義守大學 110 年 《英文》

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第 1 題2 分

Please rub a little longer after the __________ injection.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學英文單字辨識」與「形容詞修飾名詞」的用法。

題幹結構為:

Please rub a little longer after the __________ injection.
請在 __________ 注射後,再多揉一會兒。

空格位於冠詞 the 與名詞 injection 之間,因此需要填入能修飾 injection 的形容詞。四個選項皆以 intra- / in- 開頭,字形相近,但詞義完全不同,必須依語意判斷。

解題方法

關鍵名詞是 injection,意思是「注射、注射劑」。醫學上常見的注射方式包括:

  • intramuscular injection:肌肉注射
  • intravenous injection:靜脈注射
  • subcutaneous injection:皮下注射

題幹提到注射後需要「再多揉一會兒」,語境是在描述注射部位的處理方式,因此空格應填入一種注射類型。四個選項中,只有 intramuscular 是注射方式的醫學形容詞。

完整句子為:

Please rub a little longer after the intramuscular injection.
請在肌肉注射後,再多揉一會兒。

因此選擇 (C)。

選項分析

(A) intractable

  • 詞義:難處理的、棘手的、難以控制的
  • 例:an intractable problem(棘手的問題)
  • intractable injection 並非正常的醫學搭配,無法表示某種注射方式。
  • 題幹需要的是注射種類,故錯誤。
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第 2 題2 分

Ms. Palumbo was recognized during her retirement party for her years __________ to the company.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與固定搭配。句意是:Palumbo 女士在退休派對中,因為多年來對公司的奉獻/投入而受到表揚。

關鍵搭配為:

  • dedication to + 人/事物:對……的奉獻、投入
  • years of dedication to the company:多年對公司的奉獻

其中 dedication 是不可數名詞,表示長期投入、忠誠與奉獻。

解題方法

題幹定位句為:

Ms. Palumbo was recognized during her retirement party for her years __________ to the company.
Palumbo 女士在退休派對期間,因為她多年來對公司的________而受到表揚。

句中有 was recognized for,表示「因為……而受到表揚/肯定」。退休員工受到肯定的典型原因,是長年對公司的奉獻與投入,因此選擇 dedication。

完整、標準的英文應為:

Ms. Palumbo was recognized during her retirement party for her years of dedication to the company.

選項分析

(A) dedication 奉獻;投入;專心

正確。
dedication to the company 表示「對公司的奉獻與投入」,符合退休派對表揚員工多年貢獻的語意。

例如:

He received an award for his dedication to education.
他因為對教育的奉獻而獲獎。

(B) appreciation 欣賞;感謝;感激

錯誤。
appreciation 通常表示「對某人或某事的欣賞、感謝」,例如 show appreciation for his help,但不適合

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第 3 題2 分

The widespread availability of financial information has made stock investment more __________ even among amateur investors.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「形容詞在語境中的搭配」。句型為:

The widespread availability of financial information has made stock investment more __________ even among amateur investors.
財務資訊的普及取得,使股票投資即使在業餘投資人之間也變得更加 __________。

空格前有比較級 more,因此須填入可用形容詞,且語意必須表達「股票投資變得更普遍」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • widespread:廣泛的、普及的
  • availability:可取得性、供應情形
  • financial information:財務資訊
  • make A + 形容詞:使 A 變得……
  • stock investment:股票投資
  • prevalent:普遍的、盛行的
  • amateur investor:業餘投資人、非專業投資人
  • even among:即使在……之中也

解題方法

先抓句意主幹:

The widespread availability of financial information has made stock investment more __________.

「財務資訊普及」造成的合理結果,是更多人能接觸、了解並參與股票投資,因此股票投資變得「更加普遍、盛行」。

prevalent 正好表示「普遍存在的、盛行的」,可構成:

make stock investment more prevalent
使股票投資變得更加普遍

句末的 even among amateur investors 進一步強調:股票投資不只在專業投資人之間普遍,連業餘投資人也開始常見。

選項分析

(A) tentative:暫時的、試探性的、猶豫不決的

tentative 描述的是缺乏確定性、尚在試行或猶豫的狀態,例如:

  • a tentative decision:暫定的決定
  • a tentative agreement:暫時性的協議

句意需要表達股票投資「變得更普遍」,而不是「變得更暫時或更試探性」,因此不合語意。

(B) prevalent:普遍的、盛行的

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第 4 題2 分

Loss of your sense of smell is __________.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「醫學英文單字辨識」與語意判斷。題幹描述的是「嗅覺喪失」的醫學名詞:

  • loss of your sense of smell:嗅覺喪失
  • anosmia:嗅覺喪失、失嗅症
  • anemia:貧血
  • diagnosis:診斷
  • insomnia:失眠

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句是:

Loss of your sense of smell is __________.
嗅覺喪失就是 __________。

句型為:

A is B.
A 是 B。

主詞 Loss of your sense of smell 指「嗅覺喪失」,空格需填入代表此症狀或疾病的名詞。醫學上,anosmia 正是「嗅覺完全喪失」的專有名詞,因此選 (B)。

字根也能幫助判斷:

  • an-:無、缺乏
  • -osmia:與嗅覺有關

因此 anosmia 可理解為「沒有嗅覺」。

選項分析

(A) anemia:貧血

錯誤。Anemia 是紅血球數量不足、血紅素濃度降低或攜氧能力下降所造成的狀態,常見症狀包括疲倦、臉色蒼白、頭暈,不是嗅覺喪失。

(B) anosmia:嗅覺喪失

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第 5 題2 分

We hope they are as satisfying to you to operate as they were for us to manufacture. They are second to __________ in dependability.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考固定片語 second to none,以及代名詞在語意上的判斷。

  • second to none:不亞於任何人/任何事物;首屈一指、無與倫比。
  • dependability:可靠性、耐用性。
  • manufacture:製造。
  • operate:操作、使用。
  • satisfying:令人滿意的。

句型:

They are second to none in dependability.

意思是「它們在可靠性方面不亞於任何產品」,也就是「可靠性首屈一指」。


解題方法

先定位能直接決定答案的句子:

They are second to __________ in dependability.
它們在可靠性方面僅次於____。

英文固定用法 second to none,字面上是「僅次於無任何對象者」,實際語意為「沒有任何對象比它們更好」,因此表示「首屈一指」。

完整翻譯如下:

We hope they are as satisfying to you to operate as they were for us to manufacture. They are second to none in dependability.
我們希望您操作它們時能感到滿意,就像我們製造它們時感到滿意一樣。它們在可靠性方面首屈一指。

因此空格應填 none。


選項分析

(A) all

second to all 不是本題所需的固定片語。

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第 6 題2 分

Dolphins are __________, eating mainly fish and squid.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查動物的食性單字,以及根據後方補充說明判斷語意。

題幹為:

Dolphins are , eating mainly fish and squid.
海豚是以魚類和魷魚為主要食物的
。

fish(魚)與 squid(魷魚)皆屬動物,因此可判斷海豚主要是「肉食性動物」,對應單字為 carnivore。

解題方法

先抓住分詞片語 eating mainly fish and squid:

  • eating:吃、以……為食
  • mainly:主要地
  • fish and squid:魚類和魷魚

魚類與魷魚不是植物,而是動物。以其他動物為主要食物的動物,稱為 carnivore(肉食動物),其形容詞形式為 carnivorous(肉食性的)。

因此,依官方公布答案,選 (D) carnivore。

選項分析

(A) phytophagous:錯誤

phytophagous 意為「食植物的、植食性的」,由 phyto-(植物)與 -phagous(吞食……的)組成。

海豚主要吃魚和魷魚,並非以植物為主食,因此不符合題幹語意。

(B) omnivorous:錯誤

omnivorous 意為「雜食性的」,指同時攝取植物與動物,例如人類、熊、豬等。

題幹只指出海豚主要吃魚和魷魚,所描述的是肉食性,而不是植物與動物兼食的雜食性。

(C) herbivorous:錯誤

herbivorous 意為「草食性的、植食性的」,指主要以植物為食,例如牛、羊、鹿。

魚和魷魚皆為動物,故海豚不屬於 herbivorous。

(D) carnivore:正確

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第 7 題2 分

Compassion __________ is a kind of emotional exhaustion which reduces your ability to empathize or feel compassion for others.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「固定搭配與語意判斷」。關鍵片語是 compassion fatigue,中文為「同理心疲勞」或「慈悲疲勞」,指長期接觸他人痛苦、創傷與需求後,產生的情緒耗竭,使個人降低同理他人、感受慈悲的能力。

題幹中的關鍵定義是:

Compassion __________ is a kind of emotional exhaustion which reduces your ability to empathize or feel compassion for others.
「同理心____是一種情緒耗竭,會降低你對他人產生同理或感受慈悲的能力。」

空格後的定義明確描述「疲勞、耗竭」的概念,因此應填入 fatigue。

解題方法

先觀察句型:

  • Compassion + 空格 構成名詞片語,作為全句主詞。
  • 後面的 is a kind of emotional exhaustion 是對前面名詞的定義。
  • which reduces your ability to empathize or feel compassion for others 為關係子句,修飾前面的 emotional exhaustion,進一步說明此種情緒耗竭造成的影響。

其中:

  • fatigue:疲勞、疲憊
  • emotional exhaustion:情緒耗竭
  • empathize:產生同理心、設身處地理解他人

因此,compassion fatigue 與後面的 emotional exhaustion 語意完全一致,形成標準術語。

完整句意為:

「同理心疲勞是一種情緒耗竭,會降低你對他人產生同理或感受慈悲的能力。」

選項分析

(A) rejuvenation

意為「恢復活力、返老還童、重新振作」。
Compassion rejuvenation 可理解為「同理心恢復活力」,語意偏向恢復、補充能量,與後文的 emotional exhaustion「情緒耗竭」相反,因此不符合定義。

(B) resurgence

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第 8 題2 分

The Aviation Police Bureau _____________ and transferred an inspection officer for disparaging his position, after he wrote that working for the bureau was like “living in retirement.”

