義守大學 111 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
Dryness is one of the factors to make the eyes more _____ to infection.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 關鍵單字辨義
- 形容詞與介系詞的固定搭配
- 句型 make + 受詞 + 形容詞
- 語意判斷:乾眼會使眼睛更容易受到感染
題幹:
Dryness is one of the factors to make the eyes more _____ to infection.
翻譯:
乾燥是使眼睛更容易受到感染的因素之一。
空格後接 to infection,最適合的搭配是 be susceptible to infection,表示「容易受到感染」。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
本句中:
- make:使
- the eyes:受詞
- 空格:補語,必須填入形容詞
句意是「使眼睛更容易受到感染」,因此空格應填入表示「易受……影響」的形容詞。
susceptible 的常見用法為:
be susceptible to + 名詞
容易受到……影響;易感染……
因此:
make the eyes more susceptible to infection
就是「使眼睛更容易受到感染」。
在生理上,眼表的淚膜具有潤滑與保護作用;眼睛乾燥時,淚膜屏障及清除異物、微生物的能力下降,眼表便較容易受到感染。這也與題幹的醫學語意一致。
選項分析
(A) intangible
- 中文:無形的;難以捉摸的
- 例:intangible benefits(無形的利益)
intangible 描述抽象、無法觸摸或具體衡量的事物,不能表示「容易感染」。
句子若填入:
make the eyes more intangible to infection
會變成「使眼睛對感染更無形」,語意不通。
(B) susceptible
- 中文:易受影響的;易感染的
- 常見搭配:susceptible to disease、susceptible to infection
填入後:
第 2 題2 分
Being pregnant with triplets caused her belly to _____ more than the average woman’s.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與使役動詞句型。
題幹中的關鍵結構是:
Being pregnant with triplets caused her belly to _____ more than the average woman’s.
懷有三胞胎使她的肚子比一般女性的肚子更加 _____。
句型為:
cause + 人/物 + to + 原形動詞
其中:
- Being pregnant with triplets:懷有三胞胎
- cause:造成、導致
- belly:腹部、肚子
- more than the average woman’s:比一般女性的肚子更……
句意需要填入表示「膨脹、鼓起」的動詞。
解題方法
先從語意判斷:
懷有三胞胎,腹部受到較大的子宮與胎兒體積影響,因此肚子會比一般孕婦更加「膨脹、鼓起」。四個選項中,只有 distend 符合此語意。
填入後為:
Being pregnant with triplets caused her belly to distend more than the average woman’s.
翻譯:
懷有三胞胎使她的肚子比一般女性的肚子更加膨脹。
distend 可作不及物動詞,表示「膨脹、鼓起」;也可作及物動詞,表示「使……膨脹」。本題使用的是「腹部膨脹」的意思。
選項分析
(A) contend
- contend:競爭;爭辯;主張
- 例:The two teams contended for the championship.
兩隊爭奪冠軍。 - 「懷有三胞胎使肚子競爭/爭辯」不合乎語意,因此錯誤。
(B) distend
第 3 題2 分
Deforestation as well as soil, air and water pollution are usually the main _____ of species endangerment.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「語意搭配」。句意是:森林砍伐以及土壤、空氣和水污染,通常是物種瀕危的主要「罪魁禍首」。
關鍵片語如下:
- deforestation:森林砍伐、濫伐森林
- soil pollution:土壤污染
- air pollution:空氣污染
- water pollution:水污染
- species endangerment:物種瀕危、物種受到生存威脅
- culprit:罪魁禍首、肇因;複數為 culprits
- as well as:以及、也包括
題幹定位答案的關鍵句為:
Deforestation as well as soil, air and water pollution are usually the main _____ of species endangerment.
翻譯:
森林砍伐以及土壤、空氣和水污染,通常是造成物種瀕危的主要罪魁禍首。
「森林砍伐與各種污染」是造成物種瀕危的原因,因此空格應填表示「肇事者、罪魁禍首」的 culprits。
解題方法
先判斷空格在句中的功能:
the main _____ of species endangerment
空格前有 the main,後面接 of species endangerment,需要填入一個名詞,表示「造成物種瀕危的主要原因或禍首」。
四個選項皆為名詞,但只有 culprits 能與語意自然搭配:
the main culprits of species endangerment
造成物種瀕危的主要罪魁禍首
其中 culprit 原本常指犯罪或錯誤事件中的「犯錯者、肇事者」,也能引申為造成問題的主要因素。森林砍伐和污染正是生態環境遭破壞的主要因素,所以選 (B)。
選項分析
(A) exploitations
exploitation 是「剝削、開發、利用」,複數為 exploitations。
例如:
- exploitation of natural resources:自然資源的開發
- exploitation of workers:對勞工的剝削
雖然森林砍伐可能涉及自然資源的過度開發,但句子要表達的是「造成物種瀕危的主要禍首」,不是「主要的開發行為」。因此放入句中語意不合。
the main exploitations of species endangerment
此搭配不自然,故錯。
(B) culprits
第 4 題2 分
The waiter was fired from the restaurant after customers complained that he was ______ towards them.
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核心觀念
本題考「形容詞的語意判斷」與「上下文語境」。句型為:
customers complained that he was ______ towards them.
在 was + 形容詞 + towards + 人 的結構中,空格應填入能描述服務生對待顧客態度的形容詞。由於顧客投訴,且服務生最後被餐廳解雇,空格需要填入具有負面意義的字。
題幹定位與翻譯
The waiter was fired from the restaurant after customers complained that he was obnoxious towards them.
翻譯為:
顧客抱怨那名服務生對他們態度令人討厭,因此他被餐廳解雇了。
其中,obnoxious towards someone 表示「對某人態度令人討厭、惹人厭、令人反感」。
解題方法
先從語境判斷感情色彩:
- 顧客提出 complained,表示服務生的行為令顧客不滿。
- waiter was fired 表示問題嚴重到遭到解雇。
- 因此空格應填入負面形容詞。
- 四個選項中,只有 obnoxious 符合「令人厭惡、惹人討厭」的語意。
所以正確答案為 (A) obnoxious。
選項分析
(A) obnoxious:令人討厭的;惹人厭的;令人反感的
- obnoxious towards someone 指對某人態度粗魯、令人不快或惹人厭。
- 與 customers complained 及 was fired 的負面語境完全相符。
- 例如:
The customer was obnoxious towards the staff.
那名顧客對工作人員態度令人反感。
(B) obscure:模糊的;鮮為人知的;難以理解的
第 5 題2 分
America’s high consumption of fast food has been _____ to the fact that people are often too busy to eat a properly balanced diet.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞搭配」與「被動語態」:
attribute A to B
將 A 歸因於 B
句型變成被動式:
A be attributed to B
A 被歸因於 B
題幹主詞是 America’s high consumption of fast food(美國人對速食的高消費量),後面要表達「被歸因於人們通常太忙,無法攝取均衡飲食的事實」,因此使用:
has been attributed to the fact that...
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
America’s high consumption of fast food has been _____ to the fact that people are often too busy to eat a properly balanced diet.
翻譯:
美國人對速食的高消費量,一直被歸因於人們往往太忙,無法攝取適當均衡的飲食。
句型結構如下:
- America’s high consumption of fast food:主詞
- has been attributed:現在完成式被動語態
- to the fact that...:歸因對象
- people are often too busy to eat...:說明該事實的內容
因此答案為 attributed。
選項分析
(A) retributed
retributed 不是本題所需的標準英文用字。即使視為 retribute 的過去分詞,也不符合「將某事歸因於某原因」的語意,不能搭配:
be retributed to the fact that...
故錯誤。
(B) contributed
contribute to 表示「促成、導致、有助於」:
Lack of exercise contributes to poor health.
缺乏運動會導致健康不佳。
若使用 contributed,題目會變成:
America’s high consumption of fast food has been contributed to...
此處語意與句型方向不正確。通常是「某原因 contributes to 某結果」,而不是「某結果 has been contributed to 某原因」。本題要表達的是「高消費量被歸因於某項原因」,應使用 attributed to。
(C) attributed
attribute A to B 表示「將 A 歸因於 B」。被動式為:
A is/has been attributed to B.
題目中的高消費量是被解釋、被歸因的對象;後面的 the fact that people are often too busy... 是原因,因此:
has been attributed to the fact that...
第 6 題2 分
Disney employees _____ a walkout yesterday in protest of the company’s response to Florida’s controversial Parental Rights in Education Law.
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核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 動詞與名詞的固定搭配
- 依語意選擇適當動詞
- 過去式判斷
句型為:
Disney employees _____ a walkout yesterday ...
其中 a walkout 指「集體離開工作崗位以表達抗議」,也就是「罷工、集體罷工抗議」。能與 a walkout 自然搭配的動詞是 stage,形成固定搭配 stage a walkout,表示「發動/組織罷工抗議」。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的名詞片語 a walkout,再判斷哪個動詞能與其形成符合英文習慣的搭配。
完整句意是:
Disney employees staged a walkout yesterday in protest of the company’s response to Florida’s controversial Parental Rights in Education Law.
翻譯:
迪士尼員工昨天發動集體罷工,以抗議公司對佛羅里達州具爭議性的《教育父母權利法》的回應。
句中有時間副詞 yesterday,表示事情發生在過去,因此空格應填過去式動詞。staged 是 stage 的過去式,文法與語意皆正確。
選項分析
(A) staged
stage a walkout 是自然且常見的搭配。
- stage:發動、策劃、組織
- a walkout:集體離開工作崗位以示抗議;罷工
stage a walkout 即「發動罷工抗議」。
句意為:
Disney employees staged a walkout yesterday ...
迪士尼員工昨天發動了集體罷工抗議……
此選項符合:
- 固定搭配
- 過去時間 yesterday
- 全句抗議的語意
因此正確。
(B) took
take 的過去式是 took,但英文不說 take a walkout。
第 7 題2 分
Experts say that a mysterious virus has _____ the bovine population in some regions.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「動詞及物/不及物用法」。判斷關鍵有二:
- 主詞是 a mysterious virus(一種神秘病毒)。
- 空格後接受詞 the bovine population(牛的族群),因此空格必須填入能直接接受名詞作受詞的及物動詞,且語意要符合「病毒大幅造成牛群死亡或數量銳減」。
題幹定位與翻譯
Experts say that a mysterious virus has _____ the bovine population in some regions.
翻譯:
專家表示,一種神秘病毒已使某些地區的牛群數量大幅減少。
「病毒」與「牛群數量銳減」構成合理語意,因此答案是 decimated。
文法與語意重點
句型為:
a mysterious virus has + 過去分詞 + the bovine population
其中 has decimated 是現在完成式,表示病毒已經造成嚴重影響,結果延續至今。
decimate 原本具有「消滅十分之一」的歷史語源,但現代英文通常表示:
- 大量殺死
- 使數量銳減
- 嚴重破壞
因此:
The virus has decimated the bovine population.
就是「病毒已使牛群數量大幅銳減」。
選項分析
(A) capitulated
capitulate 的意思是「投降、屈服、停止抵抗」,通常是不及物動詞,常見搭配為:
- capitulate to pressure:屈服於壓力
- capitulate to the enemy:向敵人投降
病毒不會「投降」,而且 capitulated the bovine population 的動詞與受詞搭配不成立,因此錯誤。
(B) instigated
instigate 的意思是「煽動、挑起、唆使」,通常用於引發爭端、暴動或某種行動,例如:
- instigate a riot:煽動暴動
- instigate violence:挑起暴力事件
第 8 題2 分
In Sweden many wives and husbands stay at home __________ to look after their children.
