義守大學 103 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
Although alcohol initially helps some of us fall asleep, too much of it may _____ sleep.
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核心觀念
本題測驗「轉折連接詞引導的語意對比」與「醫學生活類核心單字辨析」。
句型結構由副詞子句連接詞 Although(雖然)引導,前後子句在語意上必須形成正反對比或因果轉折:
- 前半句(正面效應):酒精起初能幫助部分人入睡(helps some of us fall asleep)。
- 後半句(負面效應):過量攝取酒精則可能對睡眠造成負面影響(too much of it may _____ sleep)。
因此,空格處必須填入帶有「干擾、妨礙、損害」等負面意涵的及物動詞。
解題方法
- 抓取語意轉折標記:
- 句首的
Although表讓步轉折,預示主要子句的論調將與從屬子句相反。 - 前句關鍵字為
helps(有助於、促進),屬正向詞。 - 後句的主詞為
too much of it(過量的酒精),語氣轉為負面,受詞為sleep。
- 鎖定詞性與語氣方向:
- 空格位於助動詞
may之後、名詞sleep之前,需要一個原形及物動詞。 - 依邏輯對比,該動詞必然為負向詞彙(對睡眠有害或中斷睡眠)。
- 對比選項語義:
- 四個選項中僅有 (A)
disrupt(擾亂、中斷)為負面詞且符合「酒精干擾睡眠週期」之客觀醫學常識與文意。
題幹引文與翻譯
原文:Although alcohol initially helps some of us fall asleep, too much of it may disrupt sleep.
翻譯:雖然酒精一開始能幫助我們有些人入睡,但過量攝取卻可能干擾睡眠。
第 2 題2 分
This shampoo is supposed to _____ hair growth, but it hasn’t increased my hair’s growth yet.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「動詞和受詞的語意搭配」。
題幹描述一款洗髮精宣稱能促進頭髮生長,但使用後尚未達到預期效果。因此空格需要填入表示「刺激、促進」的動詞。
關鍵片語:
- be supposed to + 原形動詞:應該、預期會……
- hair growth:頭髮生長
- increase:增加、提高
- stimulate:刺激、促進
- whistle:吹口哨
- resemble:像、類似
- criticize:批評
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
This shampoo is supposed to _____ hair growth, but it hasn’t increased my hair’s growth yet.
翻譯:
這款洗髮精應該能夠__頭髮生長,但是它到現在還沒有增加我頭髮的生長速度。
前半句說明洗髮精的宣稱功能,後半句使用 but 表示實際效果尚未出現。洗髮精通常被宣稱可以「促進頭髮生長」,因此空格應填入 stimulate。
句子結構為:
This shampoo is supposed to stimulate hair growth.
supposed to 後面接原形動詞,stimulate 正好符合文法與語意。
選項分析
(A) whistle
whistle 是「吹口哨、吹哨」。
洗髮精不可能「吹口哨頭髮生長」,與 hair growth 的搭配在語意上不成立。
(B) stimulate
第 3 題2 分
After a typhoon severely hit the island, survivors were growing _____ for food, water and medical supplies.
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核心觀念
本題考查「語意判斷」與形容詞搭配。句中描述颱風重創島嶼後,倖存者急需食物、水與醫療用品,因此空格應填入表示「極度需要、走投無路」的形容詞。
關鍵搭配為:
- be desperate for + 名詞:極度渴望、急需……
- grow + 形容詞:變得越來越……
因此,were growing desperate for food, water and medical supplies 表示「逐漸變得極度缺乏食物、水和醫療用品」。
解題方法
先抓取句中的情境線索:
After a typhoon severely hit the island, survivors were growing _____ for food, water and medical supplies.
一場颱風重創島嶼後,倖存者對食物、水和醫療用品的需求逐漸變得非常迫切。
「颱風重創」及「食物、水、醫療用品」都是災後生存所必需的物資。倖存者在物資不足的情況下,應是「急需」這些用品。
句型上,growing 是 grow 的過去進行式,後面可接形容詞,表示狀態逐漸改變:
- grow tired:變得疲倦
- grow weak:變得虛弱
- grow desperate:變得絕望、迫切需要
因此空格應填入 desperate。
選項分析
(A) objective
objective 可作名詞,表示「目標」;也可作形容詞,表示「客觀的」。
- objective = 目標;客觀的
- grow objective = 變得客觀
- desperate for supplies = 急需物資
倖存者不可能是「逐漸變得客觀地需要食物和水」,語意不通,因此錯誤。
(B) unique
unique 表示「獨一無二的、獨特的」。
第 4 題2 分
Taking medication exactly as it is _____ is very important to its safety and effectiveness.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。句意是:服用藥物時,必須完全按照醫囑,這對藥物的安全性與有效性非常重要。
關鍵結構為:
Taking medication exactly as it is prescribed is very important to its safety and effectiveness.
完全按照處方指示服用藥物,對其安全性與有效性非常重要。
其中:
- take medication:服用藥物
- exactly as:完全按照……
- be prescribed:被開立處方、被指示使用
- safety:安全性
- effectiveness:有效性
解題方法
空格前方是 it is,後方沒有其他受詞,最適合填入過去分詞,形成被動語態:
it is prescribed
它被開立處方/被指示使用
藥物本身是「被醫師開立」或「被指示如何使用」,因此使用 prescribed。完整句意為「完全按照藥物被開立、指示的方式服用」。
若改成主動概念,可理解為:
Take the medication exactly as the doctor prescribed it.
按照醫師開立的方式服用藥物。
原句將 medication 放在被動語態中,形成 as it is prescribed。
選項分析
(A) defended
defend 意為「保衛、辯護、為……辯解」。
- be defended:被保衛、被辯護
- medication exactly as it is defended:完全按照它被辯護的方式
藥物不會以「被辯護」的方式服用,語意不合,因此錯誤。
(B) resolved
resolve 意為「解決、決定、下定決心」。
第 5 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Ginseng (人蔘) is believed to provide an energy boost, lower blood sugar, treat diabetes, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. Questions 5–10 refer to ginseng.
The benefits of ginseng were first documented during China’s Liang Dynasty. Early emperors used to use it as a _______ to cure any illness.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨識」與「語境判斷」,關鍵在於句中的:
Early emperors used to use it as a _______ to cure any illness.
早期的皇帝常把它當作能治癒任何疾病的 _______ 使用。
其中,to cure any illness(治癒任何疾病)說明人蔘被視為「萬靈藥、能治百病的藥物」,因此應填入表示「萬靈藥」的名詞。
關鍵單字與片語
ginseng:人蔘benefit:益處、好處be believed to + V:被相信/被認為……provide an energy boost:提供能量、提振精神lower blood sugar:降低血糖treat diabetes:治療糖尿病reduce stress:減輕壓力promote relaxation:促進放鬆document:記載、記錄dynasty:朝代emperor:皇帝use A as B:把 A 當作 B 使用cure any illness:治癒任何疾病
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的結構:
use it as a _______
冠詞 a 後面需要接一個可數名詞單數。接著利用後面的目的片語:
to cure any illness
「治癒任何疾病」是非常強烈的語意提示,表示該物品被當成「什麼病都能治的藥」。四個選項中,只有 panacea 符合此意。
完整句意為:
Early emperors used to use it as a panacea to cure any illness.
早期的皇帝常把它當作萬靈藥,用來治癒任何疾病。
選項分析
(A) panacea 萬靈藥;能治百病的藥
第 6 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Ginseng (人蔘) is believed to provide an energy boost, lower blood sugar, treat diabetes, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. Questions 5–10 refer to ginseng.
Ginseng contains heat properties; therefore, it should not be taken in_______, particularly by those who have heat signs.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 固定搭配與語意判斷:
in excess表示「過量地、過度地」。 - 介系詞片語在句中的意思:
be taken in excess表示「被過量服用」。 - 依上下文判斷人蔘具有「熱性」,因此不宜過量使用,特別是已有熱象的人。
關鍵句為:
Ginseng contains heat properties; therefore, it should not be taken in excess, particularly by those who have heat signs.
翻譯為:
人蔘具有熱性,因此不應過量服用,尤其是有熱象的人。
句中 therefore 表示「因此」,前句的「具有熱性」導出後句的「不可過量服用」,所以空格應填入表示「過量」的名詞。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
should not be taken in _______
其中 taken 是「服用」之意,in + 名詞 構成介系詞片語,修飾服用的程度或方式。
in excess 是常見固定片語,意思是「過量地、超過適當程度地」:
- take medicine in excess:過量服藥
- consume sugar in excess:過量攝取糖分
- use the drug in excess:過度使用藥物
代入後:
it should not be taken in excess
意思是:
不應過量服用。
這與「人蔘具有熱性,熱性體質者不宜過量服用」的語意完全吻合,因此選 (C)。
關鍵單字與片語
ginseng:人蔘be believed to...:被相信、被認為……provide an energy boost:提供能量提升、增強活力lower blood sugar:降低血糖treat diabetes:治療糖尿病reduce stress:減輕壓力promote relaxation:促進放鬆contain:包含;具有heat properties:熱性、偏熱的性質therefore:因此
第 7 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Ginseng (人蔘) is believed to provide an energy boost, lower blood sugar, treat diabetes, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. Questions 5–10 refer to ginseng.
Recent research findings show that ginseng improves survival and quality of life when one is _______ with breast cancer.
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核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」與「語意判斷」,核心片語為:
- be diagnosed with + 疾病:被診斷患有某疾病
- breast cancer:乳癌
句型為:
one is _______ with breast cancer
主詞 one 指「某人」,而「被診斷出患有乳癌」應使用被動語態 is diagnosed with breast cancer。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的介系詞 with 及疾病名稱 breast cancer。英文中,表示「被診斷患有某疾病」時,固定使用:
be diagnosed with a disease
因此:
one is diagnosed with breast cancer
某人被診斷出患有乳癌。
題幹中定位答案的關鍵句為:
Recent research findings show that ginseng improves survival and quality of life when one is _______ with breast cancer.
翻譯:
最新研究結果顯示,當某人被診斷出患有乳癌時,人蔘能改善其存活率與生活品質。
空格填入 diagnosed 後,文法與語意均完整。
選項分析
(A) inserted:插入的、被插入的
insert 指將某物放入另一物之中,例如:
insert a key into the lock
將鑰匙插入鎖中。
be inserted with breast cancer 不符合英文慣用語,也不合乎語意。乳癌不是可以被「插入」人體的物品,因此錯誤。
(B) grafted:被嫁接的、被移植的
第 8 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Ginseng (人蔘) is believed to provide an energy boost, lower blood sugar, treat diabetes, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. Questions 5–10 refer to ginseng.
There may be substances in ginseng that have anti-cancer properties and anti-inflammatory effects and increase ________ to disease.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。句型為:
increase ________ to disease
空格後接介系詞片語 to disease,因此需填入能與 to disease 搭配,且符合上下文語意的名詞。
全文指出人蔘具有抗癌、抗發炎等作用,因此合理語意是「增強對疾病的抵抗力」,即:
increase resistance to disease
增加對疾病的抵抗力
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
There may be substances in ginseng that have anti-cancer properties and anti-inflammatory effects and increase resistance to disease.
翻譯:
人蔘中可能含有具抗癌特性及抗發炎作用的物質,並能增強對疾病的抵抗力。
前面的 anti-cancer properties 與 anti-inflammatory effects 都表示有助於健康、防禦疾病,因此空格應填入正向概念 resistance。
解題方法
先判斷上下文的正負方向:
- anti-cancer 是抗癌。
- anti-inflammatory 是抗發炎。
- 這些作用整體表示身體對疾病的防禦能力提升。
- 因此空格應為「抵抗力、抗性」,即 resistance。
完整句為:
increase resistance to disease
其中:
- increase:增加、提升
- resistance:抵抗力、抗性
- disease:疾病
- resistance to disease:對疾病的抵抗力
選項分析
(A) susceptibility
susceptibility 意為「易受影響性、易感性、易罹患某疾病的程度」。
常見搭配為:
susceptibility to disease
對疾病的易感性
若填入後為:
increase susceptibility to disease
第 9 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Ginseng (人蔘) is believed to provide an energy boost, lower blood sugar, treat diabetes, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. Questions 5–10 refer to ginseng.
Although ginseng is generally considered to be safe to take in, some side effects associated with its _________ have been reported.
