Watch 認為新版本會帶來正面效果,B 有提及。
對應選項 C
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The newly-approved version of the World Health Organization’s global manual of diagnoses no longer classifies transgender health issues as mental and behavioral disorders. Instead, this latest version places issues of gender incongruence under a chapter on sexual health. As the news comes out, Human Rights Watch says this change will have a “liberating effect worldwide.”
In the latest manual, gender incongruence is defined as a marked and persistent incongruence between a person’s experienced gender and assigned sex. Compared with this latest manual, known as ICD-11, the previous one considers the issue of gender incongruence as a gender identity disorder in the chapter on mental and behavioral disorders.
Commenting on the revisions, Graeme Reid, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender right directors at Human Rights Watch said, “Governments should swiftly reform national medical systems that still use this outdated diagnosis.”
Meanwhile, nine organizations working on gender identity said that the revised version demonstrates that full depathologization can be achieved, even though this improvement is by no means perfect.
Which of the following words is NOT a synonym of the word, “outdated”?
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨識」與「同義字」。題目要求找出與 outdated 意思不同的選項。
- outdated:過時的、老舊的、不合時宜的
- 同義概念包括「已不再使用」「因新發展而顯得老舊」「不合現代需求」
題幹中的關鍵句為:
“Governments should swiftly reform national medical systems that still use this outdated diagnosis.”
翻譯:
「各國政府應迅速改革仍使用這項過時診斷的國家醫療制度。」
此處的 outdated diagnosis 指的是「已經過時、不符合最新觀念的診斷」,並非指病程長久、持續存在。
解題方法
將 outdated 分解為「old-fashioned、no longer modern or useful」的概念,再逐一比較選項:
- 若選項表示「古老、過時、不再流行」,就是同義字。
- 若選項只表示「持續很久、慢性的」,沒有「過時」的意思,就不是同義字。
因此,找出語意與「過時」無關的選項即可。
選項分析
(A) antiquated
意為「古老的、陳舊的、過時的」。
例如:
- antiquated technology:過時的科技
- antiquated medical system:陳舊的醫療制度
antiquated 與 outdated 都可表示某事物因年代久遠而不符合現代需求,因此是同義字。本選項錯誤。
(B) chronic
意為「慢性的、長期的、持續性的」。
例如:
- chronic disease:慢性疾病
- chronic pain:慢性疼痛
- chronic shortage:長期短缺
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The newly-approved version of the World Health Organization’s global manual of diagnoses no longer classifies transgender health issues as mental and behavioral disorders. Instead, this latest version places issues of gender incongruence under a chapter on sexual health. As the news comes out, Human Rights Watch says this change will have a “liberating effect worldwide.”
In the latest manual, gender incongruence is defined as a marked and persistent incongruence between a person’s experienced gender and assigned sex. Compared with this latest manual, known as ICD-11, the previous one considers the issue of gender incongruence as a gender identity disorder in the chapter on mental and behavioral disorders.
Commenting on the revisions, Graeme Reid, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender right directors at Human Rights Watch said, “Governments should swiftly reform national medical systems that still use this outdated diagnosis.”
Meanwhile, nine organizations working on gender identity said that the revised version demonstrates that full depathologization can be achieved, even though this improvement is by no means perfect.
What does the sentence “even though this improvement is by no means perfect” imply?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的語意判讀」,重點是掌握讓步子句 even though 與片語 by no means 的語意。
- even though:即使、雖然,表示讓步。
- improvement:改善、進步。
- by no means:絕不、完全不。
- perfect:完美的。
因此,even though this improvement is by no means perfect 的意思是:
「雖然這項改善絕對稱不上完美。」
句子承認 ICD-11 已有進步,但也指出仍存在不足,並非最終完善的版本。
解題方法
定位題幹最後一段:
“the revised version demonstrates that full depathologization can be achieved, even though this improvement is by no means perfect.”
翻譯:
「修訂版顯示,完全去病理化是可以達成的,儘管這項改善絕對不算完美。」
句中前半段指出修訂版具有重大進步;後半段由 even though 引出限制,說明這項進步仍不完整。因此可推知:
這份最新手冊雖然有所改善,但仍有需要修訂、改進之處。
故選 (E)。
選項分析
(A) This latest manual is beyond contentment.