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題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
In Sweden many wives and husbands stay at home __________ to look after their children.
翻譯:
在瑞典,許多妻子和丈夫輪流待在家裡照顧孩子。
空格後的 to look after their children 是目的副詞片語,表示「為了照顧孩子」。因此空格應填入能表達「輪流地」的副詞。
核心觀念
本題考:
- 副詞的詞義辨析。
- alternately 與 alternatively 的用法差異。
- 依據語境判斷「夫妻輪流照顧孩子」的概念。
其中:
- alternately:交替地、輪流地,表示兩個人或兩組人依序做同一件事。
- alternatively:另外地、二擇一地,表示提出另一種選擇或可能性。
本句主詞是 many wives and husbands,語意是妻子與丈夫分別在不同時間待在家中照顧孩子,因此需要「輪流地」的意思。
解題方法
先判斷空格所修飾的動詞:
stay at home __________
空格是副詞,修飾 stay at home,說明夫妻「以什麼方式」待在家裡。
再根據句意判斷:
- 夫妻不是同時都待在家裡。
- 而是妻子在某些時間待在家裡,丈夫在另外一些時間待在家裡。
- 這種依序交替的行為就是 alternately。
完整句子為:
In Sweden many wives and husbands stay at home alternately to look after their children.
意思是:
在瑞典,許多夫妻輪流待在家裡照顧孩子。
選項分析
(A) allegedly
allegedly 是副詞,意思是「據稱、據說、涉嫌地」。
例句:
He allegedly stole the money.
據稱他偷了那筆錢。
本句需要表達夫妻「輪流」照顧孩子,並不是表示這件事只是「據稱」發生。因此語意不合,錯誤。
(B) alternatively
alternatively 的意思是「另外地、二擇一地、作為另一種選擇」。
例句:
You can take the bus. Alternatively, you can take the train.
你可以搭公車;另外也可以搭火車。
它通常用於提出另一種方案、選擇或可能性,重點是「另一個選項」,不是描述兩個人依序共同完成同一件事。
本句是在描述妻子與丈夫「輪流」待在家裡,應使用 alternately,不能使用 alternatively。
(C) almightily
第 9 題2 分
This essay cannot give an ______________ account of climate change; it focuses only on the risk to sea levels.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「否定句中的語意邏輯」。空格位於冠詞 an 與名詞 account 之間,因此需要填入以母音音素開頭、且能修飾 account 的形容詞。
關鍵片語:
- give an account of...:對……作說明、描述……
- climate change:氣候變遷
- focus only on...:只聚焦於……
- sea levels:海平面
- exhaustive:詳盡的、完整涵蓋各面向的
- incomplete:不完整的、未完成的
- ubiquitous:無所不在的、普遍存在的
- aliquot:等分 aliquot;定量取出的部分,主要作名詞使用
解題方法
先抓題幹中的語意線索:
it focuses only on the risk to sea levels.
它只聚焦於對海平面造成的風險。
文章只討論氣候變遷的一個面向,因此無法對氣候變遷作「完整、全面」的說明。能與 cannot give 以及 focuses only on 搭配的答案是 exhaustive。
完整句意為:
This essay cannot give an exhaustive account of climate change; it focuses only on the risk to sea levels.
這篇文章無法對氣候變遷作全面詳盡的說明;它只聚焦於海平面上升的風險。
選項分析
(A) ubiquitous
Ubiquitous 意為「無所不在的、到處存在的」,通常修飾事物的分布情形,例如:
- ubiquitous smartphones:無所不在的智慧型手機
- ubiquitous advertising:無所不在的廣告
An ubiquitous account 在語意上是「無所不在的說明」,不符合 account 在此處「說明、論述」的意思。題幹要表達的是說明是否全面,而不是說明是否到處存在,因此錯誤。
(B) incomplete
Incomplete 意為「不完整的」。單看肯定句:
This essay gives an incomplete account of climate change.
第 10 題2 分
New staff have a ________________ period of fourteen weeks before their contract is made permanent.
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核心觀念
本題考「職場情境中的字義判斷」與形容詞搭配。句中描述新進員工在正式轉為永久聘用前,必須經過一段為期十四週的試用期,因此答案是 probationary。
關鍵片語:
- new staff:新進員工
- a probationary period:試用期
- fourteen weeks:十四週
- contract:合約、契約
- be made permanent:被轉為永久性的;轉為正式、長期聘用
題幹定位與翻譯
New staff have a ________________ period of fourteen weeks before their contract is made permanent.
翻譯:
新進員工在合約轉為永久性之前,必須經歷十四週的__期間。
「新進員工」與「合約轉為正式永久聘用」形成典型的職場試用情境,因此空格應填入表示「試用的」的形容詞。
解題方法
空格位於名詞 period 前方,需要填入形容詞,形成:
a ______ period
一段__期間
再觀察後半句:
before their contract is made permanent
意思是「在他們的合約轉為永久性之前」。新進員工在正式任用前接受一段時間的考核,稱為 probationary period,也就是「試用期」。
因此完整句意為:
新進員工在合約轉為正式永久聘用之前,必須經歷十四週的試用期。
選項分析
(A) unconditional
unconditional 意為「無條件的、不受限制的」。
例如:
- unconditional support:無條件的支持
- unconditional offer:無條件的提議
若填入句中,變成 an unconditional period,意思接近「無條件的期間」,不符合新進員工在正式聘用前接受考核的語意。且 unconditional 的字首母音發音使冠詞應為 an,題幹已有 a,搭配也不正確。
(B) heuristic
第 11 題2 分
Not only _____ generate energy, but it also produces fuel for other fission reactors.
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核心觀念
本題考「Not only A, but also B」句型,以及句首置入否定或半否定副詞片語後的主詞與助動詞倒裝。
基本句型為:
Not only + 助動詞 + 主詞 + 原形動詞, but also + 主詞 + 動詞……
當 Not only 放在句首時,後面的子句必須倒裝,形式為:
題幹中的主詞是 a nuclear breeder reactor,主要動詞是 generate。由於主詞為第三人稱單數,且句子使用一般現在式,因此需要助動詞 does:
Not only does a nuclear breeder reactor generate energy, but it also produces fuel for other fission reactors.
解題方法
先找出句子的兩個並列部分:
Not only _____ generate energybut it also produces fuel for other fission reactors
後半句 it also produces 表示主詞 it 指前面的 a nuclear breeder reactor。前後兩部分是在說同一個核反應器具有兩項功能:
- 產生能量;
- 為其他裂變反應器製造燃料。
因為 Not only 位於句首,第一部分必須倒裝。一般語序是:
A nuclear breeder reactor generates energy.
倒裝後為:
Does a nuclear breeder reactor generate energy.
因此空格應填入:
does a nuclear breeder reactor
完整句子為:
Not only does a nuclear breeder reactor generate energy, but it also produces fuel for other fission reactors.
翻譯:
增殖反應器不僅能產生能量,也能為其他裂變反應器製造燃料。
選項分析
(A) a nuclear breeder reactor does
填入後為:
Not only a nuclear breeder reactor does generate energy, but it also produces fuel …
此選項未形成句首 Not only 所要求的倒裝。正確倒裝應將 does 放在主詞 a nuclear breeder reactor 前面,而不是放在主詞後面。
此外,does generate 可用於強調語氣,但本題考的是句型倒裝,位置必須是:
does + 主詞 + generate
因此錯誤。
(B) it is a nuclear breeder reactor
填入後為:
第 12 題2 分
The chairman requested that _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「要求、命令、建議類動詞」後接 that 子句時的假設語氣(mandative subjunctive)。
常見句型為:
因此:
The chairman requested that the member study the problem more carefully.
主席要求該會員更仔細地研究這個問題。
在此句型中,that 子句的動詞使用原形 study,不因主詞為第三人稱單數 the member 而加上 -s,也不使用過去式 studied。
解題方法
先找主要動詞 requested。
request 屬於表達要求的動詞,後面常接:
題幹結構為:
The chairman requested that _____.
空格後若選入完整內容,應形成:
The chairman requested that the member study the problem more carefully.
其中:
- the chairman:要求的提出者
- requested:要求
- the member:執行要求的人
- study:原形動詞
- the problem:研究的對象
- more carefully:更仔細地
所以正確答案為 (D)。
選項分析
(A) the member studied the problem more carefully
錯誤。studied 是過去式,但 request 後面的 that 子句在正式英文中通常使用假設語氣,動詞應用原形:
- 正確:requested that the member study
- 錯誤:requested that the member studied
此處不是因為主句使用過去式 requested,就必須將 that 子句的動詞改成過去式。這是要求句型的固定文法規則。
(B) the problem was more carefully studied
錯誤。此選項有兩個問題:
- was studied 是被動語態的過去式,未使用假設語氣所要求的原形形式 be studied。
- 題意是主席要求「會員」更仔細地研究問題,選項改成「問題被研究」,改變了句子的主動關係,也沒有直接表現出被要求執行動作的人。
若要使用被動語態,正式文法上應寫成:
The chairman requested that the problem be studied more carefully.
但本題的選項並非 be studied,因此不能選。
第 13 題2 分
He ______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.
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核心觀念
本題考「情態助動詞+完成式」的用法:
此結構用來推測過去已發生的事情:
- must have+過去分詞:一定已經……
- should have+過去分詞:理應已經……;預期已經……
- can’t have+過去分詞:不可能已經……
- wouldn’t have+過去分詞:不會已經……,通常用於假設或條件句
題幹中的 otherwise 意為「否則」,表示後半句是前半句的合理推論或結果。既然他正在海邊享受,說話者據此推斷他一定已完成工作,因此使用 must have completed。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
He ______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.
他一定已經完成他的工作了;否則,他不會正在海邊享受生活。
關鍵在於:
- have completed 是完成式,表示「已經完成」。
- 後半句指出:若他沒有完成工作,就不會在海邊享受。
- 他目前確實在海邊享受,因此可合理推論他「一定已完成工作」。
- 表示對過去事實的強烈肯定推測,使用:
完整句子為:
He must have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.
選項分析
(A) should
He should have completed his work.
should have+過去分詞主要表示「本來應該已經……」,帶有義務、期待或推測意味。例如:
He should have arrived by now.
他現在應該已經到了。
本句若使用 should,語意會偏向「他理應完成工作」,推論強度不如 must。題幹由「正在海邊享受」直接推導出「一定完成工作」,因此官方答案不選 should。
(B) must
He must have completed his work.
must have+過去分詞表示根據現有證據,對過去事件作出「一定已經……」的強烈推論。
第 14 題2 分
He ______ the math examination if he had worked hard enough, but he didn’t.
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核心觀念:第三類條件句
本題考「與過去事實相反的假設」,也就是第三類條件句(third conditional)。
基本句型為:
此句型表示:過去某件事沒有發生,因此過去的結果也沒有發生。語意通常帶有惋惜、遺憾或假設意味。
題幹中的關鍵線索是:
if he had worked hard enough, but he didn’t
如果他當時夠努力的話,但他並沒有。
「had worked」是過去完成式,表示假設的動作發生在過去;「but he didn’t」明確表示事實上他沒有努力。因此主句必須使用「would have + 過去分詞」,表示與過去事實相反的結果。
解題方法
題幹可分為兩部分:
He ______ the math examination
他__數學考試
if he had worked hard enough, but he didn’t.