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核心觀念
本題為克漏字測驗中的名詞字彙與語境搭配題。考點在於辨識「人蔘/藥物之攝取與服用」在英文中的精確用詞,並透過前文的關鍵動詞片語 take in(攝取、吃進)推導出名詞同義對應字。
解題方法
- 分析題幹文意與上下文照應:
- 題目原文:
“Although ginseng is generally considered to be safe to take in, some side effects associated with its _________ have been reported.” - 中文翻譯:
「雖然人蔘一般被認為食用/攝取是安全的,但仍有部分與其服用/食用相關的副作用被報導出來。」
- 尋找語意線索:
- 前半句副詞子句提到
safe to take in(安全可攝取的),後半句主要子句以Although連接,指出伴隨其「攝取/食用」可能產生的「副作用(side effects)」。 - 空格處所修飾的對象為
its(指代人蔘),需填入表示「吃、喝、攝取、消耗」的名詞,與前文的動詞片語take in形成完美的詞性轉換與同義照應。因此,名詞 consumption(攝取、食用)為最佳解答。
選項分析
- (A) consumption【正確】
- 詞性/詞義:名詞,意為「攝取、食用、消耗(量)」。其動詞為 consume(吃、喝、消耗)。
- 判斷:在醫藥與營養學語境中,食物、藥物或草藥的「食用/服用」常使用 consumption(例如:alcohol consumption 飲酒、caffeine consumption 咖啡因攝取)。在此處完美呼應前半句的
take in,語意最為精確通順。
第 10 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Ginseng (人蔘) is believed to provide an energy boost, lower blood sugar, treat diabetes, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. Questions 5–10 refer to ginseng.
The symptoms of mild ginseng overdose include diarrhea, a disorder in ______.
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核心觀念
本題考查醫學專業字彙之語意對應與同義說明(Restatement / Contextual Clues)。題幹描述人蔘輕度過量(mild ginseng overdose)的臨床症狀,句型以「symptom, a disorder in ______」形成同位語補充結構。考點在於辨識前述症狀 diarrhea(腹瀉) 與人體解剖器官的直接生理對應關係,屬於消化系統器官相關字彙之辨析。
解題方法
- 文法結構分析:
- 句子主幹為:
The symptoms ... include diarrhea, a disorder in [______]. - 其中
a disorder in [______]為同位語片語,進一步修飾並精確定義前方的症狀diarrhea(腹瀉,即腸道功能紊亂的病徵)。
- 語意邏輯推導:
- 「腹瀉(diarrhea)」是消化道排便異常的典型病症,其發生的病理部位為腸道(intestines)。
- 依據句意脈絡,能與「腹瀉」形成同位說明「……的失調/疾患」者,必然是掌管排泄與水分吸收的腸道器官,故填入
intestines最為精確且符合醫學常識。
關鍵字彙與片語解析
- symptom [ˋsɪmptəm] (n.):症狀、徵兆
- mild [maɪld] (adj.):輕微的、溫和的
- overdose [ˋovɚˌdos] (n.):服藥過量、過劑量
- diarrhea [ˌdaɪəˋriə] (n.):腹瀉
- disorder [dɪsˋɔrdɚ] (n.):失調、疾患、機能障礙
- prostate [ˋprɑstet] (n.):前列腺、攝護腺
第 11 題2 分
II. Grammar: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
The human body is like a complex machine. ______ you take care of it, _______ it will last.
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核心觀念
本題考查英文文法中經典的**「The + 比較級..., the + 比較級...」**句型(表示「越……,就越……」),以及形容詞與副詞比較級的正確規則與不規則變化。
- 對稱相關句型結構:
此句型用於表達兩個子句的程度成正比或密切相關,前後兩個子句開頭均必須使用定冠詞「The」搭配「比較級」。 - 比較級的形式變化:
- 副詞 well(良好地,修飾動詞 take care of)為不規則變化,其比較級為 better,最高級為 best。
- 副詞/形容詞 long(長久地,修飾動詞 last)為單音節字,其比較級直接在字尾加 -er 構成 longer。
題幹解析與翻譯
- 題幹原文:
"The human body is like a complex machine. ______ you take care of it, _______ it will last."
- 中文翻譯:
「人體就像一部複雜的機器。你越好好照顧它,它維持的時間就越長久。」
- 關鍵字詞解析:
- complex (adj.):複雜的
- take care of (phr.):照顧、照料
- last (v.):持續、維持
解題方法
- 辨識對稱句型:
閱讀題幹後半部由逗號隔開的兩個結構「______ you take care of it」與「_______ it will last」,可以發現前後各有一個空格,且具備因果與程度遞進關係(好好照顧的程度 vs. 機器壽命的長短),鎖定為「The + 比較級..., the + 比較級...」結構。 - 還原原句修飾關係並決定比較級:
- 第一個子句原句語序為:You take care of it well.(你好好照顧它)。副詞 well 的比較級是不規則變化 better,移至句首搭配 the,形成 The better。
- 第二個子句原句語序為:It will last long.(它可以維持很久)。單音節副詞 long 的比較級為規則變化字尾加 -er,即 longer,移至句首搭配 the,形成 the longer。
第 12 題2 分
Muscle headaches, which start in the muscles in the neck or forehead, _______ tension.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 被動語態:
be caused by + 原因,意為「由……所造成」。 - 主詞與動詞一致:主詞
Muscle headaches為複數,因此使用are。 - 關係子句與句子結構:
which start in the muscles in the neck or forehead是修飾Muscle headaches的關係子句,不是主要子句。
基本句型為:
因此本句應表達「肌肉型頭痛是由壓力所造成」。
解題方法
先將關係子句暫時刪除:
Muscle headaches _______ tension.
主詞是複數名詞片語 Muscle headaches,空格後的 tension 是造成頭痛的原因。語意上需要「被……造成」的被動結構:
Muscle headaches are caused by tension.
再將關係子句放回原句:
Muscle headaches, which start in the muscles in the neck or forehead, are caused by tension.
定位答案的原文與翻譯
Muscle headaches, which start in the muscles in the neck or forehead, are caused by tension.
翻譯:
肌肉型頭痛起始於頸部或前額的肌肉,是由壓力所造成的。
其中:
muscle headaches:肌肉型頭痛start in:起始於……muscles:肌肉neck:頸部forehead:前額tension:緊張、壓力be caused by:由……造成
選項分析
(A) cause to
第 13 題2 分
Teacher: When _________?
Student: In 1928.
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核心觀念
本題考「過去式被動語態」與「疑問句倒裝」。
題幹中的關鍵句為:
Teacher: When _________?
Student: In 1928.
翻譯:
老師:何時發現青黴素的?
學生:1928 年。
主詞是 penicillin(青黴素),青黴素是「被發現」的對象,不是主動發現者,因此要使用被動語態:
因為事件發生在過去的 1928 年,使用過去式被動語態:
疑問詞 When 放在句首後,助動詞或 be 動詞要置於主詞前,因此形成:
When was penicillin discovered?
意思是「青黴素是在何時被發現的?」
解題方法
先由回答判斷時態:
In 1928.(在 1928 年。)
這是明確的過去時間,因此問句應使用過去式。
再判斷語態:
- penicillin 是被發現的事物,作為被動語態的主詞。
- 「發現」是 discover,過去分詞為 discovered。
- penicillin 是單數,因此 be 動詞使用 was。
完整結構如下:
所以正確句子為:
When was penicillin discovered?
選項分析
(A) was penicillin discovered
完整句為:
When was penicillin discovered?
結構是:
這是正確的過去式被動疑問句。was 表示過去式,discovered 是 discover 的過去分詞,符合「青黴素被發現」的語意。
因此選 (A)。
(B) did penicillin discover
完整句為:
When did penicillin discover?
第 14 題2 分
Lying out in the sun to change skin color is a popular activity in many parts of the world, despite the fact _________.
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核心觀念
本題考「固定句型:the fact that + 完整子句」。
- despite 是介系詞,意為「儘管」,後面接名詞、名詞片語或動名詞。
- the fact that + S + V 表示「……這個事實」。
- that 在此為連接詞,引導同位語子句,說明「the fact」的具體內容。
題幹中的關鍵結構是:
despite the fact that too much sun can cause skin cancer
儘管過度曝曬陽光會導致皮膚癌這個事實
其中:
- 主詞:too much sun
- 動詞:can cause
- 受詞:skin cancer
因此,that 後面是一個結構完整的子句。
解題方法
先找介系詞 despite 的受詞,再觀察空格後的內容:
despite the fact _________
英文中「the fact」後面若要接一個完整子句,標準句型為:
the fact that + 完整子句
空格後的 too much sun can cause skin cancer 具有完整的主詞與動詞,因此應填入 that。
完整句子為:
Lying out in the sun to change skin color is a popular activity in many parts of the world, despite the fact that too much sun can cause skin cancer.
翻譯:
躺在陽光下曬黑皮膚,是世界許多地區盛行的活動,儘管過度曝曬陽光會導致皮膚癌。
選項分析
(A) too much sun which can cause skin cancer
填入後為:
despite the fact too much sun which can cause skin cancer
the fact 後面缺少連接詞,無法直接接 too much sun 這個新主詞。which 所引導的關係子句也沒有適當的先行詞結構,整體句型不完整,因此錯誤。
第 15 題2 分
Mary was too tired to cook a regular meal, so she called and ordered some fast food _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「受詞+不定詞」結構,以及主動與被動語態的判斷。
句型:
表示「訂購某物,要求該物被……」。
題目中的受詞是 some fast food。快餐是「被外送」,不是「主動外送別人」,因此後面要使用被動不定詞 to be delivered。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
Mary was too tired to cook a regular meal, so she called and ordered some fast food to be delivered.
翻譯:
Mary 太累了,無法煮一頓普通的餐點,因此她打電話訂了一些快餐,請人外送。
其中:
- too tired to cook:太累而無法煮飯
- regular meal:一般的餐點、正常的一餐
- call:打電話
- order:訂購
- fast food:快餐
- deliver:遞送、外送
- to be delivered:被遞送、被外送
解題方法
先找出動詞 ordered 的受詞:
ordered some fast food
接著判斷 some fast food 與 deliver 的關係。
快餐本身不會主動外送其他物品,而是由外送員把快餐送到 Mary 那裡。因此是「快餐被外送」,必須使用被動語態:
deliver 的過去分詞是 delivered,所以完整形式為:
to be delivered
整句結構是:
ordered some fast food to be delivered
訂購快餐,請人將快餐外送
選項分析
(A) deliver
錯誤。此處需要不定詞結構,單獨使用原形動詞 deliver 無法接在 some fast food 後面形成正確句型。
此外,若將其理解為:
some fast food deliver
第 16 題2 分
Lucy does not accept constructive criticism well, nor _____ even appear to listen to it.
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核心觀念:否定副詞 nor 後的倒裝句
本題考查:
- 否定句的附加否定:nor
- 助動詞倒裝
- 前後句動詞結構的平行
當前句為否定句,後面以 nor 表示「也不、同樣不」時,nor 所引導的子句通常採用「助動詞/be 動詞+主詞+原形動詞」的倒裝語序:
例如:
- He does not smoke, nor does he drink.
- She cannot swim, nor can she drive.
題目前句已有助動詞 does,因此後半句也應使用 does,並置於主詞 she 之前。
解題方法
題幹為:
Lucy does not accept constructive criticism well, nor _____ even appear to listen to it.
翻譯為:
Lucy 不太能接受建設性的批評,也甚至不會顯得在聆聽這些批評。
前半句是:
Lucy does not accept constructive criticism well
後半句要表達「她也不顯得在聆聽」,可還原為:
she does not even appear to listen to it.
在 nor 後面,否定助動詞 does 必須提前,形成倒裝:
nor does she even appear to listen to it.
因此選擇 (C) does she。
句中的 does 是助動詞,後面接原形動詞 appear;appear to listen 表示「顯得正在聆聽」。
關鍵單字與片語
- accept:接受
- constructive criticism:建設性的批評、善意且有助於改進的批評
- accept criticism well:能妥善接受批評
- nor:也不
- even:甚至
- appear to V:顯得做……、似乎做……
- listen to:聆聽、聽取
- it:代替前面的 constructive criticism
選項分析
(A) she does
第 17 題2 分
Many people see robots not as threatening creatures _____ beneficial machines that are helping us with our boring, difficult work.
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核心觀念
本題考兩個重要句型的結合:
- see A as B:把 A 視為 B、認為 A 是 B。
- not A but B:不是 A,而是 B。
合併後形成:
see A not as B but as C
不把 A 視為 B,而把 A 視為 C
題幹的結構是:
Many people see robots not as threatening creatures but as beneficial machines ...
其中:
- 第一個 as 引導「被否定的看法」:not as threatening creatures
- but as 引導「真正的看法」:but as beneficial machines
因此答案為 (D) but as。
解題方法
先找出主要動詞 see,判斷其後的基本句型:
see robots as beneficial machines
把機器人視為有益的機器
題目將此句型改成否定與對比:
see robots not as threatening creatures but as beneficial machines
可拆成:
not as threatening creatures
不是把機器人視為具威脅性的生物
but as beneficial machines
而是把機器人視為有益的機器
完整句意為:
許多人不把機器人看成具威脅性的生物,而是看成正在幫助我們處理無聊、困難工作的有益機器。
題幹中定位答案的關鍵句為:
Many people see robots not as threatening creatures but as beneficial machines that are helping us with our boring, difficult work.
