義守大學 105 年 《英文》

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第 1 題2 分

The American dream is highly _____ during the period of prosperity generated by American capitalism.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞的語意判斷」與「固定搭配」。句中主詞為 The American dream,空格位於連綴動詞 is 後面,須填入形容詞,描述「美國夢」在經濟繁榮時期呈現的狀態。

關鍵片語為:

  • the American dream:美國夢
  • highly plausible:非常合理可信、很有可能實現
  • during the period of prosperity:在繁榮時期
  • generated by American capitalism:由美國資本主義所創造的

完整句意為:在美國資本主義所創造的繁榮時期,美國夢是非常合理可信、很有可能實現的。

解題方法

先判斷空格所需詞性。句型為:

The American dream is highly _____ during the period of prosperity generated by American capitalism.

is 後接形容詞,且前面有副詞 highly,表示「非常……」,因此四個選項皆具備形容詞形式,必須進一步依據語意與搭配判斷。

題幹中的關鍵線索是 the period of prosperity(繁榮時期)。經濟繁榮通常會帶來較多工作機會、財富累積與社會向上流動,因此「美國夢」在此時期被認為是可信、可實現的,最適合使用 plausible。

定位答案的原文與翻譯

The American dream is highly plausible during the period of prosperity generated by American capitalism.

翻譯:美國夢在美國資本主義所創造的繁榮時期,是非常合理可信、很有可能實現的。

選項分析

(A) plausible

plausible 意為「合理可信的;貌似可能的」。常用來形容某個想法、解釋、說法或結果具有可信度。

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第 2 題2 分

Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that _____ disease resistance in neighboring plants.

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題幹定位與翻譯

Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that activates disease resistance in neighboring plants.

研究人員發現,感染病毒的植物會釋放出一種氣體,這種氣體會啟動鄰近植物的抗病性。

空格位於關係代名詞 that 之後,that 指的是前面的 a gas。因此,空格需要填入能表達「氣體啟動抗病反應」的動詞。


核心觀念

本題主要考:

  1. 動詞的語意與搭配。
  2. 關係子句中的動詞選擇。
  3. 生物學語境中的「啟動防禦反應」。

activate 的意思是「啟動、活化、使開始作用」,常與下列名詞搭配:

  • activate disease resistance:啟動抗病性
  • activate an immune response:啟動免疫反應
  • activate defense mechanisms:啟動防禦機制
  • activate a gene:活化基因
  • activate an enzyme:活化酵素

植物受到病毒感染後,會釋放具有訊息傳遞作用的氣體,使鄰近植物預先啟動防禦機制。因此 activates disease resistance 在語意及搭配上最自然。


解題方法

先確認關係子句的結構:

  • a gas:先行詞,單數名詞
  • that:關係代名詞,代替 a gas
  • _____ disease resistance:描述這種氣體所產生的作用

因為先行詞 a gas 是單數,動詞要使用第三人稱單數形式。四個選項中,形式上符合的有:

  • advocates
  • activates
  • maintains
  • prescribes

接著依語意判斷:

「氣體」能夠對鄰近植物的抗病性產生什麼作用?最合理的是「啟動抗病性」,即 activate disease resistance。完整句意為:

這種氣體會啟動鄰近植物的抗病性。

因此選擇 (B) activates。


選項分析

(A) advocates

advocate 作動詞時,意思是「提倡、主張、支持」,例如:

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第 3 題2 分

As a gardener, Jim has to water the flowers and _____ the grass in the garden every morning.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字義辨析
  2. 動詞與受詞的語意搭配
  3. 平行結構

題幹為:

As a gardener, Jim has to water the flowers and _____ the grass in the garden every morning.
身為園丁,Jim 每天早上必須替花澆水,並修剪花園裡的草。

句中以 and 連接兩個動作:

  • water the flowers:替花澆水
  • _____ the grass:處理草

因此空格應填入一個能與 the grass 合理搭配,且符合園丁日常工作的動詞。

解題方法

先觀察句意與搭配:

water the flowers and _____ the grass

園丁每天早上替花澆水,也會替草坪或草地進行修剪。因此最自然的搭配是:

trim the grass
修剪草、修整草坪

trim 與 water 都是原形動詞,並列於情態助動詞 has to 之後,符合文法:

has to + 原形動詞 A + and + 原形動詞 B

完整句子為:

As a gardener, Jim has to water the flowers and trim the grass in the garden every morning.
身為園丁,Jim 每天早上必須替花澆水,並修剪花園裡的草。

選項分析

(A) trim

trim 作動詞時,表示「修剪、修整」,常用於修剪草、樹枝、鬍鬚或頭髮。

常見搭配包括:

  • trim the grass:修剪草
  • trim the lawn:修剪草坪
  • trim the bushes:修剪灌木
  • trim one’s beard:修剪鬍鬚

trim the grass 完全符合園丁的工作內容,因此正確。

(B) trigger

trigger 作動詞時,表示「觸發、引起、啟動」,通常用於事件、反應或機械裝置。

例如:

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第 4 題2 分

The old couple decided to _____ a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「近形近音字辨義」以及動詞與受詞的語意搭配。

句型為:

The old couple decided to adopt a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.

其中 decide to + 原形動詞,表示「決定做某事」。依照語意,這對老夫婦雖然已經有三名親生子女,仍決定「收養」一男一女,因此應選 adopt。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵語句:

though they had three of their own

其中:

  • though:雖然,儘管
  • have three of their own:有三名自己的子女;此處省略了 children
  • adopt:收養

全句翻譯為:

這對老夫婦雖然已經有三名親生子女,仍決定收養一名男孩和一名女孩。

「已有自己的孩子,卻再收養其他孩子」正是 adopt 的典型語境。

解題方法

先利用文法判斷空格需要動詞原形:

decided to + 動詞原形

四個選項皆可作動詞,因此必須進一步比較語意與慣用搭配:

  1. 受詞是 a boy and a girl,指人。
  2. 後半句說明這對夫妻已有三名自己的孩子。
  3. 前後語意形成「已有親生子女,仍另外收養孩子」的對比。
  4. 因此空格應填表示「依法接納他人子女為自己子女」的 adopt。

選項分析

(A) adapt

adapt 表示「使適應、改編、調整」,常見用法如下:

  • adapt oneself to the new environment:使自己適應新環境
  • adapt a novel for television:將小說改編成電視劇

例如:

Children must adapt themselves to a new school.

意思是「孩子必須使自己適應新學校」。

adapt 並不表示「收養孩子」,因此不能說 adapt a boy and a girl 來表達收養,故錯誤。

(B) bring

bring 表示「帶來、帶著某人或某物來」。

例如:

Please bring your children with you.

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第 5 題2 分

The police _____ that he committed a series of crimes in the north of the city.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 動詞字義辨析。
  2. 動詞與受詞、子句的搭配。
  3. 依上下文判斷最合理的語意。

題幹句型為:

The police _____ that he committed a series of crimes in the north of the city.
警方_____他在市區北部犯下一連串罪行。

空格後接 that 子句,內容是「他犯下……罪行」。因此空格應填入能表示「懷疑、認為某人涉案」且可接 that 子句 的動詞。


解題方法

先觀察句意:

  • The police:警方
  • that he committed...:他犯下……
  • a series of crimes:一連串罪行

整句要表達「警方懷疑他在市區北部犯下一連串罪行」,因此答案應為表示「懷疑、猜疑」的動詞 suspected。

句型為:

suspect + that 子句
懷疑……

也可使用:

suspect + 受詞 + of + V-ing
懷疑某人做了某事

例如:

The police suspected that he was involved in the crime.
警方懷疑他涉入這起犯罪案件。


題幹關鍵字與片語

  • the police:警方、警察
    police 是集合名詞,通常視為複數,故本題使用過去式 suspected 時不影響形式判斷。
  • commit a crime:犯罪、犯下罪行
    commit 常與 crime、murder、suicide 等搭配。
  • a series of:一連串的、一系列的
  • in the north of the city:在市區北部
  • suspect:懷疑;嫌疑犯
    本題是動詞,過去式為 suspected。

選項分析

(A) swelled

swell 的意思是「膨脹、腫脹、增加」。其過去式為 swelled。

例如:

His ankle swelled after the accident.
他的腳踝在事故後腫了起來。

本句主詞是 The police,後面又接 that he committed a series of crimes,語意是警方對犯罪行為的判斷,並非「警方膨脹某事」。因此 swelled 不符合句意,也不能自然搭配此處的 that 子句。

(B) submitted

submit 的意思是「提交、呈交;服從」。其過去式為 submitted。

常見用法包括:

submit an application
提交申請

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第 6 題2 分

Many companies are starting to invest in _____ energy.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「形容詞字彙語意與常見固定搭配詞(Collocation)」。題幹考查在環保與永續議題中極為常見的專業複合詞「替代能源/再生能源(alternative energy)」。


題幹解析與翻譯

  • 題幹原文:
    Many companies are starting to invest in _____ energy.
  • 結構分析:
  • 主詞:Many companies(許多公司)
  • 動詞:are starting to invest in...(開始投資於……)
  • 空格:置於名詞 energy(能源)之前,需填入適當的形容詞作修飾語。
  • 中文翻譯:
    許多公司正開始投資於替代能源。

選項分析

  • (A) alternative(可替代的;非傳統的):正確。
    alternative energy 為固定搭配詞,意指「替代能源」(指取代石化燃料的太陽能、風力等綠色能源)。在此語境中,企業投資替代能源完全符合文意與國際商業綠能趨勢。
  • (B) internal(內部的;體內的):錯誤。
    指「內部的」或「組織/身體內部的」(如 internal audit 內部稽核、internal medicine 內科)。雖物理學有 internal energy(內能),但商業投資標的並不會是物理學熱力學概念上的「內能」,不合商業語境。
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第 7 題2 分