如果他當時夠努力的話,但他並沒有。
條件子句為:
其中 是「過去完成式」,搭配與過去事實相反的假設,主句應使用:
完整句子為:
He would have passed the math examination if he had worked hard enough, but he didn’t.
翻譯:
如果他當時夠努力,他本來就會通過數學考試,但他並沒有通過。
選項分析
(A) would pass
是「would + 原形動詞」,通常用於第二類條件句:
此形式主要表示與現在或未來事實相反的假設,例如:
If he worked hard, he would pass the examination.
如果他努力讀書,他就會通過考試。
本題談的是已經結束的過去事件,且條件子句使用 ,所以主句不能使用 。故錯誤。
(B) has passed
第 15 題2 分
Before I met Simon, I _________ more than once that he was an expert at holdups and escapes.
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核心觀念
本題考「過去完成式的被動語態」以及「過去時間先後」。
句型:
- 過去完成式:
- 過去完成式被動:
句中有兩個過去事件:
- 別人告訴我 Simon 很擅長搶劫與逃脫。
- 我遇見 Simon。
「被告知」發生在「遇見 Simon」之前,因此使用過去完成式;主詞 I 是接受告知的人,因此使用被動語態。
題幹定位與翻譯
Before I met Simon, I _________ more than once that he was an expert at holdups and escapes.
翻譯:
在我遇見 Simon 以前,我不只一次被告知他是搶劫與逃脫的高手。
空格後面的 that 子句是被告知的內容,主詞 I 並沒有「告訴別人」這個動作,而是「被別人告知」。
解題方法
先判斷語態:
- I told someone:我告訴某人,主動語態。
- I was told:我被告知,被動語態。
本句語意是「我被告知 Simon 的能力」,所以必須選被動語態。
再判斷時態:
- met 是過去式,表示過去的參考時間。
- 被告知發生在 met 之前,屬於「過去的過去」,須使用過去完成式。
因此完整句型為:
Before I met Simon, I had been told more than once that he was an expert at holdups and escapes.
選項分析
(A) have told
是現在完成式主動語態,意思是「已經告訴」。主詞 I 會成為告訴別人的人,句意變成「在我遇見 Simon 前,我已經告訴別人……」,與題目要表達的「我被告知」不符;此外,句子的時間基準是過去的 met,使用現在完成式也不恰當。
第 16 題2 分
The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ____ she could remember who last borrowed it.
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核心觀念
本題考「連接詞片語的語意與句型搭配」,尤其是:
- if only + 子句:表示「只要……就好」、「要是……就好了」;在特定語境中可表示達成某事所需的條件。
- even if + 子句:表示「即使……」,強調假設讓步。
- even though + 子句:表示「雖然……」,強調已知事實上的讓步。
- ever since + 子句:表示「自從……以來」,指出時間起點。
題幹中的關鍵是:圖書館員要找書,前提是她必須記得「最後借走這本書的人是誰」。因此空格應填入表示「只要她能記得……」的片語。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ____ she could remember who last borrowed it.
翻譯為:
流通櫃檯的資深圖書館員答應幫我找那本書,只要她能記得最後是誰借走它的。
其中:
- senior librarian:資深圖書館員
- circulation desk:圖書流通櫃檯、借還書櫃檯
- promise to V:答應做某事
- get the book for me:幫我拿到/找回那本書
- remember:記得
- borrow:借用
- last borrowed it:最後借走它
解題方法
先判斷主句與從句之間的邏輯關係:
她答應幫我找書,前提是她記得最後借書的人。
這是「條件」關係,而非時間關係或讓步關係。將各選項代入後,只有 if only 能表達「只要……就好」的語意:
promised to get the book for me if only she could remember ...
因此選 (D) if only。
選項分析
(A) ever since
ever since 表示「自從……以來」,用來說明某動作或狀態從過去某一時間點持續到現在,例如:
I have lived here ever since I graduated.
我自從畢業以來就一直住在這裡。
代入題目後:
The librarian promised to get the book for me ever since she could remember who last borrowed it.
語意變成「自從她記得誰最後借走這本書以來,她就答應幫我找書」,時間關係不自然,也無法表達「記得這件事是找書的必要條件」。故錯。
(B) even if
even if 表示「即使……」,用於假設性的讓步條件,例如:
I will go even if it rains.
即使下雨,我還是會去。
代入後:
The librarian promised to get the book for me even if she could remember who last borrowed it.
第 17 題2 分
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ____ one major point in contrast with the other.
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核心觀念
本題考查「分詞片語」與「完整子句」的辨識。
題幹主幹為:
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports
意思是:「這篇文章以兩則新聞報導的描述開頭,也以這兩則新聞報導的描述結尾。」
逗號後的:
each ____ one major point in contrast with the other
用來補充說明前面的 two news reports。此處需要使用現在分詞片語:
each making one major point...
完整形式可還原為:
each of which makes one major point in contrast with the other.
因此,正確答案為現在分詞 making。
題幹關鍵句與翻譯
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
翻譯:
這篇文章以兩則新聞報導的描述開頭,也以其作結;這兩則報導各自提出一個與另一則形成對比的主要論點。
其中:
- open and close with:以……開始並以……結束
- description:描述
- news report:新聞報導
- make a point:提出一個論點、表達一項重點
- major point:主要論點、重要觀點
- in contrast with:與……形成對比
- the other:另一個,此處指另一則新聞報導
解題方法
逗號前已有完整句子:
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports.
逗號後並非另一個獨立主要子句,而是補充說明 two news reports 的附加資訊。因此,逗號後適合使用「名詞+現在分詞」的分詞片語:
each making...
結構如下:
- each:分詞片語的邏輯主詞,指兩則新聞報導各自
- making:現在分詞,表示主動及同時存在的動作
- one major point:提出一個主要論點
- in contrast with the other:與另一則報導形成對比
這種結構可視為關係子句的簡化:
第 18 題2 分
The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half ____.
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核心觀念:比較句中的代名詞替代
題幹比較的是今年與去年「馬拉松報名人數」的數量:
The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half that of last year's.
今年馬拉松的報名參加者人數,是去年的一半。
句型為:
其中, 是代替前面單數名詞 the number 的指示代名詞,避免重複寫出:
The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half the number of registered participants in last year's marathon.
因此, 可理解為:
that of last year's [marathon]
也就是「去年馬拉松的那個人數」。
解題方法
先找出比較的核心名詞。句首主詞是:
The number of registered participants
核心名詞為 number,屬於單數。因此,後方代替它的詞應使用單數 that,不能使用複數 those。
句意是「今年的報名人數是去年報名人數的一半」,最自然、標準的結構是:
half that of last year's
所以選擇 (D)。
選項分析
(A) of last year's
完整句為:
The number ... was half of last year's.
此處 last year's 後面省略了名詞,但缺少明確的數量替代語。題目比較的是「今年的人數」與「去年的人數」,標準寫法應以 that 代替單數名詞 number。單獨使用 of last year's 無法清楚、完整地對應前面的 the number,故不選。
(B) those of last year's
those 是複數代名詞,通常代替複數名詞,例如:
the participants → those
第 19 題2 分
Many children, ____ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.
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核心觀念:關係代名詞 whose 的用法
本題考「關係代名詞引導的非限定關係子句」,以及所有格關係代名詞 whose 的用法。
題幹為:
Many children, ____ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.
許多孩子的父母離家到大城市工作,因此這些孩子在村莊裡受到妥善照顧。
空格後面的 parents 是名詞,前面需要一個表示「這些孩子的」的所有格限定詞,形成:
whose parents
這些孩子的父母
因此正確答案為 whose。
解題方法
先觀察逗號之間的部分:
____ parents are away working in big cities
這是一個關係子句,用來補充說明 many children。
其中:
- parents 是子句的主詞。
- are away working 是動詞片語。
- 空格必須表示「parents 與先行詞 children 之間的所有關係」。
完整結構為:
Many children, whose parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.
其中 whose = the children’s,意思是「這些孩子的」。
句子的主要骨架是:
Many children are taken good care of in the village.
許多孩子在村莊裡受到妥善照顧。
插入的非限定關係子句為:
whose parents are away working in big cities
他們的父母離家到大城市工作
所以句意完整且文法正確。
選項分析
(A) their
their 是第三人稱複數所有格限定詞,意思是「他們的」。雖然語意上似乎可以表達「孩子的父母」,但不能直接放在兩個逗號之間,形成標準的關係子句:
Many children, their parents are away working in big cities, ...
這樣會使 their parents are away... 成為一個獨立子句,與前面的主要句子之間缺乏適當的連接方式,不能作為修飾 many children 的關係子句。因此本題不選 their。
若改寫成兩個句子,可以使用 their:
Many children live in the village. Their parents are away working in big cities.
第 20 題2 分
Kathrine ________ she would be late for the meeting. She _______ she was feeling ill.
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核心觀念
本題考 直接/間接引述句中 tell 與 say 的用法差異:
- tell + 人 + that 子句:告訴某人某事
- tell me that...
- tell her that...
- say + that 子句:說某事
- say that...
- say + 人 + that 子句 不符合標準英文用法。若要表達「對某人說」,應用:
- say to me that...
- tell me that...
題幹中兩個空格後面都是完整的 that 子句:
she would be late for the meetingshe was feeling ill
第一空需要填入能接「人」作受詞的 told me;第二空則需要填入可直接接 that 子句的 said that。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
Kathrine told me that she would be late for the meeting. She said that she was feeling ill.
翻譯:
Kathrine 告訴我她開會會遲到。她說她感到不舒服。
其中:
told me that she would be late:告訴我她會遲到said that she was feeling ill:說她感到不舒服
因此正確組合為 told me that … said that。
解題方法
先判斷兩個動詞後面的句型:
第一空:tell 的句型
tell 通常必須明確指出「告訴誰」:
例如:
- She told me that she was sick.
- He told his teacher that he was late.
因此第一空應為:
told me that she would be late
單獨使用 told that,缺少被告知的對象,在本題句型中不成立。
第二空:say 的句型
say 可以直接接 that 子句:
例如:
- She said that she was tired.
- He said that he needed help.
因此第二空應為:
第 21 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 21 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To 22 the question of attribution requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages 24. New studies have focused on comparing maps or patterns of temperature change in 25 and in models.
- (A) incensed
(B) nominated
(C) contemplated
(D) predicted
校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾收合 ▴
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核心觀念
本題考查克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「分詞修飾」。關鍵結構是:
The changes in globally averaged temperature ... are similar in size and timing to those predicted by models ...
其中:
- those 代替前面的 the changes
- predicted by models 是過去分詞片語,修飾 those
- 完整形式為 those that are predicted by models
- 意思是「模型所預測的那些變化」
因此,空格必須填入能表達「預測」且可接受 by models 修飾的字。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those predicted by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.