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 近義/反義字辨析
  2. 上下文語意判斷
  3. 動詞與受詞、後續處分的搭配

題幹描述一名航空警察局的檢查官因為寫文章貶低自己的職位,結果遭到懲處並調職。因此空格應填入表示「斥責、訓斥」的負面動詞。


題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

The Aviation Police Bureau _____________ and transferred an inspection officer for disparaging his position, after he wrote that working for the bureau was like “living in retirement.”

翻譯:

航空警察局因一名檢查官貶低自己的職位,在他寫道「在該局工作就像退休生活」之後,對他加以斥責並調職。

其中:

  • disparage:貶低、貶抑、說壞話
  • position:職位、職務
  • inspection officer:檢查官
  • working for the bureau:在該局工作
  • living in retirement:過退休生活
  • transfer:調職、調動

「貶低職位」屬於負面行為,且後面接著 transferred,表示航空警察局對該員採取懲處措施,因此空格須使用負面且具責備意味的動詞。


解題方法

先觀察句子的並列結構:

_____________ and transferred an inspection officer

空格中的動詞與 transferred 並列,共同描述航空警察局對該員採取的處置。

再根據語意判斷:

  • 該員的言論被視為 disparaging,即貶低、侮辱職務。
  • 航空警察局因此應會「斥責、訓斥」他,並將他調職。
  • 能符合此負面語境的選項是 reprimanded。

reprimand someone for something 表示「因某事斥責某人」,正好符合:

reprimanded an inspection officer for disparaging his position

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第 9 題2 分

Fasting that involves longer periods of food _______ can cause changes to the immune system and the hematopoietic stem cells that support it.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。空格位於 food 之後,需填入名詞,形成:

longer periods of food _______

句意是「較長時間的食物__」。四個選項皆為名詞,但只有 deprivation 能表示「缺乏、剝奪」,且能自然搭配 food deprivation,指長時間缺乏食物或禁食。

題幹定位與翻譯

Fasting that involves longer periods of food deprivation can cause changes to the immune system and the hematopoietic stem cells that support it.

翻譯:

涉及較長時間食物缺乏的禁食,可能造成免疫系統及支持免疫系統的造血幹細胞發生變化。

句中 that involves longer periods of food deprivation 修飾前面的 Fasting:

  • fasting:禁食
  • involve:涉及、包含
  • longer periods of:較長期間的
  • food deprivation:食物缺乏、食物剝奪
  • immune system:免疫系統
  • hematopoietic stem cells:造血幹細胞
  • support:支持、維持

解題方法

先判斷詞性。介系詞 of 後面需要名詞,因此四個選項在詞性上都可放入;接著必須依據語意與搭配判斷。

「較長時間的食物__」在語意上應表達「食物供給不足、沒有攝取食物」。deprivation 的核心概念正是「被剝奪某種必要事物、處於缺乏狀態」,因此:

food deprivation=食物缺乏、食物剝奪\text{food deprivation}=\text{食物缺乏、食物剝奪}

這與 fasting 的生理情境完全吻合。長時間禁食可能影響免疫系統及造血幹細胞,句意完整且自然。

選項分析

(A) degeneration

degeneration 意為「退化、衰退、變質」,通常指組織、細胞或功能逐漸惡化,例如:

  • neural degeneration:神經退化
  • tissue degeneration:組織退化

food degeneration 是「食物退化、食物變質」的意思,無法表示「長時間沒有攝取食物」,與 fasting 的語境不合,因此錯誤。

(B) depression

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第 10 題2 分

Shakespeare, a(n)______ writer, entertained audiences by writing many tragic and comic plays.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞」:

  • 空格位於 writer 前方,須填入形容詞,描述 Shakespeare 的寫作特質。
  • 題幹以 writing many tragic and comic plays 提供語意線索,表示他創作數量很多、作品豐富。
  • 最符合此意的單字是 prolific,意為「多產的、作品豐富的」。

題幹定位與翻譯

Shakespeare, a(n) ______ writer, entertained audiences by writing many tragic and comic plays.

翻譯:
莎士比亞是一位多產的作家,他藉由創作許多悲劇與喜劇來娛樂觀眾。

其中 writing many tragic and comic plays(創作許多悲劇與喜劇)直接暗示 Shakespeare 作品數量多,因此應選表示「多產」的 prolific。

解題方法

先確認詞性:

a(n)+形容詞+writer\text{a(n)}+\text{形容詞}+\text{writer}

四個選項皆可作形容詞,但必須進一步比較語意。題幹中的 many 是關鍵字,表示「數量很多」。能與 writer 自然搭配,表示「作品數量很多的作家」者,就是:

prolific writer=多產的作家\text{prolific writer}=\text{多產的作家}

因此選擇 (A)。

選項分析

(A) prolific 多產的;作品豐富的

正確。prolific 可形容作家、藝術家或研究者產出大量作品,例如:

  • a prolific writer:多產的作家
  • a prolific author:多產的作者
  • a prolific composer:多產的作曲家

Shakespeare 創作許多悲劇與喜劇,符合 prolific writer 的語意。

(B) generic 一般的;通用的;非特定的

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第 11 題2 分

The judges felt that Judy’s performance had been the most impressive ______ the nine finalists.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「最高級形容詞搭配介系詞」的用法。

英文中,表示「在某一群人或事物當中,最……的」時,最高級後面通常接:

the + 最高級形容詞 + of + 複數名詞\text{the + 最高級形容詞 + of + 複數名詞}

例如:

  • the tallest of the five students:五位學生中最高的
  • the most expensive of the three cars:三輛車中最昂貴的
  • the most impressive of the nine finalists:九位決賽入圍者中最令人印象深刻的

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

The judges felt that Judy’s performance had been the most impressive of the nine finalists.

翻譯:

評審認為,Judy 的表現是九位決賽入圍者之中最令人印象深刻的。

句中以 the most impressive 表示「最令人印象深刻的」,後面接 of the nine finalists,指出比較的範圍是九位入圍者,因此填入 of。

解題方法

先找出句中的最高級結構:

the most impressive ______ the nine finalists

「最令人印象深刻」必須放在一群人之中比較。當比較範圍是明確列出的複數群體時,使用:

the most + 形容詞 + of + 複數群體

因此完整句為:

Judy’s performance had been the most impressive of the nine finalists.

此處的 of the nine finalists 修飾最高級 the most impressive,意思是「在九位入圍者之中」。

選項分析

(A) of 正確

the most impressive of the nine finalists 是標準的最高級句型,表示「九位入圍者中最令人印象深刻的」。

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第 12 題2 分

Their newborn daughter is _________ be a Lady from birth, but will likely not use the title.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考 entitled to 的固定搭配與語意判斷。

be entitled to + 名詞/動名詞/原形動詞,表示:

  • 有權享有……
  • 有資格獲得……
  • 依法或依身分可以……

題幹中的 be entitled to be a Lady 表示「有資格從出生起成為 Lady/享有 Lady 這個頭銜」。

解題方法

題幹原句為:

Their newborn daughter is _________ be a Lady from birth, but will likely not use the title.
他們剛出生的女兒從出生起就有資格成為 Lady,但很可能不會使用這個頭銜。

空格後面是 be,需要填入能與 entitled 搭配、並可接原形動詞的介系詞。

固定句型為:

be entitled to + 原形動詞\text{be entitled to + 原形動詞}

因此:

is entitled to be a Lady

語意與文法均成立,故選 (A)。

選項分析

(A) entitled to

entitled to 是正確固定搭配,表示「有權……」「有資格……」。

例句:

  • You are entitled to receive a refund.
    你有權獲得退款。
  • Employees are entitled to take paid leave.
    員工有權休帶薪假。

套入題幹:

Their newborn daughter is entitled to be a Lady from birth.

意思是「這名女嬰從出生起便有資格擁有 Lady 的身分」,符合後文 will likely not use the title 的語意。

(B) entitled in

entitled in 不是表示「有資格做某事」的固定搭配。介系詞 in 通常表示「在……之中」「以……方式」或「在某段時間內」,無法自然接在此處表達身分頭銜的資格。

錯誤形式:

is entitled in be a Lady

in 後面不能直接接原形動詞 be,文法不成立。

(C) entitled as

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第 13 題2 分

For over 25 years, Axiomtek __________ among the major manufacturing companies in the field of industrial computers and embedded systems.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「現在完成式」與時間片語 for + 一段時間 的搭配。

現在完成式的基本形式為:

主詞+has/have+過去分詞\text{主詞}+\text{has/have}+\text{過去分詞}

可表示某個動作或狀態「從過去開始,一直延續到現在」。題幹中的 For over 25 years 表示「超過 25 年來」,強調一段從過去延續至今的時間,因此應使用現在完成式。

主詞 Axiomtek 為單數公司名稱,搭配 has,而 be 的過去分詞為 been,故答案為 has been。

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹關鍵句為:

For over 25 years, Axiomtek has been among the major manufacturing companies in the field of industrial computers and embedded systems.

翻譯:

超過 25 年來,Axiomtek 一直是工業電腦與嵌入式系統領域主要製造公司之一。

其中:

  • For over 25 years:超過 25 年來
  • among:在……之中;屬於……之一
  • major manufacturing companies:主要製造公司
  • in the field of:在……領域
  • industrial computers:工業電腦
  • embedded systems:嵌入式系統

解題方法

先找時間線索:

For over 25 years

for + 一段時間 用來表示某狀態持續多久。若該狀態從過去開始,且截至現在仍然成立,使用現在完成式。

句中的「一直是主要製造公司之一」是持續到現在的狀態,可改寫為:

Axiomtek started being one of the major companies more than 25 years ago and remains one today.

因此須使用:

Axiomtek+has been\text{Axiomtek}+\text{has been}

完整結構為:

Axiomtek has been among the major manufacturing companies\text{Axiomtek has been among the major manufacturing companies}

選項分析

(A) was

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第 14 題2 分

The free association techniques used in psychoanalysis empower the analyst with chances of knowing __________ is happening in the patients’ unconsciousness.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「間接問句/名詞子句」的引導詞。句型為:

empower the analyst with chances of knowing what is happening in the patients’ unconsciousness.