I don't know May that well. She's only a _____ acquaintance.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗「形容詞與名詞的習慣搭配詞(Collocation)」以及「社交關係相關字彙之語意精準度」。
在英文中,表示「點頭之交」、「泛泛之交」或「不熟的熟人」時,慣用的固定搭配片語為 casual acquaintance。


解題方法

  1. 題幹語意分析與線索定位:
  • 題幹前半句:「I don't know May that well.」(我跟 May 沒有那麼熟。)
  • 題幹後半句:「She's only a _____ acquaintance.」(她只不過是個……的相識之人/熟人。)
  • 轉折副詞「only」與前句「don't know ... that well」相互呼應,顯示說話者想表達與 May 的關係僅止於「點頭之交」、「普通認識而無深交」。
  1. 搭配詞檢驗:
  • 名詞 acquaintance(相識之人、熟人)前方若要表達「非深交、泛泛的」,標準形容詞搭配為 casual(形成固定片語 casual acquaintance)。

選項分析

  • (A) chief:錯誤。
  • 字義:主要的、首要的;首領。
  • 分析:chief 用來修飾重要性(如 chief concern 主要考量、chief executive 執行長),無法用來修飾 acquaintance 表達關係淺薄,語意矛盾且無此搭配。
  • (B) light:錯誤。
  • 字義:輕的、微弱的、輕鬆的。
  • 分析:light 雖可表示程度輕微(如 light rain 小雨、light sleeper 淺眠者),但英文中修飾人際交往關係不會說 light acquaintance,不合習慣用法。
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第 8 題2 分

We were all really hungry, so we shared several _____ before digging into our individual meals.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗餐飲情境相關的進階單字詞義辨析與文意邏輯配合。解題核心在於辨識「主餐前所共享的餐點」在英文中的正確表達方式,並辨析常見的形近易混淆字(如 desert 與 dessert)。


題幹解析與中文翻譯

  • 題幹原文:
    "We were all really hungry, so we shared several _____ before digging into our individual meals."
  • 定位線索:
    句中提到「我們都很餓(really hungry)」、「大家一起分食數道……(shared several _____)」,且動作發生在「大快朵頤各自的主餐之前(before digging into our individual meals)」。
  • 關鍵片語與單字解析:
  • dig into:片語,在此表示「開始大快朵頤、津津有味地吃」。
  • individual meals:指每個人各自點的「個人套餐/主餐」。
  • before:時間副詞連接詞,標明該餐點是在主餐「之前」食用。
  • 全句翻譯:
    「我們大家都非常餓,因此在開始享用各自的主餐之前,我們一起分食了幾道開胃菜(前菜)。」

解題方法

  1. 分析文意邏輯與時間先後:
    空格所填名詞必須滿足「是在吃 individual meals(個人主餐)之前(before)」且「可以被大家 shared(分享)」的食物。
  2. 結合情境語境:
    西餐上菜順序通常為開胃菜/前菜(appetizers)→\rightarrow 主餐(main courses / entrees)→\rightarrow 甜點(desserts)。因此在主餐之前享用的餐點,必然是 (A) appetizers。

選項分析

  • (A) appetizers(正確)
  • 詞義:名詞複數,意為「開胃菜、前菜」(動詞為 appetize「引起食慾」,名詞 appetite 為「食慾、胃口」)。
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第 9 題2 分

You could see the _____ on the kitten’s face as it was being massaged.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「語境判斷」與「抽象名詞字義」。句中描述小貓接受按摩時臉上的情緒或表情,因此空格應填入表示「滿足、滿意、心滿意足」的名詞。

contentment 是不可數名詞,意為「滿足、知足、心滿意足的狀態」,常用來描述人在舒適、愉快情境下所呈現的滿意感。

題幹定位與翻譯

You could see the _____ on the kitten’s face as it was being massaged.

翻譯:
「小貓正在接受按摩時,你可以看出牠臉上的____。」

按摩通常會使小貓感到舒服、放鬆,因此臉上呈現的是 contentment(滿足、愉悅)。

句中的 as it was being massaged 是「當牠正在被按摩時」:

  • as:當……時
  • was being massaged:過去進行式的被動語態,表示「正在被按摩」

解題方法

先判斷空格需要的詞性。空格前有冠詞 the,後面接介系詞片語 on the kitten’s face,因此此處需要一個名詞,表示可以從小貓臉上看出的某種狀態或情緒。

再利用語境判斷:

  1. 小貓正在被按摩。
  2. 按摩帶來舒適與放鬆。
  3. 臉上可表現出「滿足、愉快」的神情。
  4. 因此選擇 contentment。

完整句意為:

You could see the contentment on the kitten’s face as it was being massaged.
小貓正在接受按摩時,你可以看出牠臉上的滿足神情。

選項分析

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第 10 題2 分

The luxurious face cream contains natural plant _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「名詞搭配」。句意描述的是乳霜中的天然植物成分,因此空格應填表示「萃取物、提取物」的名詞 extracts。

題幹定位與翻譯

The luxurious face cream contains natural plant _____.

翻譯:這款奢華的面霜含有天然植物萃取物。

關鍵搭配為:

  • contain + 名詞:含有……
  • natural plant extracts:天然植物萃取物

化妝品常使用植物萃取物作為保養成分,因此 natural plant extracts 符合語意與慣用搭配。由於植物萃取物通常不只一種,使用複數名詞 extracts。

解題方法

先觀察動詞 contains。其後需要接名詞作為受詞:

contains natural plant _____

再依照面霜的使用情境判斷,面霜通常含有植物來源的有效成分,故應選擇表示「植物萃取物」的 extracts。

完整句為:

The luxurious face cream contains natural plant extracts.

意思是「這款奢華的面霜含有天然植物萃取物」。

選項分析

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第 11 題2 分

_____ five minutes earlier, you would not have missed the last train for Shanghai, but you were late.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:與過去事實相反的假設句

本題考的是「第三類條件句」(third conditional),用來表示與過去事實相反的假設:

  • 條件子句:If+If + 主詞 +had+p.p.+ had + p.p.
  • 主要子句:主詞 +wouldhave+p.p.+ would have + p.p.

基本句型為:

If you had come five minutes earlier, you would not have missed the last train for Shanghai.

意思是:「如果你早五分鐘到,你就不會錯過開往上海的末班車。」但事實是你遲到了,也確實錯過了末班車。

本題將條件子句中的 ifif 省略,並將 hadhad 移到主詞前,形成倒裝句:

Had you come five minutes earlier, you would not have missed the last train for Shanghai.

因此答案為 (A) Had you come。


題幹定位與翻譯

題幹完整句子為:

_____ five minutes earlier, you would not have missed the last train for Shanghai, but you were late.

填入答案後:

Had you come five minutes earlier, you would not have missed the last train for Shanghai, but you were late.

翻譯:

如果你早五分鐘到,你就不會錯過開往上海的末班車,但你遲到了。

其中:

  • come:來、到達
  • five minutes earlier:早五分鐘
  • miss the train:錯過火車
  • the last train:末班車
  • for Shanghai:開往上海
  • be late:遲到

句尾 but you were late 明確指出過去事實:你當時遲到了。因此前半句必須使用與過去事實相反的假設語氣。


解題方法

先觀察主要子句:

you would not have missed

其中 would have + 過去分詞(wouldhavemissedwould have missed)是第三類條件句主要子句的典型形式,表示「過去原本會……,但實際上沒有……」。

因此,前面的條件子句應使用:

If you had come five minutes earlier

題目選項沒有提供 ifif,所以改用省略 ifif 的倒裝形式:

Had you come five minutes earlier

句型轉換如下:

If you had come→Had you come\text{If you had come} \rightarrow \text{Had you come}

hadhad 移至主詞 youyou 前方,形成:

Had + 主詞 + 過去分詞

因此正確答案是 (A) Had you come。


選項分析

(A) Had you come

正確。

這是第三類條件句的倒裝形式,相當於:

If you had come five minutes earlier

結構為:

Had + you + come

其中 comecome 是過去分詞,與 hadhad 組成過去完成式 hadcomehad come,表示「當時早一點到達」這個未實現的過去條件。

完整句子的時態搭配正確:

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第 12 題2 分

To be honest, today’s dinner was just so-so. It wasn’t such a good one _____ promised by the boss.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「準關係代名詞 as」的用法,以及 such + 名詞 + as 的句型。

句型可整理為:

such + 名詞 + as + 子句
像……一樣的……

題目中的 such 與 as 是分開使用的:

  • such a good one:如此好的一份晚餐
  • as promised by the boss:如老闆所承諾的

其中 as 是準關係代名詞,代替前面的 one,引導後面的修飾子句。依校方釋疑,promised 前省略了 it was,完整語意可理解為:

as it was promised by the boss

此處 as 表示「如同……一樣」。

解題方法

先判斷空格前後的結構:

It wasn’t such a good one _____ promised by the boss.

空格前已有:

such a good one

後面接的是:

promised by the boss

這是一個被省略的被動結構,完整可還原為:

as it was promised by the boss

整句意思是:

老實說,今天的晚餐很普通。它不像老闆承諾的那樣好。

因此空格應填入具有「如同……一樣」意思、可引導準關係子句的 as。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

It wasn’t such a good one as promised by the boss.

翻譯:

它不像老闆承諾的那樣好。

前句:

To be honest, today’s dinner was just so-so.

翻譯:

老實說,今天的晚餐很普通。

選項分析

(A) that

that 可用於 such ... that ... 句型,表示「如此……以致於……」,例如:

It was such a good dinner that everyone wanted more.
那是一頓如此美味的晚餐,以致於每個人都想再吃一些。

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第 13 題2 分

A: Did Charles vote in the last election?

B: No, he wasn’t _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞後置 enough」與時間副詞的位置。

  • old:年長的、達到法定年齡的
  • enough:足夠地、足以……
  • then:當時、那時

當 enough 修飾形容詞時,必須放在形容詞之後:

形容詞+enough\text{形容詞}+\text{enough}

例如:

  • old enough:年紀夠大
  • tall enough:夠高
  • strong enough:夠強壯

因此,「年紀還不夠大」要說 wasn’t old enough。句尾的 then 表示「在上次選舉當時」,放在句末最自然。

解題方法

先將對話翻譯如下:

A: Did Charles vote in the last election?
查理斯有在上一次選舉中投票嗎?