翻譯:
許多人不把機器人看成具威脅性的生物,而是看成正在幫助我們處理無聊且困難工作的有益機器。
選項分析
(A) and
填入後為:
see robots not as threatening creatures and beneficial machines
此句破壞了對比結構。前面已有 not as threatening creatures,後面應以 but as beneficial machines 表示「不是……而是……」,不能只用 and 連接。且第二部分缺少與前面對應的 as。
第 18 題2 分
It’s important _____ that what they’re learning is worthwhile.
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞 + for + 人 + to V」句型,以及動詞 believe 後接名詞子句的用法。
句型如下:
It is + 形容詞 + for + 人 + to V ...
表示「對某人而言,做某事是……」。
題幹可還原為:
It’s important for students to believe that what they’re learning is worthwhile.
結構分析:
- It’s important:這件事很重要。
- for students to believe:對學生而言,相信……很重要。
- that what they’re learning is worthwhile:他們正在學習的內容是值得的。
其中 what they’re learning 是名詞子句,意思是「他們正在學習的內容」;整個名詞子句作為 is worthwhile 的主詞。
解題方法
先觀察空格後方的結構:
_____ that what they’re learning is worthwhile
空格後有 that,而這個 that 子句適合放在 believe 後面,作為 believe 的受詞:
believe that + 子句
相信……
主句的基本架構是:
It is important ___
此處最自然、標準的補法是:
It is important for students to believe ...
因此完整句為:
It’s important for students to believe that what they’re learning is worthwhile.
翻譯:
對學生而言,相信自己正在學習的內容是值得的,這一點很重要。
選項分析
(A) the fact that students believe
代入後:
It’s important the fact that students believe that what they’re learning is worthwhile.
此句缺少必要的介系詞或連接結構,important 後面不能直接接名詞片語 the fact。若要使用 the fact that,可改為:
It’s important that students believe ...
或:
The fact that students believe that what they’re learning is worthwhile is important.
原選項的語序與句型均不成立,因此錯誤。
(B) whatever students believe
whatever students believe 表示「無論學生相信什麼」或「學生所相信的任何事」。代入後:
第 19 題2 分
This movie, said to have cost at least $200 million to make, is well on its way to becoming _____ movie of all time.
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題幹翻譯與語境定位
- 原文題幹:This movie, said to have cost at least $200 million to make, is well on its way to becoming _____ movie of all time.
- 整句翻譯:據說這部耗資至少兩億美元製作的電影,正順利邁向成為「有史以來票房最高」的電影。
核心觀念
本題考查核心包含兩個文法與詞彙層面:
- 形容詞最高級的構成與定冠詞用法:
- 複合形容詞由「副詞 + 現在分詞」構成時(如:high-grossing),其最高級變化直接將前面的副詞改為最高級型態(high higher highest),形成 highest-grossing(票房最高的)。
- 在限定範圍內指稱「最……的單一特定人事物」時,形容詞最高級前面慣用定冠詞 the,不可搭配不定冠詞 a / an。
- 最高級的範圍標記(Scope of Superlative):
- 題尾的介系詞片語 of all time(有史以來)是標準的最高級範圍標誌,明確提示句中需要使用最高級結構。
解題方法
- 抓取關鍵範圍標記:
句尾出現 of all time(有史以來),代表比較的對象涵蓋歷史上所有的電影(三者以上之全體範圍),語法上必須搭配最高級(Superlative),直接排除比較級選項 (B) 與 (C)。 - 確認冠詞與特定對象:
在「of all time」的範圍內,「票房最高」的電影具有唯一性、確定性,最高級形容詞前必須使用定冠詞 the,形成固定搭配the + highest-grossing + movie + of all time。不定冠詞 a / an 只能用於非特定的單一事物,與最高級的語意衝突,故排除 (D)。
第 20 題2 分
Today in our medical surgery class, we had a student teacher, _____ who was filling in for our usual professor.
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題目解析
題幹原文:
Today in our medical surgery class, we had a student teacher, _____ who was filling in for our usual professor.
題幹翻譯:
今天在我們外科手術課上,來了一位實習教師,也就是一位替我們平時的教授代課的年輕男性實習醫師。
核心觀念:名詞片語中「形容詞排序規則」(Order of Adjectives)與核心名詞定位
本題的核心文法為多個形容詞修飾同一名詞時的詞序規則,以及名詞片語中「中心詞(Head Noun)」的判斷。
- 核心名詞定位:
- 空格處為同位語(appositive),用以補充說明前面的
a student teacher(實習教師)。在醫學院/醫院的語境下,醫學實習生或實習醫師為intern(可數名詞)。 - 四個選項組合了三個字詞:
young(形容詞,年輕的)、male(形容詞,男性的)、intern(名詞,實習醫師/實習生)。 - 本句要表達的是「一位年輕的男性實習醫生」,因此名詞片語的核心名詞應為
intern,前面由形容詞修飾。
- 形容詞排列順序(Adjective Order):
英文中多個前置修飾形容詞的標準排序如下(越靠近核心名詞者,其屬性越本質、越分類化):
young屬於「年齡/新舊(Age)」。male在此作形容詞,表示「性別/生物類別」,分類屬性極強,緊鄰所修飾的核心名詞。- 故修飾順序為:。
解題方法
- 第一步:找出核心名詞(Head Noun)
先行詞為a student teacher,且關係代名詞子句who was filling in...代指一個人。選項中male雖可作名詞(男性),但在專業教學情境下,稱呼實習醫師應以intern為核心職業名詞,male作形容詞修飾intern(即 male intern,男性實習醫師)。因此核心名詞必為intern,排除以male為句尾名詞的 (B) 與 (D)。
第 21 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer for each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 1
Our brains function in complex and puzzling ways. Case studies have shown that some people can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but they cannot add . Others can perform complex classical piano pieces after hearing them once, but they cannot read or write. People who have these special abilities but cannot look after themselves suffer from savant syndrome. Scientists have only recently begun to explain this condition, which has interested neurologists since Dr. J. Langdon Down first described it in 1887. He called these people idiot savants (savant means wise person). We now know that the condition occurs as a result of some kind of brain malfunction.
Dr. Benjamin Rush, an American doctor, offered one of the first descriptions of a person who could calculate quickly in 1789. His patient, Thomas Fuller, was brought to Virginia as a slave in 1724. It took Thomas only 90 seconds to figure out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds. He even included the leap years in his calculation. Despite this ability, he died in 1790 without ever learning to read or write. Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s. Even though he had a vocabulary of only 100 words, Blind Tom played 5,000 musical pieces beautifully.
According to the passage, what is the cause of savant syndrome?
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核心觀念:細節理解題(Factual Detail)與同義改寫(Paraphrasing)
本題考查閱讀測驗中對**因果關係(cause and effect)的精確定位與詞義轉化(paraphrasing)**能力。
解題的核心在於迅速抓住題幹關鍵字 cause 與 savant syndrome,回到文章中尋找描述病因的關鍵句。本題測試考生是否具備將文章中的醫學名詞 malfunction(功能失常)與選項中的 failure ... to work correctly(無法正常運作)進行語意對應的能力。
解題方法與原文定位
- 定位關鍵句:
- 題幹問的是「學者或文章指出學者症候群(savant syndrome)的成因是什麼?」。
- 掃讀第一段末句:
"We now know that the condition occurs as a result of some kind of brain malfunction."
(我們現在知道,這種狀況是由於某種腦部功能障礙/運作失常所引起的。)
- 語意比對:
- 原文的 as a result of 即對應題幹的 the cause of。
- 原文的 brain malfunction(腦部機能失常):
- 字首 mal- 表示「不良、錯誤、惡意」(如 malnutrition 營養不良、malpractice 醫療疏失)。
- function 表示「運作、功能」。
- 因此 malfunction 即等同於 failure to work correctly / properly。
- 選項 (A) 的 A failure of the brain to work correctly 是對 brain malfunction 最精確的英文同義釋義。
選項分析
- (A) A failure of the brain to work correctly.【正確】
完全符合第一段最後一句 "occurs as a result of some kind of brain malfunction" 的語意。failure to work correctly 完美改寫了 malfunction,為正解。
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 1
Our brains function in complex and puzzling ways. Case studies have shown that some people can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but they cannot add . Others can perform complex classical piano pieces after hearing them once, but they cannot read or write. People who have these special abilities but cannot look after themselves suffer from savant syndrome. Scientists have only recently begun to explain this condition, which has interested neurologists since Dr. J. Langdon Down first described it in 1887. He called these people idiot savants (savant means wise person). We now know that the condition occurs as a result of some kind of brain malfunction.
Dr. Benjamin Rush, an American doctor, offered one of the first descriptions of a person who could calculate quickly in 1789. His patient, Thomas Fuller, was brought to Virginia as a slave in 1724. It took Thomas only 90 seconds to figure out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds. He even included the leap years in his calculation. Despite this ability, he died in 1790 without ever learning to read or write. Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s. Even though he had a vocabulary of only 100 words, Blind Tom played 5,000 musical pieces beautifully.
What does the pronoun it in the first paragraph refer to?
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核心觀念
本題考「代名詞指涉(pronoun reference)」與閱讀理解。解題時要找出代名詞在上下文中所代表的名詞,並判斷其語意是否合理。
文章主題是 savant syndrome(學者症候群),也就是有特殊才能,卻缺乏基本生活自理能力的狀況。
定位答案的句子
Scientists have only recently begun to explain this condition, which has interested neurologists since Dr. J. Langdon Down first described it in 1887.
翻譯:科學家直到最近才開始解釋這種狀況;自從 J. Langdon Down 醫師在 1887 年首次描述這種狀況以來,它一直令神經學家感到興趣。
其中 this condition 指的就是前一句的 savant syndrome。因此,題目所問的 it,依官方答案與文章語意,應指 savant syndrome。
解題方法
先回看前文:
People who have these special abilities but cannot look after themselves suffer from savant syndrome.
翻譯:擁有這些特殊能力,卻無法照顧自己的人,患有學者症候群。
下一句的 this condition 承接前句的 savant syndrome,而後文持續說明這種症候群的成因、歷史與案例。因此代名詞所指的對象應是整體的疾病或狀況,而不是其中某一項特殊能力。
選項分析
- (A) Brain tumor(腦瘤)錯誤
文章只提到:
We now know that the condition occurs as a result of some kind of brain malfunction.
翻譯:我們現在知道,這種狀況是某種腦部功能失常所造成的。
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 1
Our brains function in complex and puzzling ways. Case studies have shown that some people can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but they cannot add . Others can perform complex classical piano pieces after hearing them once, but they cannot read or write. People who have these special abilities but cannot look after themselves suffer from savant syndrome. Scientists have only recently begun to explain this condition, which has interested neurologists since Dr. J. Langdon Down first described it in 1887. He called these people idiot savants (savant means wise person). We now know that the condition occurs as a result of some kind of brain malfunction.
Dr. Benjamin Rush, an American doctor, offered one of the first descriptions of a person who could calculate quickly in 1789. His patient, Thomas Fuller, was brought to Virginia as a slave in 1724. It took Thomas only 90 seconds to figure out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds. He even included the leap years in his calculation. Despite this ability, he died in 1790 without ever learning to read or write. Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s. Even though he had a vocabulary of only 100 words, Blind Tom played 5,000 musical pieces beautifully.
What is the purpose of the second paragraph?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀段落主旨與寫作目的」。判斷段落功能時,應觀察:
- 段落主要介紹什麼內容。
- 內容是在下定義、解釋原因、提出研究,還是舉例說明。
- 段落中的具體人物與事件,是否用來支持前文概念。
第一段先介紹 savant syndrome 的現象、歷史與成因;第二段則列出 Thomas Fuller 與 Blind Tom 兩位患者的事例,具體呈現 idiot savants 的特殊能力。
解題方法
第二段的開頭先介紹 Dr. Benjamin Rush 所描述的計算天才 Thomas Fuller,接著說明他能迅速計算極大的秒數,卻終生不識字。段落後半再介紹另一名具有特殊音樂才能的奴隸 Blind Tom。
定位關鍵句為:
“Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s.”
意思是:「另一名具有學者症候群的奴隸在 1860 年代以鋼琴家身分成名。」
這句中的 Another 表示文中又舉出另一個案例;前文的 Thomas Fuller 則是第一個案例。因此,第二段的主要功能是舉出 idiot savants 的實例,答案為 (B)。
選項分析
(A) To provide new studies of idiot savants.
「提供對 idiot savants 的新研究。」
錯誤。第二段沒有介紹新的科學研究、實驗結果或研究方法,而是敘述 Thomas Fuller 與 Blind Tom 的生平及特殊能力。文中的 “descriptions” 是「描述」,不是「研究」。
(B) To give the examples of idiot savants.
「舉出 idiot savants 的例子。」
正確。第二段具體介紹兩個案例:
- Thomas Fuller:能快速計算日期與秒數,但不會讀寫。
- Blind Tom:只具備約 100 個字的詞彙,卻能漂亮演奏 5,000 首樂曲。
這些人物與事蹟正好印證第一段對 savant syndrome 的說明。
(C) To explain the cause of savant syndrome.