錯誤。beyond contentment 可理解為「超出滿意程度」,表示對手冊極度滿意,與 by no means perfect「絕不完美」的語意相反。此外,題幹並未表示該手冊已達到令人完全滿意的程度。
(B) This latest manual lives up to everyone’s expectation.
錯誤。live up to one’s expectations 意為「符合某人的期待」。本句表示手冊已符合所有人的期待,但題幹明確說改善「絕不完美」,因此不能推導出已滿足所有人的期待。
(C) This latest manual liberates the difficult situations that transgenders face.
錯誤。
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The newly-approved version of the World Health Organization’s global manual of diagnoses no longer classifies transgender health issues as mental and behavioral disorders. Instead, this latest version places issues of gender incongruence under a chapter on sexual health. As the news comes out, Human Rights Watch says this change will have a “liberating effect worldwide.”
In the latest manual, gender incongruence is defined as a marked and persistent incongruence between a person’s experienced gender and assigned sex. Compared with this latest manual, known as ICD-11, the previous one considers the issue of gender incongruence as a gender identity disorder in the chapter on mental and behavioral disorders.
Commenting on the revisions, Graeme Reid, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender right directors at Human Rights Watch said, “Governments should swiftly reform national medical systems that still use this outdated diagnosis.”
Meanwhile, nine organizations working on gender identity said that the revised version demonstrates that full depathologization can be achieved, even though this improvement is by no means perfect.
What is the best title for this article?
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核心觀念
本題考的是閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」與「標題選擇」。解題重點不是尋找文章中的單一細節,而是判斷全文反覆強調的核心訊息。
本文的主旨是:世界衛生組織最新的疾病分類手冊 ICD-11,不再將跨性別相關的健康議題歸類為「精神與行為障礙」,而是改列於「性健康」章節。因此,最適合的標題應呈現「跨性別不再被視為一種障礙」這項重大變化。
解題方法
標題必須涵蓋文章的主要訊息。本文的關鍵線索集中在以下句子:
The newly-approved version of the World Health Organization’s global manual of diagnoses no longer classifies transgender health issues as mental and behavioral disorders.
世界衛生組織最新核准的全球診斷手冊,不再將跨性別健康議題歸類為精神與行為障礙。
以及:
Instead, this latest version places issues of gender incongruence under a chapter on sexual health.
相反地,這個最新版本將性別不一致議題列在性健康章節之下。
這兩句明確指出分類上的改變:跨性別相關議題「不再是精神與行為障礙」。因此,選項中最能精確概括全文的標題是:
Transgender, No Longer a Disorder
跨性別不再是一種障礙
文章最後也提到:
full depathologization can be achieved, even though this improvement is by no means perfect.
即使這項改善絕非完美,仍顯示完全去病理化是可以達成的。
其中 depathologization 更進一步支持「不再被視為疾病或障礙」的主旨。
關鍵單字與片語
newly-approved:最新核准的version:版本global manual of diagnoses:全球診斷手冊classify A as B:將 A 歸類為 Btransgender health issues:跨性別健康議題mental and behavioral disorders:精神與行為障礙instead:相反地;取而代之的是gender incongruence:性別不一致sexual health:性健康liberating effect:解放性的影響marked and persistent:明顯且持續的experienced gender:個人所感受到的性別assigned sex:出生時被指定的性別gender identity disorder:性別認同障礙outdated diagnosis:過時的診斷revision:修訂;修改demonstrate:顯示;證明
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Edd Hammill, an ecologist at Utah State University, first got an inkling that insecticides might not be having their intended effect while conducting research in orange plantations in northern Costa Rica.
Hammill and his team surveyed where the mosquitoes were coming from: bromeliads, a group of plants found in warm parts of the Americas, often growing on tree branches. The water-filled spaces between their tightly overlapping leaves host a whole community of insect larvae, including mosquitoes of the species Wyeomyia abebela.
The team looked at bromeliads in plantations—some of which had been treated with insecticides for more than twenty years—and in untreated forests. The Costa Rican growers use dimethoate to treat their orange trees for plant lice, but it kills many other insect species too.
Hammill’s team found that despite all the insecticide, the orange plantations were hosting twice as many mosquitoes as the pristine forests. But damselfly larvae—a major predator of larval mosquitoes—were conspicuously missing from the plantations.
When the researchers took the insects into the lab and exposed them to varying levels of dimethoate, they found that the plantation mosquitoes tolerated concentrations ten times higher than the forest mosquitoes. But the plantation damselflies had evolved no such resistance.