翻譯:
過去一個世紀在地球表面發生的全球平均溫度變化,在幅度與時間上,與那些由考量人為因素及太陽變異綜合影響的模型所預測的變化相似。
句意是比較兩種溫度變化:
- 過去一世紀實際觀察到的溫度變化;
- 氣候模型預測的溫度變化。
「由模型預測」應使用 predicted by models,故選 (D) predicted。
文法與語意分析
1. 過去分詞片語修飾名詞
predicted by models 是過去分詞片語,修飾前面的 those:
- those predicted by models
= those that are predicted by models
= 模型所預測的那些變化
因為 changes 是「被預測」的對象,與 predict 之間是被動關係,所以使用過去分詞 predicted。
2. 重要片語
- globally averaged temperature:全球平均溫度
- at the Earth’s surface:在地球表面
- over the past century:在過去一世紀
第 22 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 21 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To 22 the question of attribution requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages 24. New studies have focused on comparing maps or patterns of temperature change in 25 and in models.
- (A) seize
(B) reciprocate
(C) probe
(D) perturb
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞語意與搭配」,並結合不定詞片語的文意判斷。
句型為:
To 22 the question of attribution requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods...
其中 To 22 是不定詞片語,作主詞;空格 22 必須填入能直接接受 the question 作受詞的動詞,且語意要符合科學研究的語境。
關鍵片語 the question of attribution 指「歸因問題」,也就是判斷全球溫度變化究竟應歸因於人類活動、太陽變異,或兩者共同作用。
題幹定位與翻譯
定位答案的句子是:
To probe the question of attribution requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages 24.
翻譯:
要深入探究歸因問題,需要採用更強大且更複雜的方法,不能只使用全球平均值。
句中討論的是科學家如何「深入研究、探究」溫度變化的成因,因此應使用 probe。
解題方法
先判斷空格的詞性:前面有 To,所以空格必須填入原形動詞,形成不定詞 to + V。
再觀察受詞:
probe the question
probe 可作及物動詞,表示「深入探究、仔細調查」,常搭配:
- probe a question:深入探究問題
- probe the cause:探究原因
- probe an issue:深入調查議題
- probe the relationship between A and B:探究兩者之間的關係
科學文章常使用 probe 表示以更精密的方法深入分析某個問題,與後文的 more powerful and complex methods 完全呼應。
選項分析
(A) seize
seize 是「抓住、攫取、把握」,例如:
- seize an opportunity:把握機會
- seize power:奪取政權
- seize a suspect:逮捕嫌犯
第 23 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 21 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To 22 the question of attribution requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages 24. New studies have focused on comparing maps or patterns of temperature change in 25 and in models.
- (A) application
(B) deviation
(C) retribution
(D) solicitation
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。關鍵句為:
To answer the question of attribution requires the application of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone.
題目第 23 格位於:
requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods
空格前有冠詞 the,後面接介系詞 of,因此需要填入一個能表示「採用、應用」的名詞,且必須符合語意:要回答「歸因問題」,需要運用更強大、更複雜的方法。
關鍵單字與片語
- globally averaged temperature:全球平均溫度
- occur:發生
- at the Earth’s surface:在地球表面
- over the past century:過去一世紀以來
- similar in size and timing to ...:在幅度與發生時間上與……相似
- model:模型
- take into account:考慮、納入
- combined influences:綜合影響
- human factors:人為因素
- solar variability:太陽變異
- attribution:歸因,判定某種現象由哪些因素造成
- application:應用、採用
- powerful and complex methods:強大且複雜的方法
- beyond:超越、不只
- global averages:全球平均值
- alone:單獨地、僅僅
- focus on:著重於
- patterns of temperature change:溫度變化的模式
解題方法
先觀察句型:
requires the ___ of more powerful and complex methods
英文中常見的固定搭配是:
the application of methods
對方法的應用、採用某些方法
將 application 代入後,句意完整:
要回答歸因問題,需要採用更強大且更複雜的方法,而不能只使用全球平均值。
其中 application 是動詞 apply 的名詞形式,常用結構為:
- the application of technology:科技的應用
- the application of scientific methods:科學方法的運用
第 24 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 21 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To 22 the question of attribution requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages 24. New studies have focused on comparing maps or patterns of temperature change in 25 and in models.
- (A) along
(B) alone
(C) aloof
(D) apart
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核心觀念
本題考查副詞的語意與句中搭配。關鍵結構是:
beyond the use of global averages alone
此處的 alone 修飾名詞片語 the use of global averages,表示「單獨使用全球平均值」「僅靠全球平均值」。
句意是:要回答歸因問題,必須採用更強大、更複雜的方法,不能只使用全球平均值。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後:
beyond the use of global averages 24
介系詞 beyond 表示「超越、不限於」,後面接名詞片語。空格需表達「僅僅、單獨」的意思,形成:
the use of global averages alone
僅使用全球平均值
完整句子:
To address the question of attribution requires the development of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone.
翻譯:
要處理歸因問題,需要發展更強大、更複雜的方法,而不能只使用全球平均值。
選項分析
(A) along
along 常作介系詞或副詞,表示「沿著」「一起」「向前」。例如:
- walk along the street:沿著街道走
- come along:一起來、進展
放入句中成為 the use of global averages along,語意與文法搭配均不成立,不能表示「僅使用全球平均值」,故錯誤。
(B) alone
alone 可作形容詞或副詞,表示「單獨的」「獨自地」「僅僅、只」。在名詞或名詞片語後方作副詞時,常表示「只靠該事物本身」。
- global averages alone:只有全球平均值
- medicine alone cannot solve the problem:單靠藥物無法解決問題
the use of global averages alone 正好表示「僅使用全球平均值」,符合上下文,故正確。
(C) aloof
第 25 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 21 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To 22 the question of attribution requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages 24. New studies have focused on comparing maps or patterns of temperature change in 25 and in models.
- (A) oblivion
(B) oligopolies
(C) obligations
(D) observations
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字的「語意判斷」與「名詞搭配」。關鍵在於判斷句中所比較的兩種資料來源:
- observations:觀測資料、實際觀察結果
- models:模型,特別是氣候模型
句型為:
comparing maps or patterns of temperature change in observations and in models
意思是比較「實際觀測資料中的」與「模型中的」溫度變化分布圖或模式。因此空格需要填入表示實際觀測結果的複數名詞 observations。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的結構:
New studies have focused on comparing maps or patterns of temperature change in 25 and in models.
句中有對等結構:
in 25 and in models
前後兩個 in 平行,表示研究人員將兩類資料中的溫度變化圖樣進行比較:
- 實際觀測資料中的溫度變化
- 氣候模型中的溫度變化
因此,空格必須是能與 models 對照,且能接受介系詞 in 的名詞。只有 observations 符合語意。
定位答案的關鍵句
New studies have focused on comparing maps or patterns of temperature change in observations and in models.
翻譯:
新的研究著重於比較實際觀測資料與模型中溫度變化的分布圖或模式。
其中 observations 與 models 構成對照,分別代表「實際觀察到的資料」與「模型模擬出的結果」。
選項分析
(A) oblivion
- 中文:遺忘;湮沒;不存在的狀態
- 例:fall into oblivion(被遺忘)
- oblivion 表示被遺忘或消失的狀態,不能指氣候研究中的實際觀測資料。
- in oblivion 雖可表示「處於被遺忘的狀態」,但放入本句後無法與 in models 形成合理的資料來源對照。
(B) oligopolies
- 中文:寡占市場;寡頭壟斷企業群
- oligopoly 是經濟學用語,指少數企業控制市場的情況。
- oligopolies 為其複數形,與全球溫度變化的觀測圖樣完全無關,語意不成立。
(C) obligations
第 26 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It is difficult to even imagine what 26 the devastation would be if a solar super storm destroyed all of our electrical grids. How long would this last? No one is sure of the time frame, but we could be without electricity for weeks 27. A solar super storm would 28 havoc on our banking system. No one would be able to use credit cards. Commerce and trade as we know it would completely disappear. The ability to buy food or gas using a credit card would come to 29. Almost everyone on the planet would be caught off guard since, in this modern age, it is rare to carry large amounts cash. If this 30 a science fiction story, an action hero might save the day. In this case, the heroes might be the satellites that accurately predict the storm!
- (A) the full extent of
(B) is the full degree of
(C) the full degree
(D) the whole extent for
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核心觀念
本題考克漏字中的「語意搭配」與「名詞片語結構」。
句型為:
It is difficult to even imagine what the full extent of the devastation would be if a solar super storm destroyed all of our electrical grids.
其中:
- what ... would be:名詞子句,作為 imagine 的受詞,意為「……將會是什麼程度」。
- the full extent of + 名詞:固定且自然的搭配,意為「……的全部程度/完整範圍」。
- devastation:破壞、毀滅、災情。
因此,空格後的 the devastation 必須由適當的名詞片語修飾,形成:
the full extent of the devastation
災情的全部程度/破壞的完整規模
解題方法
先觀察空格所在結構:
imagine what ______ the devastation would be
空格後已有名詞片語 the devastation,因此空格應填入能與其組成完整名詞片語的成分。最自然的結構是:
the full extent of the devastation
代入後:
It is difficult to even imagine what the full extent of the devastation would be if a solar super storm destroyed all of our electrical grids.
翻譯:
很難想像,如果太陽超級風暴摧毀我們所有的電力網路,災情的完整規模將會多麼嚴重。
選項分析
(A) the full extent of
正確。
- extent 表示「程度、範圍、規模」。
- the full extent of + 名詞 是自然且常見的搭配,表示「某事物的完整程度或全部規模」。
- 代入後構成完整名詞片語:
the full extent of the devastation
語意上也最符合文章:作者要表達的是「電網全面癱瘓後,災情究竟會有多嚴重」。
(B) is the full degree of
錯誤。
代入後為:
what is the full degree of the devastation would be
此結構同時出現 is 與 would be 兩個主要動詞,造成句型混亂。正確的名詞子句應是:
第 27 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It is difficult to even imagine what 26 the devastation would be if a solar super storm destroyed all of our electrical grids. How long would this last? No one is sure of the time frame, but we could be without electricity for weeks 27. A solar super storm would 28 havoc on our banking system. No one would be able to use credit cards. Commerce and trade as we know it would completely disappear. The ability to buy food or gas using a credit card would come to 29. Almost everyone on the planet would be caught off guard since, in this modern age, it is rare to carry large amounts cash. If this 30 a science fiction story, an action hero might save the day. In this case, the heroes might be the satellites that accurately predict the storm!
- (A) in end
(B) on end
(C) at the end
(D) from end to end
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核心觀念
本題考查固定片語與語意判斷,空格位於:
We could be without electricity for weeks 27.
我們可能會有好幾週沒有電。
正確搭配為 for weeks on end,意思是「連續好幾週、持續數週」。
on end 表示某種狀態或行為「持續不斷地」,常接一段時間,例如:
- for hours on end:連續好幾個小時
- for days on end:連續好幾天
- for weeks on end:連續好幾週
- for years on end:連續好幾年
文章描述太陽超級風暴摧毀電力系統後,民眾可能長時間沒有電,因此使用表示「持續不斷」的 on end 最符合語意。
解題方法
先觀察空格前的結構:
for weeks ___
「for + 一段時間」表示某件事持續多久;後方若接 on end,形成固定片語:
for + 時間長度 + on end
因此:
without electricity for weeks on end
連續好幾週沒有電
此處不是在描述某個物體的「末端」,而是在強調停電狀態持續很久,故選 on end。
選項分析
(A) in end
錯誤。英文沒有 in end 這個固定用法。若要表示「最後、終究」,應使用 in the end,例如:
In the end, the problem was solved.