「解釋 savant syndrome 的原因。」
錯誤。第一段已直接指出:
“We now know that the condition occurs as a result of some kind of brain malfunction.”
意思是:「現在我們知道,這種狀況是某種腦部功能失常所造成的。」
第二段並未進一步分析腦部機轉,也沒有說明疾病成因。
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 1
Our brains function in complex and puzzling ways. Case studies have shown that some people can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but they cannot add . Others can perform complex classical piano pieces after hearing them once, but they cannot read or write. People who have these special abilities but cannot look after themselves suffer from savant syndrome. Scientists have only recently begun to explain this condition, which has interested neurologists since Dr. J. Langdon Down first described it in 1887. He called these people idiot savants (savant means wise person). We now know that the condition occurs as a result of some kind of brain malfunction.
Dr. Benjamin Rush, an American doctor, offered one of the first descriptions of a person who could calculate quickly in 1789. His patient, Thomas Fuller, was brought to Virginia as a slave in 1724. It took Thomas only 90 seconds to figure out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds. He even included the leap years in his calculation. Despite this ability, he died in 1790 without ever learning to read or write. Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s. Even though he had a vocabulary of only 100 words, Blind Tom played 5,000 musical pieces beautifully.
Judging from the examples given in the passage, what were the idiot savants particularly good at?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題,考查:
- 能否從文章中的具體例子歸納共同特徵。
- 關鍵字與片語的理解。
- 選項與文章內容的語意比對。
文章介紹的 idiot savants(學者症候群患者,現多稱為 savants)具有某些特殊才能,但在日常生活自理、閱讀或書寫方面可能有障礙。本文舉出的兩個主要才能是:
- 迅速、精確地處理數字與日期。
- 演奏複雜的音樂作品。
因此答案為 numbers and music。
解題方法
先找題幹中的定位語:
Judging from the examples given in the passage, what were the idiot savants particularly good at?
意思是:「根據文章中的例子,這些學者症候群患者特別擅長哪些事情?」
接著回到文章尋找例子:
第一段提到:
Some people can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but they cannot add .
意思是:「有些人能計算出四萬年內任何日期是星期幾,卻不會計算 。」
第二段又提到 Thomas Fuller:
It took Thomas only 90 seconds to figure out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds.
意思是:「Thomas 只花了 90 秒,就算出一個活了 70 年、17 天又 12 小時的人,總共活了 2,210,500,800 秒。」
這些例子都顯示他們在數字計算方面有特殊能力。
文章也提到 Blind Tom:
Blind Tom played 5,000 musical pieces beautifully.
意思是:「Blind Tom 能優美地演奏五千首音樂作品。」
這直接說明他在音樂演奏方面特別擅長。綜合數字計算與音樂演奏,答案是 (B) Numbers and music。
關鍵單字與片語
brain:大腦function:運作、發揮功能complex:複雜的puzzling:令人困惑的case study:個案研究calculate:計算given date:指定日期perform:表演、演奏classical piano piece:古典鋼琴曲savant syndrome:學者症候群look after oneself:照顧自己neurologist:神經科醫師、神經學家brain malfunction:大腦功能失常
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 2
Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength. Osteoporosis can cause frequent cramps, bone pains, a reduction in height, a hunched back, and bone fractures. Bone density is influenced by genes. People from Africa usually have a higher bone density than Caucasians or Asians. Males usually have denser and stronger bones than females. A person’s family history of osteoporosis may indicate a genetic risk. Bone density is also influenced by factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, an improper diet, an estrogen deficiency, old age, alcoholism, and cigarette smoke.
Smoking can lower estrogen levels in women. Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Walking, jogging, stair climbing, hiking and aerobics are especially useful for preventing osteoporosis. However, excessive exercise may damage our bones. Our body needs at least 1,000 mg of calcium per day. Calcium is found in dairy products, green leafy vegetables or vitamin D fortified milk. Vitamin D helps our body to absorb calcium efficiently. Vitamin D is produced when our skin is exposed to sunlight. During the winter months, many people suffer from a deficiency of vitamin D.
Which of the following sentences best summarizes this article?
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核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」(main idea)。解題重點是找出文章涵蓋範圍最廣、能同時概括各段內容的選項,而不是只抓住文章中的單一細節。
本文介紹兩大部分:
- 骨質疏鬆症的成因與危險因子
如遺傳、性別、久坐生活、不當飲食、雌激素不足、老化、酗酒與吸菸。 - 降低骨質疏鬆症風險的方法
如適度運動、攝取鈣質與維生素 D,並避免吸菸等不良因素。
因此,正確主旨必須同時包含「多種成因」及「預防方法」。
解題方法
先觀察文章的內容配置:
- 第一段:說明 osteoporosis 的定義、症狀與各種影響骨密度的因素。
- 第二段:補充吸菸與雌激素的關係,並介紹運動、鈣質及維生素 D 等預防方式。
最能概括全文的句子是:
Various factors may cause osteoporosis, but there are ways to reduce the risk of getting it.
翻譯為:
各種因素都可能導致骨質疏鬆症,但也有一些方法可以降低罹患的風險。
其中:
- various factors 對應文章列出的遺傳、老化、飲食、吸菸等因素。
- cause osteoporosis 對應骨質疏鬆症的成因。
- ways to reduce the risk 對應運動、鈣質與維生素 D 等預防措施。
- but 表示「雖然有危險因子,但仍有方法降低風險」,完整呈現全文的轉折與重點。
語意與文法重點
- be caused by+名詞:由……所造成
例如:
Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of bone density and strength.
骨質疏鬆症是由骨密度與骨骼強度流失所造成的健康問題。
- be influenced by+名詞:受到……影響
例如:
Bone density is influenced by genes.
骨密度受到基因影響。
- increase the risk of+動名詞/名詞:增加……的風險
例如:
Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis.
低雌激素濃度會增加罹患骨質疏鬆症的風險。
- prevent+名詞/動名詞:預防……
例如:
Walking and jogging are useful for preventing osteoporosis.
步行與慢跑有助於預防骨質疏鬆症。
本題選項 C 使用 various factors 與 ways to reduce the risk,分別概括文章的「原因」與「預防」,屬於符合全文範圍的主旨句。
選項分析
(A) Males should pay more attention to osteoporosis than females.
男性應該比女性更注意骨質疏鬆症。
錯誤。文章只說:
Males usually have denser and stronger bones than females.
男性的骨骼通常比女性更緻密、更強壯。
這表示男性一般骨密度較高,並沒有說男性比女性更需要注意骨質疏鬆症。相反地,文章特別指出吸菸會降低女性的雌激素濃度,而低雌激素會增加骨質疏鬆症風險。因此本選項不但縮小文章範圍,也扭曲了文章內容。
第 26 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 2
Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength. Osteoporosis can cause frequent cramps, bone pains, a reduction in height, a hunched back, and bone fractures. Bone density is influenced by genes. People from Africa usually have a higher bone density than Caucasians or Asians. Males usually have denser and stronger bones than females. A person’s family history of osteoporosis may indicate a genetic risk. Bone density is also influenced by factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, an improper diet, an estrogen deficiency, old age, alcoholism, and cigarette smoke.
Smoking can lower estrogen levels in women. Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Walking, jogging, stair climbing, hiking and aerobics are especially useful for preventing osteoporosis. However, excessive exercise may damage our bones. Our body needs at least 1,000 mg of calcium per day. Calcium is found in dairy products, green leafy vegetables or vitamin D fortified milk. Vitamin D helps our body to absorb calcium efficiently. Vitamin D is produced when our skin is exposed to sunlight. During the winter months, many people suffer from a deficiency of vitamin D.
Which of the following statements about osteoporosis is NOT true?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解與醫學英文語意判斷,重點在於:
- 骨質疏鬆症與骨密度、骨強度下降有關。
- 骨密度受遺傳、性別、年齡、飲食、運動、荷爾蒙及生活習慣影響。
- 骨密度下降會增加骨折風險。
- 題目要求找出「不正確」的敘述,因此必須逐項回到文章核對。
定位答案的關鍵句
文章指出:
“Bone density is influenced by genes.”
骨密度會受到基因影響。
又指出:
“A person’s family history of osteoporosis may indicate a genetic risk.”
一個人的骨質疏鬆症家族病史,可能表示其具有遺傳風險。
此外,文章開頭說明:
“Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength.”
骨質疏鬆症是因個人正常骨密度與骨強度流失所造成的健康問題。
並提到:
“Osteoporosis can cause ... bone fractures.”
骨質疏鬆症可能造成骨折。
因此,遺傳因素與骨骼健康明顯有關,骨質流失也會提高骨折風險。
解題方法
先抓題幹中的否定字眼 NOT true,判斷標準是「哪一個選項與文章內容相反」。
文章的因果關係可整理如下:
其中,文章明確表示基因會影響骨密度,因此凡是主張「遺傳與骨骼健康無關」的選項,即與文章相反。
選項分析
(A) Bone loss may result from an improper diet.
骨質流失可能源自不適當的飲食。
文章列出影響骨密度的因素,包括:
“an improper diet”
不適當的飲食。
若鈣質攝取不足,會影響骨骼的維持;文章也說明人體每天至少需要 1,000 mg 的鈣。因此,不良飲食可能導致骨密度下降,本選項正確。
(B) Hormones play a role in regulating our bone mineral density.
荷爾蒙在調節骨礦物質密度方面扮演角色。
文章指出:
“Smoking can lower estrogen levels in women. Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis.”
抽菸會降低女性的雌激素濃度;低雌激素濃度會增加罹患骨質疏鬆症的風險。
雌激素屬於荷爾蒙,其濃度變化會影響骨骼健康與骨密度。因此,本選項正確。
(C) Bone mass heritability has little to do with bone health.
骨量的遺傳性與骨骼健康幾乎沒有關係。
本選項錯誤。文章明確說明:
“Bone density is influenced by genes.”
骨密度會受到基因影響。
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 2
Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength. Osteoporosis can cause frequent cramps, bone pains, a reduction in height, a hunched back, and bone fractures. Bone density is influenced by genes. People from Africa usually have a higher bone density than Caucasians or Asians. Males usually have denser and stronger bones than females. A person’s family history of osteoporosis may indicate a genetic risk. Bone density is also influenced by factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, an improper diet, an estrogen deficiency, old age, alcoholism, and cigarette smoke.
Smoking can lower estrogen levels in women. Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Walking, jogging, stair climbing, hiking and aerobics are especially useful for preventing osteoporosis. However, excessive exercise may damage our bones. Our body needs at least 1,000 mg of calcium per day. Calcium is found in dairy products, green leafy vegetables or vitamin D fortified milk. Vitamin D helps our body to absorb calcium efficiently. Vitamin D is produced when our skin is exposed to sunlight. During the winter months, many people suffer from a deficiency of vitamin D.
This article indicates that _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章主旨與細節推論」,重點包括:
-
骨質疏鬆症的定義
Osteoporosis 是因正常骨密度與骨骼強度降低所造成的健康問題。 -
骨密度與骨質疏鬆症的關係
骨密度越低,骨骼通常越脆弱,發生骨折與骨質疏鬆症的風險越高。 -
文章中的比較關係
文中指出非洲人的骨密度通常高於 Caucasians 或 Asians。因此,相較於非洲人,白種人與亞洲人的平均骨密度較低,官方答案據此推論其骨質疏鬆症風險較高。
解題方法
先找出各選項對應的文章內容,再判斷選項是否:
- 與原文相符;
- 把原文意思倒置;
- 過度延伸;
- 把「可能造成」誤解為「一定造成」。
定位答案的關鍵句是:
People from Africa usually have a higher bone density than Caucasians or Asians.
非洲人通常比白種人或亞洲人擁有較高的骨密度。
文章開頭又說:
Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength.
骨質疏鬆症是因一個人正常的骨密度與骨骼強度流失所造成的健康問題。
由這兩句可知:亞洲人與白種人的平均骨密度低於非洲人,而低骨密度與骨質疏鬆症風險有關,因此官方答案選 B。
選項分析
(A) Asian women generally have a higher bone density than Western women.
亞洲女性通常比西方女性擁有較高的骨密度。
錯誤。
文章只指出:
People from Africa usually have a higher bone density than Caucasians or Asians.
也就是非洲人的骨密度通常高於白種人或亞洲人。文章並未指出亞洲女性比西方女性的骨密度高,且整體方向也與「亞洲人骨密度通常較低」的資訊不符。
此外,原文比較的是不同族群,並未特別比較「亞洲女性」與「西方女性」。
(B) Being an Asian or a Caucasian increases the risk of developing osteoporosis.