The resistant mosquitoes thus appear to have found a sweet spot: a nursery habitat for their young that is devoid of predatory damselflies. There, they flourish.
What is the passage mainly about?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」。解題重點不是找文章中出現過的單一細節,而是判斷全文主要說明的現象與因果關係。
本文核心機轉如下:
- 橙園長期使用殺蟲劑 dimethoate。
- 殺蟲劑殺死許多昆蟲,也使豆娘幼蟲(damselfly larvae)這類蚊子天敵消失。
- 橙園中的蚊子逐漸演化出較強的抗藥性。
- 由於天敵減少,且蚊子能忍受較高濃度的殺蟲劑,橙園反而出現更多蚊子。
因此,文章主旨是「殺蟲劑在特定生態條件下,反而可能造成蚊子數量增加」。
解題方法
閱讀主旨題應先觀察文章的「開頭研究動機」與「結尾研究結論」。
文章開頭指出:
“first got an inkling that insecticides might not be having their intended effect”
意思是:「第一次察覺殺蟲劑可能沒有發揮原本預期的效果。」
文章中段提供實驗結果:
“despite all the insecticide, the orange plantations were hosting twice as many mosquitoes as the pristine forests.”
意思是:「儘管使用了大量殺蟲劑,橙園中棲息的蚊子數量卻是原始森林的兩倍。」
文章最後說明原因:
“The resistant mosquitoes thus appear to have found a sweet spot: a nursery habitat for their young that is devoid of predatory damselflies. There, they flourish.”
意思是:「具抗藥性的蚊子似乎找到了一個理想環境:一個沒有捕食性豆娘的幼蟲育成棲地。在那裡,牠們大量繁殖。」
這三處訊息共同指出:殺蟲劑不僅沒有有效降低蚊子數量,還因為蚊子抗藥性增加及天敵消失,使蚊子數量上升。故主旨選 (E)。
關鍵單字與片語
- ecologist:生態學家
- insecticide:殺蟲劑
- intended effect:預期效果
- plantation:種植園、栽培園
- survey:調查
- bromeliad:鳳梨科植物
- overlapping leaves:彼此重疊的葉子
- insect larvae:昆蟲幼蟲
- untreated forest:未施用殺蟲劑的森林
- pristine forest:原始森林、未受破壞的森林
- plant lice:蚜蟲
- predator:捕食者、天敵
- conspicuously missing:明顯缺少
- expose A to B:使 A 接觸 B
- tolerate:忍受、耐受
- concentration:濃度
- resistance:抗性、抵抗力
- evolve resistance:演化出抗性
- devoid of:缺乏、沒有
- flourish:繁盛、蓬勃發展
- sweet spot:最有利的環境或條件
文法與語意重點
- despite + 名詞片語
“despite all the insecticide” 中的 despite 是介系詞,表示「儘管、即使」,後面接名詞或名詞片語。
整句形成強烈對比:
- 預期:使用殺蟲劑後,蚊子應該減少。
- 實際:使用殺蟲劑後,蚊子反而是原始森林的兩倍。
- twice as many + 複數可數名詞 + as
“twice as many mosquitoes as the pristine forests” 表示「蚊子數量是原始森林的兩倍」。
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Edd Hammill, an ecologist at Utah State University, first got an inkling that insecticides might not be having their intended effect while conducting research in orange plantations in northern Costa Rica.
Hammill and his team surveyed where the mosquitoes were coming from: bromeliads, a group of plants found in warm parts of the Americas, often growing on tree branches. The water-filled spaces between their tightly overlapping leaves host a whole community of insect larvae, including mosquitoes of the species Wyeomyia abebela.
The team looked at bromeliads in plantations—some of which had been treated with insecticides for more than twenty years—and in untreated forests. The Costa Rican growers use dimethoate to treat their orange trees for plant lice, but it kills many other insect species too.
Hammill’s team found that despite all the insecticide, the orange plantations were hosting twice as many mosquitoes as the pristine forests. But damselfly larvae—a major predator of larval mosquitoes—were conspicuously missing from the plantations.
When the researchers took the insects into the lab and exposed them to varying levels of dimethoate, they found that the plantation mosquitoes tolerated concentrations ten times higher than the forest mosquitoes. But the plantation damselflies had evolved no such resistance.