最後,問題解決了。
即使改成 in the end,意思也是「最後」,不能表達「連續好幾週」;放入本文會變成:
for weeks in the end
語意與搭配皆不成立。
(B) on end
正確。on end 接在時間長度後,表示「連續地、不間斷地」。因此:
for weeks on end
就是「連續好幾週」,符合停電可能持續很長時間的文章語境。
(C) at the end
第 28 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It is difficult to even imagine what 26 the devastation would be if a solar super storm destroyed all of our electrical grids. How long would this last? No one is sure of the time frame, but we could be without electricity for weeks 27. A solar super storm would 28 havoc on our banking system. No one would be able to use credit cards. Commerce and trade as we know it would completely disappear. The ability to buy food or gas using a credit card would come to 29. Almost everyone on the planet would be caught off guard since, in this modern age, it is rare to carry large amounts cash. If this 30 a science fiction story, an action hero might save the day. In this case, the heroes might be the satellites that accurately predict the storm!
- (A) wrench
(B) wreck
(C) wreak
(D) wreathe
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 固定搭配:wreak havoc on/upon ...
- 字義辨析:
wrench、wreck、wreak、wreathe - 情境語意:判斷哪個動詞能表達「對銀行系統造成嚴重破壞」。
wreak havoc on/upon + 人/事物 表示「對……造成大破壞、造成嚴重混亂」。
句型中的 would 是情態助動詞,後面接原形動詞:
A solar super storm would wreak havoc on our banking system.
其中 would wreak 表示「一場太陽超級風暴將會造成……」。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句是:
A solar super storm would 28 havoc on our banking system.
一場太陽超級風暴將會對我們的銀行系統造成嚴重破壞。
空格後方直接接 havoc on,可立即聯想到固定片語:
wreak havoc on ...
對……造成大破壞/帶來嚴重混亂
因此空格應填 wreak,構成:
would wreak havoc on our banking system
完整意思是「將對銀行系統造成嚴重破壞」,符合太陽超級風暴摧毀電網後,信用卡、銀行及商業交易全面失靈的語境。
選項分析
(A) wrench
wrench 作動詞時表示「猛拉、猛扭;使痛苦」,例如:
wrench the door open:猛力把門拉開wrench something from someone:從某人手中強行奪取
wrench havoc 並不是英語慣用搭配,不能表示「造成破壞」,因此錯誤。
(B) wreck
wreck 作動詞表示「摧毀、破壞」,作名詞則可指「失事的車輛或船隻」。
雖然 wreck 的字義與破壞有關,但標準固定用語是:
wreak havoc
第 29 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It is difficult to even imagine what 26 the devastation would be if a solar super storm destroyed all of our electrical grids. How long would this last? No one is sure of the time frame, but we could be without electricity for weeks 27. A solar super storm would 28 havoc on our banking system. No one would be able to use credit cards. Commerce and trade as we know it would completely disappear. The ability to buy food or gas using a credit card would come to 29. Almost everyone on the planet would be caught off guard since, in this modern age, it is rare to carry large amounts cash. If this 30 a science fiction story, an action hero might save the day. In this case, the heroes might be the satellites that accurately predict the storm!
- (A) a culmination
(B) an anchor
(C) an interval
(D) a halt
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核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配(collocation)」與語境判斷。關鍵結構為:
The ability to buy food or gas using a credit card would come to 29.
使用信用卡購買食物或汽油的能力將會陷入__。
英文片語 come to a halt 表示「停止、停頓、陷入停滯」,因此空格應填 a halt。
句意是:太陽超級風暴摧毀所有電力系統後,信用卡無法使用,使用信用卡購買食物或汽油的功能將會完全停止。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後:
- 主詞:The ability to buy food or gas using a credit card
- 情態動詞:would
- 空格後沒有其他動詞,因此需要填入名詞,構成完整片語。
- 語境提到電力中斷、信用卡無法使用、商業活動消失,核心概念是「停止運作」。
最自然且固定的搭配是:
完整句子為:
The ability to buy food or gas using a credit card would come to a halt.
使用信用卡購買食物或汽油的能力將會停止運作。
前文也提供直接線索:
No one would be able to use credit cards. Commerce and trade as we know it would completely disappear.
沒有人能夠使用信用卡;我們所熟知的商業與貿易將會完全消失。
因此,信用卡交易功能「停止」最符合文章邏輯。
選項分析
(A) a culmination
culmination 指「頂點、高潮、最終結果」。常見搭配為 the culmination of years of work,表示「多年努力的最終成果」。
若填入:
The ability ... would come to a culmination.
語意變成「使用信用卡購買食物或汽油的能力將達到高潮/最終結果」,與信用卡失效、商業停擺的負面語境不合,且 come to a culmination 不是此處適當的固定搭配。錯誤。
(B) an anchor
第 30 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
It is difficult to even imagine what 26 the devastation would be if a solar super storm destroyed all of our electrical grids. How long would this last? No one is sure of the time frame, but we could be without electricity for weeks 27. A solar super storm would 28 havoc on our banking system. No one would be able to use credit cards. Commerce and trade as we know it would completely disappear. The ability to buy food or gas using a credit card would come to 29. Almost everyone on the planet would be caught off guard since, in this modern age, it is rare to carry large amounts cash. If this 30 a science fiction story, an action hero might save the day. In this case, the heroes might be the satellites that accurately predict the storm!
- (A) had been
(B) has been
(C) was
(D) were
校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾收合 ▴
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核心觀念
本題考查「與現在事實相反的假設語氣」:
If this were a science fiction story, an action hero might save the day.
句型為:
此句是在假設「這不是科幻小說」,但暫時把它想像成科幻小說。這屬於第二類假設語氣,表示與現在事實相反或不太可能實現的情況。
在正式英文中,假設語氣的 be 動詞一律使用 were,不受主詞單複數影響:
- If I were you, I would study harder.
- If he were here, he could help us.
- If this were a science fiction story, an action hero might save the day.
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
If this were a science fiction story, an action hero might save the day.
如果這是一篇科幻小說,某位動作英雄可能就會拯救局面。
後半句使用 might save,表示「可能會拯救」,是在描述假設情況下的結果;前面的 If 子句因此要使用第二類假設語氣:
主詞是單數的 this,但因為是正式假設語氣,be 動詞仍使用 were,所以選 (D) were。
選項分析
- (A) had been
had been 是過去完成式,通常用於第三類假設語氣,表示與過去事實相反:
If this had been a science fiction story, an action hero might have saved the day.
此時主要子句通常要搭配 might have + 過去分詞,如 might have saved。題幹卻使用 might save,描述的是現在假設下的可能結果,因此 had been 與時態不一致。
- (B) has been
第 31 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Parkinson’s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy,” is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it; in North America, estimates run from 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the world’s elderly population grows; indeed, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative illnesses common in the elderly (such as Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.
So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinson’s. Although treatments do exist, including drugs and deep-brain stimulation, these therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.
As its 19th-century name suggests and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson’s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox—the disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are among the disease’s hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.
These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and coordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delay, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.
Which of the following statements about Parkinson’s disease can be best supported by the article?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀理解與細節定位
- 文章明示資訊的判斷
- 數量與時間表達
- 選項是否過度推論、擴大或扭曲原文語意
解題時應將每個選項與文章中的明確敘述逐一比對,不能只憑一般醫學常識判斷。
定位答案的關鍵原文
文章開頭指出:
“Parkinson’s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as ‘shaking palsy,’ is among the most prevalent neurological disorders.”
翻譯:
巴金森氏症在 19 世紀初由英國醫師 James Parkinson 首度描述,當時稱為「震顫麻痺」;它是最常見的神經系統疾病之一。
官方答案將此句中的 first described in the early 1800s 解讀為「巴金森氏症首次出現於 19 世紀」,因此選定 (C)。
解題方法
先找出各選項的關鍵字,再回文章尋找對應資訊:
- (A) leading causes of death、old people
- (B) more than half、young people
- (C) first appeared、19th century
- (D) neurological disorder、contagious illness
文章明確提到 Parkinson’s disease 在「early 1800s」被 James Parkinson 首度描述,與 (C) 的時間資訊直接相符。其餘選項不是誇大原文,就是加入文章沒有提供的資訊。
選項分析
(A) Parkinson’s disease will become one of the leading causes of death for the old people.
巴金森氏症將成為老年人的主要死亡原因之一。
錯誤。
文章寫道:
“Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative illnesses common in the elderly ... are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death.”
意思是「巴金森氏症以及其他常見於老年人的神經退化性疾病」,整體上可能超越癌症,成為主要死因之一。
此處談的是巴金森氏症與其他神經退化性疾病的總體趨勢,不是明確表示「巴金森氏症單獨」將成為老年人的主要死因。此外,原文使用的是 are on their way to overtaking,表示朝向超越的趨勢,選項的表達過度簡化。
關鍵片語:
- neurodegenerative illness:神經退化性疾病
- common in the elderly:常見於老年人的
- overtake:超越
- a leading cause of death:主要死因之一
(B) Parkinson’s disease is not entirely one of the aged, as more than half of the patients are young people.
巴金森氏症不完全是老年人的疾病,因為超過一半的患者是年輕人。
錯誤。
文章明確表示:
“50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then.”
翻譯:
50% 的患者在 60 歲之後罹患此病;另一半患者則在 60 歲以前受到影響。
原文是 50 percent 與 the other half,也就是各占一半,並未說「超過一半」是年輕人。因此 more than half 與文章數據不符。
此外,文章只說有些患者在 40 歲以前發病:
“the disorder can attack those younger than 40.”
這只能證明年輕人也會罹患,不能推導出年輕患者超過半數。
關鍵字:
- entirely:完全地
- the aged:老年人
- acquire a disease:罹患疾病
- before then:在那之前
- younger than 40:未滿 40 歲
(C) Parkinson’s disease first appeared in the 19th century.
巴金森氏症首次出現於 19 世紀。
第 32 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Parkinson’s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy,” is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it; in North America, estimates run from 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the world’s elderly population grows; indeed, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative illnesses common in the elderly (such as Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.
So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinson’s. Although treatments do exist, including drugs and deep-brain stimulation, these therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.
As its 19th-century name suggests and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson’s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox—the disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are among the disease’s hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.
These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and coordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delay, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.
As per paragraph two beginning with “So far researchers and clinicians…”, the author suggests that the developments in the study of Parkinson’s disease can help ______.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「段落主旨與語意推論」。解題關鍵在於掌握第二段的邏輯:
- 目前的治療只能緩解症狀,無法處理根本原因。
- 近年研究發現,蛋白質異常與帕金森氏症的遺傳基礎有關。
- 這些研究成果使科學家樂觀認為,未來可以找出新的治療切入點。
因此,文章所說的研究發展,是有助於「尋找新的治療途徑」,而不是已經能夠預防或治癒疾病。
關鍵單字與片語
development:發展、進展researcher:研究人員clinician:臨床醫師slow:減緩stop:阻止、使停止prevent:預防treatment:治療drug:藥物deep-brain stimulation:深腦刺激therapy:療法、治療方式alleviate symptoms:緩解症狀cause:原因、病因in recent years:近年來promising:有希望的、有前景的investigator:研究者play a role:扮演角色、發揮作用miscreant protein:異常蛋白質、有害蛋白質genetic underpinning:遺傳基礎feed optimism:增添樂觀信念fresh angles of attack:新的攻克角度、新的治療切入點
解題方法
先定位題目指定的第二段。關鍵句是:
“Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.”