身為亞洲人或白種人,會增加罹患骨質疏鬆症的風險。
正確,為官方公布答案。
文章指出非洲人的骨密度通常高於白種人或亞洲人。由於骨質疏鬆症與骨密度降低有關,因此相較於平均骨密度較高的非洲人,亞洲人與白種人具有較高的骨質疏鬆症風險。
此選項的 increases the risk of 意為「增加……的風險」,並不是說所有亞洲人或白種人一定會罹患骨質疏鬆症,而是表示其統計上的風險較高,語意符合文章的推論方向。
(C) People diagnosed with osteoporosis should do excessive exercise to prevent it from worsening.
被診斷患有骨質疏鬆症的人,應該做過度運動,以防止病情惡化。
錯誤。
文章明確指出:
However, excessive exercise may damage our bones.
然而,過度運動可能會傷害我們的骨骼。
文章支持的是適度的 walking、jogging、stair climbing、hiking 和 aerobics 有助於預防骨質疏鬆症,並非鼓勵 excessive exercise(過度運動)。
本選項將原文的警告「過度運動可能傷害骨骼」完全倒置,因此錯誤。
(D) A hunched back may result in osteoporosis.
駝背可能由骨質疏鬆症造成。
依原文直譯,此選項具有爭議。
文章寫道:
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 2
Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength. Osteoporosis can cause frequent cramps, bone pains, a reduction in height, a hunched back, and bone fractures. Bone density is influenced by genes. People from Africa usually have a higher bone density than Caucasians or Asians. Males usually have denser and stronger bones than females. A person’s family history of osteoporosis may indicate a genetic risk. Bone density is also influenced by factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, an improper diet, an estrogen deficiency, old age, alcoholism, and cigarette smoke.
Smoking can lower estrogen levels in women. Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Walking, jogging, stair climbing, hiking and aerobics are especially useful for preventing osteoporosis. However, excessive exercise may damage our bones. Our body needs at least 1,000 mg of calcium per day. Calcium is found in dairy products, green leafy vegetables or vitamin D fortified milk. Vitamin D helps our body to absorb calcium efficiently. Vitamin D is produced when our skin is exposed to sunlight. During the winter months, many people suffer from a deficiency of vitamin D.
Which of the following statements about vitamin D is NOT true?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查文章細節理解,以及維生素 D 與鈣質的功能區別。
文章指出:
“Vitamin D helps our body to absorb calcium efficiently.”
維生素 D 能幫助身體有效率地吸收鈣質。
文中另提到:
“Vitamin D is produced when our skin is exposed to sunlight.”
皮膚曝露於陽光下時,身體會製造維生素 D。
因此,維生素 D 的主要相關功能包括:
- 皮膚受陽光照射時可合成維生素 D。
- 維生素 D 可促進腸道吸收鈣質。
- 維生素 D 可添加於食物或牛奶中,以降低缺乏的風險。
- 鈣質補充劑本身只能補充鈣,不能直接補充維生素 D。
解題方法
題目問:
Which of the following statements about vitamin D is NOT true?
下列關於維生素 D 的敘述何者不正確?
解題時逐一將選項與文章內容比對:
- 找出文章明確提到的維生素 D 功能與來源。
- 分辨「鈣」與「維生素 D」的作用,不可將兩者混為一談。
- 選出與文章內容矛盾的敘述。
文章明確說明維生素 D 有助於吸收鈣質,並且可由陽光照射皮膚而產生;文章也提到添加維生素 D 的牛奶。因此,只有把「1,000 mg 鈣質補充劑」當成「維生素 D 來源」的選項不成立。
關鍵單字與片語
- vitamin D:維生素 D
- synthesize:合成
- skin:皮膚
- be exposed to sunlight:曝露於陽光下
- sunshine:陽光、日照
- calcium supplement:鈣質補充劑
- fortified milk:添加營養素的牛奶
- avoid deficiency:避免缺乏
- enhance:增強、促進
- intestinal absorption:腸道吸收
- absorb calcium efficiently:有效率地吸收鈣質
選項分析
(A) Our body can synthesize vitamin D if our skin is exposed to sunshine.
我們的皮膚曝露於陽光下時,身體可以合成維生素 D。
此敘述正確。文章原文為:
“Vitamin D is produced when our skin is exposed to sunlight.”
選項中的 sunshine 與文章中的 sunlight 都表示陽光、日照,在本題語境中意義相同,因此符合文章內容。
(B) We will get enough vitamin D from a daily 1,000 mg calcium supplement.
我們每天服用 1,000 毫克的鈣質補充劑,就能獲得足夠的維生素 D。
此敘述錯誤,為本題答案。
文章說:
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 2
Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength. Osteoporosis can cause frequent cramps, bone pains, a reduction in height, a hunched back, and bone fractures. Bone density is influenced by genes. People from Africa usually have a higher bone density than Caucasians or Asians. Males usually have denser and stronger bones than females. A person’s family history of osteoporosis may indicate a genetic risk. Bone density is also influenced by factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, an improper diet, an estrogen deficiency, old age, alcoholism, and cigarette smoke.
Smoking can lower estrogen levels in women. Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Walking, jogging, stair climbing, hiking and aerobics are especially useful for preventing osteoporosis. However, excessive exercise may damage our bones. Our body needs at least 1,000 mg of calcium per day. Calcium is found in dairy products, green leafy vegetables or vitamin D fortified milk. Vitamin D helps our body to absorb calcium efficiently. Vitamin D is produced when our skin is exposed to sunlight. During the winter months, many people suffer from a deficiency of vitamin D.
The word deficiency in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.
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核心觀念
本題為閱讀測驗中的字彙同義字推論題(Vocabulary-in-Context),測驗考生對核心醫學與生物常見字彙「deficiency」的語意理解,以及藉由上下文線索(Context Clues)進行詞義代換的能力。
- 目標單字拆解:
- deficiency (n.):源自拉丁字根 de-(向下、缺少)+ -fic- / -fac-(做、使),名詞字尾 -iency,字面意義為「做得不足」,意指「缺乏、不足、缺陷」。
- 文章定位句:
"Bone density is also influenced by factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, an improper diet, an estrogen deficiency, old age, alcoholism, and cigarette smoke."
(骨質密度也受到久坐不動的生活方式、不當飲食、雌激素不足、老化、酗酒以及吸菸等因素的影響。)
- 第二段亦再次出現該字以強化語境:
"During the winter months, many people suffer from a deficiency of vitamin D."
(在冬季月份,許多人苦於維生素 D 的匱乏/不足。)
解題方法
- 文意邏輯切入:
文中第一段列舉導致骨質疏鬆(loss of normal bone density and strength)的危險因子,包含「sedentary lifestyle(久坐無運動)」、「improper diet(不良飲食)」、「alcoholism(酗酒)」等負面因素。因此,與雌激素(estrogen)搭配的詞彙必定為「雌激素缺乏/不足」,才能與第二段開頭的 "Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis."(低雌激素水平會增加罹患骨質疏鬆的風險)形成前後呼應。 - 同義字代換檢驗:
將四個選項代入原文 "an estrogen _____" 中,僅有 insufficiency(不足、不充分)在語意、醫學語境及詞性上皆與 deficiency 完全相符。
選項分析
- (A) adequacy:名詞,意為「足夠、充分、適當」。
- 詞根剖析:ad-(朝向)+ equ-(均等、相等)+ -acy(名詞字尾)。
- 為 deficiency 的反義字。
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 2
Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength. Osteoporosis can cause frequent cramps, bone pains, a reduction in height, a hunched back, and bone fractures. Bone density is influenced by genes. People from Africa usually have a higher bone density than Caucasians or Asians. Males usually have denser and stronger bones than females. A person’s family history of osteoporosis may indicate a genetic risk. Bone density is also influenced by factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, an improper diet, an estrogen deficiency, old age, alcoholism, and cigarette smoke.
Smoking can lower estrogen levels in women. Low estrogen levels can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Walking, jogging, stair climbing, hiking and aerobics are especially useful for preventing osteoporosis. However, excessive exercise may damage our bones. Our body needs at least 1,000 mg of calcium per day. Calcium is found in dairy products, green leafy vegetables or vitamin D fortified milk. Vitamin D helps our body to absorb calcium efficiently. Vitamin D is produced when our skin is exposed to sunlight. During the winter months, many people suffer from a deficiency of vitamin D.
The author begins this article by using a ______.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「寫作修辭與篇章發展手法(Rhetorical Devices / Patterns of Organization)」,測驗考生是否能辨別作者在文章開頭(introductory paragraph / opening sentence)所採取的引導方式。文章首句即對醫學專有名詞進行界定,屬於典型的「定義法(definition)」。
解題方法
- 鎖定題幹關鍵字:題幹問「The author begins this article by using a ______(作者以何種手法開啟本文?)」,關鍵線索在「begins(開頭)」。
- 回文章定位首句:
“Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by the loss of a person’s normal bone density and strength.”
(骨質疏鬆症是一種因人體正常的骨質密度與強度流失所引起的健康問題。)
- 分析句型結構與修辭手法:
該句採用經典的定義句型「」( 是一種由……所造成的 ),直接向讀者界定並闡釋「骨質疏鬆症(Osteoporosis)」的本質與成因,故屬於「定義(definition)」。
選項分析
-
(A) definition(定義):正確。
文章開宗明義以「Osteoporosis is a health problem caused by...」對骨質疏鬆症下定義,清楚界定專有名詞的意義與機制,符合 definition 的寫作手法。 -
(B) satire(諷刺;譏諷文學):錯誤。
Satire 指利用幽默、誇張、反諷等手法來嘲弄或批評人性弱點、社會時弊的文學風格。本文為客觀平實的醫學科普衛教文章,無任何諷刺筆調。
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 3
Quitting smoking can mean putting on extra weight—an average of 3.8 kg for women and 2.8 kg for men—according to a research study conducted by epidemiologist David Williamson at the U.S. Center for Disease Control. The research, which involved 1,885 smokers and 768 nonsmokers in a 13-year study, is the most comprehensive to date. The result showed that 9% of the men and 12% of the women who had quit smoking experienced substantial weight increases of 13 kilograms or above. A third discovery is that weight gain tends to trouble particular groups of quitters most frequently—Blacks, people under 55 years of age, and people who used to smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day.
The habit of constantly putting something in one’s mouth is only part of the reason why former smokers tend to put on weight. Nicotine, the chief addictive element in tobacco, has the effect of speeding up the body’s metabolism so that food is burnt out faster. When one quits smoking, the metabolism slows down, and extra calories begin to accumulate. Such weight gain reflects true or normal weight, since nicotine kept the weight artificially low.
To make matters worse, quitters often feel a strong desire for sweet food, which is high in calories. This desire also arises from the discontinued supply of nicotine. Nicotine lowers the level of insulin in the bloodstream, thus spoiling one’s appetite for sweets. When nicotine is cut off, insulin levels in the bloodstream rise, making one hungry for sugary foods.
Several measures are suggested to prevent the incidence of weight problems in the new quitter. He may chew nicotine-added gum, or exercise regularly. Both would increase the rate of metabolism and burn out excess fat. To fight the urge for sweets, he may add a lot of substitute sugar in his food and drink. It satisfies his appetite but does not fatten.
What is the main purpose of this passage?
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核心觀念
本題考查學士後中醫英文閱讀測驗中極為常見的主旨題/寫作目的題(Main Purpose / Central Idea)。考生需能綜觀全文篇章結構(Discourse Structure),區分「核心論點(Main Idea)」與「次要細節(Supporting Details)」,並辨識作者是透過客觀分析、提出警示、或說明特定因果機制來行文。
文章結構與定位分析
整篇文章共有四個段落,各段論述主軸緊密圍繞「戒菸者面臨的體重增加問題」展開:
- 第一段(提出現象與統計數據):
"Quitting smoking can mean putting on extra weight—an average of 3.8 kg for women and 2.8 kg for men..."
(戒菸可能意味著體重增加——根據研究,女性平均增加 3.8 公斤,男性平均增加 2.8 公斤……)
說明研究發現戒菸者普遍會面臨體重上升的困擾,特別是某些特定族群。
- 第二段(生理機轉分析一:新陳代謝下降):
"Nicotine... has the effect of speeding up the body's metabolism... When one quits smoking, the metabolism slows down, and extra calories begin to accumulate."
(尼古丁會加速身體新陳代謝……當戒菸時,代謝減緩,多餘的熱量便開始累積。)
從生理機制深入探討戒菸導致發胖的第一個原因。
- 第三段(生理機轉分析二:渴望甜食與胰島素變化):
"To make matters worse, quitters often feel a strong desire for sweet food... When nicotine is cut off, insulin levels in the bloodstream rise, making one hungry for sugary foods."
(更糟的是,戒菸者常強烈渴望甜食……當切斷尼古丁時,血液中胰島素濃度上升,使人想吃高糖食物。)
深入剖析戒菸者渴望甜食與血糖調控的第二個致胖機轉。
- 第四段(應對策略):
"Several measures are suggested to prevent the incidence of weight problems in the new quitter."