The resistant mosquitoes thus appear to have found a sweet spot: a nursery habitat for their young that is devoid of predatory damselflies. There, they flourish.
What is dimethoate?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「指代判斷」與「字詞語意」。解題關鍵是根據上下文判斷 dimethoate 所代表的事物類別。
文章指出:
“The Costa Rican growers use dimethoate to treat their orange trees for plant lice, but it kills many other insect species too.”
翻譯:哥斯大黎加的果農使用 dimethoate 處理橘樹上的蚜蟲,但它也會殺死許多其他昆蟲。
由句意可知,dimethoate 是果農用來殺蟲的化學物質,屬於 pesticide(農藥),更精確地說是 insecticide(殺蟲劑)。
解題方法
判斷專有名詞的詞性與功能:
- “use dimethoate” 中,dimethoate 是被使用的對象,作為名詞。
- “to treat their orange trees for plant lice” 說明使用目的:處理橘樹上的蚜蟲。
- “it kills many other insect species too” 中的代名詞 it 指回 dimethoate,且明確說明它能殺死昆蟲。
因此,dimethoate 是一種用來防治害蟲的農藥,而不是昆蟲、作物、橘樹或蚊子。
選項分析
(A) One kind of pesticide
意為「一種農藥」。正確。
Pesticide 是用來防治或殺死害蟲、病原體或雜草的藥劑。文章中 dimethoate 被用來殺死 plant lice,且會殺死其他昆蟲,因此符合農藥的定義。它也可更細分為 insecticide,即殺蟲劑。
(B) One kind of insect species
意為「一種昆蟲物種」。錯誤。
文章提到 dimethoate 會殺死許多 insect species,表示它是殺蟲的物質,不是昆蟲本身。文中的昆蟲包含 mosquitoes 與 damselflies,但 dimethoate 並不屬於生物物種。
(C) One kind of crop
意為「一種農作物」。錯誤。
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Edd Hammill, an ecologist at Utah State University, first got an inkling that insecticides might not be having their intended effect while conducting research in orange plantations in northern Costa Rica.
Hammill and his team surveyed where the mosquitoes were coming from: bromeliads, a group of plants found in warm parts of the Americas, often growing on tree branches. The water-filled spaces between their tightly overlapping leaves host a whole community of insect larvae, including mosquitoes of the species Wyeomyia abebela.
The team looked at bromeliads in plantations—some of which had been treated with insecticides for more than twenty years—and in untreated forests. The Costa Rican growers use dimethoate to treat their orange trees for plant lice, but it kills many other insect species too.
Hammill’s team found that despite all the insecticide, the orange plantations were hosting twice as many mosquitoes as the pristine forests. But damselfly larvae—a major predator of larval mosquitoes—were conspicuously missing from the plantations.
When the researchers took the insects into the lab and exposed them to varying levels of dimethoate, they found that the plantation mosquitoes tolerated concentrations ten times higher than the forest mosquitoes. But the plantation damselflies had evolved no such resistance.
The resistant mosquitoes thus appear to have found a sweet spot: a nursery habitat for their young that is devoid of predatory damselflies. There, they flourish.
Where did Hammill’s research team study mosquitoes?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與「範圍判斷」。解題重點是確認研究團隊調查蚊子的地點,而非判斷哪一種環境的蚊子數量較多或抗藥性較強。
文章明確比較兩種環境:
- 受殺蟲劑處理的橙園(orange plantations)
- 未受處理的原始森林(untreated forests)
因此,研究團隊是在這兩種地點都進行研究。
解題方法
定位第三段:
The team looked at bromeliads in plantations—some of which had been treated with insecticides for more than twenty years—and in untreated forests.