B: No, he wasn’t _____.
沒有,當時他的年紀還沒有……。

投票通常需要達到法定年齡,因此空格應表達「當時年紀還不夠大」:

No, he wasn’t old enough then.
沒有,當時他的年紀還不夠大。

句型結構為:

wasn’t+old+enough+then\text{wasn't}+\text{old}+\text{enough}+\text{then}

其中:

  • wasn’t old enough:年紀不夠大
  • then:當時,修飾整個情況

選項分析

(A) enough old then

錯誤。當 enough 修飾形容詞 old 時,必須放在形容詞之後,應為 old enough,不能說 enough old。

正確:

old enough

錯誤:

enough old

因此 enough old then 不符合英文文法。

(B) then enough old

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第 14 題2 分

He decided to go for a sailing holiday _____ the fact that he was usually seasick.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「介系詞片語的語意辨識」,重點在於判斷前後子句之間的邏輯關係。

題幹中:

  • decide to V:決定做某事
  • go for a sailing holiday:去享受帆船假期
  • the fact that...:……這項事實
  • be seasick:暈船
  • usually:通常

句中「他通常會暈船」是「他決定去帆船度假」的一項不利條件,前後形成「儘管……,仍然……」的讓步關係,因此應使用 in spite of。


解題方法

先找出空格前後的語意:

He decided to go for a sailing holiday _____ the fact that he was usually seasick.

翻譯為:

他決定去享受帆船假期,儘管他通常會暈船。

「通常會暈船」照理說會降低他參加帆船活動的意願,但他仍作出相反決定,這是典型的讓步語意。

in spite of + 名詞/動名詞/the fact that 子句 表示「儘管……、不顧……」。

因此:

He decided to go for a sailing holiday in spite of the fact that he was usually seasick.


選項分析

(A) because of

because of 表示「因為、由於」,用來說明原因,後接名詞或名詞片語。

若填入本句:

他因為通常會暈船,所以決定去帆船度假。

「暈船」是去帆船度假的原因,語意不合理;題幹要表達的是「儘管暈船,仍然決定前往」,因此錯誤。


(B) in spite of

in spite of 表示「儘管、不顧」,用來表達讓步關係,後接名詞、代名詞、動名詞或 the fact that + 子句。

本句的結構為:

in spite of + the fact that + S + V

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第 15 題2 分

He didn’t live up to _____ had been expected of him.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「名詞子句」與關係代名詞的用法,句型為:

live up to + 名詞/名詞片語

live up to 意為「達到、不辜負(期望、標準、承諾)」。

題幹中的 _____ had been expected of him 必須是一個能作介系詞 to 受詞的名詞子句。what 可引導名詞子句,表示「……的事物/所有……的事」,本身兼具先行詞與關係代名詞的功能。

題幹定位與翻譯

He didn’t live up to what had been expected of him.
他沒有達到大家對他的期望。

其中:

  • what had been expected of him:對他所期待的事
  • had been expected:過去完成式被動語態,表示「早已被期待」
  • of him:表示這些期待是針對他、加諸於他的

完整結構為:

He didn’t live up to [what had been expected of him].

方括號內的部分是名詞子句,整體作 to 的受詞。

解題方法

先找出 live up to 後面需要的成分。因為 to 在此是介系詞,後面必須接名詞、名詞片語或名詞子句。

空格後的 had been expected of him 缺少主詞:

_____ had been expected of him

填入 what 後:

what had been expected of him

what 在子句中作 had been expected 的主詞,整個子句則作名詞使用,符合句法與語意。

what 的基本結構可理解為:

what = the thing(s) that
what had been expected of him = the thing(s) that had been expected of him

因此句意與文法均完整。

選項分析

(A) what:正確

what 可引導名詞子句,意為「……的事物、所……的事」。在本句中:

what had been expected of him

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第 16 題2 分

She prefers _____ to traveling by air.

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這一題的完整詳解

題意翻譯與句意定位

  • 題目原句:She prefers _____ to traveling by air.
  • 中文翻譯:比起搭飛機旅行,她更喜歡開車。

核心觀念:動詞 prefer 的句型搭配與平行結構

本題核心在於動詞 prefer 的固定搭配句型以及比較對象的對等(平行)結構。

  1. prefer A to B(比起 B,更喜歡 A):
  • 介系詞 to 在此表「比較、相對」,因此後方接名詞或動名詞(V-ingV\text{-ing})。
  • 前後的比較對象必須對等(Parallelism):
  • 名詞 vs. 名詞:prefer N1 to N2\text{prefer } N_1 \text{ to } N_2(例:I prefer tea to coffee.)
  • 動名詞 vs. 動名詞:prefer V1-ing to V2-ing\text{prefer } V_1\text{-ing to } V_2\text{-ing}(例:He prefers watching rugby to playing it.)
  1. prefer to V1V_1 rather than (to) V2V_2 / would prefer to V1V_1 than (to) V2V_2:
  • 若使用不定詞(to VV),連接兩者時要搭配 rather than 或 than,不可搭配介系詞 to(避免造成「to VV to to VV」的贅詞與混淆)。

解題方法

  1. 分析空格後的結構:
    題幹後半部為「to traveling by air」,此處的 to 為介系詞,後方接動名詞 traveling。
  2. 應用對等結構法則:
    依據「prefer V-ing to V-ing\text{prefer } V\text{-ing to } V\text{-ing}」的句型,介系詞 to 前後必須維持詞性一致的平行結構。
  3. 決定答案:
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第 17 題2 分

The human resources director made all job applicants _____ an English test.

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這一題的完整詳解

題幹翻譯與解析

題幹原文:
The human resources director made all job applicants _____ an English test.
題幹翻譯:
人力資源主管要求所有求職者參加英語測驗。


核心觀念

本題測驗的核心為使役動詞(Causative Verbs)的受詞補語用法。
英文中常見的使役動詞包括 make、have、let 等,表示「使、令、強迫、要求、讓」。
其主動語態的基本句型公式為:

  • Subject+make / have / let+Object (受詞)+V (原形動詞)\text{Subject} + \text{make / have / let} + \text{Object (受詞)} + \text{V (原形動詞)}

當受詞(all job applicants)與後面的動作(take an English test)為「主動關係」時,受詞補語必須使用原形動詞(bare infinitive),不可使用不定詞(to V)、分詞(V-ing / V-ed)或限定動詞時態變化。


解題方法

  1. 分析句子主要結構:
  • 主詞(Subject):The human resources director(人力資源主管)
  • 主要動詞(Verb):made(使役動詞 make 的過去式)
  • 受詞(Object):all job applicants(所有求職者)
  • 受詞補語(Object Complement):空格處至句尾 _____ an English test
  1. 判斷主被動關係:
  • 受詞「求職者(applicants)」與動詞「參加考試(take a test)」之間為主動關係(求職者去應試)。
  1. 套用使役動詞文法規則:
  • 使役動詞 made 後方接主動受詞補語時,動詞形式必須為「原形動詞」,因此空格處應填入原形動詞 take。

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第 18 題2 分

The manager _____ all members by tomorrow night.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查**未來完成式(Future Perfect Tense)**的用法與時間副詞片語的搭配。

  • 未來完成式基本結構:will have + 過去分詞 (p.p.)
  • 核心概念:表示在未來某個特定時間點「之前」已經完成、或持續到該時間點的動作。
  • 時間指示詞:當句尾或句首出現 by + 未來時間點(意為「在……之前」、「不晚於……」)時,強烈提示動作將在該期限前截止並完成,主要子句的動詞時態通常須使用「未來完成式」。

題幹定位與翻譯

  • 題幹原文:
    The manager _____ all members by tomorrow night.
  • 中文翻譯:
    經理在明晚之前將會聯繫好所有成員。
  • 關鍵字詞解析:
  • manager (n.):經理、主管
  • contact (v.):聯絡、聯繫
  • by tomorrow night (prep. phr.):在明天晚上之前(by 在此處等同於 no later than,表示動作完成的最終期限)

解題方法

  1. 抓取時間副詞:句末明確出現時間標記 by tomorrow night(明晚之前)。
  2. 釐清介系詞 by 的意涵:by + 時間 表示「截止時間(deadline)」,相當於 no later than。這意味著「聯繫所有成員」這個動作是在明晚這個時間點到來前就會「已經完成」的狀態。
  3. 時態配對:表示「在未來的某時間點前,將已完成的事情」,英文文法規則必須採用未來完成式 will have + p.p.,故動詞應選用 will have contacted。

選項分析

  • (A) contacts:錯誤。此為現在式第三人稱單數動詞。現在簡單式通常用於表示「目前的狀態」、「習慣性動作」或「真理常規」;
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第 19 題2 分

By no means _____ look down on those who are less lucky in life than we are.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:否定副詞片語置於句首的倒裝

本題考查「否定或具有否定意義的副詞片語置於句首時,主詞與助動詞倒裝」的用法。

片語 By no means 意為「絕不、決不、絲毫不」,具有否定語氣。當它置於句首時,後面的主要子句須採用部分倒裝:

否定副詞片語+助動詞+主詞+原形動詞\text{否定副詞片語}+\text{助動詞}+\text{主詞}+\text{原形動詞}

原句正常語序可還原為:

We should by no means look down on those who are less lucky in life than we are.

將 By no means 移至句首後,需把助動詞 should 移到主詞 we 前面:

By no means should we look down on those who are less lucky in life than we are.

題幹翻譯與句意

By no means should we look down on those who are less lucky in life than we are.