其中:
Such findings指前句提到的研究發現:異常蛋白質與疾病的遺傳基礎有所關聯。fresh angles of attack並非字面上的「新的攻擊角度」,而是指對抗疾病的新方法、新治療方向。can be identified表示「可以被找出來」。
前文已說明現有治療只能緩解症狀,無法解決病因;因此,新的研究成果將來可協助研究人員發展新的治療途徑。這正是選項 (C) 的意思。
題幹定位句與翻譯
“In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred.”
近年來,然而,已經出現了幾項有希望的發展。
“Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.”
這些發現使人樂觀地相信,未來可以找出攻克帕金森氏症的新切入點。
第 33 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Parkinson’s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy,” is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it; in North America, estimates run from 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the world’s elderly population grows; indeed, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative illnesses common in the elderly (such as Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.
So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinson’s. Although treatments do exist, including drugs and deep-brain stimulation, these therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.
As its 19th-century name suggests and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson’s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox—the disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are among the disease’s hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.
These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and coordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delay, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.
According to the article, what causes Parkinson’s disease?
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核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解,重點在於辨識文章對 Parkinson’s disease(帕金森氏症)致病機轉的說明,並區分:
- 病因:黑質中製造 dopamine 的神經元死亡。
- 生理結果:基底核、丘腦與大腦皮質無法整合協調,造成動作控制障礙。
- 臨床症狀:顫抖、肢體僵硬、動作遲緩、平衡與協調能力受損。
題目問的是「what causes Parkinson’s disease?」,選項須從文章所述的神經細胞受損與動作協調失常中判斷。
解題方法
直接定位文章第四段的關鍵句:
“These impairments result from neurons dying.”
這些功能障礙是由神經元死亡所造成的。
接著文章進一步指出:
“those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit.”
位於稱為 substantia nigra(黑質)的區域、負責製造神經傳導物質 dopamine(多巴胺)的神經細胞,受到特別嚴重的傷害。
當這些 dopaminergic nerve cells(多巴胺能神經細胞)大量消失後:
“the brain can no longer cover for them.”
大腦便無法再彌補這些細胞的功能。
最後造成:
“parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.”
參與動作控制的腦部區域——丘腦、基底核與大腦皮質——不再以整合且協調的單位運作。
因此,依官方答案,B 所表達的「多巴胺能神經細胞無法再協調運動」最接近文章所描述的核心結果。
關鍵單字與片語
- Parkinson’s disease:帕金森氏症
- neurological disorder:神經系統疾病
- neurodegenerative illness:神經退化性疾病
- alleviate symptoms:緩解症狀
- miscreant proteins:異常蛋白質
- genetic underpinnings:遺傳基礎
- movement disorder:運動障礙
- tremor:顫抖
- limb rigidity:肢體僵硬
- slowness of movement:動作遲緩
- impaired balance and coordination:受損的平衡與協調能力
- neuron:神經元
- neurotransmitter:神經傳導物質
- dopaminergic nerve cell:多巴胺能神經細胞
- substantia nigra:黑質
- basal ganglia:基底核
- motor control:動作控制
- integrated and orchestrated unit:整合且協調運作的單位
第 34 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Parkinson’s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy,” is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it; in North America, estimates run from 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the world’s elderly population grows; indeed, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative illnesses common in the elderly (such as Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.
So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinson’s. Although treatments do exist, including drugs and deep-brain stimulation, these therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.
As its 19th-century name suggests and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson’s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox—the disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are among the disease’s hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.
These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and coordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delay, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.
Janet Reno and Michael J. Fox are mentioned in the passage because ______.
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核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解中的「代名詞與同位語定位」。解題重點在於判斷文中人物的身分與作者提及他們的原因。
關鍵片語:
- prominent:知名的、傑出的
- Parkinson’s sufferers:帕金森氏症患者
- such as:例如,用來列舉例子
- be characterized by:以……為特徵
- movement disorders:運動障礙
- tremor:顫抖、震顫
- limb rigidity:四肢僵硬
- slowness of movement:動作遲緩
- impaired balance and coordination:平衡與協調能力受損
解題方法
先找題目所問人物在文章中的位置,再觀察人物後面的描述。定位句為:
“the disease is characterized by movement disorders. … as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson’s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox”
翻譯為:
這種疾病的特徵是運動障礙。許多人透過知名帕金森氏症患者,例如 Janet Reno、Muhammad Ali 和 Michael J. Fox 的教育宣導工作而知道這項疾病。
句中的 prominent Parkinson’s sufferers 是名詞片語,意思是「知名的帕金森氏症患者」。因此,Janet Reno 與 Michael J. Fox 被提及,是因為他們本身是廣為人知的帕金森氏症患者,符合選項 (D)。
此外,such as 後方接具體例子,表示這三人是「知名患者」的例證;文章並未說明他們是醫學專家,也沒有表示他們已成功治癒疾病。
文法與語意重點
- such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox
such as 表示「例如」,後面列出前方名詞的代表性例子。此處三人是 prominent Parkinson’s sufferers 的例子。
- Parkinson’s sufferers
sufferer 是「受某種疾病或痛苦影響的人」,因此 Parkinson’s sufferer 指「帕金森氏症患者」,不是研究專家,也不表示已戰勝疾病。
- educational efforts
第 35 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Parkinson’s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy,” is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it; in North America, estimates run from 500,000 to one million, with about 50,000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the world’s elderly population grows; indeed, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative illnesses common in the elderly (such as Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.
So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinson’s. Although treatments do exist, including drugs and deep-brain stimulation, these therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.
As its 19th-century name suggests and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson’s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox—the disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are among the disease’s hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.
These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and coordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delay, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.
The primary purpose of this article is to ______.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「文章主旨(main idea / primary purpose)」判斷。解題重點不是只找文章提到的單一細節,而是確認:
- 文章整體談論的主題。
- 作者主要想達成的目的。
- 各段內容是否共同支持某一選項。
本文依序介紹:
- Parkinson’s disease 的流行程度與患者年齡。
- 目前治療只能緩解症狀,尚無法治癒或預防。
- 近年研究對致病蛋白質與遺傳因素的新發現。
- 疾病症狀及其與腦內多巴胺神經元死亡的關係。
因此,文章主要不是單獨分析病因,也不是提出預防方式,而是介紹帕金森氏症研究上的新進展。
關鍵單字與片語
- Parkinson’s disease:帕金森氏症
- neurological disorder:神經系統疾病
- prevalent:盛行的、常見的
- neurodegenerative illness:神經退化性疾病
- acquire a disease:罹患疾病
- disorder:疾病、失調
- alleviate symptoms:緩解症狀
- miscreant proteins:異常蛋白質
- genetic underpinnings:遺傳基礎
- fresh angles of attack:新的研究或治療切入點
- be characterized by:以……為特徵
- tremor:顫抖
- limb rigidity:四肢僵硬
- impaired balance and coordination:平衡與協調能力受損
- neurotransmitter:神經傳導物質
- substantia nigra:黑質
- dopaminergic nerve cells:多巴胺能神經細胞
- basal ganglia:基底核
- fine-tune:微調、精細調節
- motor control:運動控制
定位答案的關鍵句
文章第二段指出:
“In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred.”
翻譯為:
「然而,近年來已經出現一些令人振奮的研究進展。」
接著文章具體說明:
“investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease.”
翻譯為:
「研究蛋白質作用的研究人員,已經將異常蛋白質與此疾病的遺傳基礎連結起來。」
最後又說:
“Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.”
翻譯為:
「這些發現使人們更加樂觀,相信未來能找出新的研究與治療切入點。」
這些句子直接表明本文重點在於「帕金森氏症研究的新發展」,與選項 D 完全相符。
選項分析
(A) analyze what causes Parkinson’s disease
意為「分析帕金森氏症的成因」。
第 36 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Hagan Walker contemplated the geography of the planet and felt pangs of agitation. The vastness of the Pacific Ocean seemed to be stretching wider.
His start-up company, Glo, makes novelty items — plastic cubes that light up when dropped in water. He started the business six years ago in the compact town of Starkville, Miss., while relying on factories 8,000 miles away in China to make his products. That distance suddenly felt unbridgeable.
It was December 2020, nearly a year into the pandemic, and China’s industrial might was sputtering. The factory making Glo’s next order in the Chinese city of Ningbo warned him that the costs of key materials like plastic were soaring. The shipping industry was straining under an overwhelming flow of goods from Chinese plants to American consumers. Booking a shipping container seemed akin to trying to catch a unicorn. Calm and reserved, Mr. Walker, then 28, was generally comfortable with risk.
In 2016, fresh from Mississippi State University with an engineering degree, he turned down a job at Tesla that would have paid him $130,000 a year. Instead, he opted to remain in Starkville, his college town, to start his own business. Yet he was increasingly worried that his next order would not make it to his warehouse in Mississippi in time for Christmas — still a year away. “I was scared,” Mr. Walker said matter-of-factly. “I was willing to pay pretty much whatever.”
By now, the disruptions to the supply chain are widely known. The still unfolding turmoil has been amplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine along with fresh COVID lockdowns imposed in China. Yet the story of how a single container made it from coastal China to central Mississippi shows the complexity of the troubles — a condition unlikely to give way to normalcy anytime soon.
The order that Mr. Walker placed for the Christmas season just past was the most important in Glo’s brief history. His light-up cubes had begun as a playful way to garnish a cocktail. They had since evolved into the glowing midsection for a variety of children’s bath toys. The company had recently forged ties with a giant in children’s education and entertainment — Sesame Street. This order represented the debut offerings of this partnership. Glo was to produce thousands of light-up dolls in the incarnation of Elmo, the Sesame Street icon, plus thousands more for a new character named Julia.
“The vastness of the Pacific Ocean seemed to be stretching wider” may imply that
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「語意推論」與上下文判讀。題目要判斷:
“The vastness of the Pacific Ocean seemed to be stretching wider”
這句話在文章中不是描述太平洋真的變寬,而是以誇飾、比喻的方式,表達 Walker 感受到中國工廠與美國倉庫之間的距離更加遙遠,因而擔心貨物無法及時運抵。
文章的核心背景是全球供應鏈受到疫情影響,造成:
- 原物料價格上漲
- 工廠生產遲滯
- 航運業壅塞
- 貨櫃難以預訂
- 商品可能無法在聖誕節前送達
因此,太平洋「似乎越來越寬」象徵貨物運輸困難增加,直接引申為「訂購的產品可能無法及時抵達」。
關鍵單字與片語
- contemplate:思考、沉思
- geography:地理環境、地理狀況
- pang of agitation:焦慮不安的刺痛感
- vastness:廣大、遼闊
- stretch wider:延伸得更寬;本文為比喻用法
- start-up company:新創公司
- novelty items:新奇商品
- rely on:依賴
- unbridgeable:無法跨越的、難以克服的
- industrial might:工業實力
- sputter:斷斷續續地運作、停滯不順
- soar:飆升
- strain under:因……而不堪負荷
- overwhelming flow of goods:大量湧入的貨物流
- akin to:類似於
- catch a unicorn:捕捉獨角獸;本文表示幾乎不可能做到
- turn down a job:拒絕一份工作
- in time for Christmas:及時趕上聖誕節
- supply chain:供應鏈
- turmoil:混亂、動盪
- give way to normalcy:恢復正常
- forge ties with:與……建立關係
- debut offerings:首次推出的產品
解題方法
先判斷第一段的情緒與事件背景:
“The vastness of the Pacific Ocean seemed to be stretching wider.”