其中,knowing 為介系詞 of 的受詞;what is happening in the patients’ unconsciousness 則是動名詞 knowing 所知道的內容,屬於名詞子句。

what 可表示「……的事物/事情」,本身兼具兩種功能:

  1. 引導名詞子句。
  2. 在子句中充當主詞、受詞或補語。

本句的 what 是 is happening 的主詞,意義為:

what is happening = 正在發生的事情

因此,正確答案為 (A) what。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

The free association techniques used in psychoanalysis empower the analyst with chances of knowing what is happening in the patients’ unconsciousness.

翻譯:

精神分析所使用的自由聯想技術,使分析師有機會了解病人潛意識中正在發生的事情。

what 後面接完整的動詞片語 is happening,形成「正在發生什麼事情」的名詞子句。

解題方法

先觀察空格後面的結構:

________ is happening

is happening 已經有動詞,但缺少主詞。需要一個能同時引導名詞子句、又能在子句中充當主詞的字。

what 符合此條件:

what is happening
正在發生的事情

將整個名詞子句放回原句:

chances of knowing what is happening in the patients’ unconsciousness

結構為:

  • chances of:……的機會
  • knowing:了解、知道
  • what is happening ...:正在發生的事情

文法與語意均完整,所以選 (A)。

選項分析

(A) what:正確

what 可引導名詞子句,並在子句中作主詞:

what is happening

等於:

the thing that is happening

也就是「正在發生的事情」。整句語意為「了解病人潛意識中正在發生的事情」,合乎文意。

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第 15 題2 分

__________ you ever need the advice of an expert, our service staffs are available via phone and LiveChat.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「條件句的倒裝」以及情態動詞的語意。

句型:

Should + 主詞 + 原形動詞, 主句

可還原為:

If + 主詞 + should + 原形動詞, 主句

因此:

Should you ever need the advice of an expert, ...
= If you should ever need the advice of an expert, ...

意思是「如果你曾有任何時候需要專家的建議……」。

此處的 should 不是「應該」的義務,而是表示「萬一、如果有……情況」,語氣較正式、客氣。

解題方法

題幹結構為:

______ you ever need the advice of an expert, our service staffs are available via phone and LiveChat.

逗點前是條件子句,逗點後是主要子句:

  • 條件:你有需要專家建議的時候
  • 結果:客服人員可透過電話與 LiveChat 提供服務

選項中只有 Should 能形成正式條件句倒裝:

Should you ever need ...\text{Should you ever need ...}

還原後為:

If you should ever need ...\text{If you should ever need ...}

完整句意為:

Should you ever need the advice of an expert, our service staffs are available via phone and LiveChat.
如果你曾有任何時候需要專家的建議,我們的客服人員可透過電話與 LiveChat 提供服務。

選項分析

(A) Would

would 主要表示過去未來、假設結果或較委婉的語氣。

若填入:

Would you ever need the advice of an expert, ...

此句形式近似疑問句「你會需要專家的建議嗎?」;但逗點後接的是陳述句,整體無法自然形成本題所需的條件句。正式條件倒裝中,不能以 Would you... 取代 Should you...。

因此錯誤。

(B) Could

could 表示能力、可能性或較委婉的請求。

若填入:

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第 16 題2 分

Pierre Fauchard of France is often referred to as the “father of modern dentistry” __________ the first to publish a scientific textbook (1728) on the techniques and practices of dentistry.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「介系詞後接動名詞」以及句子的主要動詞結構。

題幹主句為:

Pierre Fauchard of France is often referred to as the “father of modern dentistry” for being the first to publish a scientific textbook (1728) on the techniques and practices of dentistry.

其中:

  • is often referred to as ...:常被稱為……
  • for:因為;由於
  • being:動名詞,作介系詞 for 的受詞
  • the first to publish ...:第一位出版……的人
  • scientific textbook:科學教科書
  • techniques and practices of dentistry:牙科的技術與實務

句意是:

法國的 Pierre Fauchard 常被稱為「現代牙醫學之父」,因為他是第一位出版牙科技術與實務科學教科書的人。

解題方法

先找出主句的主要動詞:

Pierre Fauchard ... is often referred to as ...

主句已經有完整的被動語態結構,空格後不能再直接放另一個完整限定動詞,否則會造成兩個主要動詞缺乏連接。

空格後的語意是說明「他為何被稱為現代牙醫學之父」,因此需要表達原因的片語:

for being the first to publish ...

結構如下:

主句+介系詞片語表原因\text{主句}+\text{介系詞片語表原因} is often referred to as ...+for being ...\text{is often referred to as ...}+\text{for being ...}

選項分析

(A) is

代入後為:

Pierre Fauchard ... is often referred to as ... is the first to publish ...

句中出現兩個限定動詞 is:

  1. is often referred to
  2. is the first

兩個子句之間沒有連接詞,也沒有適當標點,因此形成錯誤的連接。若要使用 is,必須改寫為:

He is often referred to as the father of modern dentistry because he is the first ...

但原題空格後沒有連接詞 because,所以錯誤。

(B) be

代入後為:

... is often referred to as ... be the first to publish ...

be 是原形動詞,不能直接放在此處。若要使用原形動詞,通常需要搭配不定詞標記 to,形成 to be;但即使改成 to be,語意也不如 for being 自然,且仍需處理原因的表達方式。

因此 be 錯誤。

(C) was

代入後為:

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第 17 題2 分

Accusations ____________ high-profile media figures are sometimes kept off or buried by mainstream platforms.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「名詞與介系詞的固定搭配」及語意判斷。

  • accusation:指「指控、控訴、 ಆರೋಪ」。
  • accusations against someone:指「對某人的指控」,表示指控的對象。
  • high-profile:知名度高的、受到高度關注的。
  • media figures:媒體人物。
  • mainstream platforms:主流平台。
  • keep something off:使某事物不上線、不出現在某平台。
  • bury something:將某事物壓下、埋沒,使其不易被看見。

題幹結構為:

Accusations ____________ high-profile media figures are sometimes kept off or buried by mainstream platforms.

可分解為:

Accusations against high-profile media figures\text{Accusations against high-profile media figures}

作為主詞,後接被動語態:

are sometimes kept off or buried by mainstream platforms\text{are sometimes kept off or buried by mainstream platforms}

其中 against high-profile media figures 修飾 accusations,說明「指控是針對誰」。


解題方法

先找出空格前後的名詞關係:

  • accusations 是「指控」;
  • high-profile media figures 是被指控、被針對的對象。

英文中表示「對某人的指控」時,使用固定搭配:

accusations against + 人\text{accusations against + 人}

因此完整句意為:

對知名媒體人物的指控,有時會被主流平台拒絕刊登,或被壓低曝光度。

題幹定位答案的原文為:

Accusations against high-profile media figures are sometimes kept off or buried by mainstream platforms.

翻譯:

針對知名媒體人物的指控,有時會被主流平台排除在外,或被埋沒、壓低曝光度。


選項分析

(A) on

accusations on someone 並不是表示「對某人的指控」的標準搭配。介系詞 on 常表示「在……上面」或「關於某主題」,例如:

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第 18 題2 分

This juxtaposition not only underscores what ideas of gastronomy these texts share but also ___________ the ways in which they are distinctive from each other.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是:

  1. 主詞與動詞的一致
  2. 「not only A but also B」的對等並列結構
  3. 現在式動詞的平行使用

題幹主詞為:

This juxtaposition
這個並置、對照

其中 juxtaposition 是單數可數名詞,因此後面的動詞必須使用第三人稱單數現在式。

句型為:

This juxtaposition not only underscores ... but also ___________ ...

「not only A but also B」表示「不僅 A,而且 B」,A 與 B 應在文法形式上保持平行。既然前面是第三人稱單數現在式 underscores,後面也應使用第三人稱單數現在式。

因此空格應填 illustrates。


題幹結構與翻譯

原句:

This juxtaposition not only underscores what ideas of gastronomy these texts share but also illustrates the ways in which they are distinctive from each other.

句子主幹為:

This juxtaposition not only underscores ... but also illustrates ...

可拆解為:

  • This juxtaposition:這個並置/對照
  • not only underscores A but also illustrates B:不僅凸顯 A,也說明 B
  • what ideas of gastronomy these texts share:這些文本共同擁有什麼樣的飲食學觀念
  • the ways in which they are distinctive from each other:它們彼此不同之處的方式/面向

全句可翻譯為:

這種並置不僅凸顯了這些文本所共享的飲食學觀念,也說明了它們彼此之間具有差異的面向。

其中:

  • underscore:強調、凸顯
  • gastronomy:飲食學、美食學
  • text:文本、文章
  • share:共享、共同具有
  • illustrate:說明、闡明、呈現
  • distinctive:具有特色的、與眾不同的
  • be distinctive from each other:彼此有所不同

解題方法

先找句子的主要主詞與動詞:

This juxtaposition not only underscores ... but also ___________ ...

主詞是單數的 This juxtaposition,所以空格中的動詞需符合第三人稱單數形式。

再觀察並列結構:

not only underscores ... but also ___________

前後兩個動詞應保持平行:

not only + V-s, but also + V-s\text{not only + V-s, but also + V-s}

因此:

underscores↔illustrates\text{underscores} \leftrightarrow \text{illustrates}

正確句子為:

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第 19 題2 分

The clinical method refers to _________, think about and evaluate the facts, and enter the facts into their process of care.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 關係代名詞片語 by which 的用法。
  2. means 表示「方法、手段」時的搭配。
  3. information about the patients 的正確語意與介系詞搭配。
  4. 選項放入句中後,是否符合「臨床方法」的定義。

題幹指出,臨床方法是醫師取得病人資訊、思考評估事實,並將事實納入照護流程所使用的方法。因此空格應填入一個表示「醫師取得病人資訊的方法」的名詞片語。


題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

The clinical method refers to _________, think about and evaluate the facts, and enter the facts into their process of care.