意為:

我們絕不應該看不起那些人生際遇不如我們幸運的人。

其中:

  • by no means:絕不、決不
  • should:應該
  • look down on:看不起、輕視
  • those who...:那些……的人
  • less lucky in life than we are:在人生中沒有我們幸運
  • than we are 中的 are 代替 are lucky in life,避免重複

解題方法

先辨認句首的 By no means。這是帶有否定意義的副詞片語,置於句首時會觸發倒裝。

原本的語序是:

we should look down on...

倒裝後變成:

should we look down on...

因此空格必須填入 should we,完整句子為:

By no means should we look down on those who are less lucky in life than we are.

選項分析

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第 20 題2 分

After he worked out the solution, _____ appeared a smile on his face.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「存在句(existential there)」與主詞、動詞倒裝的用法。

句型如下:

There + be/感官或狀態動詞 + 真正主詞 + 地點或補語

本句中:

there appeared a smile on his face

可理解為:

在他的臉上出現了一抹笑容。

其中:

  • there:存在句的虛主詞,表示「有、出現」
  • appeared:appear 的過去式,表示「出現、顯現」
  • a smile:真正的主詞
  • on his face:介系詞片語,表示「在他的臉上」

正常語序可改寫為:

A smile appeared on his face.

使用存在句後,變成:

There appeared a smile on his face.

解題方法

先切分句子結構:

After he worked out the solution, _____ appeared a smile on his face.

前半段 After he worked out the solution 是時間副詞子句,意思是「在他解出答案之後」。

主句必須表達「有一抹笑容出現在他的臉上」,因此需要使用存在句:

There appeared + 名詞主詞

填入 there 後:

After he worked out the solution, there appeared a smile on his face.

翻譯為:

在他解出答案之後,他的臉上出現了一抹笑容。

此處 there 並非表示地點的「那裡」,而是存在句中的虛主詞;真正描述「出現」的主體是 a smile。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

After he worked out the solution, there appeared a smile on his face.

翻譯:

在他解出答案之後,他的臉上出現了一抹笑容。

句中的 there appeared a smile 等於較普通的語序:

A smile appeared.

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第 21 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 21, choose the best answer.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「固定搭配」與「語意判斷」。

句型:

be not in someone’s best interests
對某人不是最有利的;不符合某人的最佳利益

此處的 interests 不是「興趣」,而是「利益、福祉、最佳利益」的意思。句中的 animals’ 是複數名詞所有格,表示「動物們的」。


定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹關鍵句為:

I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best ____.

翻譯:

我很快就明白,在這種程度上研究動物,並不符合動物們的最佳利益。

後文描述學生把青蛙解剖、以乙醚使果蠅失去活動能力,最後將果蠅丟入油中處理,顯示這種研究方式對動物造成傷害,與動物的福祉不符。因此應填入 interests。

完整句為:

studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best interests.


解題方法

先觀察空格前後的結構:

in the animals’ best ____

「in someone’s best interests」是固定片語,表示「符合某人的最佳利益」。

再由文章語意判斷:作者認為大學實驗中的動物解剖與處置方式過於殘酷,並不是為了動物本身的福祉,因此使用「最佳利益」最恰當。

此處的 best interests 是慣用複數形式,不能依照一般「interest = 興趣」的意思解讀。


選項分析

(A) duties

duty 意為「責任、義務」,複數為 duties。

in the animals’ best duties

此搭配不成立。「動物們的最佳義務」在語意與慣用法上都不通,且題幹重點是研究是否有利於動物,而不是動物應負擔什麼責任。

(B) interests

interest 有「興趣、利益」等意思;在 best interests 中是「最佳利益、福祉」。

in the animals’ best interests

此為正確固定搭配,且符合上下文:解剖活體或剛死亡的動物、以乙醚處理果蠅等行為,不符合動物的福祉。

(C) rates

rate 意為「比率、速度、費率、價格」。

in the animals’ best rates

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第 22 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 22, choose the best answer.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「介系詞+關係代名詞」的用法。

句子為:

I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts.
我記得有一次期中考,每位學生都拿到一隻剛被殺死的大青蛙,並被要求解剖牠、標示一組身體部位。

空格前已有介系詞 in,後面又接完整子句:

each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog...

先行詞為 one midterm exam,表示「在那一次期中考中」。因此應使用關係代名詞 which,形成:

one midterm exam in which each student was handed...

in which = in the exam,在那場考試中


解題方法

判斷關係詞時,可依序檢查三點:

  1. 找先行詞
    空格前的先行詞是 one midterm exam,屬於事物,不是人。

  2. 觀察空格前是否有介系詞
    空格前是介系詞 in,因此需要能與介系詞搭配的關係代名詞。

  3. 判斷關係代名詞在子句中的功能
    「每位學生在考試中被交付一隻青蛙」可改寫為:

Each student was handed a frog in the exam.

將 the exam 改為關係代名詞,並把介系詞提前,即為:

the exam in which each student was handed a frog

所以完整句為:

I remember one midterm exam in which each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog...

選 (D) which。


選項分析

(A) what

what 是融合關係代名詞,意思是「……的事物」,本身已包含「先行詞+關係代名詞」的功能,例如:

I understand what you mean.
我了解你的意思。

因此 what 前面不能再有明確先行詞 one midterm exam。
此外,英文不使用:

exam in what...

來表示「在那場考試中」。

故 (A) 錯誤。

(B) that

that 可作關係代名詞,代替人或事物,例如:

The exam that I took was difficult.
我參加的那場考試很難。

但 that 不能直接放在介系詞後面。以下形式錯誤:

in that

若要使用 that,必須將介系詞留在句尾:

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第 23 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 23, choose the best answer.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考克漏字中的「固定搭配」與「語境判斷」。

關鍵句為:

I was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

句意是:「我很難過,她的生命竟然只是為了如此微小的__而被奪走。」

此處需要填入表示「理由、原因」的名詞,形成 for such a slight reason,意為「為了如此微小的理由」。

解題方法

先判斷空格前的形容詞 slight 修飾何種名詞:

  • slight reason:微小的理由,語意自然。
  • 文章描述作者為了生物學實驗而解剖青蛙,認為犧牲生命的代價與實驗目的不相稱,因此說是「為了一個微小的理由」。

句型結構為:

for + 名詞

其中 for 表示「為了、因為」,空格應填入能表示原因或理由的名詞。

選項分析

(A) reason「理由;原因」

正確。for such a slight reason 是語意完整且自然的搭配,表示「為了如此微小的理由」。符合作者認為解剖青蛙並不值得的語氣。

(B) spirit「精神;靈魂」

錯誤。for such a slight spirit 不符合英文慣用語,也無法合理表達「青蛙的生命只是為了一個微小理由而被犧牲」的意思。此處需要的是「原因」,不是「精神」或「靈魂」。

(C) space「空間;位置」

錯誤。for such a slight space 語意不通。若要表示「一小段空間」,通常會說 a small space,而 slight space 也不能表達本句中的「實驗理由」。

(D) system「系統;制度」

錯誤。for such a slight system 不符合語意。

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第 24 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 24, choose the best answer.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「克漏字中的語意判斷、動詞搭配與時態」。

空格所在句為:

We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation.
我們正在以果蠅進行實驗,而當時正是記錄牠們下一代特徵分布的時候。

句型是:

主詞+be動詞+V-ing\text{主詞}+\text{be動詞}+\text{V-ing}

因此空格應填現在分詞,形成過去進行式 were experimenting。此外,experiment on+生物 是固定搭配,表示「以……進行實驗」。

解題方法

先觀察空格後面的介系詞 on:

_____ on fruit flies

能與 on 搭配,且符合「研究果蠅下一代特徵」語意的動詞是 experiment。

完整句意為:

We were experimenting on fruit flies.
我們正在以果蠅進行實驗。

前文提到作者曾解剖青蛙,後文說明研究者讓果蠅接觸 ether,使其暫時不能動,再觀察眼睛顏色並記錄數據。因此整段明確是在描述「以果蠅作為實驗對象進行研究」。

選項分析

(A) experimenting

experiment 作動詞時,常見搭配為:

  • experiment on animals:以動物做實驗
  • experiment with a new method:試驗新方法
  • experiment in biology:在生物學領域進行實驗

填入後為:

We were experimenting on fruit flies.

文法上符合 were+V-ing,語意上也符合研究果蠅下一代特徵的內容,因此正確。

(B) strengthening

strengthen 意為「加強、增強」,例如:

strengthen the muscles
增強肌肉

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第 25 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 25, choose the best answer.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

第 25 題考「連接詞的語意與句型」。空格前為:

Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move.

意思是:要計算白眼或紅眼果蠅的數量,必須先讓牠們接觸乙醚,_____牠們無法移動。

前句的「讓果蠅接觸乙醚」是方法,後句「牠們無法移動」是希望達成的目的,因此需要表示「以便、使得」的目的連接詞 so that。

解題方法

句型可整理為:

expose the flies to ether so that they could not move
讓果蠅接觸乙醚,以便牠們無法移動

其中:

  • so that + 子句:以便……、使得……
  • they could not move:主詞 they 加上情態動詞 could,再接原形動詞 move,形成完整子句。
  • 前面的 exposing them to ether 是手段,後面的 they could not move 是目的或結果。

全文情境中,果蠅必須先被乙醚麻醉,研究者才能將牠們攤在白紙上並計數。因此選用表示目的的 so that 最符合上下文。

定位答案的原文與翻譯

Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether so that they could not move.

翻譯:
「要計算具有白色或紅色眼睛的果蠅數量,首先必須讓牠們接觸乙醚,以便牠們無法移動。」

選項分析

(A) owing to:由於、因為。
這是介系詞片語,後面通常接名詞或動名詞,例如 owing to the rain。本句空格後為完整子句 they could not move,結構不合;

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第 26 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 26, choose the best answer.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查不定詞(Infinitive)表目的之被動語態(Passive Voice),以及並列結構(Parallelism)中的省略現象。

  • 不定詞表目的:to + V 用於表達主詞採取某動作的目的,若受詞在意義上為動作的承受者,則採用被動式 to be + p.p.。
  • 對等連接詞的並列結構:以 and 連接兩個表目的的不定詞片語時,第二個不定詞常會省略相同的不定詞符號 to,形成 to be [p.p. 1] and [p.p. 2] 的結構。

定位語境與文意翻譯

  • 原文定位:

"The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper [blank 26] and counted."