翻譯為:「太平洋的遼闊似乎正在變得更加寬廣。」
這裡的 seemed to be stretching wider 使用了「似乎正在變寬」的擬人化與比喻說法。太平洋不可能在短時間內實際變寬,因此必須從 Walker 的處境解讀:
- 他的公司位於美國密西西比州;
- 生產工廠位於中國;
- 兩地相距 8,000 英里;
- 疫情造成生產與航運嚴重延誤;
- 他擔心下一批貨無法在聖誕節前抵達。
文章後文直接提供答案線索:
“Yet he was increasingly worried that his next order would not make it to his warehouse in Mississippi in time for Christmas.”
翻譯為:「然而,他越來越擔心下一批訂單無法及時送達位於密西西比州的倉庫,趕上聖誕節。」
這句說明「太平洋似乎變寬」的實際含意:運輸距離在心理上變得更加難以跨越,導致貨物可能無法準時抵達。
所以正確答案為 (C)。
選項分析
第 37 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Hagan Walker contemplated the geography of the planet and felt pangs of agitation. The vastness of the Pacific Ocean seemed to be stretching wider.
His start-up company, Glo, makes novelty items — plastic cubes that light up when dropped in water. He started the business six years ago in the compact town of Starkville, Miss., while relying on factories 8,000 miles away in China to make his products. That distance suddenly felt unbridgeable.
It was December 2020, nearly a year into the pandemic, and China’s industrial might was sputtering. The factory making Glo’s next order in the Chinese city of Ningbo warned him that the costs of key materials like plastic were soaring. The shipping industry was straining under an overwhelming flow of goods from Chinese plants to American consumers. Booking a shipping container seemed akin to trying to catch a unicorn. Calm and reserved, Mr. Walker, then 28, was generally comfortable with risk.
In 2016, fresh from Mississippi State University with an engineering degree, he turned down a job at Tesla that would have paid him $130,000 a year. Instead, he opted to remain in Starkville, his college town, to start his own business. Yet he was increasingly worried that his next order would not make it to his warehouse in Mississippi in time for Christmas — still a year away. “I was scared,” Mr. Walker said matter-of-factly. “I was willing to pay pretty much whatever.”
By now, the disruptions to the supply chain are widely known. The still unfolding turmoil has been amplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine along with fresh COVID lockdowns imposed in China. Yet the story of how a single container made it from coastal China to central Mississippi shows the complexity of the troubles — a condition unlikely to give way to normalcy anytime soon.
The order that Mr. Walker placed for the Christmas season just past was the most important in Glo’s brief history. His light-up cubes had begun as a playful way to garnish a cocktail. They had since evolved into the glowing midsection for a variety of children’s bath toys. The company had recently forged ties with a giant in children’s education and entertainment — Sesame Street. This order represented the debut offerings of this partnership. Glo was to produce thousands of light-up dolls in the incarnation of Elmo, the Sesame Street icon, plus thousands more for a new character named Julia.
Which of the following does the author compare the difficulties of getting products shipped to?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「比喻對應」與代名詞指涉。題目問作者把「產品運送困難」比喻成什麼,必須回到文章中尋找表示比較的句子,而非只根據文章背景推論。
關鍵句為:
“Booking a shipping container seemed akin to trying to catch a unicorn.”
意思是:「預訂一個貨運貨櫃,似乎就像試圖捕捉一隻獨角獸一樣。」
其中:
- booking a shipping container:預訂貨運貨櫃
- seem akin to:似乎類似於、彷彿如同
- try to catch:試圖捕捉
- unicorn:獨角獸;傳說中的生物
作者以「捕捉獨角獸」這個幾乎不可能完成的任務,比喻取得貨櫃、安排出貨的困難程度。
解題方法
先鎖定題目中的核心概念:
- the difficulties of getting products shipped:產品運送所面臨的困難
- compare ... to ...:把某事物比喻、類比為另一事物
文章第三段提到,疫情期間供應鏈受到嚴重干擾,貨運業無法負荷大量貨物流動,因此取得貨櫃非常困難。接著作者使用:
“Booking a shipping container seemed akin to trying to catch a unicorn.”
句型 A is akin to B 表示「A 類似於 B」。此處 A 是「預訂貨櫃」,B 是「捕捉獨角獸」。因此,作者比較的是「取得貨櫃的困難」與「捕捉傳說中的獨角獸」。
選項 A 將原文的 catch a unicorn 改寫為 capturing a legendary creature:
- catch = capture
- unicorn = legendary creature
兩者語意相符,故選 A。
選項分析
(A) Capturing a legendary creature.
正確。原文的 catch a unicorn 就是「捕捉獨角獸」;獨角獸屬於傳說中的生物,因此此選項是符合原文的同義改寫。
(B) The distance between Starkville and the factories in China.
錯誤。文章確實提到 Starkville 與中國工廠相距約 8,000 英里,且這段距離讓 Walker 感到難以跨越:
“That distance suddenly felt unbridgeable.”
意思是:「那段距離突然讓人覺得無法跨越。」
但這只是描述供應鏈距離遙遠,並不是作者在句中用來比喻「取得貨櫃困難」的對象。真正的比喻對象是 catching a unicorn。
(C) The complexity of troubles starting a company.
錯誤。文章提到 Walker 創業、拒絕 Tesla 工作,以及公司面臨的供應鏈問題;但作者並未將產品運送困難比喻為「創業問題的複雜性」。選項中的 starting a company 也不是原文比較句的內容。
第 38 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Hagan Walker contemplated the geography of the planet and felt pangs of agitation. The vastness of the Pacific Ocean seemed to be stretching wider.
His start-up company, Glo, makes novelty items — plastic cubes that light up when dropped in water. He started the business six years ago in the compact town of Starkville, Miss., while relying on factories 8,000 miles away in China to make his products. That distance suddenly felt unbridgeable.
It was December 2020, nearly a year into the pandemic, and China’s industrial might was sputtering. The factory making Glo’s next order in the Chinese city of Ningbo warned him that the costs of key materials like plastic were soaring. The shipping industry was straining under an overwhelming flow of goods from Chinese plants to American consumers. Booking a shipping container seemed akin to trying to catch a unicorn. Calm and reserved, Mr. Walker, then 28, was generally comfortable with risk.
In 2016, fresh from Mississippi State University with an engineering degree, he turned down a job at Tesla that would have paid him $130,000 a year. Instead, he opted to remain in Starkville, his college town, to start his own business. Yet he was increasingly worried that his next order would not make it to his warehouse in Mississippi in time for Christmas — still a year away. “I was scared,” Mr. Walker said matter-of-factly. “I was willing to pay pretty much whatever.”
By now, the disruptions to the supply chain are widely known. The still unfolding turmoil has been amplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine along with fresh COVID lockdowns imposed in China. Yet the story of how a single container made it from coastal China to central Mississippi shows the complexity of the troubles — a condition unlikely to give way to normalcy anytime soon.
The order that Mr. Walker placed for the Christmas season just past was the most important in Glo’s brief history. His light-up cubes had begun as a playful way to garnish a cocktail. They had since evolved into the glowing midsection for a variety of children’s bath toys. The company had recently forged ties with a giant in children’s education and entertainment — Sesame Street. This order represented the debut offerings of this partnership. Glo was to produce thousands of light-up dolls in the incarnation of Elmo, the Sesame Street icon, plus thousands more for a new character named Julia.
What is the purpose of describing Mr. Walker as “calm and reserved”?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「寫作目的」與「語境對比」。判斷引號內形容詞的功能,不只看字面意思,還要觀察它與前後文形成的反差,以及作者藉此強調的主題。
文中描述:
“Calm and reserved, Mr. Walker, then 28, was generally comfortable with risk.”
意思是:「當時 28 歲的 Walker 先生個性冷靜而內斂,通常能坦然面對風險。」
其中:
- calm:冷靜的、鎮定的
- reserved:內斂的、寡言拘謹的
- be comfortable with risk:能接受風險、不畏懼風險
- shipping container:貨運貨櫃
- supply chain:供應鏈
- disruption:中斷、干擾、失序
- soaring:急遽上升的、暴漲的
- unbridgeable:難以跨越的、無法克服的
- matter-of-factly:平淡地、就事論事地
這句話先建立 Walker 一向冷靜、敢於承擔風險的形象,接著文章卻寫道:
“I was scared,” Mr. Walker said matter-of-factly. “I was willing to pay pretty much whatever.”
意思是:「我很害怕。」Walker 先生平淡地說。「我幾乎願意付出任何代價。」
一個平常能接受風險、性格冷靜內斂的人,竟然因為貨運問題感到害怕,正好凸顯當時供應鏈危機的嚴重程度。
解題方法
本題問的是 the purpose of describing Mr. Walker as “calm and reserved”,也就是「作者為什麼特別這樣描寫 Walker」。
解題時要掌握兩點:
-
先理解形容詞的字面功能
“calm and reserved” 的確是在介紹人物性格。 -
再觀察上下文的對比功能
Walker 平常「能接受風險」,卻因為貨櫃難以訂到、材料價格暴漲、運輸延遲而感到害怕,甚至願意支付幾乎任何價格。這種反差是作者安排該描述的主要目的。
因此,這兩個形容詞並非只是提供人物資料,而是用來襯托當時運輸與供應鏈問題的異常嚴重。
定位答案的關鍵原文
“Calm and reserved, Mr. Walker, then 28, was generally comfortable with risk.”
“I was scared,” Mr. Walker said matter-of-factly. “I was willing to pay pretty much whatever
第 39 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Hagan Walker contemplated the geography of the planet and felt pangs of agitation. The vastness of the Pacific Ocean seemed to be stretching wider.
His start-up company, Glo, makes novelty items — plastic cubes that light up when dropped in water. He started the business six years ago in the compact town of Starkville, Miss., while relying on factories 8,000 miles away in China to make his products. That distance suddenly felt unbridgeable.
It was December 2020, nearly a year into the pandemic, and China’s industrial might was sputtering. The factory making Glo’s next order in the Chinese city of Ningbo warned him that the costs of key materials like plastic were soaring. The shipping industry was straining under an overwhelming flow of goods from Chinese plants to American consumers. Booking a shipping container seemed akin to trying to catch a unicorn. Calm and reserved, Mr. Walker, then 28, was generally comfortable with risk.
In 2016, fresh from Mississippi State University with an engineering degree, he turned down a job at Tesla that would have paid him $130,000 a year. Instead, he opted to remain in Starkville, his college town, to start his own business. Yet he was increasingly worried that his next order would not make it to his warehouse in Mississippi in time for Christmas — still a year away. “I was scared,” Mr. Walker said matter-of-factly. “I was willing to pay pretty much whatever.”
By now, the disruptions to the supply chain are widely known. The still unfolding turmoil has been amplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine along with fresh COVID lockdowns imposed in China. Yet the story of how a single container made it from coastal China to central Mississippi shows the complexity of the troubles — a condition unlikely to give way to normalcy anytime soon.
The order that Mr. Walker placed for the Christmas season just past was the most important in Glo’s brief history. His light-up cubes had begun as a playful way to garnish a cocktail. They had since evolved into the glowing midsection for a variety of children’s bath toys. The company had recently forged ties with a giant in children’s education and entertainment — Sesame Street. This order represented the debut offerings of this partnership. Glo was to produce thousands of light-up dolls in the incarnation of Elmo, the Sesame Street icon, plus thousands more for a new character named Julia.