依官方答案填入後,核心結構為:

The clinical method refers to the means by which doctors gather information about the patients ...

翻譯為:

臨床方法指的是醫師取得病人資訊的方法,並將這些事實加以思考與評估,再納入其照護流程。

其中:

  • clinical method:臨床方法
  • refer to:指的是、涉及
  • means:方法、手段
  • by which:藉由該方法、用以……
  • gather information:蒐集資訊
  • information about the patients:關於病人的資訊
  • think about:思考
  • evaluate:評估
  • facts:事實、資料
  • process of care:照護流程

解題方法

先判斷空格後需要的是什麼詞性與語意。

句子主幹是:

The clinical method refers to _________.

refer to 後面需要接名詞或名詞片語,說明「臨床方法所指的是什麼」。

選項 A 的結構是:

the means + by which + doctors gather information about the patients

其中:

  • the means 是主要名詞,意為「方法」。
  • by which doctors gather information about the patients 是關係代名詞片語,修飾 the means。
  • 整體意思是「醫師蒐集病人資訊的方法」。

這正好符合 clinical method 的定義,因此選 A。


選項分析

(A) the means by which doctors gather information about the patients

正確。

結構為:

the means + by which + 主詞 + 動詞

by which 可理解為「藉由該方法」。整個片語表示:

醫師藉以蒐集病人資訊的方法

此外,gather information about the patients 是自然且正確的搭配,表示「蒐集關於病人的資訊」。

因此 A 在文法、搭配與語意上都最符合題意。


(B) the means that doctors gather information of the patients

錯誤。

主要問題有兩點:

第一,that doctors gather information 的結構不完整。若 that 作為關係代名詞的受詞,通常應表示「醫師蒐集的方法」,但 gather information 本身已經是完整結構,缺少能與 means 合理連接的介系詞。表達「藉由某方法」時,應使用:

the means by which doctors gather information

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第 20 題2 分

Approaching a doorway in which dangles a red envelope filled with green paper money, ________.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「分詞構句的主詞一致性」,並結合動詞與語意判斷。

句首的 Approaching a doorway... 是現在分詞片語,完整意思是:

「正在接近一道門時……」

分詞片語的邏輯主詞,必須與主句主詞一致。也就是說,主句主詞必須是「正在接近門的人或動物」。

題幹中的:

in which dangles a red envelope filled with green paper money

是倒裝結構,正常語序為:

in which a red envelope filled with green paper money dangles

意思是「其中懸掛著一個裝有綠色紙鈔的紅包」。

解題方法

先找句首分詞片語的動作者:

Approaching a doorway
正在接近門的,必須是主句主詞。

再檢查各選項的主詞:

  • 若主詞是 the lion,則語意合理:獅子接近門。
  • 若主詞是 the envelope 或 the teeth,則變成紅包或牙齒正在接近門,語意不合理。

此外,題意是「獅子用牙齒咬住紅包」,最自然的動詞結構為:

the lion snares the envelope with its teeth

其中:

  • snare:捕捉、套住、咬住
  • the envelope:受詞
  • with its teeth:用牠的牙齒,表示工具或方式

完整句意為:

「當獅子接近一道門時,門中懸掛著一個裝有綠色紙鈔的紅包,獅子便用牙齒咬住了紅包。」

選項分析

(A) the lion’s teeth snare the envelope

主詞是 the lion’s teeth,句意變成「獅子的牙齒接近門」。

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第 21 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

IAVI, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative has been 21 alongside Scripps Research to come up with an HIV vaccine. The two organizations have 22 the results for a crucial Phase I clinical trial. A new vaccine approach was tested by researchers, involving a design to 23 HIV infections by stimulating the production of rare immune cells, which are vital for creating the correct antibodies in order to fight HIV. There were 48 participants 24 in the study, which were then divided into two groups: one high-dose group and one low-dose group. Within the groups, they received either the vaccine or a placebo, in two doses over the course of two separate months. Of those who received the vaccine, 97% developed the right 25 cells to respond to HIV infection.

  1. (A) work
    (B) works
    (C) worked
    (D) working
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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「現在完成進行式」的句型:

主詞+has/have been+V-ing\text{主詞}+\text{has/have been}+V\text{-ing}

表示某個動作「從過去開始,一直持續到現在」,並強調動作的持續性。

題幹主詞為單數的 IAVI,句型為:

IAVI ... has been ____ alongside Scripps Research to come up with an HIV vaccine.

空格前已有 has been,因此空格應填現在分詞 V-ingV\text{-ing},形成:

has been working alongside Scripps Research

意思是「IAVI 一直與 Scripps Research 並肩合作,致力於研發 HIV 疫苗」。


解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

IAVI, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative has been ____ alongside Scripps Research to come up with an HIV vaccine.

翻譯:

國際愛滋病疫苗倡議組織 IAVI 一直與 Scripps Research 合作,致力於研發 HIV 疫苗。

判斷步驟如下:

  1. has been 是現在完成進行式的助動詞結構。
  2. has been 後面必須接現在分詞,也就是動詞的 V-ingV\text{-ing} 形式。
  3. 四個選項中只有 working 符合。
  4. work alongside someone 表示「與某人並肩工作、合作」,符合上下文中兩個研究組織共同研發疫苗的語意。

完整句為:

IAVI ... has been working alongside Scripps Research to come up with an HIV vaccine.


選項分析

(A) work

錯誤。work 是原形動詞,不能直接放在 has been 後面。正確句型應為:

has been working

若句子改成一般現在式,才可使用:

IAVI works alongside Scripps Research.

但本題已有 has been,因此不能填原形 work。


(B) works

錯誤。works 是第三人稱單數現在式,適用於一般現在式:

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第 22 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

IAVI, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative has been 21 alongside Scripps Research to come up with an HIV vaccine. The two organizations have 22 the results for a crucial Phase I clinical trial. A new vaccine approach was tested by researchers, involving a design to 23 HIV infections by stimulating the production of rare immune cells, which are vital for creating the correct antibodies in order to fight HIV. There were 48 participants 24 in the study, which were then divided into two groups: one high-dose group and one low-dose group. Within the groups, they received either the vaccine or a placebo, in two doses over the course of two separate months. Of those who received the vaccine, 97% developed the right 25 cells to respond to HIV infection.

  1. (A) being announcing
    (B) been announcing
    (C) announced
    (D) had announced
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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 現在完成式:have/has + 過去分詞
  2. 現在完成進行式:have/has been + V-ing
  3. 動詞 announce 的時態與語意
  4. 主詞與動詞的搭配

定位句為:

The two organizations have 22 the results for a crucial Phase I clinical trial.

翻譯:

這兩個組織已經公布了一項關鍵第一期臨床試驗的結果。

空格前已有 have,因此空格中的動詞必須能與 have 組成正確的完成式結構。


解題方法

句意是兩個組織「已經公布」臨床試驗結果,重點在於一項已完成的動作及其目前造成的結果,因此使用:

have+過去分詞\text{have}+\text{過去分詞}

動詞 announce 的過去分詞為 announced,所以:

have announced

表示「已經公布」。

完整句子為:

The two organizations have announced the results for a crucial Phase I clinical trial.


選項分析

(A) being announcing

have being announcing

錯誤。

現在完成進行式的正確結構是:

have/has+been+V-ing\text{have/has}+\text{been}+V\text{-ing}

應為 have been announcing,不能使用 have being announcing。其中 being 不是完成式所需的形式。


(B) been announcing

have been announcing

文法上可形成現在完成進行式,但不符合本句語意,故非最佳答案。

have been announcing 表示「一直在公布、陸續公布」,強調動作持續一段時間,通常暗示多次或持續性的行為。

本句談的是研究團隊針對一項臨床試驗結果所做的公布,語意重點是「已經公布結果」這項完成的事件,而不是持續或反覆公布。因此應使用 have announced。

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第 23 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

IAVI, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative has been 21 alongside Scripps Research to come up with an HIV vaccine. The two organizations have 22 the results for a crucial Phase I clinical trial. A new vaccine approach was tested by researchers, involving a design to 23 HIV infections by stimulating the production of rare immune cells, which are vital for creating the correct antibodies in order to fight HIV. There were 48 participants 24 in the study, which were then divided into two groups: one high-dose group and one low-dose group. Within the groups, they received either the vaccine or a placebo, in two doses over the course of two separate months. Of those who received the vaccine, 97% developed the right 25 cells to respond to HIV infection.

  1. (A) advance
    (B) prevent
    (C) approve
    (D) release
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官方參考答案B校方公布

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 克漏字的語意判斷
  2. 動詞與名詞的搭配
  3. 不定詞片語 to+Vto + V 表示目的或功能

關鍵句為:

A new vaccine approach was tested by researchers, involving a design to prevent HIV infections by stimulating the production of rare immune cells.

翻譯:

研究人員測試了一種新的疫苗方法,該方法透過刺激稀有免疫細胞的生成,設計目的在於預防 HIV 感染。

句中「a design to prevent HIV infections」表示「一項用來預防 HIV 感染的設計」。疫苗的基本功能是降低病原體感染的機率,因此空格應填入 prevent。


解題方法

先觀察空格後面的受詞:

____ HIV infections

四個選項皆為動詞,但必須判斷哪一個動詞能與 HIV infections 合理搭配,且符合疫苗的功能。

句意是:研究人員設計新的疫苗方法,藉此達成某種與 HIV 感染相關的目的。

疫苗是用來「預防感染」,英文常見搭配為:

  • prevent infection:預防感染
  • prevent disease:預防疾病
  • prevent the spread of a virus:防止病毒傳播

因此完整句子為:

a design to prevent HIV infections

意思是「一項預防 HIV 感染的設計」。


選項分析

(A) advance 前進;促進;使進展

advanceadvance 可作動詞,表示「使進步、促進、推進」,例如:

  • advance medical research:促進醫學研究
  • advance technology:推動科技發展

但 advance HIV infections 的意思會變成「促進 HIV 感染」或「使 HIV 感染進展」,與疫苗研發的目的相反,也不符合此處語意。因此錯誤。

(B) prevent 預防;防止

preventprevent 表示「阻止某事發生、預防某事」,後面可直接接名詞:

  • prevent infection:預防感染
  • prevent accidents:預防事故
  • prevent the spread of disease:防止疾病傳播

a design to prevent HIV infections

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第 24 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

IAVI, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative has been 21 alongside Scripps Research to come up with an HIV vaccine. The two organizations have 22 the results for a crucial Phase I clinical trial. A new vaccine approach was tested by researchers, involving a design to 23 HIV infections by stimulating the production of rare immune cells, which are vital for creating the correct antibodies in order to fight HIV. There were 48 participants 24 in the study, which were then divided into two groups: one high-dose group and one low-dose group. Within the groups, they received either the vaccine or a placebo, in two doses over the course of two separate months. Of those who received the vaccine, 97% developed the right 25 cells to respond to HIV infection.