  • 句構分析:
    本句的主要子句為 The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper(果蠅隨後被攤在一張白紙上)。空格處接在介系詞片語之後,用以修飾主要子句的動作目的(攤在白紙上的目的是為了「被檢視」與「被計數」)。
    後方緊接著對等連接詞 and counted(被計數),顯示空格處與 counted 形成對等並列關係,共同受前方的被動不定詞引導:
    to be examined⏟p.p. 1 and counted⏟p.p. 2\text{to be } \underbrace{\text{examined}}_{\text{p.p. } 1} \text{ and } \underbrace{\text{counted}}_{\text{p.p. } 2}
  • 文意翻譯:
    「果蠅隨後被攤在一張白紙上以供檢視與計數。」

解題方法

  1. 判斷空格在句中的功能:
    主要子句結構完整(主詞 The flies、被動動詞 were then spread、地點副詞片語 onto a piece of white paper)。空格處需要填入非限定動詞(準動詞)片語來表示攤開果蠅的「目的」。
  2. 分析與後方 and counted 的對等關係:
    and 後方的 counted 為過去分詞(p.p.)。若選 (B) to be examined,整個目的片語即為:
    to be examined and (to be) counted\text{to be examined and (to be) counted}
    這是英文中極為標準且常見的對等省略句型(省略第二個 to be,保留分詞 counted)。
  3. 語意邏輯檢驗:
    果蠅是「被實驗者檢視並計算數量」,因此必須使用被動態 to be examined,表示動作發生的目的。

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後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

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第 27 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 27, choose the best answer.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為克漏字測驗中的語境詞彙搭配與語意邏輯判斷題。考查形容詞與名詞組成的狀態表達(be動詞 + 形容詞),要求考生依據前述實驗操作步驟(麻醉果蠅、倒在紙上、進行計數)的時間點與因果關係,判斷「數據蒐集」完成後的對應形容詞。


定位句與解題方法

定位句分析

原文:
“When the data collection was <u>complete</u>, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting [place].”
翻譯:
當數據收集完成時,這些果蠅就沒有其他用處了,而我們接到的指示是將牠們丟進每張實驗桌中央裝有油的小玻璃皿中,那將是牠們最後的安息之所。

切入點與邏輯推導

  1. 前後語境邏輯:
  • 前句提及實驗流程:先將果蠅麻醉(ether)後倒在紙上計數(counted)。
  • 主句說明:果蠅「不再有任何用處(had no further use)」,要被處置扔進油皿中。
  • 從「計數過程」到「果蠅沒用處要被處死」之間,時間與狀態的轉折點正是「數據收集已經完成/結束」。
  1. 詞彙搭配:
  • 表示「(某工作、程序、任務)完成、結束」,常使用形容詞 complete 作為主詞補語(例如:The project is now complete. 或 When the process is complete...)。在此處即指數據蒐集工作告一段落。

選項分析

  • (A) preliminary(形容詞)
  • 中文字義:初步的、預備的。
  • 錯誤原因:語意完全相反。若數據收集僅是「初步的」,實驗並未結束,果蠅仍有用處;
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第 28 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 28, choose the best answer.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題測驗**固定搭配片語(Collocation)與文學隱喻(Metaphor)**的理解能力。「final resting place」為英語中常見的固定習語,字面意思為「最後安息之地」,婉轉修辭上即指「安葬之地」或「長眠之所」(burial place / grave)。


解題方法

  1. 定位關鍵句:

"When the data collection was [27], the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____."
中文翻譯:「當數據蒐集完畢後,這些果蠅便不再有利用價值,我們的指導指示是將牠們丟入每個實驗桌中央裝有油的小玻璃皿中,而那將會是牠們最後的長眠之地。」

  1. 文意與片語搭配分析:
  • 句中描述實驗結束後,無用的果蠅會被丟進裝油的玻璃皿中致死(溺斃)。
  • 英文中以「final resting place」委婉代稱生命結束時的歸宿或墳墓。此處作者運用擬人與同理的視角,將盛油的玻璃皿形容為果蠅生命終結的「長眠之處 / 安息之所」。
  • 四個選項中,僅有 place 能與 final resting 搭配構成標準成語。

選項分析

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第 29 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 29, choose the best answer.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

第 29 題考「固定片語」與介系詞搭配:

  • keep an eye on someone/something:留意、監視某人/某事物
  • keep one eye on someone/something:一邊做其他事情,一邊注意某人/某事物

題幹中的 them 指前文的 flies(果蠅),作者在記錄資料時,仍持續注意那些果蠅是否恢復活動。

定位答案的原文與翻譯

As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them.

翻譯:
「當我們記錄資料時,我仍分心留意著牠們。」

完整句為:

As we recorded our data, I kept one eye on them.

意思是作者一邊記錄實驗數據,一邊觀察果蠅的情況。

解題方法

看到 keep one eye,應立即聯想到固定搭配:

keep one eye on + 人/事物\text{keep one eye on + 人/事物}

其中:

  • keep:保持
  • one eye:一隻眼睛
  • on them:注意著牠們

這裡不是描述眼睛實際放在果蠅上,而是引申為「持續留意、暗中觀察」。因此空格必須填入 on。

選項分析

  • (A) for
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第 30 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

By the time I finished high school, my interest in animals had grown. Then I enrolled at a university to study biology. I learned soon enough that studying animals at this level was not in the animals’ best _____. I remember one midterm exam in _____ each student was handed a large, freshly-killed frog and instructed to dissect and mark a set of body parts. I looked at the dead frog in front of me and was saddened that her life was taken away for such a slight _____.

A year later, in the same lab where I dissected the frog, I performed a small act of animal operation. We were _____ on fruit flies, and it was time to record the distribution of characteristics in their next generation. Flies were kept in small plastic bottles. Counting the number of flies with white or red eyes required first exposing them to ether _____ they could not move. The flies were then spread onto a piece of white paper _____ and counted. When the data collection was _____, the flies had no further use, and our instructions were to put them into a small glass dish of oil at the center of each desk, which was to be their final resting _____.

Once the little pile of flies had been counted, I pushed them off the edge of the paper. As we recorded our data, I kept one eye _____ them. Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog. I was extremely excited as they _____ flight. That was my first step in refusing to conduct scientific research that treated nonhuman life in a cruel way.

For blank 30, choose the best answer.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

第 30 題考的是:

  1. 固定搭配(collocation)
  2. 片語動詞與語意判斷
  3. 動詞時態

句型為:

I was extremely excited as they _____ flight.
當牠們開始飛行時,我感到非常興奮。

英文中 take flight 是固定片語,意思是「開始飛行、飛走、起飛」。本句描述果蠅從乙醚麻醉中甦醒並飛走,因此應使用 took flight。

解題方法

先觀察空格後面的名詞 flight。與 flight 最自然、最固定的搭配是:

take flight=開始飛行、飛走

文章前文提到果蠅原本因乙醚而無法移動,之後作者發現牠們逐漸恢復活動:

Within minutes the pile was humming as tiny legs and wings beat their way out of the ether fog.
幾分鐘內,那堆果蠅開始發出嗡嗡聲,細小的腳與翅膀拍動著,使牠們逐漸擺脫乙醚造成的迷霧。

接著描述果蠅「開始飛行」,因此:

I was extremely excited as they took flight.
當牠們開始飛行時,我感到非常興奮。

主句使用過去式 was,全文也是回憶過去事件,因此片語中的 take 必須改成過去式 took。

選項分析

  • (A) stood

stand flight 不是英文固定搭配;stand 的意思是「站立、忍受、處於某種狀態」,無法表達果蠅開始飛行。若要表示「站立」,通常使用 stand on 或 stand up,不能接 flight。

  • (B) took

take flight 是正確固定片語,表示「開始飛行、飛走」。由於本文敘述過去發生的事件,take 的過去式為 took,所以 took flight 完全符合文法與語意。

  • (C) sent
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第 31 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than what could be obtained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them.

One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences may be. In the highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population rather than one which is stable or in decline.

A smaller population may mean _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是閱讀理解中的「比較關係判讀」,重點在於辨認人口多與人口少對下列兩項的影響:

  1. 生產力(productivity)
  2. 平均收入(average income)

文章第一段指出,人口多時,為供養大量人口,必須開發較劣質的土地,並密集利用良田,因此每個人的產出會減少,平均收入也會低於人口較少時的水準。

因此,人口較少代表:

  • 每人產出較多,即生產力較高;
  • 平均收入較高。

關鍵句定位與翻譯

題幹中的關鍵句是:

Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than what could be obtained with a smaller population.

翻譯:

因此,每個人的生產量較少,這表示其平均收入低於人口較少時所能取得的水準。

句中比較關係如下:

  • large population:每個人 produces less,平均收入較低;
  • smaller population:每個人產出較多,平均收入較高。

校方釋疑公告進一步說明,前後兩個子句具有對稱比較關係;人口少地區的整體 productivity 與 average income 都相對較高。


文法與語意重點

  1. each person produces less
  • each person:每一個人
  • produces less:生產較少、產出較低

less 是比較級,表示與另一種情況相比,產出量較少。

  1. this means a lower average income
  • this 指前面的「每個人產出較少」。
  • means 表示「意味著、導致」。
  • a lower average income 表示「較低的平均收入」。
  1. than what could be obtained with a smaller population
  • than 引導比較對象。
  • what could be obtained 是名詞子句,意思是「所能取得的東西」,此處指「所能取得的平均收入」。
  • with a smaller population 表示「在人口較少的情況下」。

整句可整理為:

人口多→每人產出較少→平均收入較低\text{人口多} \rightarrow \text{每人產出較少} \rightarrow \text{平均收入較低}

所以反向推論為:

人口少→生產力較高→平均收入較高\text{人口少} \rightarrow \text{生產力較高} \rightarrow \text{平均收入較高}

選項分析

(A) higher productivity, but a lower average income

錯誤。人口較少時,生產力較高的判斷正確;但文章明確指出,人口較少時可獲得的平均收入較高,不是較低。前半正確、後半錯誤,因此不能選。

(B) lower productivity, but a higher average income

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第 32 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than what could be obtained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them.