(文章建議採取數項措施,以預防新戒菸者出現體重問題。)
針對上述分析出的發胖問題提出具體的應對建議(如嚼尼古丁口香糖、規律運動、使用代糖)。
綜合歸納:全篇的核心是「深入探討並分析戒菸者常遇到的體重上升(發胖)問題及其生理成因與因應策略」。
選項分析
-
(A) To encourage people to quit smoking.(鼓吹/鼓勵人們戒菸)
錯誤。雖然戒菸通常被視為正面行為,但本文聚焦於戒菸可能帶來的副作用(發胖、代謝變慢、嗜甜),整篇並未採用勸導性、激勵性的口吻鼓勵大眾戒菸,與文章主旨方向不符。 -
(B) To investigate a new method of quitting smoking.(調查/研究一種新的戒菸方法)
錯誤。
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 3
Quitting smoking can mean putting on extra weight—an average of 3.8 kg for women and 2.8 kg for men—according to a research study conducted by epidemiologist David Williamson at the U.S. Center for Disease Control. The research, which involved 1,885 smokers and 768 nonsmokers in a 13-year study, is the most comprehensive to date. The result showed that 9% of the men and 12% of the women who had quit smoking experienced substantial weight increases of 13 kilograms or above. A third discovery is that weight gain tends to trouble particular groups of quitters most frequently—Blacks, people under 55 years of age, and people who used to smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day.
The habit of constantly putting something in one’s mouth is only part of the reason why former smokers tend to put on weight. Nicotine, the chief addictive element in tobacco, has the effect of speeding up the body’s metabolism so that food is burnt out faster. When one quits smoking, the metabolism slows down, and extra calories begin to accumulate. Such weight gain reflects true or normal weight, since nicotine kept the weight artificially low.
To make matters worse, quitters often feel a strong desire for sweet food, which is high in calories. This desire also arises from the discontinued supply of nicotine. Nicotine lowers the level of insulin in the bloodstream, thus spoiling one’s appetite for sweets. When nicotine is cut off, insulin levels in the bloodstream rise, making one hungry for sugary foods.
Several measures are suggested to prevent the incidence of weight problems in the new quitter. He may chew nicotine-added gum, or exercise regularly. Both would increase the rate of metabolism and burn out excess fat. To fight the urge for sweets, he may add a lot of substitute sugar in his food and drink. It satisfies his appetite but does not fatten.
Which of the following is true about cigarette quitters, according to Williamson’s research?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題,考查:
- 能否從文章中擷取明確數據。
- 能否分辨「平均增重」與「大幅增重」兩種不同資訊。
- 能否判斷選項是否扭曲原文的比較關係、數字與單位。
文中有兩組重要數據:
- 平均增重:女性為 3.8 公斤,男性為 2.8 公斤。
- 大幅增重 13 公斤以上:男性占 9%,女性占 12%。
解題方法
直接定位第一段的關鍵句:
The result showed that 9% of the men and 12% of the women who had quit smoking experienced substantial weight increases of 13 kilograms or above.
翻譯:
結果顯示,戒菸男性中有 9%、女性中有 12% 的人,體重增加達 13 公斤以上。
比較男女比例:
因此,女性大幅增加體重的人所占比例高於男性,符合選項 (C)。
此外,題目問的是 cigarette quitters 的研究結果,必須嚴格依照文章數據作答,不可把「平均增重公斤數」與「增重達 13 公斤以上的比例」混為一談。
選項分析
(A) On average, men gain more weight than women.
平均而言,男性增加的體重比女性多。
錯誤。文章明確指出:
an average of 3.8 kg for women and 2.8 kg for men
翻譯:
女性平均增加 3.8 公斤,男性平均增加 2.8 公斤。
因此女性平均增重較多,並非男性。
(B) Men above 55 tend to lose weight.
55 歲以上的男性傾向於減重。
錯誤。文章只提到:
Blacks, people under 55 years of age, and people who used to smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day
翻譯:
黑人、55 歲以下的人,以及過去每天抽菸超過 15 支的人,較常受到增重困擾。
原文指出的是「55 歲以下的人較容易增重」,並沒有說 55 歲以上男性會減重,也沒有提供男性減重的資訊。
(C) More women increase in weight substantially.
有較多女性大幅增加體重。
正確。根據原文,戒菸後體重增加達 13 公斤以上者:
- 男性:9%
- 女性:12%
女性比例高於男性,因此此敘述符合研究結果。
其中,substantially 意為「大幅地、顯著地」;此處對應原文的 substantial weight increases of 13 kilograms or above,不是一般性的輕微增重。
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 3
Quitting smoking can mean putting on extra weight—an average of 3.8 kg for women and 2.8 kg for men—according to a research study conducted by epidemiologist David Williamson at the U.S. Center for Disease Control. The research, which involved 1,885 smokers and 768 nonsmokers in a 13-year study, is the most comprehensive to date. The result showed that 9% of the men and 12% of the women who had quit smoking experienced substantial weight increases of 13 kilograms or above. A third discovery is that weight gain tends to trouble particular groups of quitters most frequently—Blacks, people under 55 years of age, and people who used to smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day.
The habit of constantly putting something in one’s mouth is only part of the reason why former smokers tend to put on weight. Nicotine, the chief addictive element in tobacco, has the effect of speeding up the body’s metabolism so that food is burnt out faster. When one quits smoking, the metabolism slows down, and extra calories begin to accumulate. Such weight gain reflects true or normal weight, since nicotine kept the weight artificially low.
To make matters worse, quitters often feel a strong desire for sweet food, which is high in calories. This desire also arises from the discontinued supply of nicotine. Nicotine lowers the level of insulin in the bloodstream, thus spoiling one’s appetite for sweets. When nicotine is cut off, insulin levels in the bloodstream rise, making one hungry for sugary foods.
Several measures are suggested to prevent the incidence of weight problems in the new quitter. He may chew nicotine-added gum, or exercise regularly. Both would increase the rate of metabolism and burn out excess fat. To fight the urge for sweets, he may add a lot of substitute sugar in his food and drink. It satisfies his appetite but does not fatten.
According to the passage, nicotine may keep one’s weight low by __________.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係」與生理機轉。
文章指出,尼古丁會加速人體的新陳代謝,使食物中的熱量更快被消耗;戒菸後,代謝速度變慢,多餘熱量便容易累積,造成體重增加。因此,尼古丁能使體重維持較低的原因,是它能幫助燃燒熱量。
關鍵機轉如下:
定位答案的原文
“Nicotine, the chief addictive element in tobacco, has the effect of speeding up the body’s metabolism so that food is burnt out faster.”
翻譯:尼古丁是菸草中主要的成癮成分,具有加速人體新陳代謝的作用,因此食物能更快被燃燒消耗。
題目問 nicotine may keep one’s weight low by,意思是「尼古丁可能透過什麼方式使一個人的體重維持較低」。原文中的 so that food is burnt out faster 正好對應「幫助燃燒熱量」,故選 A。
解題方法
先抓題幹的關鍵動詞片語:
- keep one’s weight low:使某人的體重維持較低
- by + V-ing:透過做某事
- burn out calories:燃燒、消耗熱量
接著回文章尋找 nicotine 與體重之間的因果說明。文章明確表示:
- 尼古丁加速新陳代謝。
- 新陳代謝加快,食物燃燒得更快。
- 熱量較快被消耗,因此體重受到壓低。
- 戒菸後代謝減慢,多餘熱量累積,體重增加。
所以正確答案必須表達「加速熱量消耗」這個概念。
選項分析
(A) helping to burn out calories
幫助燃燒熱量。
正確。這與原文 food is burnt out faster 的意思一致。尼古丁加速新陳代謝,使食物中的熱量更快被消耗,因而有助於維持較低體重。
(B) making one addicted to it
使人對尼古丁上癮。
錯誤。尼古丁確實是菸草中的主要成癮成分,文章也提到 the chief addictive element,但「造成成癮」只說明尼古丁的成癮性,沒有說明它如何降低體重。題目問的是維持低體重的直接生理原因,不是尼古丁的其他特性。
(C) slowing down metabolism
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 3
Quitting smoking can mean putting on extra weight—an average of 3.8 kg for women and 2.8 kg for men—according to a research study conducted by epidemiologist David Williamson at the U.S. Center for Disease Control. The research, which involved 1,885 smokers and 768 nonsmokers in a 13-year study, is the most comprehensive to date. The result showed that 9% of the men and 12% of the women who had quit smoking experienced substantial weight increases of 13 kilograms or above. A third discovery is that weight gain tends to trouble particular groups of quitters most frequently—Blacks, people under 55 years of age, and people who used to smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day.
The habit of constantly putting something in one’s mouth is only part of the reason why former smokers tend to put on weight. Nicotine, the chief addictive element in tobacco, has the effect of speeding up the body’s metabolism so that food is burnt out faster. When one quits smoking, the metabolism slows down, and extra calories begin to accumulate. Such weight gain reflects true or normal weight, since nicotine kept the weight artificially low.
To make matters worse, quitters often feel a strong desire for sweet food, which is high in calories. This desire also arises from the discontinued supply of nicotine. Nicotine lowers the level of insulin in the bloodstream, thus spoiling one’s appetite for sweets. When nicotine is cut off, insulin levels in the bloodstream rise, making one hungry for sugary foods.
Several measures are suggested to prevent the incidence of weight problems in the new quitter. He may chew nicotine-added gum, or exercise regularly. Both would increase the rate of metabolism and burn out excess fat. To fight the urge for sweets, he may add a lot of substitute sugar in his food and drink. It satisfies his appetite but does not fatten.
It can be inferred that high insulin contents in the blood __________.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀理解與文意推論
- 因果關係判斷
- 生理機轉相關字彙
- 片語與句意辨識
文章說明戒菸後容易變胖的原因。其中,尼古丁會降低血液中的胰島素;停止攝取尼古丁後,胰島素濃度上升,因而使人渴望高熱量的甜食。
解題方法
先定位文章中與題目關鍵字 insulin 有關的句子:
When nicotine is cut off, insulin levels in the bloodstream rise, making one hungry for sugary foods.
意思是:
當尼古丁供應中斷時,血液中的胰島素濃度會上升,使人想吃含糖食物。
題目問:
It can be inferred that high insulin contents in the blood __________.
也就是問「由文章可推知,血液中高濃度的胰島素會造成什麼結果」。
根據原文的因果關係:
因此,正確答案是「產生對甜食的渴望」。
選項分析
(A) spoil one’s desire for smoking
意思是「破壞某人吸菸的欲望」。
文章提到的是胰島素會影響對甜食的渴望,沒有說高胰島素會降低吸菸欲望。吸菸欲望主要與尼古丁的成癮作用相關,因此此選項與文章內容不符。
(B) create a desire for sweet food
意思是「產生對甜食的渴望」。
此選項符合原文:
insulin levels in the bloodstream rise, making one hungry for sugary foods.
其中:
- insulin levels rise:胰島素濃度上升
- make one hungry for sugary foods:使人想吃含糖食物
因此高濃度胰島素會使人渴望甜食,為正確答案。
(C) raise the speed of metabolism
意思是「提高新陳代謝速度」。
文章指出提高新陳代謝速度的是尼古丁:
Nicotine ... has the effect of speeding up the body’s metabolism.
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 3
Quitting smoking can mean putting on extra weight—an average of 3.8 kg for women and 2.8 kg for men—according to a research study conducted by epidemiologist David Williamson at the U.S. Center for Disease Control. The research, which involved 1,885 smokers and 768 nonsmokers in a 13-year study, is the most comprehensive to date. The result showed that 9% of the men and 12% of the women who had quit smoking experienced substantial weight increases of 13 kilograms or above. A third discovery is that weight gain tends to trouble particular groups of quitters most frequently—Blacks, people under 55 years of age, and people who used to smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day.
The habit of constantly putting something in one’s mouth is only part of the reason why former smokers tend to put on weight. Nicotine, the chief addictive element in tobacco, has the effect of speeding up the body’s metabolism so that food is burnt out faster. When one quits smoking, the metabolism slows down, and extra calories begin to accumulate. Such weight gain reflects true or normal weight, since nicotine kept the weight artificially low.
To make matters worse, quitters often feel a strong desire for sweet food, which is high in calories. This desire also arises from the discontinued supply of nicotine. Nicotine lowers the level of insulin in the bloodstream, thus spoiling one’s appetite for sweets. When nicotine is cut off, insulin levels in the bloodstream rise, making one hungry for sugary foods.
Several measures are suggested to prevent the incidence of weight problems in the new quitter. He may chew nicotine-added gum, or exercise regularly. Both would increase the rate of metabolism and burn out excess fat. To fight the urge for sweets, he may add a lot of substitute sugar in his food and drink. It satisfies his appetite but does not fatten.
According to the passage, all of the following help a cigarette quitter fight weight gain EXCEPT __________.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「例外題」以及文章細節定位。
題目問:
all of the following help a cigarette quitter fight weight gain EXCEPT
下列何者不能幫助戒菸者對抗體重增加?