  1. (A) involve
    (B) involved
    (C) involving
    (D) involves
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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「分詞片語修飾名詞」與「被動語態」:

  • involve:使參與、牽涉
  • involved:過去分詞,表示「被涉及的、參與其中的」
  • involving:現在分詞,表示「主動涉及、包含」
  • involves:第三人稱單數現在式

句型:

名詞 + 過去分詞片語

通常可視為關係子句的簡化:

participants involved in the study
= participants who were involved in the study

此處參與研究的是 participants,但語意上是「參與研究的受試者」,表達受試者被納入研究,因此使用過去分詞 involved。

解題方法

定位題幹中的句子:

There were 48 participants 24 in the study, which were then divided into two groups.

翻譯為:

共有 48 名參與這項研究的受試者,之後被分成兩組。

空格位於名詞 participants 後方,修飾 participants,且後面接介系詞片語 in the study。完整句可還原為:

There were 48 participants who were involved in the study.

將關係子句簡化後:

There were 48 participants involved in the study.

因此空格應填過去分詞 involved。

選項分析

(A) involve

involve 是原形動詞,不能直接放在名詞 participants 後面作後置修飾。

錯誤形式:

48 participants involve in the study

若要使用原形動詞,必須有助動詞,例如:

48 participants were involved in the study.

因此 (A) 錯誤。

(B) involved

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第 25 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

IAVI, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative has been 21 alongside Scripps Research to come up with an HIV vaccine. The two organizations have 22 the results for a crucial Phase I clinical trial. A new vaccine approach was tested by researchers, involving a design to 23 HIV infections by stimulating the production of rare immune cells, which are vital for creating the correct antibodies in order to fight HIV. There were 48 participants 24 in the study, which were then divided into two groups: one high-dose group and one low-dose group. Within the groups, they received either the vaccine or a placebo, in two doses over the course of two separate months. Of those who received the vaccine, 97% developed the right 25 cells to respond to HIV infection.

  1. (A) vulnerable
    (B) susceptible
    (C) immune
    (D) hindered
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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷、固定搭配與形容詞修飾名詞」。

空格位於:

Of those who received the vaccine, 97% developed the right ____ cells to respond to HIV infection.
接受疫苗者中,有 97% 產生了能夠對 HIV 感染作出反應的正確__細胞。

空格後面是名詞 cells,因此需要填入能修飾細胞的形容詞。依文章前文:

stimulating the production of rare immune cells
刺激稀有免疫細胞的生成

可知此處所指的是能協助人體對抗 HIV 的「免疫細胞」,故應填 immune。

解題方法

先判斷句型:

  • the right + 形容詞 + cells
  • 空格須填入形容詞,修飾 cells。
  • 語意上,疫苗的作用是誘導人體產生能辨識並對抗 HIV 的免疫細胞,因此「正確的免疫細胞」最合理。

完整句意為:

97% developed the right immune cells to respond to HIV infection.
97% 的受試者產生了適當的免疫細胞,以對 HIV 感染作出反應。

選項分析

(A) vulnerable

vulnerable 意為「脆弱的、易受傷害的、易受感染的」。

  • 常見搭配:vulnerable to disease(容易受到疾病侵害)
  • vulnerable cells 表示「脆弱的細胞」或「容易受傷害的細胞」。
  • 疫苗的目的在於產生能對抗 HIV 的細胞,不是產生容易受 HIV 侵害的細胞,因此語意不符。

(B) susceptible

susceptible 意為「易受影響的、易感染的」。

  • 常見搭配:susceptible to infection(容易感染)
  • susceptible cells 表示「容易受到感染的細胞」。
  • 這與疫苗引發免疫反應的功能相反,故不適合填入句中。

(C) immune

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第 26 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Around the world, millions of people have lost their jobs or 26 by their governments to stay at home. Yet stock markets have 27 from steep drops in March. The most striking 28 have been made in the US, with the tech-heavy Nasdaq up a whopping 42% and the wider S&P 500 up 15% on the year. But the UK’s FTSE 100, with its struggling oil companies, banks and airlines, all of which were 29 by the pandemic, 30 such an easy time.

  1. (A) been paid
    (B) paid
    (C) being paid
    (D) are paying
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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「現在完成式的被動語態」與「平行結構」。

句型為:

主詞+have/has+過去分詞\text{主詞}+\text{have/has}+\text{過去分詞}

現在完成式被動語態為:

主詞+have/has+been+過去分詞\text{主詞}+\text{have/has}+\text{been}+\text{過去分詞}

題幹中已有助動詞 have:

millions of people have lost their jobs or 26 by their governments to stay at home.

前後以 or 連接兩個並列動作:

  • have lost their jobs
  • have been paid by their governments

第二個 have 可省略,但 been 不可省略,因此答案為 been paid。

解題方法

先觀察主詞與動詞的關係:

  • millions of people「數百萬人」是接受政府付款的一方;
  • governments 是付款者,因此 people 與 pay 之間是被動關係;
  • 「被政府支付費用」應使用 be paid by governments。

又因句子表達的是從過去延續至現在、或已經發生的事情,前半句使用現在完成式:

have lost their jobs
已經失去工作

後半句也必須與前半句保持平行:

have been paid by their governments
已經被政府支付費用

完整句子為:

Around the world, millions of people have lost their jobs or been paid by their governments to stay at home.

翻譯:

在世界各地,數百萬人已經失去工作,或由政府支付費用而留在家中。

其中 to stay at home 是不定詞片語,表示政府付款的目的或條件:「讓他們待在家裡」。

選項分析

(A) been paid

正確。been paid 是被動語態所需的結構:

have+been+paid\text{have}+\text{been}+\text{paid}

完整形式為 have been paid。由於前面的 have 已經出現,後面以 or 連接時可省略第二個 have,形成:

have lost their jobs or been paid ...

其中:

  • been 是 be 動詞的過去分詞;
  • paid 是 pay 的過去分詞;
  • been paid 表示「被支付、被給付」。

(B) paid

錯誤。若只填 paid,句子會變成:

millions of people have lost their jobs or paid by their governments ...

此處 paid by their governments 是被動意義,但缺少被動語態必要的 been。

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第 27 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Around the world, millions of people have lost their jobs or 26 by their governments to stay at home. Yet stock markets have 27 from steep drops in March. The most striking 28 have been made in the US, with the tech-heavy Nasdaq up a whopping 42% and the wider S&P 500 up 15% on the year. But the UK’s FTSE 100, with its struggling oil companies, banks and airlines, all of which were 29 by the pandemic, 30 such an easy time.

  1. (A) paid back
    (B) flashed back
    (C) bounced back
    (D) sunk back
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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「片語動詞的語意判斷」以及現在完成式的搭配。

句型為:

Yet stock markets have 27 from steep drops in March.

其中:

  • stock markets:股票市場
  • have + 過去分詞:現在完成式,表示過去發生的事情對現在仍有影響
  • from steep drops:從大幅下跌中
  • bounce back from:從困境、挫折或下跌中反彈、恢復

股票市場先在三月大幅下跌,之後又回升,因此應填入表示「反彈、復甦」的 bounced back。


解題方法

先抓轉折詞 Yet。前文指出,全球許多人失業,或被政府要求留在家中,整體背景是疫情造成的經濟困境;然而,股票市場卻從三月的大幅下跌中恢復。

定位答案的原文是:

Yet stock markets have bounced back from steep drops in March.

翻譯為:

然而,股票市場已從三月的大幅下跌中反彈回升。

bounce back 的核心意思是「反彈、恢復、重新振作」,可用於:

  • 股價從下跌中回升
  • 經濟從衰退中復甦
  • 人從疾病或挫折中恢復

因此選 (C) bounced back。


選項分析

(A) paid back

  • pay back:償還、報復
  • paid back:已償還、已報復

例句:

She paid back the money she borrowed.

意思是「她償還了借來的錢。」

股票市場不能合理地「償還」或「報復」三月的大幅下跌,因此語意不合。


(B) flashed back

  • flash back:突然回想起;閃回
  • flashed back:突然回想起、閃回

此片語常用於記憶、電影情節或敘事時間,例如:

The film flashed back to his childhood.

意思是「電影情節閃回到他的童年。」

股票市場從下跌中應是「回升」,不是「回想」或「閃回」,因此不符合本文語境。


(C) bounced back

  • bounce back:反彈、恢復、復甦
  • bounced back:反彈了、恢復了

stock markets have bounced back from steep drops

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第 28 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Around the world, millions of people have lost their jobs or 26 by their governments to stay at home. Yet stock markets have 27 from steep drops in March. The most striking 28 have been made in the US, with the tech-heavy Nasdaq up a whopping 42% and the wider S&P 500 up 15% on the year. But the UK’s FTSE 100, with its struggling oil companies, banks and airlines, all of which were 29 by the pandemic, 30 such an easy time.

  1. (A) loss
    (B) gains
    (C) taxes
    (D) compensations
校方公布看官方參考答案 ▾
官方參考答案B校方公布
校方釋疑公告原文(釋疑結果:維持原答案 (B))

月大幅下跌中反彈,美國股市獲利顯著。以科技為重的 指數同年上漲了15%。 (A) 損失 (B) 獲利 (C) 稅 (D) 補償金,補貼

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「固定搭配」。

空格所在句為:

The most striking 28 have been made in the US, with the tech-heavy Nasdaq up a whopping 42% and the wider S&P 500 up 15% on the year.