One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences may be. In the highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population rather than one which is stable or in decline.

According to the passage, a large population will provide a chance for developing _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「定位關鍵句」與語意判斷。解題重點是確認文章指出「人口增加」能促進哪一項設施或系統的發展。

文章第一段比較大人口的優缺點,其中明確指出:

Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways.

意思是:

其他經濟學家主張,大量人口能提供更大的專業分工空間,並促進港口、道路和鐵路等設施的發展。

其中 ports、roads、railways 都屬於交通運輸系統,因此答案為 transport system。

解題方法

先抓題幹中的關鍵詞:

  • a large population:大量人口
  • provide a chance for developing:提供發展……的機會

再回文章尋找「large population」與「development」相關的句子。定位到:

a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways

句中列出的 ports、roads、railways 都是交通建設,統稱為 transportation system。因此選擇與原文具體內容最直接對應的 (B) transport system。

本題不需要依賴第二段。第二段主要討論不同國家對出生率與人口成長的政策態度,與本題詢問的「大人口能促進何種發展」無直接關係。

關鍵單字與片語

  • advantage:優點
  • disadvantage:缺點
  • population:人口
  • economist:經濟學家
  • supply:供給
  • inferior land:劣質土地
  • cultivate:耕作、開墾
  • intensively:密集地
  • average income:平均收入
  • scope:範圍、空間
  • specialization:專業分工
  • facility:設施
  • port:港口
  • railway:鐵路
  • justify:使……合理、證明……有必要
  • demand:需求
  • birth control:節育、生育控制
  • developing country:開發中國家
  • industrialized society:工業化社會
  • birth rate:出生率
  • unemployment:失業
  • manufactured goods:製成品
  • housing:住宅、住房
  • building industry:建築業
  • in decline:衰退中、下降中

重要片語:

  • give more scope for:提供更多……的空間
  • such as:例如
  • be likely to:很可能……
  • unless:除非……
  • result in:導致
  • be faced with:面臨……
  • prefer A rather than B:寧願選擇 A,而不是 B

文法與語意重點

  1. give more scope for + 名詞/動名詞

原文的:

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第 33 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than what could be obtained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them.

One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences may be. In the highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population rather than one which is stable or in decline.

In a developed country, people will perhaps go out of work if the birthrate _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀理解+語意判斷+條件句」。解題關鍵是找出文章中「出生率下降會造成失業」的直接依據,再將文意套入句型:

people will perhaps go out of work if the birthrate _____.

其中:

  • go out of work:失業、失去工作。
  • birthrate:出生率。
  • decreasing birth rate:下降中的出生率、出生率降低。
  • lead to:導致。
  • declining market:萎縮的市場。
  • manufactured goods:製造商品。
  • housing:住宅、住房。
  • building industry:營造業、建築業。
  • stable:穩定、不變。
  • out of control:失去控制。

題目要判斷的是:在已開發國家中,什麼情況會使人民失業。

解題方法

先定位文章中與「失業」直接相關的句子:

A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods.

翻譯:

出生率下降可能導致失業,因為這會造成製造商品的市場萎縮。

文章的因果關係是:

出生率下降→人口成長減緩→商品需求下降→市場萎縮→失業\text{出生率下降} \rightarrow \text{人口成長減緩} \rightarrow \text{商品需求下降} \rightarrow \text{市場萎縮} \rightarrow \text{失業}

因此,題幹可理解為:

在已開發國家,如果出生率正在下降,人們就可能失去工作。

選項 (B) is decreasing 放入後,句子成為:

In a developed country, people will perhaps go out of work if the birthrate is decreasing.

意思是:

在已開發國家,如果出生率正在下降,人們就可能失業。

這與文章原文的因果關係完全一致。

文法與語意重點

本句使用條件句:

people will perhaps go out of work if the birthrate is decreasing.

主要子句為:

  • people will perhaps go out of work:人們將可能失業。

if 子句為:

  • if the birthrate is decreasing:如果出生率正在下降。

is decreasing 是現在進行式,表示「目前正在下降」。主詞 the birthrate 為單數,因此 be 動詞使用 is。

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第 34 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than what could be obtained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them.

One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences may be. In the highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population rather than one which is stable or in decline.

According to the passage, slowly rising birthrate perhaps is good for _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「閱讀理解」中的因果關係與文章主旨定位,重點在於比較:

  • developing country:開發中國家
  • highly industrialized society/developed country:高度工業化社會/已開發國家

文章指出,不同國家對人口成長的態度,取決於工業發展程度、糧食供應與天然資源。開發中國家人口已逼近糧食、土地與資源的上限,因此政府傾向限制出生率;已開發國家則可能因出生率下降而面臨失業、消費市場萎縮及建築業衰退等問題。

因此,人口「緩慢增加」對已開發國家較有利。

解題方法

題目問:

slowly rising birthrate perhaps is good for _____.

關鍵是找出文章中直接討論出生率下降所造成後果的句子:

A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods.
出生率下降可能導致失業,因為這會造成製造業產品的市場萎縮。

接著文章又說:

Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population rather than one which is stable or in decline.
面對這些考量,已開發國家的政府很可能寧願看到人口緩慢增加,也不希望人口維持穩定或逐漸減少。

題目中的 slowly rising birthrate 雖然嚴格來說是「緩慢上升的出生率」,文章原文較精確的說法是 a slowly increasing population,即「人口緩慢增加」。但依文章因果脈絡,人口緩慢增加通常與出生率不再下降有關,且受益者明確是 a developed country,故選 A。

文章定位與語意分析

第二段先說明各國人口政策不同:

official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials.
各國官方對人口成長的態度不盡相同,取決於工業發展程度,以及糧食和原物料的供應情形。

對開發中國家而言:

In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate.
在人口大幅增加、嚴重逼近糧食、土地空間及天然資源上限的開發中國家,政府首要關切的事情將是限制出生率。

對已開發國家而言:

A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods.
出生率下降可能導致失業,因為它會造成製成品市場縮小。

the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population rather than one which is stable or in decline.
已開發國家的政府很可能寧願看到人口緩慢增加,也不希望人口維持穩定或呈現下降。

這些句子共同支持:緩慢增加的人口或出生率,對已開發國家的經濟較有利。

關鍵單字與片語

  • advantage:優點、優勢
  • disadvantage:缺點、劣勢
  • population growth:人口成長
  • inferior land:劣質土地
  • cultivate:耕種、開墾
  • work the land intensively:密集耕作土地
  • average income:平均所得
  • specialization:專業化、分工
  • facility:設施
  • justify:使……合理、證明……有必要
  • world-wide:全世界的
  • birth control program:節育計畫、出生控制計畫
  • official attitude:官方態度
  • industrial development:工業發展
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第 35 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than what could be obtained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them.

One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences may be. In the highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population rather than one which is stable or in decline.

According to the passage, it is no easy job to carry out a general plan for birth control throughout the world because _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係與主旨定位」。題目問:為什麼要在全世界推行一套普遍的節育計畫並不容易?

關鍵在於各國的經濟發展程度、糧食與原料供應不同,因此各國政府對人口成長的態度也不一致。開發中國家可能希望降低出生率;高度工業化國家卻可能擔心出生率下降造成失業、消費市場縮小及建築業衰退。

解題方法

先找出題幹直接回答「不容易」的句子:

One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials.

翻譯:

推行全世界性的節育計畫,其中一項困難在於,各國政府對人口成長的態度,會依工業發展程度以及糧食與原料的供應情況而有所不同。

句中的核心是:

  • official attitudes ... vary from country to country:各國政府的態度因國家而異
  • depending on ...:取決於……
  • One of the difficulties lies in the fact that ...:困難之一在於……

因此,世界性的出生控制計畫難以執行,是因為不同國家的政府對人口問題有不同看法,故選 (C)。

文章語意重點

第一段先呈現人口多寡的兩面性:

  • 人口過多:必須開墾較差的土地、密集使用良田,使每人平均產出下降,平均所得降低。
  • 人口較多的優點:能促進專業分工,也能支持港口、道路、鐵路等公共設施的發展。

第二段進一步說明各國對出生率的態度不同:

  • 開發中國家:人口快速增加,已逼近糧食、土地與自然資源的上限,因此政府首要考量是限制出生率。
  • 高度工業化國家:出生率下降可能造成失業,因為製造品市場萎縮;房屋需求下降也會造成房價下跌,削弱建築業。因此政府可能偏好人口緩慢增加。

這些不同考量共同支持選項 (C)。

選項分析

(A) there are too many underdeveloped countries in the world
世界上有太多未開發國家。

錯誤。文章並未指出困難在於未開發國家的數量太多,而是指出各國政府的態度不同。即使只有少數開發中國家,只要各國政策立場不一致,世界性的節育計畫仍然難以推行。

(B) underdeveloped countries have low level of industrial development
未開發國家的工業發展程度低。

錯誤。這只是文章提到的背景因素之一,不能完整回答問題。文章強調的是各國依照工業發展程度、糧食及原料供應等條件,形成不同的人口政策,而非單純因為開發中國家的工業化程度低。

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第 36 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the United States, 1.3 million women reach menopause annually. Although most women make the transition to menopause without experiencing psychiatric problems, an estimated 20% of women have depression at some point during menopause.

Studies of mood during menopause have generally revealed an increased risk of depression during perimenopause, yet a decreased risk of depression during postmenopausal years. The Penn Ovarian Aging Study, a cohort study, found that depressive symptoms increased during the menopausal transition and decreased after menopause. The strongest predictor of depressive mood was a prior history of depression, along with fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels associated with depressive mood.