翻譯:
研究團隊觀察橙園中的鳳梨科植物;其中有些橙園已使用殺蟲劑超過二十年;他們也觀察未受處理的森林中的鳳梨科植物。
關鍵結構是:
- in plantations:在橙園中
- and in untreated forests:以及在未受處理的森林中
這表示研究地點包含「橙園」與「未受處理的森林」兩處,故選擇涵蓋兩者的選項。
語意與文法重點
1. both A and B
本題正確選項使用:
both pristine forests and orange plantations
意思是「原始森林與橙園兩者」。
文章雖然沒有直接使用 both A and B 的句型,但第三段以 in plantations ... and in untreated forests 表達相同概念。
2. 重要單字與片語
- ecologist:生態學家
- insecticide:殺蟲劑
- intended effect:預期效果
- survey:調查
- mosquito:蚊子
- bromeliad:鳳梨科植物
- plantation:種植園;此處指橙園
- overlapping leaves:彼此重疊的葉片
- larva / larvae:幼蟲;後者為複數
- untreated forest:未受處理的森林
- pristine forest:原始森林;未受人為干擾的森林
- predator:掠食者
- tolerate:耐受
- resistance:抗性
- nursery habitat:幼體棲息地;適合幼蟲成長的環境
- flourish:繁盛、茁壯生長
第四段也提供了環境比較:
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Edd Hammill, an ecologist at Utah State University, first got an inkling that insecticides might not be having their intended effect while conducting research in orange plantations in northern Costa Rica.
Hammill and his team surveyed where the mosquitoes were coming from: bromeliads, a group of plants found in warm parts of the Americas, often growing on tree branches. The water-filled spaces between their tightly overlapping leaves host a whole community of insect larvae, including mosquitoes of the species Wyeomyia abebela.
The team looked at bromeliads in plantations—some of which had been treated with insecticides for more than twenty years—and in untreated forests. The Costa Rican growers use dimethoate to treat their orange trees for plant lice, but it kills many other insect species too.
Hammill’s team found that despite all the insecticide, the orange plantations were hosting twice as many mosquitoes as the pristine forests. But damselfly larvae—a major predator of larval mosquitoes—were conspicuously missing from the plantations.
When the researchers took the insects into the lab and exposed them to varying levels of dimethoate, they found that the plantation mosquitoes tolerated concentrations ten times higher than the forest mosquitoes. But the plantation damselflies had evolved no such resistance.
The resistant mosquitoes thus appear to have found a sweet spot: a nursery habitat for their young that is devoid of predatory damselflies. There, they flourish.
What does “conspicuously” mean?
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核心觀念
本題屬於閱讀測驗中的字彙語境理解題(Vocabulary-in-Context),測驗考生能否根據上下文線索,準確判斷進階副詞 conspicuously 的精準字義與同義詞替換。高醫學士後醫英文科經常在篇章閱讀中抽取 GRE/TOEFL 等級的關鍵修飾詞進行同義替換測驗。
文章定位與句意解析
- 定位句(第四段第二句):
"But damselfly larvae—a major predator of larval mosquitoes—were conspicuously missing from the plantations."
- 中文翻譯:
「然而,作為孑孓(蚊子幼蟲)主要捕食者的豆娘幼蟲,在果園中卻顯眼地/明顯地缺席了。」
- 字源與語意剖析:
- conspicuous(形容詞)源自拉丁文 conspicere(看見、注意),字根 spic- / spect- 代表「看(look/see)」,前綴 con- 表加強語氣。字面原意為「極易看見的」,引申為「顯著的、引人注目的、耀眼的」。
- conspicuously(副詞):顯著地、醒目地、明顯地。
- conspicuously missing / absent 是英文寫作常見的慣用搭配(collocation),意思是「明顯缺席、一眼就看得出不在」。
解題方法
- 抓取對比語境:
前一句提到「噴灑了殺蟲劑的果園,其蚊子數量反而是原始森林的兩倍(hosting twice as many mosquitoes as the pristine forests)」,緊接著用轉折連接詞 But 引出原因:蚊子的天敵「豆娘幼蟲」在果園中完全看不見、極度明顯地缺乏。 - 同義詞置換驗證:
將各選項代入修飾形容詞 missing:
- 只有表示「顯著地、突出地」的副詞能夠精準描述「缺席得非常顯眼、引人注目」的現象。
選項分析
- (A) admirably(令人欽佩地、極佳地):錯誤。
- 詞源來自 admire(欽佩、欣賞)。
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Edd Hammill, an ecologist at Utah State University, first got an inkling that insecticides might not be having their intended effect while conducting research in orange plantations in northern Costa Rica.
Hammill and his team surveyed where the mosquitoes were coming from: bromeliads, a group of plants found in warm parts of the Americas, often growing on tree branches. The water-filled spaces between their tightly overlapping leaves host a whole community of insect larvae, including mosquitoes of the species Wyeomyia abebela.