句意是:「最令人矚目的______出現在美國;科技股比重高的那斯達克指數大幅上漲了 42%,較廣泛的標普 500 指數今年則上漲了 15%。」

關鍵線索是後面的 Nasdaq up 42% 與 S&P 500 up 15%,兩者都表示股市上漲、獲利或漲幅,因此空格應填 gains。

解題方法

先觀察空格前的修飾語:

the most striking + 名詞複數

striking 在此為「顯著的、驚人的、引人注目的」,後面需要接一個名詞。又因為動詞使用:

have been made

主詞必須是複數名詞,因此 loss、taxes、compensations、gains 中,文法上皆有複數形式可供選擇,最後必須依上下文判斷語意。

前文提到:

Yet stock markets have rebounded from steep drops in March.

意思是:「然而,股市已從三月的暴跌中反彈。」

後文具體說明美國股市指數上漲 42% 與 15%,所以此處指的是股市的「獲利、漲幅、增益」,即 gains。

完整句子為:

The most striking gains have been made in the US.

可翻譯為:

最顯著的漲幅出現在美國。

校方釋疑公告將 gains 解釋為「獲利」,與文章描述美國股市顯著上漲的語意一致。

選項分析

(A) loss:損失

loss 是可數名詞單數,若要放在 have been made 前作主詞,通常需改為複數 losses。即使改成 losses,後文的 Nasdaq 上漲 42%、S&P 500 上漲 15% 也不支持「損失」的語意,因此錯誤。

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第 29 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Around the world, millions of people have lost their jobs or 26 by their governments to stay at home. Yet stock markets have 27 from steep drops in March. The most striking 28 have been made in the US, with the tech-heavy Nasdaq up a whopping 42% and the wider S&P 500 up 15% on the year. But the UK’s FTSE 100, with its struggling oil companies, banks and airlines, all of which were 29 by the pandemic, 30 such an easy time.

  1. (A) weighted
    (B) whacked
    (C) prompted
    (D) hailed
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官方參考答案B校方公布

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考克漏字中的「語意判斷」與「被動語態」。

句型為:

all of which were ____ by the pandemic

其中:

  • all of which 指前面的 oil companies, banks and airlines
  • were + 過去分詞 構成被動語態
  • 空格需要填入能表達「受到疫情嚴重打擊」的過去分詞

whack 原意是「重擊、猛打」,在新聞英文中常用被動語態 be whacked by,表示「受到重創、遭受嚴重打擊」。


解題方法

定位關鍵句:

But the UK’s FTSE 100, with its struggling oil companies, banks and airlines, all of which were whacked by the pandemic, ____ such an easy time.

翻譯:

但是英國的富時 100 指數並沒有這麼輕鬆,因為其中的石油公司、銀行與航空公司全都受到疫情重創。

前文提到美國 Nasdaq 與 S&P 500 股市表現上升,接著以 But 轉折,說明英國 FTSE 100 的相關產業受到疫情嚴重衝擊。因此空格應填入具有「重創、打擊」語意的 whacked。

完整片語為:

were whacked by the pandemic
受到疫情重創


選項分析

(A) weighted

weight 是「使負重、加重量」,weighted 表示「加權的、受重量影響的」。

例如:

  • weighted average:加權平均
  • The index is weighted by market capitalization.:該指數依市值加權。

were weighted by the pandemic 只能理解為「被疫情加權」,不符合石油公司、銀行與航空公司受到疫情衝擊的語意,因此錯誤。

(B) whacked

whack 是「重擊、猛打」;be whacked by 是較口語化的新聞用語,表示「受到重創、遭到猛烈打擊」。

疫情造成石油、金融與航空產業受到重大衝擊,搭配:

companies, banks and airlines were whacked by the pandemic

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第 30 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Around the world, millions of people have lost their jobs or 26 by their governments to stay at home. Yet stock markets have 27 from steep drops in March. The most striking 28 have been made in the US, with the tech-heavy Nasdaq up a whopping 42% and the wider S&P 500 up 15% on the year. But the UK’s FTSE 100, with its struggling oil companies, banks and airlines, all of which were 29 by the pandemic, 30 such an easy time.

  1. (A) has been having
    (B) have had
    (C) is having
    (D) has not had
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官方參考答案D校方公布

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 主詞與動詞的單複數一致。
  2. 現在完成式的用法。
  3. 語意上的轉折與否定表達。
  4. 片語 have an easy time(過得輕鬆、進展順利)。

題幹最後一句為:

But the UK’s FTSE 100, with its struggling oil companies, banks and airlines, all of which were hit by the pandemic, has not had such an easy time.

翻譯:

然而,英國的富時 100 指數,由於其石油公司、銀行和航空公司都受到疫情衝擊,並沒有過得如此順利。

解題方法

先找出本句的主要主詞與動詞:

  • 主詞:the UK’s FTSE 100
  • 插入補充說明:with its struggling oil companies, banks and airlines
  • 關係子句:all of which were hit by the pandemic
  • 空格後接:such an easy time

主要句型是:

The FTSE 100 + 動詞 + such an easy time.

其中 FTSE 100 是一個指數名稱,視為單數,因此動詞必須使用第三人稱單數形式。

前文指出:

Yet stock markets have recovered from steep drops in March.

意思是:

然而,股市已從三月的劇烈下跌中復甦。

接著以 But 形成對比,表示英國 FTSE 100 並沒有像其他股市一樣順利。因此需要「單數主詞+現在完成式否定」:

has not had such an easy time

現在完成式 has had 表示從過去某段時間延續至現在的情況;加入 not 後,表示「截至目前並沒有……」。

選項分析

(A) has been having

文法形式上,has been having 是現在完成進行式,主詞 the FTSE 100 為單數,單複數一致。

但本句重點是總結 FTSE 100 到目前為止「沒有過得順利」,應使用現在完成式否定:

has not had such an easy time

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第 31 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A. Zika is a virus that has been in the news of late. The peak spread of a recent Zika outbreak occurred between 2014 and 2016. People are infected with Zika by means of infected mosquitoes. The mosquitoes responsible for transmitting the virus were found throughout the Americas as far north as Florida and Texas in the United States. In fact, the Aedes aegypti type of mosquito was reported to be in every country in North, Central, and South America except for Canada and Chile. While Zika can also be contracted through sexual contact with an infected person, the best way to protect against getting the virus is to avoid mosquito bites. Some ways to counter mosquito bites include using insect repellant on exposed skin, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, staying indoors or inside screened areas, and removing standing water around the home, conditions where mosquitoes are known to breed.

B. Perhaps the most troubling result of the Zika virus is that infected pregnant women can give birth to babies with birth defects. One defect in particular, called microcephaly, causes babies to be born with underdeveloped brains and undersized heads. Brazil was among the countries hit particularly hard with this phenomenon. Other birth defects that have been observed are developmental delays and different forms of paralysis. In the worst cases, some infants have even died from Zika.

C. For this reason, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) issued guidelines in 2016 for potential prospective parents to follow. According to these guidelines, women diagnosed with the Zika virus or showing symptoms such as rash, fever, and joint pain, should delay trying to get pregnant for at least eight weeks. Women who have visited a Zika-infected area but who do not exhibit symptoms of the Zika virus should also wait at least eight weeks before trying to get pregnant. For men, the CDC recommends waiting at least six months after their symptoms first appear before trying to get their partner pregnant. This is because the virus can survive in men’s bodies longer than in women’s bodies. The CDC further urges those who have been exposed to the virus to use protection during sexual activity.

D. Fortunately, there is evidence that instances of Zika virus are diminishing. Nevertheless, the CDC recommends that people traveling to infected areas be very careful and follow the guidelines presented here. It may not be possible to eradicate the Zika virus completely, but its spread can be controlled to varying degrees.

What discourse organization does the author use in paragraph A?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文閱讀中的「篇章組織」(discourse organization),也就是作者如何安排段落內容。常見組織方式包括:

  • 提出問題並列出解決方法:identify a problem and list some solutions
  • 提出觀點並提供證據:give an opinion and provide evidence
  • 提出反駁或反方論點:present a counterargument
  • 推測可能的解決方案:speculate solutions

判斷篇章組織時,應觀察段落的功能與關鍵語句,而非只看個別單字。

解題方法

段落 A 先介紹 Zika 病毒及其傳播方式,接著指出人們受到感染的主要風險,最後提出避免感染的方法。

段落中最關鍵的定位句是:

“the best way to protect against getting the virus is to avoid mosquito bites.”
預防感染這種病毒的最佳方法,就是避免蚊蟲叮咬。

接著作者列出具體做法:

“Some ways to counter mosquito bites include using insect repellant on exposed skin, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, staying indoors or inside screened areas, and removing standing water around the home...”
對抗蚊蟲叮咬的方法包括在裸露皮膚上使用防蟲劑、穿著長袖衣物與長褲、待在室內或有紗窗的區域,以及清除住家周圍的積水。

因此,段落 A 的結構是:

  1. 說明問題:Zika 病毒會透過受感染的蚊子傳播,可能使人感染病毒。
  2. 提出解決方向:避免蚊蟲叮咬。
  3. 列舉解決方法:使用防蟲劑、穿長袖長褲、待在有防護的室內、清除積水。

所以正確答案為 (A)。

選項分析

(A) The author identifies a problem and lists some solutions.
作者指出一個問題,並列出一些解決方法。

正確。段落 A 的問題是 Zika 病毒會透過蚊子傳播,解決方法則是避免蚊蟲叮咬。作者以 “Some ways to counter mosquito bites include...” 引導後續的具體措施,完全符合「提出問題並列出解決方案」的篇章結構。

(B) The author gives an opinion and provides evidence for that opinion.
作者提出一項意見,並提供支持該意見的證據。

錯誤。雖然文中有 “the best way” 這類表示判斷的語句,但本段重點不是提出某個需要證明的主張,也沒有接著提供研究數據、實驗結果或其他證據來支持意見。作者的主要任務是說明感染風險,並列出防護措施。

(C) The author presents a counterargument to an opposing argument.
作者針對相反的論點提出反駁。

錯誤。counterargument 指針對另一個論點提出反方意見,通常會出現 “however,” “although,” “some people argue that...” 等對立或反駁關係。段落 A 沒有提出任何反方觀點,也沒有反駁他人的主張,因此不屬於 counterargument 組織。

(D) The author speculates the solutions for the problem.
作者推測這個問題的解決方法。

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第 32 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A. Zika is a virus that has been in the news of late. The peak spread of a recent Zika outbreak occurred between 2014 and 2016. People are infected with Zika by means of infected mosquitoes. The mosquitoes responsible for transmitting the virus were found throughout the Americas as far north as Florida and Texas in the United States. In fact, the Aedes aegypti type of mosquito was reported to be in every country in North, Central, and South America except for Canada and Chile. While Zika can also be contracted through sexual contact with an infected person, the best way to protect against getting the virus is to avoid mosquito bites. Some ways to counter mosquito bites include using insect repellant on exposed skin, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, staying indoors or inside screened areas, and removing standing water around the home, conditions where mosquitoes are known to breed.