In a cross-sectional population survey from the Netherlands, 2,103 women were asked to rate their symptoms of depression before menopause and 3.5 years later, during the menopausal transition. The result of the survey showed that the women experienced most symptoms of depression during the menopausal transition. In the United States, a study of a community sample of women undergoing natural menopause also demonstrated an increase in depressive symptoms during perimenopause.

Investigators from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles recruited premenopausal women aged 36–44 with no history of major depression and followed up these women for 9 years to detect new onsets of major depression. They found that women who entered perimenopause were twice as likely to have clinically significant depressive symptoms as women who had not yet made the menopausal transition.

According to this article, which statement is not true?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為標準的醫學科普閱讀測驗細節理解題(Negative Fact / NOT True 題型)。
考查重點在於考生能否精準掃描(scan)文章關鍵句,對比「停經前期(perimenopause)」、「停經後(postmenopause)」的生理心理變化,並辨識文章中「未提及(Not Mentioned)」或「偷換概念」的干擾選項。


關鍵單字與片語解析

  • menopause (n.):更年期、停經(期)
  • perimenopause (n.):停經前期、絕經過渡期(peri- 為字首,意為「在……周圍、鄰近」)
  • postmenopausal (adj.):停經後的(post- 為字首,意為「在……之後」)
  • transition (n.):過渡、轉變期
  • psychiatric (adj.):精神病學的、心理疾病的
  • fluctuation (n.):波動、起伏
  • insomnia (n.):失眠症
  • cohort study (n.):世代研究、世代隊列研究
  • predictor (n.):預測指標、前兆

解題方法

  1. 題幹分析:題目詢問「According to this article, which statement is not true?」,要求選出與原文不符或文章未提及的陳述。
  2. 定位掃描:
  • 快速瀏覽選項關鍵詞:(A) depression during perimenopause、(B) insomnia during perimenopause、(C) depression during postmenopausal years、(D) reproductive hormones。
  • 文章通篇著重探討「憂鬱症(depression / depressive symptoms)」與更年期階段、生殖荷爾蒙變化的關聯,完全未提及「失眠(insomnia)」。
  • 由此可直接鎖定 (B) 為未提及的錯誤陳述。

選項分析

  • (A) 錯誤(該敘述符合原文,故不選):
    原文依據第二段第一句:

“Studies of mood during menopause have generally revealed an increased risk of depression during perimenopause...”
(更年期情緒研究普遍顯示,在停經前期患憂鬱症的風險增加……)

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第 37 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the United States, 1.3 million women reach menopause annually. Although most women make the transition to menopause without experiencing psychiatric problems, an estimated 20% of women have depression at some point during menopause.

Studies of mood during menopause have generally revealed an increased risk of depression during perimenopause, yet a decreased risk of depression during postmenopausal years. The Penn Ovarian Aging Study, a cohort study, found that depressive symptoms increased during the menopausal transition and decreased after menopause. The strongest predictor of depressive mood was a prior history of depression, along with fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels associated with depressive mood.

In a cross-sectional population survey from the Netherlands, 2,103 women were asked to rate their symptoms of depression before menopause and 3.5 years later, during the menopausal transition. The result of the survey showed that the women experienced most symptoms of depression during the menopausal transition. In the United States, a study of a community sample of women undergoing natural menopause also demonstrated an increase in depressive symptoms during perimenopause.

Investigators from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles recruited premenopausal women aged 36–44 with no history of major depression and followed up these women for 9 years to detect new onsets of major depression. They found that women who entered perimenopause were twice as likely to have clinically significant depressive symptoms as women who had not yet made the menopausal transition.

According to the study, when do women experience most symptoms of depression?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為標準的醫學科普閱讀測驗細節定位題。主要測驗考生快速檢索文章細節、比對題幹關鍵詞的能力,同時考查女性生殖更年期相關的醫學英文詞彙(如 perimenopause 與 menopausal transition 的同義替換)。


解題方法

  1. 抓取題幹關鍵字:
    題幹問「According to the study, when do women experience most symptoms of depression?」(根據該項研究,女性何時會經歷最多的憂鬱症狀?)
    關鍵詞為:「experience most symptoms of depression」。

  2. 回文精準定位:
    在第三段第 2 句可發現完全一致的措辭:

“The result of the survey showed that the women experienced most symptoms of depression during the menopausal transition.”
【中譯】:該項調查的結果顯示,女性在**更年期過渡期(絕經前過渡期)**期間經歷最多的憂鬱症狀。

  1. 比對選項:
    原文句尾的介系詞片語「during the menopausal transition」與選項 (D) 完全吻合,因此直接選取 (D)。

選項分析

  • (A) During postmenopausal years(在停經後階段):
    錯誤。第二段提到「yet a decreased risk of depression during postmenopausal years」,說明停經後幾年的憂鬱風險反而下降,並非症狀最多(most symptoms)的時期。

  • (B) Before menopause(在停經前):
    錯誤。

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第 38 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the United States, 1.3 million women reach menopause annually. Although most women make the transition to menopause without experiencing psychiatric problems, an estimated 20% of women have depression at some point during menopause.

Studies of mood during menopause have generally revealed an increased risk of depression during perimenopause, yet a decreased risk of depression during postmenopausal years. The Penn Ovarian Aging Study, a cohort study, found that depressive symptoms increased during the menopausal transition and decreased after menopause. The strongest predictor of depressive mood was a prior history of depression, along with fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels associated with depressive mood.

In a cross-sectional population survey from the Netherlands, 2,103 women were asked to rate their symptoms of depression before menopause and 3.5 years later, during the menopausal transition. The result of the survey showed that the women experienced most symptoms of depression during the menopausal transition. In the United States, a study of a community sample of women undergoing natural menopause also demonstrated an increase in depressive symptoms during perimenopause.

Investigators from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles recruited premenopausal women aged 36–44 with no history of major depression and followed up these women for 9 years to detect new onsets of major depression. They found that women who entered perimenopause were twice as likely to have clinically significant depressive symptoms as women who had not yet made the menopausal transition.

What is the best title for this article?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為閱讀測驗中的主旨標題題(Main Idea / Best Title)。此類題型的核心在於辨識文章的「中心主題(Topic)」與「主要論點(Main Idea)」,通常具備以下特質:

  1. 全面性(Comprehensiveness):涵蓋整篇文章的討論範疇,而非僅概括單一片段。
  2. 精準性(Accuracy):不可過於廣泛(Too Broad)或過於狹隘(Too Narrow),亦不得出現文章未提及的資訊(Unrelated / False)。
  3. 高頻關鍵字聚焦:貫穿各段的核心名詞(如 menopause、depression)通常是最佳標題的必要組成元素。

解題方法

解答主旨題時,採取「抓取主題句(Topic Sentences)」與「整合各段關鍵資訊」的切入方式:

  1. 首段主題句:
  • 第一段末句直接破題:「...an estimated 20% of women have depression at some point during menopause.」(估計有 20% 的女性在更年期期間的某個時間點會經歷憂鬱症),確立文章探討的核心議題為「更年期」與「憂鬱症」之關聯。
  1. 後續各段支持論據:
  • 第二段引述 Penn Ovarian Aging Study:「depressive symptoms increased during the menopausal transition and decreased after menopause...」(憂鬱症狀在更年期過渡期增加,更年期後減少)。
  • 第三段引述荷蘭的跨領域研究及美國社區樣本研究,均佐證「experienced most symptoms of depression during the menopausal transition」與「an increase in depressive symptoms during perimenopause」。
  • 第四段引述哈佛大學研究,指出進入停經前期(perimenopause)的女性罹患憂鬱症狀的機率是尚未進入過渡期女性的兩倍。
  1. 整合推論:
    整篇文章從首段破題到後面三段引用各項醫學研究(賓州大學、荷蘭、哈佛研究),全篇皆緊扣**更年期期間(Menopause / Menopausal Transition)的憂鬱症(Depression)**風險變化。因此,最適當的文章標題必然是聚焦於「更年期與憂鬱症」。

選項分析

  • (A) The figure of women reach menopause in the US(美國邁入更年期的女性人數):【錯誤】
  • 此選項僅為第一段第一句(「In the United States, 1.3 million women reach menopause annually.」)的背景數據細節,犯了**以偏概全、過於狹隘(Too Narrow)**的錯誤,無法代表全文主旨;
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第 39 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the United States, 1.3 million women reach menopause annually. Although most women make the transition to menopause without experiencing psychiatric problems, an estimated 20% of women have depression at some point during menopause.

Studies of mood during menopause have generally revealed an increased risk of depression during perimenopause, yet a decreased risk of depression during postmenopausal years. The Penn Ovarian Aging Study, a cohort study, found that depressive symptoms increased during the menopausal transition and decreased after menopause. The strongest predictor of depressive mood was a prior history of depression, along with fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels associated with depressive mood.

In a cross-sectional population survey from the Netherlands, 2,103 women were asked to rate their symptoms of depression before menopause and 3.5 years later, during the menopausal transition. The result of the survey showed that the women experienced most symptoms of depression during the menopausal transition. In the United States, a study of a community sample of women undergoing natural menopause also demonstrated an increase in depressive symptoms during perimenopause.

Investigators from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles recruited premenopausal women aged 36–44 with no history of major depression and followed up these women for 9 years to detect new onsets of major depression. They found that women who entered perimenopause were twice as likely to have clinically significant depressive symptoms as women who had not yet made the menopausal transition.

How was the study conducted in the Netherlands?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為英文閱讀理解題,考查考生能否從文章中找出研究方法的明確敘述。

題目問:

How was the study conducted in the Netherlands?
荷蘭的這項研究是如何進行的?

解題重點是回到第三段,尋找描述荷蘭研究對象與研究方式的句子。文章明確指出:

In a cross-sectional population survey from the Netherlands, 2,103 women were asked to rate their symptoms of depression before menopause and 3.5 years later, during the menopausal transition.