What is the most likely age, as judged from the reading, of Mr. Walker now (in 2022)?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀文章中的時間與年齡資訊。
- 由過去時間推算現在年齡。
- 依上下文判斷
then與now所代表的時間點。
文章指出 Walker 在 2020 年 12 月時為 28 歲。題目問 2022 年的年齡,因此依年份推算:
所以答案為 30 歲。
定位答案的關鍵句
“Calm and reserved, Mr. Walker, then 28, was generally comfortable with risk.”
翻譯:
「Walker 先生個性冷靜而內斂,當時 28 歲,通常能自在地面對風險。」
其中 then 28 指的是「當時 28 歲」,而上下文時間是 2020 年 12 月。
題目問:
What is the most likely age, as judged from the reading, of Mr. Walker now (in 2022)?
翻譯:
「根據文章判斷,Walker 先生現在(2022 年)最可能幾歲?」
從 2020 年到 2022 年相隔兩年,因此:
關鍵單字與片語
then 28:當時 28 歲now:現在nearly a year into the pandemic:進入疫情將近一年fresh from Mississippi State University:剛從密西西比州立大學畢業turned down a job:拒絕一份工作- `would have paid him
第 40 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Hagan Walker contemplated the geography of the planet and felt pangs of agitation. The vastness of the Pacific Ocean seemed to be stretching wider.
His start-up company, Glo, makes novelty items — plastic cubes that light up when dropped in water. He started the business six years ago in the compact town of Starkville, Miss., while relying on factories 8,000 miles away in China to make his products. That distance suddenly felt unbridgeable.
It was December 2020, nearly a year into the pandemic, and China’s industrial might was sputtering. The factory making Glo’s next order in the Chinese city of Ningbo warned him that the costs of key materials like plastic were soaring. The shipping industry was straining under an overwhelming flow of goods from Chinese plants to American consumers. Booking a shipping container seemed akin to trying to catch a unicorn. Calm and reserved, Mr. Walker, then 28, was generally comfortable with risk.
In 2016, fresh from Mississippi State University with an engineering degree, he turned down a job at Tesla that would have paid him $130,000 a year. Instead, he opted to remain in Starkville, his college town, to start his own business. Yet he was increasingly worried that his next order would not make it to his warehouse in Mississippi in time for Christmas — still a year away. “I was scared,” Mr. Walker said matter-of-factly. “I was willing to pay pretty much whatever.”
By now, the disruptions to the supply chain are widely known. The still unfolding turmoil has been amplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine along with fresh COVID lockdowns imposed in China. Yet the story of how a single container made it from coastal China to central Mississippi shows the complexity of the troubles — a condition unlikely to give way to normalcy anytime soon.
The order that Mr. Walker placed for the Christmas season just past was the most important in Glo’s brief history. His light-up cubes had begun as a playful way to garnish a cocktail. They had since evolved into the glowing midsection for a variety of children’s bath toys. The company had recently forged ties with a giant in children’s education and entertainment — Sesame Street. This order represented the debut offerings of this partnership. Glo was to produce thousands of light-up dolls in the incarnation of Elmo, the Sesame Street icon, plus thousands more for a new character named Julia.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned or implied as a contributor to the current breakdown of globalization?
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀文章後擷取「明確提及」與「文意暗示」的資訊。
- 判斷選項是否符合文章中的因果關係。
- 關鍵字的語意辨識,尤其是反義詞:
- soaring:暴增的、急遽上升的
- plummeting:暴跌的、急遽下降的
題目問的是:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned or implied as a contributor to the current breakdown of globalization?
意為:
下列何者沒有在文章中被提及或暗示為目前全球化崩解的原因之一?
因此,必須找出與文章內容不符的選項。
解題方法
文章提到全球供應鏈失靈的原因,包括:
- 俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭;
- 中國實施新的 COVID-19 封城措施;
- 航運業承受大量貨物流動的壓力;
- 航運貨櫃難以預訂;
- 塑膠等關鍵原物料成本上升。
定位答案的關鍵句為:
The factory making Glo’s next order in the Chinese city of Ningbo warned him that the costs of key materials like plastic were soaring.
翻譯:
位於中國寧波、負責製造 Glo 下一批訂單的工廠警告他,塑膠等關鍵材料的成本正在急遽上升。
其中 soaring 表示「上升、暴增」,與選項 D 的 plummeting costs(成本暴跌)意思相反。因此 D 並非文章提及或暗示的原因,符合題目要求的 NOT。
選項分析
(A) Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
意為:
俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭。
文章明確提到:
The still unfolding turmoil has been amplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine along with fresh COVID lockdowns imposed in China.
翻譯:
這場仍在持續發展的混亂,因俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭,以及中國實施的新一波 COVID-19 封城措施而更加嚴重。
因此,俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭確實被明確列為供應鏈混亂的加劇因素。A 正確,但不是答案。
(B) COVID lockdowns imposed in China.
意為:
中國實施的 COVID-19 封城措施。
同樣出現在上述關鍵句:
...along with fresh COVID lockdowns imposed in China.
其中:
- fresh:新的、近期新增的
- lockdown:封城、封鎖措施
- imposed in China:在中國實施的
文章明確表示,中國的新一波封城措施使全球供應鏈混亂更加嚴重。因此 B 正確,但不是答案。
(C) Availability of shipping containers.
意為:
航運貨櫃的可取得性,亦即貨櫃是否容易訂到。
文章提到:
Booking a shipping container seemed akin to trying to catch a unicorn.
翻譯:
預訂一個航運貨櫃,彷彿是在試圖捕捉獨角獸。
seem akin to 表示「似乎就像」;catch a unicorn 是誇張比喻,表示事情極其困難、幾乎不可能。
文章也提到:
The shipping industry was straining under an overwhelming flow of goods from Chinese plants to American consumers.
翻譯:
航運業承受著從中國工廠運往美國消費者的大量貨物流動所造成的壓力。
由於貨物流量過大,貨櫃難以預訂,反映出航運貨櫃供應不足。雖然文章不是用 availability 這個字直接表述,但已透過「貨櫃難以訂到」暗示貨櫃取得困難。因此 C 屬於文章提及或暗示的因素,不能選。
(D) The plummeting costs of key materials like plastic.
意為:
第 作文 題20 分
According to the International Rescue Committee, a global humanitarian aid group, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has uprooted people on a speed and scale not seen since World War II. According to the statistics from the United Nations, more than 4 million Ukrainians have fled the country. Please write an essay to state your personal views on the issues that refugees may encounter in at least 250 words in English.
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核心觀念
本題是「議論文寫作」,主題為俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭後的難民問題。題目要求考生:
- 表達個人觀點。
- 說明難民可能遭遇的問題。
- 以英文撰寫至少 250 字的文章。
文章重點不在描述戰爭經過,而在分析難民離開家園後面臨的實際困境,例如:
- 住所與基本生活需求
- 食物、飲水與醫療
- 教育中斷
- 就業與經濟壓力
- 語言與文化適應
- 心理創傷
- 家庭分離
- 歧視與人身安全
- 國際社會應負的責任
文章應採取「提出問題—分析影響—表達立場—提出解決方法」的結構,才能完整回應題意。
題幹重點與定位句
題幹中的關鍵句為:
“Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has uprooted people on a speed and scale not seen since World War II.”
意思是:
「俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭,使大量民眾流離失所,其速度與規模是第二次世界大戰以來前所未見的。」
另一個重要句子為:
“More than 4 million Ukrainians have fled the country.”
意思是:
「超過四百萬名烏克蘭人已經逃離自己的國家。」
這兩句確立文章背景:難民人數龐大,且問題具有急迫性與全球性。考生不需要重複大量背景資料,應將篇幅集中在「難民會遇到哪些問題」以及「自己對這些問題的看法」。
文法與語意重點
1. 現在完成式
題幹使用:
“has uprooted people”
以及:
“have fled the country”
現在完成式表示過去發生的事件對現在仍有影響。
- uproot:使人流離失所
- flee:逃離;其過去分詞為 fled
例句:
Millions of people have lost their homes because of war.
意思是:
數百萬人因戰爭失去家園。
2. 關係子句與分詞片語
題幹中的:
“not seen since World War II”
可理解為:
「自第二次世界大戰以來未曾見過的」。
完整概念接近:
a scale that has not been seen since World War II
寫作時可使用類似句型:
Refugees face difficulties that are rarely seen in peaceful societies.
意思是:
難民面臨的困境,在和平社會中很少見。
3. may encounter 的語意
題目使用:
“the issues that refugees may encounter”
其中 may encounter 表示「可能遭遇」,並非每一位難民都會經歷完全相同的問題。文章可依序提出多項常見困境,再說明其影響。
4. 議論文常用句型
表達觀點:
In my view, refugees deserve safety, dignity, and equal opportunities.
在我看來,難民應享有安全、尊嚴與平等機會。
提出問題:
One of the most urgent problems refugees face is the lack of stable housing.
難民面臨的最迫切問題之一,是缺乏穩定住所。
說明原因:
Many refugees leave their homes with little money and only a few personal belongings.
許多難民離開家園時,身上只有少量金錢與幾件個人物品。
說明結果:
As a result, they may become dependent on humanitarian assistance.
因此,他們可能必須依賴人道援助。
提出解決方式:
Governments should provide temporary housing, medical care, language classes, and educational opportunities.
各國政府應提供臨時住所、醫療照護、語言課程與教育機會。
解題方法
第一段:引入背景與主旨
簡要說明戰爭造成大量人口流離失所,並提出文章主旨。
可使用:
The war in Ukraine has created one of the largest refugee crises in recent history.
第二段:說明基本生活困境
聚焦於住所、食物、醫療與安全。這些是難民最立即的需求。
可使用:
First, refugees may struggle to find safe housing, sufficient food, clean water, and medical treatment.
第三段:說明長期社會問題
討論教育、就業、語言、文化適應與歧視。這能使文章內容不只停留在物質援助層面。
可使用:
In the long term, refugees may face difficulties in education, employment, and communication.
第四段:說明心理與家庭問題
指出戰爭與逃難造成的恐懼、失落、創傷,以及家庭成員分離的問題。
可使用:
Psychological trauma is another serious issue that should not be ignored.
第五段:提出個人立場與解決方案
明確寫出國際社會及各國政府應採取的措施,最後重申人道立場。
可使用:
Therefore, helping refugees is not merely an act of charity; it is a shared human responsibility.
關鍵單字與片語
| 英文 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|
| invasion | 入侵 |
| uproot | 使流離失所 |
| refugee | 難民 |
| flee | 逃離 |
| humanitarian aid | 人道援助 |
| refugee crisis | 難民危機 |
| lose one’s home | 失去家園 |
| temporary shelter | 臨時避難所 |
| basic necessities | 基本生活必需品 |
| medical treatment | 醫療 उपचार;醫療照護 |
| psychological trauma | 心理創傷 |
| family separation | 家庭分離 |
| language barrier | 語言障礙 |
| cultural adjustment | 文化適應 |
| discrimination | 歧視 |
| employment opportunities | 就業機會 |
| access to education | 接受教育的機會 |
| rebuild one’s life | 重建生活 |
| international community | 國際社會 |
| human dignity | 人性尊嚴 |