解題關鍵是找出文章中明確提到的預防措施,再判斷哪一個選項與原文不符。題目要求的是 EXCEPT,因此要選「沒有幫助」的一項。
文章的主要生理機轉如下:
- 尼古丁會加速新陳代謝,使食物較快被消耗。
- 戒菸後,新陳代謝變慢,多餘熱量容易累積,造成體重增加。
- 戒菸後對甜食的渴望增加,因此應使用低熱量的甜味替代品,而非直接增加糖分。
- 含尼古丁口香糖與規律運動可提高新陳代謝率,幫助燃燒多餘脂肪。
解題方法
先定位文章最後一段,該段直接列出戒菸者可採取的措施:
He may chew nicotine-added gum, or exercise regularly. Both would increase the rate of metabolism and burn out excess fat. To fight the urge for sweets, he may add a lot of substitute sugar in his food and drink. It satisfies his appetite but does not fatten.
翻譯:
他可以咀嚼含有尼古丁的口香糖,或規律運動。這兩者都會提高新陳代謝率並燃燒多餘脂肪。為了對抗吃甜食的衝動,他可以在食物和飲料中加入大量的代糖。代糖可以滿足他的食慾,卻不會使他變胖。
由原文可整理出三個重點:
- nicotine-added gum:含尼古丁的口香糖,可以提高代謝率。
- exercise regularly:規律運動,可以提高代謝率並燃燒脂肪。
- substitute sugar:代糖,可以滿足對甜味的需求,且不會造成肥胖。
因此,題目中的 adding sugar to his food 若理解為加入一般糖,便與文章中的 substitute sugar 不同。一般糖含有熱量,增加糖分反而不利於控制體重,所以依官方答案選 D。
關鍵單字與片語
- quit smoking:戒菸
- put on weight:增加體重、變胖
- average:平均
- substantial:相當大的、顯著的
- weight increase:體重增加
- metabolism:新陳代謝
- speed up:加速
- burn out:燃燒、消耗
- accumulate:累積
- former smoker:前吸菸者、曾經吸菸的人
- appetite:食慾
- bloodstream:血液、血流
- sugary food:含糖食物
- nicotine-added gum:添加尼古丁的口香糖
- exercise regularly:規律運動
- excess fat:多餘脂肪
- urge for sweets:吃甜食的渴望
- substitute sugar:代糖
- fatten:使變胖
- fight weight gain:對抗體重增加
文法與語意重點
- all of the following ... EXCEPT
這是閱讀測驗常見的「反向選擇」句型:
- all of the following:下列所有項目
- EXCEPT:除了……
題意不是問「哪一項有幫助」,而是問「哪一項沒有幫助」。作答時必須特別注意 EXCEPT,避免選到原文確實提到的措施。
- Both would increase...
Both would increase the rate of metabolism and burn out excess fat.
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 4
The power to counter physical fatigue and increase alertness is part of the reason caffeine ranks as the world’s most popular mood-altering drug. It is found not only in energy drinks, coffee and tea, but also in diet pills and pain relievers. Many societies around the world have also created entire rituals around the use of caffeine, for example, afternoon tea in the U.K., the café culture of France, and tea ceremony in Japan.
But is caffeine really good for us? Health risks have been tied to caffeine consumption. Over the years, studies have attributed higher rates of certain types of cancer and bone disease to caffeine consumption. To date, however, there is no definitive proof that caffeine actually causes these diseases. A number of scientists believe that regular caffeine use causes physical dependence. Heavy caffeine users exhibit similar behaviors; their moods fluctuate from high to low; they get mild to severe headaches; or they feel lethargic when they can’t have a coffee, an energy drink or a cup of tea. To minimize these feelings, users must consume caffeine—a behavior that is characteristic of drug addiction.
Despite the concerns, the general opinion is that caffeine is not dangerous when consumed moderately. A lot of current research contradicts long-held negative beliefs about caffeine and suggests that it may, in fact, have health benefits. For instance, studies have shown that caffeine can help ease pain by reducing muscle inflammation. Because it is a stimulant, caffeine can also help improve one’s mood. Research has also shown that some caffeinated drinks—specifically certain tea—have disease-fighting chemicals that can help the body fight a number of illnesses, including certain types of cancer.
In addition, as a type of mental stimulant, caffeine increases alertness, memory and reaction speed. Because it fights fatigue, it facilitates performance on tasks. While it is true that caffeine can increase blood pressure, the effect is usually temporary and therefore not likely to cause heart trouble—especially if caffeine is consumed in moderation.
Despite its nearly universal use, caffeine has rarely been abused. The effects of caffeine on behavior are real, but most often they are mild. Getting a burst of energy, of course, is why many of the most popular drinks on earth contain caffeine.
What is this article mainly about?
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀測驗主旨判斷」。判斷文章主旨時,不能只依據某一段或某一個細節,而要觀察全文反覆討論的核心對象與涵蓋範圍。
本文圍繞 caffeine(咖啡因)對人體及行為的影響,內容包括:
- 提高警覺、對抗疲勞
- 可能造成身體依賴與戒斷症狀
- 過量使用的健康疑慮
- 適量攝取可能具有的益處
- 改善情緒、減輕疼痛、增進記憶與反應速度
因此,全文主旨是「咖啡因對身體的影響」,而不是只談咖啡因的文化儀式、濫用情形或攝取起源。
解題方法
本題可採用「首尾段概括+各段功能統整」的方法。
第一段先介紹咖啡因的普遍性與基本作用:
“The power to counter physical fatigue and increase alertness is part of the reason caffeine ranks as the world’s most popular mood-altering drug.”
意思是:「咖啡因能抵抗身體疲勞並提高警覺,這是它成為全世界最普遍的情緒改變藥物之一的原因。」
第二段討論咖啡因可能帶來的健康風險與身體依賴。
第三、四段則說明適量咖啡因可能具有的正面效果,例如減輕疼痛、改善情緒、增加警覺、記憶及反應速度。
最後一段總結:
“The effects of caffeine on behavior are real, but most often they are mild.”
意思是:「咖啡因對行為的影響確實存在,但大多數時候影響是輕微的。」
全文同時涵蓋正面與負面影響,且主要焦點始終是 caffeine 的 effect,因此選擇涵蓋面最完整的 D。
文章中的語意與文法重點
- the power to + V
“the power to counter physical fatigue and increase alertness”
表示「做某事的能力」。
- counter physical fatigue:抵抗身體疲勞
- increase alertness:提高警覺性
- not only A, but also B
“It is found not only in energy drinks, coffee and tea, but also in diet pills and pain relievers.”
表示「不僅在 A,也在 B」。此句指出咖啡因的來源及用途十分廣泛。
- be tied to
“Health risks have been tied to caffeine consumption.”
表示「與……有關、被認為和……相關」。
- To date
“To date, however, there is no definitive proof...”
表示「截至目前為止」。
- physical dependence
表示「身體依賴」。文章接著以頭痛、情緒波動、嗜睡等症狀具體說明依賴的表現。
- characteristic of
“a behavior that is characteristic of drug addiction”
表示「……的特徵」。此處意為「具有藥物成癮特徵的行為」。
- when consumed moderately
“caffeine is not dangerous when consumed moderately”
此處是省略主詞與 be 動詞的分詞片語,完整概念為「when it is consumed moderately」,意為「在適量攝取時」。
- Despite
“Despite the concerns...”
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 4
The power to counter physical fatigue and increase alertness is part of the reason caffeine ranks as the world’s most popular mood-altering drug. It is found not only in energy drinks, coffee and tea, but also in diet pills and pain relievers. Many societies around the world have also created entire rituals around the use of caffeine, for example, afternoon tea in the U.K., the café culture of France, and tea ceremony in Japan.
But is caffeine really good for us? Health risks have been tied to caffeine consumption. Over the years, studies have attributed higher rates of certain types of cancer and bone disease to caffeine consumption. To date, however, there is no definitive proof that caffeine actually causes these diseases. A number of scientists believe that regular caffeine use causes physical dependence. Heavy caffeine users exhibit similar behaviors; their moods fluctuate from high to low; they get mild to severe headaches; or they feel lethargic when they can’t have a coffee, an energy drink or a cup of tea. To minimize these feelings, users must consume caffeine—a behavior that is characteristic of drug addiction.
Despite the concerns, the general opinion is that caffeine is not dangerous when consumed moderately. A lot of current research contradicts long-held negative beliefs about caffeine and suggests that it may, in fact, have health benefits. For instance, studies have shown that caffeine can help ease pain by reducing muscle inflammation. Because it is a stimulant, caffeine can also help improve one’s mood. Research has also shown that some caffeinated drinks—specifically certain tea—have disease-fighting chemicals that can help the body fight a number of illnesses, including certain types of cancer.
In addition, as a type of mental stimulant, caffeine increases alertness, memory and reaction speed. Because it fights fatigue, it facilitates performance on tasks. While it is true that caffeine can increase blood pressure, the effect is usually temporary and therefore not likely to cause heart trouble—especially if caffeine is consumed in moderation.
Despite its nearly universal use, caffeine has rarely been abused. The effects of caffeine on behavior are real, but most often they are mild. Getting a burst of energy, of course, is why many of the most popular drinks on earth contain caffeine.
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of caffeine intake?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解與選項定位,重點是辨認文章中明確提及的咖啡因影響,找出「不是咖啡因攝取副作用」的選項。
文章指出,咖啡因使用者在無法攝取咖啡因時,會出現:
- Addiction:成癮
- Headaches:頭痛
- Mood swings:情緒起伏、情緒波動
- Lethargy:倦怠、無精打采
題目要求判斷哪一項未出現在文章中。
解題方法
先找出描述咖啡因負面影響的關鍵句:
“Heavy caffeine users exhibit similar behaviors; their moods fluctuate from high to low; they get mild to severe headaches; or they feel lethargic when they can’t have a coffee, an energy drink or a cup of tea.”
翻譯:
「大量攝取咖啡因的使用者會表現出類似的行為;他們的情緒會從高昂轉為低落,會出現輕微至嚴重的頭痛,或是在無法喝咖啡、能量飲料或茶時感到倦怠。」
逐一比對選項:
- Mood swings 對應 their moods fluctuate from high to low
- Headache 對應 headaches
- Addiction 可由文章後面的 drug addiction 得知
- Numb limbs(四肢麻木)全文沒有提及
因此,未被文章列為影響的是 Numb limbs。
選項分析
(A) Numb limbs
Numb limbs 意為「四肢麻木」。
文章提到咖啡因可能造成情緒波動、頭痛與倦怠,也提及咖啡因依賴與成癮,但沒有提到四肢麻木。因此本選項不是文章所述的咖啡因攝取副作用。
(B) Addiction
Addiction 意為「成癮」。
文章明確寫道:
“To minimize these feelings, users must consume caffeine—a behavior that is characteristic of drug addiction.”
翻譯:
「為了減輕這些感受,使用者必須攝取咖啡因;這種行為是藥物成癮的特徵。」
因此,文章將持續攝取咖啡因以避免不適的行為,與 drug addiction 連結。本選項屬於文章提及的負面影響。
(C) Headache
Headache 意為「頭痛」,文章中的複數形式 headaches 出現在:
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 4
The power to counter physical fatigue and increase alertness is part of the reason caffeine ranks as the world’s most popular mood-altering drug. It is found not only in energy drinks, coffee and tea, but also in diet pills and pain relievers. Many societies around the world have also created entire rituals around the use of caffeine, for example, afternoon tea in the U.K., the café culture of France, and tea ceremony in Japan.
But is caffeine really good for us? Health risks have been tied to caffeine consumption. Over the years, studies have attributed higher rates of certain types of cancer and bone disease to caffeine consumption. To date, however, there is no definitive proof that caffeine actually causes these diseases. A number of scientists believe that regular caffeine use causes physical dependence. Heavy caffeine users exhibit similar behaviors; their moods fluctuate from high to low; they get mild to severe headaches; or they feel lethargic when they can’t have a coffee, an energy drink or a cup of tea. To minimize these feelings, users must consume caffeine—a behavior that is characteristic of drug addiction.
Despite the concerns, the general opinion is that caffeine is not dangerous when consumed moderately. A lot of current research contradicts long-held negative beliefs about caffeine and suggests that it may, in fact, have health benefits. For instance, studies have shown that caffeine can help ease pain by reducing muscle inflammation. Because it is a stimulant, caffeine can also help improve one’s mood. Research has also shown that some caffeinated drinks—specifically certain tea—have disease-fighting chemicals that can help the body fight a number of illnesses, including certain types of cancer.
In addition, as a type of mental stimulant, caffeine increases alertness, memory and reaction speed. Because it fights fatigue, it facilitates performance on tasks. While it is true that caffeine can increase blood pressure, the effect is usually temporary and therefore not likely to cause heart trouble—especially if caffeine is consumed in moderation.