The team looked at bromeliads in plantations—some of which had been treated with insecticides for more than twenty years—and in untreated forests. The Costa Rican growers use dimethoate to treat their orange trees for plant lice, but it kills many other insect species too.
Hammill’s team found that despite all the insecticide, the orange plantations were hosting twice as many mosquitoes as the pristine forests. But damselfly larvae—a major predator of larval mosquitoes—were conspicuously missing from the plantations.
When the researchers took the insects into the lab and exposed them to varying levels of dimethoate, they found that the plantation mosquitoes tolerated concentrations ten times higher than the forest mosquitoes. But the plantation damselflies had evolved no such resistance.
The resistant mosquitoes thus appear to have found a sweet spot: a nursery habitat for their young that is devoid of predatory damselflies. There, they flourish.
Where is the best place to insert the sentence, “In the U.S. it’s widely used on citrus, corn, and other crops”?
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核心觀念
本題屬於托福(TOEFL)與學士後醫學系常見的**「句子插入題」(Text Insertion / Sentence Insertion),主要測驗考生的語意連貫性(Coherence)**、代名詞指涉(Pronoun Reference)以及段落結構邏輯(Logical Progression)。
插入句為:
“In the U.S. it’s widely used on citrus, corn, and other crops.”
(在美國,它被廣泛用於柑橘、玉米及其它農作物上。)
要找出該句的最佳落腳點,必須注意兩個決定性的語法與語意線索:
- 代名詞回指(Anaphoric Reference):句子中的主詞代名詞 “it” 必須在前方有具體、單數且語意合理的先行詞(Insecticide / 農藥化學成分),否則代名詞指涉不明。
- 語意銜接與對比(Semantic Flow & Contrast):該句以「在美國(In the U.S.)」開頭,說明該藥劑在美國的用途,前方通常需先出現該藥劑在特定地區(如本段提到的「哥斯大黎加 Costa Rican」)的使用背景,從而形成跨地域用途的延伸說明。
解題方法
- 分析待插入句的組成元素:
- 主詞 “it”:指某種特定的單數化學藥劑或殺蟲劑。
- 動詞片語 “is widely used on...”:被廣泛使用於……
- 受詞 “citrus, corn, and other crops”:柑橘、玉米等作物。
- 介系詞片語 “In the U.S.”:地理位置標記,提供補充性資訊。
- 在文章中搜尋“it”的合理先行詞:
- 瀏覽全文各標記點的前文,尋找哪裡首次明確指名了特定的殺蟲劑。
- 在原文第三段末句出現:
“The Costa Rican growers use dimethoate to treat their orange trees for plant lice, but it kills many other insect species too.”
(哥斯大黎加的果農使用**樂果(dimethoate,一種有機磷殺蟲劑)**來防治柳橙樹的蚜蟲,但它同時也會殺死許多其他昆蟲物種。)
- 標記點 #C 正位於該句句尾。此時待插入句的 “it” 即可完美回指剛剛登場的具體殺蟲劑名稱 “dimethoate”。
- 檢驗前後語流(Logical Flow):
- 前句:哥斯大黎加果農用 dimethoate 防治蚜蟲。
- 插入句:在美國,它(dimethoate)也被廣泛用於柑橘、玉米等農作物。
- 後句(第四段開頭):Hammill 的團隊發現,儘管用了這些殺蟲劑,果園裡的蚊子卻是原始森林的兩倍。
- 邏輯完全順暢:從「哥斯大黎加的使用情境」自然延伸補充「該藥物在美國也是常見的農藥」,隨後再進入研究團隊所觀察到的生態異常結果。
選項分析
在原本考卷的段落編排中,標記位置分別位於不同段落前後(高醫此類題型之標記點通常分布於段落交界或特定句子之間):
- (A) #A(第一段與第二段之間或前兩段某處):錯誤
前兩段僅泛稱 insecticides(複數形式)或描述鳳梨科植物(bromeliads)與蚊子幼蟲生態,完全未提及任何特定單數名詞的藥劑名稱。若將待插入句放在此處,代名詞 “it” 會缺乏明確合理的單數先行詞,造成指涉錯誤。
第 Essay Writing 題20 分
Write an essay of at least 200 words in an appropriate style on the following topic.
In recent years, a wide range of medical robots have been in use. Inevitably, more and more work in the medical field will be done not only by us humans. Discuss how medical doctors can work with robots to help their patients in the future.