B. Perhaps the most troubling result of the Zika virus is that infected pregnant women can give birth to babies with birth defects. One defect in particular, called microcephaly, causes babies to be born with underdeveloped brains and undersized heads. Brazil was among the countries hit particularly hard with this phenomenon. Other birth defects that have been observed are developmental delays and different forms of paralysis. In the worst cases, some infants have even died from Zika.

C. For this reason, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) issued guidelines in 2016 for potential prospective parents to follow. According to these guidelines, women diagnosed with the Zika virus or showing symptoms such as rash, fever, and joint pain, should delay trying to get pregnant for at least eight weeks. Women who have visited a Zika-infected area but who do not exhibit symptoms of the Zika virus should also wait at least eight weeks before trying to get pregnant. For men, the CDC recommends waiting at least six months after their symptoms first appear before trying to get their partner pregnant. This is because the virus can survive in men’s bodies longer than in women’s bodies. The CDC further urges those who have been exposed to the virus to use protection during sexual activity.

D. Fortunately, there is evidence that instances of Zika virus are diminishing. Nevertheless, the CDC recommends that people traveling to infected areas be very careful and follow the guidelines presented here. It may not be possible to eradicate the Zika virus completely, but its spread can be controlled to varying degrees.

What purpose does the phrase “in fact” serve in paragraph A?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文篇章中的「連接副詞/語篇標記」(discourse marker),以及片語 in fact 在上下文中的語意功能。

in fact 的基本意思是「事實上、實際上」,常用來:

  1. 補充或具體說明前一句的內容;
  2. 強調後面的資訊是真實且有依據的;
  3. 有時也可用來修正或加強前面的說法。

本題須依上下文判斷其主要功能,而非只看字面意思。


定位答案的原文

段落中的相關句子為:

The mosquitoes responsible for transmitting the virus were found throughout the Americas as far north as Florida and Texas in the United States. In fact, the Aedes aegypti type of mosquito was reported to be in every country in North, Central, and South America except for Canada and Chile.

翻譯:

負責傳播這種病毒的蚊子分布於整個美洲,最北甚至到達美國的佛羅里達州與德州。事實上,據報埃及斑蚊分布於北美洲、中美洲與南美洲的每一個國家,只有加拿大與智利例外。

前一句只概略說明蚊子分布範圍廣,後一句則進一步指出具體的蚊子種類,以及牠們實際分布的國家範圍。因此,in fact 在此主要用來引出更明確、更具體的補充資訊。


解題方法

判斷連接詞功能時,可觀察前後句的邏輯關係:

  • 前一句:說明傳播病毒的蚊子遍布美洲,範圍最北到佛羅里達州與德州。
  • 後一句:進一步指出蚊子的種類是 Aedes aegypti,並說明其分布涵蓋北、中、南美洲,只有加拿大和智利沒有被報告發現。

後句並沒有否定前句,也不是在總結後面的理由,而是將前句的概括說法具體化。因此答案為「補充前句的具體資訊」。


選項分析

(A) It contradicts the statement that comes before it.
「它與前面的敘述相矛盾。」

錯誤。前一句表示傳播病毒的蚊子遍布美洲;後一句則補充說明埃及斑蚊確實分布於北、中、南美洲的大多數國家。兩句方向一致,並未出現相反或否定的資訊。

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第 33 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A. Zika is a virus that has been in the news of late. The peak spread of a recent Zika outbreak occurred between 2014 and 2016. People are infected with Zika by means of infected mosquitoes. The mosquitoes responsible for transmitting the virus were found throughout the Americas as far north as Florida and Texas in the United States. In fact, the Aedes aegypti type of mosquito was reported to be in every country in North, Central, and South America except for Canada and Chile. While Zika can also be contracted through sexual contact with an infected person, the best way to protect against getting the virus is to avoid mosquito bites. Some ways to counter mosquito bites include using insect repellant on exposed skin, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, staying indoors or inside screened areas, and removing standing water around the home, conditions where mosquitoes are known to breed.

B. Perhaps the most troubling result of the Zika virus is that infected pregnant women can give birth to babies with birth defects. One defect in particular, called microcephaly, causes babies to be born with underdeveloped brains and undersized heads. Brazil was among the countries hit particularly hard with this phenomenon. Other birth defects that have been observed are developmental delays and different forms of paralysis. In the worst cases, some infants have even died from Zika.

C. For this reason, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) issued guidelines in 2016 for potential prospective parents to follow. According to these guidelines, women diagnosed with the Zika virus or showing symptoms such as rash, fever, and joint pain, should delay trying to get pregnant for at least eight weeks. Women who have visited a Zika-infected area but who do not exhibit symptoms of the Zika virus should also wait at least eight weeks before trying to get pregnant. For men, the CDC recommends waiting at least six months after their symptoms first appear before trying to get their partner pregnant. This is because the virus can survive in men’s bodies longer than in women’s bodies. The CDC further urges those who have been exposed to the virus to use protection during sexual activity.

D. Fortunately, there is evidence that instances of Zika virus are diminishing. Nevertheless, the CDC recommends that people traveling to infected areas be very careful and follow the guidelines presented here. It may not be possible to eradicate the Zika virus completely, but its spread can be controlled to varying degrees.

What comparison is made in paragraph C?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是英文閱讀理解,考查考生能否辨認段落中的「比較關係」與主旨細節。題目問:

What comparison is made in paragraph C?
第 C 段作了哪一項比較?

解題關鍵在於找出第 C 段中明確出現的比較語句,尤其注意 longer than(比……更久)這類比較級結構。


解題方法

第 C 段先說明美國疾病管制與預防中心(CDC)對男女準備懷孕者提出的等待時間建議:

  • 女性感染或出現症狀後,至少等待八週。
  • 男性症狀出現後,至少等待六個月。

段落最後進一步解釋男性需要等待較久的原因:病毒在男性體內存活的時間比在女性體內長。因此,本文比較的是「Zika 病毒在男性與女性體內的存活時間」。


定位原文與翻譯

第 C 段的關鍵句為:

This is because the virus can survive in men’s bodies longer than in women’s bodies.

翻譯:

這是因為病毒在男性體內存活的時間比在女性體內更久。

句中的文法結構為:

A+can survive+longer than+B\text{A}+\text{can survive}+\text{longer than}+\text{B}

其中 longer than 是比較級,表示「比……更久」。因此可直接判斷,文章比較的是病毒在男性與女性體內的存活時間。


選項分析

(A) The mortality rate between men and women who show symptoms

「有症狀的男性與女性之間的死亡率。」

錯誤。第 C 段沒有討論男性或女性感染者的死亡率,也沒有比較男女的死亡人數或死亡比例。死亡相關內容出現在第 B 段,且只是提到部分嬰兒可能因 Zika 死亡,與本選項所說的男女死亡率不符。

  • mortality rate:死亡率
  • show symptoms:出現症狀

(B) The length of time Zika can survive in men and women

「Zika 病毒在男性與女性體內能存活的時間長短。」

正確。原文直接指出:

the virus can survive in men’s bodies longer than in women’s bodies

也就是病毒在男性體內比女性體內存活更久。這正是第 C 段所作的比較。

  • length of time:時間長短
  • survive:存活
  • in men and women:在男性與女性體內

(C) The effectiveness of the 2016 CDC guidelines and previously published guidelines

「2016 年 CDC 指引與先前公布指引的有效性。」

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第 34 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A. Zika is a virus that has been in the news of late. The peak spread of a recent Zika outbreak occurred between 2014 and 2016. People are infected with Zika by means of infected mosquitoes. The mosquitoes responsible for transmitting the virus were found throughout the Americas as far north as Florida and Texas in the United States. In fact, the Aedes aegypti type of mosquito was reported to be in every country in North, Central, and South America except for Canada and Chile. While Zika can also be contracted through sexual contact with an infected person, the best way to protect against getting the virus is to avoid mosquito bites. Some ways to counter mosquito bites include using insect repellant on exposed skin, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, staying indoors or inside screened areas, and removing standing water around the home, conditions where mosquitoes are known to breed.

B. Perhaps the most troubling result of the Zika virus is that infected pregnant women can give birth to babies with birth defects. One defect in particular, called microcephaly, causes babies to be born with underdeveloped brains and undersized heads. Brazil was among the countries hit particularly hard with this phenomenon. Other birth defects that have been observed are developmental delays and different forms of paralysis. In the worst cases, some infants have even died from Zika.