Despite its nearly universal use, caffeine has rarely been abused. The effects of caffeine on behavior are real, but most often they are mild. Getting a burst of energy, of course, is why many of the most popular drinks on earth contain caffeine.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this article?
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核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀理解中的「資訊辨識」與否定問法。題目問:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this article?
下列哪一項沒有在本文中提到?
解題重點是逐一比對選項與文章內容,找出文章完全沒有提及的資訊。此題不是判斷醫學知識是否正確,而是判斷該資訊是否出現在文章中。
解題方法
文章第四段明確列出咖啡因的幾項作用:
In addition, as a type of mental stimulant, caffeine increases alertness, memory and reaction speed.
此外,咖啡因作為一種精神刺激物,能提高警覺性、記憶力與反應速度。
文章第三段也提到:
Because it is a stimulant, caffeine can also help improve one’s mood.
由於咖啡因具有刺激作用,也能幫助改善一個人的情緒。
因此,選項 A、B、C 都能在文章中找到對應內容;只有「增加尿液產量」沒有出現。
文章定位與關鍵字
- counter physical fatigue:抵抗身體疲勞
- increase alertness:提高警覺性
- mood-altering drug:改變情緒的藥物
- physical dependence:身體依賴
- consume caffeine moderately:適量攝取咖啡因
- ease pain:減輕疼痛
- improve one’s mood:改善某人的情緒
- mental stimulant:精神刺激物
- reaction speed:反應速度
- facilitate performance on tasks:促進任務表現
- blood pressure:血壓
- urine production:尿液產生量、排尿量
其中,NOT mentioned 是本題最重要的語意訊號,表示要找「文章沒有提到」的選項。
選項分析
(A) Caffeine boosts reaction speed.
正確對應文章第四段:
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 4
The power to counter physical fatigue and increase alertness is part of the reason caffeine ranks as the world’s most popular mood-altering drug. It is found not only in energy drinks, coffee and tea, but also in diet pills and pain relievers. Many societies around the world have also created entire rituals around the use of caffeine, for example, afternoon tea in the U.K., the café culture of France, and tea ceremony in Japan.
But is caffeine really good for us? Health risks have been tied to caffeine consumption. Over the years, studies have attributed higher rates of certain types of cancer and bone disease to caffeine consumption. To date, however, there is no definitive proof that caffeine actually causes these diseases. A number of scientists believe that regular caffeine use causes physical dependence. Heavy caffeine users exhibit similar behaviors; their moods fluctuate from high to low; they get mild to severe headaches; or they feel lethargic when they can’t have a coffee, an energy drink or a cup of tea. To minimize these feelings, users must consume caffeine—a behavior that is characteristic of drug addiction.
Despite the concerns, the general opinion is that caffeine is not dangerous when consumed moderately. A lot of current research contradicts long-held negative beliefs about caffeine and suggests that it may, in fact, have health benefits. For instance, studies have shown that caffeine can help ease pain by reducing muscle inflammation. Because it is a stimulant, caffeine can also help improve one’s mood. Research has also shown that some caffeinated drinks—specifically certain tea—have disease-fighting chemicals that can help the body fight a number of illnesses, including certain types of cancer.
In addition, as a type of mental stimulant, caffeine increases alertness, memory and reaction speed. Because it fights fatigue, it facilitates performance on tasks. While it is true that caffeine can increase blood pressure, the effect is usually temporary and therefore not likely to cause heart trouble—especially if caffeine is consumed in moderation.
Despite its nearly universal use, caffeine has rarely been abused. The effects of caffeine on behavior are real, but most often they are mild. Getting a burst of energy, of course, is why many of the most popular drinks on earth contain caffeine.
Which of the following sentences is closest in meaning to “Despite its nearly universal use, caffeine has rarely been abused”?
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核心觀念
本題屬於閱讀測驗中的句意改寫與同義句轉換(Sentence Paraphrasing / Closest in Meaning)題型。解題核心在於準確剖析原句的邏輯關係(讓步/轉折)與核心詞彙的同義代換(Synonymous Replacement)。
原句:
“Despite its nearly universal use, caffeine has rarely been abused.”
(儘管咖啡因幾乎無處不在/全球普及,但它卻極少被濫用。)
- 邏輯結構:
Despite + N(讓步介系詞片語,表示「儘管……」)- 主句表達與讓步子句呈現對比的正面或反向情況(「極少被濫用」)。
- 關鍵字彙與片語拆解:
nearly universal use:幾乎全世界、普遍的使用(universal = omnipresent, all over the world)。rarely:極少、難得(否定副詞,相當於 seldom, not often, hardly ever)。abused:被濫用(abuse 作動詞表示過度使用或不正當使用,等同於 misuse)。
解題方法
比對原句與四個選項時,應掌握「邏輯方向」與「語意等價」兩個切入點:
- 核對讓步邏輯:原句是「儘管普及(A),卻很少被濫用(B)」。
- 尋找同義替換:
nearly universal useconsumed almost the world over(幾乎在全世界都被消費/使用)。rarely been abusedthere aren't many instances of misuse(沒有很多濫用/誤用的案例)。
- 排除因果或反向的扭曲選項:原句強調的是「少濫用(rarely)」,任何將其扭曲為「常被濫用(often / commonly misused)」或改變邏輯為因果關係(so / because)的選項皆可直接剔除。
選項分析
- (A) Even though caffeine is often misused, it is consumed almost the world over.
- 錯誤。邏輯顛倒且詞義錯誤。
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Reading 4
The power to counter physical fatigue and increase alertness is part of the reason caffeine ranks as the world’s most popular mood-altering drug. It is found not only in energy drinks, coffee and tea, but also in diet pills and pain relievers. Many societies around the world have also created entire rituals around the use of caffeine, for example, afternoon tea in the U.K., the café culture of France, and tea ceremony in Japan.
But is caffeine really good for us? Health risks have been tied to caffeine consumption. Over the years, studies have attributed higher rates of certain types of cancer and bone disease to caffeine consumption. To date, however, there is no definitive proof that caffeine actually causes these diseases. A number of scientists believe that regular caffeine use causes physical dependence. Heavy caffeine users exhibit similar behaviors; their moods fluctuate from high to low; they get mild to severe headaches; or they feel lethargic when they can’t have a coffee, an energy drink or a cup of tea. To minimize these feelings, users must consume caffeine—a behavior that is characteristic of drug addiction.
Despite the concerns, the general opinion is that caffeine is not dangerous when consumed moderately. A lot of current research contradicts long-held negative beliefs about caffeine and suggests that it may, in fact, have health benefits. For instance, studies have shown that caffeine can help ease pain by reducing muscle inflammation. Because it is a stimulant, caffeine can also help improve one’s mood. Research has also shown that some caffeinated drinks—specifically certain tea—have disease-fighting chemicals that can help the body fight a number of illnesses, including certain types of cancer.
In addition, as a type of mental stimulant, caffeine increases alertness, memory and reaction speed. Because it fights fatigue, it facilitates performance on tasks. While it is true that caffeine can increase blood pressure, the effect is usually temporary and therefore not likely to cause heart trouble—especially if caffeine is consumed in moderation.
Despite its nearly universal use, caffeine has rarely been abused. The effects of caffeine on behavior are real, but most often they are mild. Getting a burst of energy, of course, is why many of the most popular drinks on earth contain caffeine.
The phrase “attribute…to” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _______.
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核心觀念
本題測驗「字彙片語的同義替換(Contextual Vocabulary / Synonymous Phrasing)」,重點在於因果關係動詞片語的搭配介系詞與語意掌握。
在學術英文與醫學文獻中,「將某結果歸因於某原因」是極為核心的高頻表達方式,常見句型包括:
- attribute A to B(將 A 歸因於 B;認為 A 是由 B 造成的)
- ascribe A to B(將 A 歸因於 B)
- impute A to B(將 A 歸咎於 B)
解題方法
- 文章定位與上下文分析:
回到第二段第二至三句:
“Health risks have been tied to caffeine consumption. Over the years, studies have attributed higher rates of certain types of cancer and bone disease to caffeine consumption. To date, however, there is no definitive proof that caffeine actually causes these diseases.”
翻譯:健康風險一直與咖啡因的攝取掛鉤。多年來,研究已將某些癌症和骨骼疾病的較高發生率歸因於咖啡因的攝取。然而,迄今為止,尚無明確的證據證明咖啡因確實會導致這些疾病。
- 結構與語意拆解:
在該句中,受詞 為「higher rates of certain types of cancer and bone disease(某些癌症與骨骼疾病的較高發生率)」,介系詞 to 後方的 為「caffeine consumption(咖啡因的攝取)」。從後文的「causes these diseases(導致這些疾病)」可知,此處的片語表達的是「將(疾病結果)歸因於(咖啡因攝取)」。因此需要尋找意思同樣為「歸因於」的動詞片語。
選項分析
第 作文 題20 分
The practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) use herbal medicines, acupuncture, massage (tui na 推拿), and exercise (qi gong 氣功) to treat or prevent health problems. Which one of the four forms of TCM are you particularly interested in and why? Write at least 250 words to give reasons and examples for your answer.
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核心觀念
本題是「英文引導式議論作文」,重點不在背誦中醫知識,而在於能否:
- 從四種傳統中醫療法中選出一種。
- 明確表達個人興趣與立場。
- 提出至少兩項理由。
- 使用具體例子支持理由。
- 以有條理的英文完成至少 250 字的文章。
題幹列出的四種療法為:
- herbal medicines:草藥、草本藥物
- acupuncture:針灸
- massage (tui na):按摩,即推拿
- exercise (qi gong):運動,即氣功
本題適合採用「立場—理由—例子—總結」的議論文架構。文章必須回答兩個核心問題:
- Which form of TCM are you interested in?
- Why are you interested in it?
題幹定位與翻譯
題目要求的關鍵句是:
Which one of the four forms of TCM are you particularly interested in and why?
翻譯為:
四種傳統中醫療法之中,你特別感興趣的是哪一種?為什麼?
另一個重要要求是:
Write at least 250 words to give reasons and examples for your answer.
翻譯為:
請至少寫 250 字,為你的答案提出理由與例子。
因此,文章不能只寫「我喜歡針灸,因為它很好」,而必須進一步說明「好在哪裡」、提供生活經驗、觀察或合理例證。
文法與語意重點
- Which one of the four forms of TCM
Which one of ... 表示「……之中的哪一個」。其中 one 指代四種療法中的一種。
- be interested in
be interested in + 名詞/動名詞 表示「對……感興趣」。
例:
- I am interested in acupuncture.
- She is interested in learning about herbal medicine.
不可寫成 interested on 或 interested at。
- particularly
particularly 是副詞,表示「特別地、尤其」。
be particularly interested in 就是「特別對……感興趣」。
- treat or prevent
treat 與 prevent 皆為原形動詞,受到 to 支配,形成平行結構:
- to treat health problems
- to prevent health problems
treat 是「治療」,prevent 是「預防」,兩者意義不同。
- give reasons and examples
reasons 與 examples 使用複數,表示文章至少要有多個理由或例子。內容最好安排兩至三個理由,避免全文只有單一論點。
- 時態選擇
描述普遍看法或一般性功能時,使用現在式:
- Acupuncture can relieve pain.
- Many people use qi gong to reduce stress.
描述個人經驗時,可使用過去式:
- I once received acupuncture treatment.
- My grandmother used herbal medicine for many years.
解題方法
本題可依照以下步驟作答:
第一步,選擇自己最容易發揮的一種療法。
以 acupuncture 為例,因為可以從疼痛緩解、壓力管理、非藥物治療與個人觀察等方向發展。
第二步,確立中心論點。
開頭直接表明:
Among the four forms of TCM, I am particularly interested in acupuncture.
第三步,安排兩至三個理由。
例如:
- acupuncture may relieve pain;
- it is a non-drug treatment;
- it connects traditional knowledge with modern medical research.
第四步,為每個理由加入例子。
例子可以來自:
- 家人或朋友的經驗;
- 運動傷害或慢性疼痛的情境;
- 對醫學、人體或健康的學習興趣;
- 對中西醫結合的觀察。
第五步,結尾重申立場,並提出審慎態度。
例如指出針灸具有吸引力,但仍應由合格醫療人員評估與施作。這樣能使文章更成熟,也避免誇大療效。
參考作文
Among the four forms of traditional Chinese medicine, I am particularly interested in acupuncture. Acupuncture is an ancient treatment in which very thin needles are inserted into specific points on the body. Although it has a long history, it is still widely used today, and this combination of tradition and modern medicine is fascinating to me.
First, acupuncture may help relieve pain without relying entirely on medication. Many people suffer from headaches, neck pain, back pain, or pain caused by sports injuries. When people take painkillers too frequently, they may experience side effects or become dependent on medicine. Acupuncture provides another possible way to manage discomfort. For example, an athlete with a strained muscle may receive acupuncture as part of a broader rehabilitation program. It may not replace surgery