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核心觀念
本題測驗的是英文議論文(essay writing)的組織能力、醫療科技相關字彙,以及「提出主張—說明方法—分析效益—兼顧限制—提出結論」的論述能力。
題目要求討論醫師如何與醫療機器人合作,因此重點不是單純介紹機器人,而是說明:
- 機器人能協助醫師完成哪些工作。
- 醫師仍扮演哪些不可取代的角色。
- 人機合作如何改善病人的醫療品質。
- 使用機器人時必須注意哪些倫理與安全問題。
最適合採用「總—分—總」結構:
- 第一段:說明醫療機器人的發展與中心論點。
- 第二段:舉例說明機器人在診斷與手術上的功能。
- 第三段:說明機器人在照護、復健與遠距醫療上的應用。
- 第四段:分析醫師的監督責任及倫理問題,最後總結人機合作的價值。
題幹語意與定位句
題目關鍵句:
Discuss how medical doctors can work with robots to help their patients in the future.
翻譯:
討論未來醫師如何與機器人合作,以協助他們的病人。
其中 how 引導的名詞子句是作文的主要回答方向。考生必須回答「如何合作」,因此文章應使用具體動詞與實例,例如 assist, monitor, analyze, perform, communicate,不能只寫抽象的科技讚美。
另一個重要句子是:
Inevitably, more and more work in the medical field will be done not only by us humans.
翻譯:
不可避免地,醫療領域中將有愈來愈多工作不只由人類完成。
not only A 表示「不只 A」,本句暗示醫師與機器人共同工作的趨勢。若使用完整的平行結構,通常可接 but also B,例如:
Medical work will be done not only by humans but also by intelligent machines.
關鍵單字與片語
medical robot:醫療機器人a wide range of:廣泛的、各式各樣的in use:正在使用中inevitably:不可避免地the medical field:醫療領域assist doctors with surgery:協助醫師進行手術analyze medical images:分析醫學影像detect diseases at an early stage:及早發現疾病monitor patients’ vital signs:監測病人的生命徵象provide rehabilitation training:提供復健訓練reduce human error:降低人為錯誤improve efficiency:提升效率make clinical decisions:做出臨床決策emotional support:情緒支持human judgment:人類判斷力ethical concerns:倫理疑慮patient privacy:病人隱私remain under human supervision:持續受到人類監督work alongside humans:與人類並肩工作be responsible for:對……負責rather than:而不是in the future:未來
文法與語意重點
1. more and more + 名詞
more and more work 表示「愈來愈多的工作」。work 在此為不可數名詞,因此不能寫成 more and more works。
2. not only A but also B
題幹使用:
not only by us humans
作文中可使用完整結構:
Patients will be cared for not only by doctors but also by intelligent machines.
by doctors 與 by intelligent machines 皆為介系詞片語,形式平行。
3. 被動語態
醫療機器人常被描述為「被用來完成某項工作」,適合使用被動語態:
Robots can be used to monitor patients’ conditions.
結構為:
例如:
Robots can be used to analyze scans and deliver medicine.
4. help + 受詞 + 原形動詞
Robots can help doctors detect diseases earlier.
help 後可接受詞加原形動詞,表示「幫助某人做某事」。也可寫成:
Robots can help doctors to detect diseases earlier.
兩者皆正確,但考場作文使用 help + 受詞 + 原形動詞 較簡潔。
5. while 表示對比
Robots can process data quickly, while doctors can understand patients’ emotions.
此處 while 表示「然而、而」,用來比較機器人的技術優勢與醫師的人文能力。
解題方法
先將題目拆成三個問題:
- 機器人能做什麼?
- 醫師能做什麼?
- 兩者合作後如何幫助病人?
接著安排至少兩種具體應用:
- 診斷與手術:分析影像、協助手術、提高精準度。
- 病房與居家照護:監測生命徵象、提醒服藥、提供復健訓練。
- 遠距醫療:協助偏遠地區病人接受基本照護。
文章必須加入限制條件,使論述更成熟。例如機器人缺乏同理心,醫師仍須負責最後決策、解釋治療方案、取得病人同意並保護隱私。
中心論點可寫成:
Robots should serve as powerful assistants, while doctors remain responsible for judgment, communication, and compassion.
翻譯:
機器人應成為強大的助手,而醫師仍應負責判斷、溝通與同理心。