翻譯:

在一項來自荷蘭的橫斷面人口調查中,研究人員要求 2,103 名女性評估她們在停經前,以及 3.5 年後進入停經過渡期時的憂鬱症狀。

其中 were asked to rate their symptoms 表示「被要求評估她們的症狀」,可知研究是透過讓參與者填寫或作答評量性問卷來蒐集資料,因此答案為 complete questionnaires。


解題方法

第一步:確認題目定位

題目問的是荷蘭研究的進行方式,因此答案應出現在第三段提及 Netherlands 的句子中,而不必通讀全文每個細節。

第二步:掌握關鍵動詞

原文使用:

were asked to rate their symptoms of depression

  • were asked to:被要求……
  • rate:評分、評估
  • symptoms of depression:憂鬱症狀

這表示研究參與者必須依照某種評量工具,回報或評估自己的憂鬱症狀。這類研究通常透過問卷或症狀量表進行。

第三步:比對選項

四個選項中,只有「完成問卷」符合以自我評估方式蒐集憂鬱症狀資料的研究設計。


文章中的關鍵單字與片語

  • menopause:停經、更年期
  • annually:每年地
  • psychiatric problems:精神科問題、心理疾病
  • depression:憂鬱症、憂鬱情緒
  • perimenopause:停經前後期、停經過渡期
  • postmenopausal years:停經後的歲月
  • cohort study:世代研究、群體追蹤研究
  • depressive symptoms:憂鬱症狀
  • menopausal transition:停經過渡期
  • predictor:預測因素
  • reproductive hormone levels:生殖荷爾蒙濃度
  • cross-sectional population survey:橫斷面人口調查
  • be asked to V:被要求做某事
  • rate:評分、評估
  • natural menopause:自然停經
  • community sample:社區樣本
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第 40 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

In the United States, 1.3 million women reach menopause annually. Although most women make the transition to menopause without experiencing psychiatric problems, an estimated 20% of women have depression at some point during menopause.

Studies of mood during menopause have generally revealed an increased risk of depression during perimenopause, yet a decreased risk of depression during postmenopausal years. The Penn Ovarian Aging Study, a cohort study, found that depressive symptoms increased during the menopausal transition and decreased after menopause. The strongest predictor of depressive mood was a prior history of depression, along with fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels associated with depressive mood.

In a cross-sectional population survey from the Netherlands, 2,103 women were asked to rate their symptoms of depression before menopause and 3.5 years later, during the menopausal transition. The result of the survey showed that the women experienced most symptoms of depression during the menopausal transition. In the United States, a study of a community sample of women undergoing natural menopause also demonstrated an increase in depressive symptoms during perimenopause.

Investigators from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles recruited premenopausal women aged 36–44 with no history of major depression and followed up these women for 9 years to detect new onsets of major depression. They found that women who entered perimenopause were twice as likely to have clinically significant depressive symptoms as women who had not yet made the menopausal transition.

How was the study conducted from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「研究方法與研究對象」辨識。解題重點是將題目問的 How was the study conducted? 與文章中 Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles 的研究描述對應,而非選擇其他研究所採用的方法。

關鍵句為:

Investigators from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles recruited premenopausal women aged 36–44 with no history of major depression and followed up these women for 9 years to detect new onsets of major depression.

翻譯:

哈佛情緒與週期研究的研究人員招募了 36 至 44 歲、沒有重度憂鬱症病史的停經前女性,並追蹤這些女性 9 年,以偵測重度憂鬱症的新發病例。

其中:

  • recruited:招募
  • premenopausal women:停經前女性
  • aged 36–44:年齡介於 36 至 44 歲
  • with no history of major depression:沒有重度憂鬱症病史
  • followed up:追蹤
  • new onsets of major depression:重度憂鬱症的新發病例

解題方法

先確認題目指定的研究:

the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles

接著回到文章最後一段尋找該研究的研究流程。文章明確指出兩個步驟:

  1. 招募 36 至 44 歲、沒有重度憂鬱症病史的停經前女性。
  2. 追蹤這些女性 9 年,以觀察是否出現新的重度憂鬱症。

四個選項中,只有 (B) 直接描述這項研究的受試者招募條件,因此選 (B)。

文法上,題目使用過去式 How was the study conducted?,詢問「這項研究是如何進行的」。選項不一定要完整涵蓋所有研究步驟,只要內容確實出現在指定研究的描述中即可。

選項分析

(A) The participants were asked to rate their symptoms of depression.

參與者被要求評估自己的憂鬱症狀。

此敘述對應文章第三段的荷蘭橫斷面人口調查:

2,103 women were asked to rate their symptoms of depression before menopause and 3.5 years later.

該研究要求女性評估停經前及 3.5 年後的憂鬱症狀,但這不是 Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles 的研究方法。故錯誤。

(B) They recruited premenopausal women aged 36–44 with no history of major depression.

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第 二、作文題 題20 分

Directions: Write a well-organized essay in English with the length of approximately 200–250 words as your response to the passage below.

Biotechnology has been highly developed over the past few decades. Meanwhile, it has raised many controversial ethical issues when it is applied to medicine, especially Xenotransplantation(異種動物間的器官移植), namely the transfer of living cells, tissues and/or organs from non-human (animal) species into humans, although technically, it could be the other way around or between any two species. One of the reasons for such developments is a worldwide shortage of organs supply for clinical transplantation. Many people die when waiting for suitable organs to become available. To sum up, the development of xenotransplantation can be considered as serving several purposes: (1) to be a complete substitute for human organs; (2) to supplement human organs, thus easing the current organ shortage; (3) or to be a “bridge” organ before a “destination” organ can be found. Though xenotransplantation has great value to patients, besides its ethical controversies it thus raised, there are also high stakes for others concerned, such as scientists, the biotechnology industry and infectious disease specialists.

Given the above-mentioned, do you agree to the practice of xenotransplantation if you become a practitioner of medicine?

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這一題的完整詳解

一、題型判讀與核心觀念

本題是「英文引導式議論作文」,要求考生針對異種器官移植提出明確立場,並以醫師身分討論其合理性。評分重點包括:

  1. 是否直接回答「是否支持異種器官移植」。
  2. 是否提出充分且具邏輯性的理由。
  3. 是否兼顧正面效益、倫理爭議與公共衛生風險。
  4. 是否具備清楚段落、正確文法及適當字彙。
  5. 是否符合約 200–250 字的篇幅要求。

異種器官移植的定義:
Xenotransplantation 指將非人類動物的活細胞、組織或器官移植至人體。其主要發展背景是人類器官捐贈不足,病患在等待適合器官期間死亡。

重要生物醫學概念:

  • 器官短缺:organ shortage
  • 器官排斥:organ rejection
  • 超急性排斥:hyperacute rejection
  • 免疫抑制治療:immunosuppressive treatment
  • 人畜共通感染:zoonotic infection
  • 動物福祉:animal welfare
  • 知情同意:informed consent
  • 長期追蹤:long-term follow-up

異種器官移植的主要風險包括人體免疫系統攻擊動物器官,以及動物病原體傳播至人體。因此,作文不能只寫「可以救人」,也必須處理安全、倫理及社會責任。


二、題幹定位與關鍵句翻譯

題幹指出:

“Many people die when waiting for suitable organs to become available.”

意思是:「許多人在等待適合器官的期間死亡。」

這一句提供支持異種器官移植的核心理由:人類器官供應不足。

題幹也指出:

“Though xenotransplantation has great value to patients, besides its ethical controversies it thus raised, there are also high stakes for others concerned, such as scientists, the biotechnology industry and infectious disease specialists.”

意思是:「雖然異種器官移植對病患具有很高的價值,但除了它所引發的倫理爭議之外,科學家、生技產業及感染症專家等相關人士也面臨重大風險與責任。」

這一句提醒考生:文章必須同時討論病患利益、倫理爭議與感染風險。


三、建議解題方法

最穩定的寫法是「有限度支持」:

  1. 第一段表明立場:支持,但必須受到嚴格規範。
  2. 第二段說明支持理由:器官短缺、等待死亡、動物器官可作為替代器官、補充器官或橋接器官。
  3. 第三段處理反方疑慮:排斥反應、病原體傳播、知情同意及動物福祉。
  4. 第四段提出政策界線並重申立場:透過臨床試驗、倫理審查及長期追蹤逐步實施。

此種架構能同時展現立場、論證與反思,避免文章流於單方面歌頌科技。


四、參考作文

Word count: 214 words

As a future physician, I agree that xenotransplantation should be practiced, but only under strict medical, ethical, and public-health safeguards. The most persuasive reason is the severe shortage of human organs. Patients who remain on waiting lists may die before a compatible organ becomes available. Animal organs could therefore serve as permanent replacements, supplementary supplies, or temporary bridge organs.

Nevertheless, technical possibility does not automatically justify clinical use. First, physicians must obtain informed consent and explain uncertain benefits, surgical risks, lifelong monitoring, and the possibility of transmitting animal pathogens. Second, researchers must minimize rejection through careful species selection, genetic modification, and immunosuppressive treatment, while ensuring that animal welfare is protected. Third, every procedure should pass independent ethical review and comply with strict infection-control rules. Recipients should also agree to long-term follow-up and public-health reporting, because an infection acquired through transplantation could endanger more than one patient.

Xenotransplantation should not replace efforts to increase human donation, improve organ preservation, or develop artificial and lab-grown organs. It should be introduced gradually through transparent clinical trials, with safety data shared openly. In my view, refusing the technology altogether would abandon patients who have no timely alternative. A carefully regulated program, however, can balance the duty to save lives with the duty to protect patients, society, and animals.


五、作文逐段解析

第一段:表明立場與提出主要理由

“I agree that xenotransplantation should be practiced, but only under strict medical, ethical, and public-health safeguards.”

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其他考古題

105 年義守大學的其他科目

義守大學《英文》其他年度

其他學校的《英文》