C. For this reason, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) issued guidelines in 2016 for potential prospective parents to follow. According to these guidelines, women diagnosed with the Zika virus or showing symptoms such as rash, fever, and joint pain, should delay trying to get pregnant for at least eight weeks. Women who have visited a Zika-infected area but who do not exhibit symptoms of the Zika virus should also wait at least eight weeks before trying to get pregnant. For men, the CDC recommends waiting at least six months after their symptoms first appear before trying to get their partner pregnant. This is because the virus can survive in men’s bodies longer than in women’s bodies. The CDC further urges those who have been exposed to the virus to use protection during sexual activity.

D. Fortunately, there is evidence that instances of Zika virus are diminishing. Nevertheless, the CDC recommends that people traveling to infected areas be very careful and follow the guidelines presented here. It may not be possible to eradicate the Zika virus completely, but its spread can be controlled to varying degrees.

What reason does the writer refer to in the first sentence of paragraph C?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀理解中的指示語與因果關係」。解題關鍵是判斷段落 C 開頭的 For this reason(因此、基於這個理由)所指的前文內容。

英文閱讀中,指示語通常要回看前一段,尋找造成後文行動或結論的主要原因。段落 C 接著提到美國疾病管制與預防中心(CDC)發布準父母應遵守的懷孕與性行為指引,因此前文原因必須與「感染 Zika 後懷孕可能造成的危害」有關。

定位答案的原文

段落 B 說明:

“Perhaps the most troubling result of the Zika virus is that infected pregnant women can give birth to babies with birth defects.”

意思是:

Zika 病毒最令人擔憂的結果,或許是感染病毒的孕婦可能生下有先天缺陷的嬰兒。

因此,段落 C 的第一句:

“For this reason, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) issued guidelines in 2016 for potential prospective parents to follow.”

可翻譯為:

基於這個理由,美國疾病管制與預防中心在 2016 年發布指引,供有意成為父母的人遵循。

這裡的 this reason 就是指:感染 Zika 的孕婦可能生下有先天缺陷的嬰兒,因此準父母在感染病毒或曾前往疫區後,應延後懷孕並採取防護措施。

解題方法

  1. 先辨認 For this reason 是因果連接語,表示「前文是原因,後文是結果」。
  2. 觀察後文:CDC 建議女性感染病毒或曾到疫區後,至少等待八週再嘗試懷孕;男性則建議等待六個月。
  3. 回看段落 B,找出與「懷孕、生育、胎兒」直接相關的危害。
  4. 段落 B 明確指出,感染 Zika 的孕婦可能生下患有小頭症、發育遲緩或癱瘓等出生缺陷的嬰兒。
  5. 因此,官方答案選擇與「感染 Zika 後懷孕的危險」最接近的 D。

選項分析

(A) The danger of traveling to Brazil

「前往巴西的危險」。

錯誤。文章確實提到巴西受到 Zika 現象嚴重影響,但巴西只是疫情受創較嚴重的國家之一,並不是 CDC 發布懷孕指引的主要理由。段落 C 的指引適用於感染病毒、出現症狀或曾前往任何 Zika 感染地區的人,不只針對前往巴西者。

(B) The danger miscarriage when infected with Zika

「感染 Zika 後流產的危險」。

錯誤。此選項本身也有文法問題,應為 the danger of miscarriage。更重要的是,文章沒有提到 miscarriage(流產)。文章明確提到的是嬰兒出生缺陷,例如:

  • microcephaly:小頭症
  • underdeveloped brains:發育不全的大腦
  • developmental delays:發展遲緩
  • paralysis:癱瘓
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第 35 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

A. Zika is a virus that has been in the news of late. The peak spread of a recent Zika outbreak occurred between 2014 and 2016. People are infected with Zika by means of infected mosquitoes. The mosquitoes responsible for transmitting the virus were found throughout the Americas as far north as Florida and Texas in the United States. In fact, the Aedes aegypti type of mosquito was reported to be in every country in North, Central, and South America except for Canada and Chile. While Zika can also be contracted through sexual contact with an infected person, the best way to protect against getting the virus is to avoid mosquito bites. Some ways to counter mosquito bites include using insect repellant on exposed skin, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, staying indoors or inside screened areas, and removing standing water around the home, conditions where mosquitoes are known to breed.

B. Perhaps the most troubling result of the Zika virus is that infected pregnant women can give birth to babies with birth defects. One defect in particular, called microcephaly, causes babies to be born with underdeveloped brains and undersized heads. Brazil was among the countries hit particularly hard with this phenomenon. Other birth defects that have been observed are developmental delays and different forms of paralysis. In the worst cases, some infants have even died from Zika.

C. For this reason, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) issued guidelines in 2016 for potential prospective parents to follow. According to these guidelines, women diagnosed with the Zika virus or showing symptoms such as rash, fever, and joint pain, should delay trying to get pregnant for at least eight weeks. Women who have visited a Zika-infected area but who do not exhibit symptoms of the Zika virus should also wait at least eight weeks before trying to get pregnant. For men, the CDC recommends waiting at least six months after their symptoms first appear before trying to get their partner pregnant. This is because the virus can survive in men’s bodies longer than in women’s bodies. The CDC further urges those who have been exposed to the virus to use protection during sexual activity.

D. Fortunately, there is evidence that instances of Zika virus are diminishing. Nevertheless, the CDC recommends that people traveling to infected areas be very careful and follow the guidelines presented here. It may not be possible to eradicate the Zika virus completely, but its spread can be controlled to varying degrees.

Why does the author use the word “nevertheless” in paragraph D?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考察閱讀理解中的轉折副詞 nevertheless。

  • nevertheless:然而、儘管如此、不過
  • 功能:承接前文事實,表示後文內容與前文形成讓步或轉折關係。
  • 句型邏輯:
前文情況較正面+nevertheless+仍須注意的事項\text{前文情況較正面}+\text{nevertheless}+\text{仍須注意的事項}

文章先指出 Zika 病毒感染案例正在減少,但接著強調前往感染地區的人仍須提高警覺。因此,nevertheless 的作用是凸顯:即使疫情減緩,Zika 病毒的危險仍然存在。

解題方法

定位段落 D 的關鍵句:

Fortunately, there is evidence that instances of Zika virus are diminishing. Nevertheless, the CDC recommends that people traveling to infected areas be very careful and follow the guidelines presented here.

翻譯:

幸運的是,有證據顯示 Zika 病毒的病例正在減少。然而,美國疾病管制與預防中心仍建議前往感染地區的人務必非常小心,並遵守上述指引。

前句是「病例減少」的正面發展;後句卻提醒旅客「仍須小心」。兩句之間不是單純重述,也不是否定疫情減少,而是表達:

疫情雖有減緩,危險尚未完全消失,因此仍不可鬆懈。

所以答案選 (C)。

選項分析

(A) To emphasize that the dangers of Zika virus are decreasing

強調 Zika 病毒的危險正在減少。

錯誤。前句的 instances of Zika virus are diminishing 已經表達病例減少,這是 nevertheless 前面的內容。nevertheless 所引導的是轉折後的提醒,重點在於「仍須小心」,不是再次強調危險減少。

(B) To contradict the idea that the spread of Zika is declining

反駁 Zika 的傳播正在減少這個想法。

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第 36 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Compared to the atmosphere, soil is a place where temperature fluctuations are small and slow. Consequently, soil animals are generally intolerant to sudden temperature changes and may not function well over a very wide range. That’s why leaving bare earth exposed to the hot summer sun often slows plant growth and why many thoughtful composters either put down a thin mulch in summer or try to rapidly establish a cooling leaf canopy to shade raised beds. Except for a few microorganisms, soil animals breathe oxygen just like other living things and so are dependent on an adequate air supply. Where soil is airless due to compaction, poor drainage, or large proportions of very fine clay, soil animals are few in number.

The soil environment is generally quite moist, and even when the soil seems dry, the relative humidity of soil air usually approaches 100 percent. Soil animals consequently have not developed the ability to conserve their body moisture and are speedily killed by dry conditions. When faced with desiccation, they retreat deeper into the soil if there is oxygen and pore spaces large enough to move about. So we see another reason why a thin mulch that preserves surface moisture can greatly increase the beneficial population of soil animals. Some single-cell animals and roundworms are capable of surviving stress by encysting themselves, forming a little “seed” that preserves their genetic material and enough food to reactivate it, coming back to life when conditions improve. These cysts may endure long periods of severe freezing and sometimes temperatures of over 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

Inhabitants of leaf litter reside close to the surface and so must be able to experience exposure to dryer air and light for short times without damage. These are called primary decomposers. They spend most of their time chewing on the thick reserve of moist leaves contacting the forest floor. Primary decomposers are unable to digest the entire leaf. They extract only the easily-assimilated substances from their food: proteins, sugars and other simple carbohydrates and fats. Cellulose and lignin are the two substances that make up the hard, permanent, and woody parts of plants; these materials cannot be digested by most soil animals. Interestingly, there are a few larvae whose digestive tract contains cellulose-decomposing bacteria but these larvae have little overall effect.

By the time the primary decomposers are finished, the leaves have been mechanically disintegrated and thoroughly moistened, worked over, chewed to tiny pieces and converted into minuscule bits of moist excrement still containing active digestive enzymes. Many of the bacteria and fungi that were present on the leaf surfaces have passed through this initial digestion process alive or as spores waiting and ready to activate. Digestive wastes of primary decomposers are thoroughly inoculated with microorganisms that can consume cellulose and lignin. Even though it looks broken down, it has not yet fully decomposed. It does have a water-retentive, granular structure that facilitates the presence of air and moisture throughout the mass creating perfect conditions for microbial digestion to proceed. Both secondary and primary decomposers are necessary to complete the composting process.

According to the reading, which of the following is true about primary decomposers?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 閱讀理解與段落定位
  2. 代名詞與指涉關係
  3. 數量與程度副詞:most、a few
  4. 生物學語意:primary decomposers 的消化能力,以及 cellulose、lignin 的分解

文章指出,primary decomposers(初級分解者)能從落葉中取得蛋白質、糖類、簡單醣類與脂肪,但無法消化構成植物硬質木質部分的 cellulose(纖維素)與 lignin(木質素)。少數幼蟲的消化道內雖含有分解纖維素的細菌,但這只是少數例外,且整體作用不大。

因此,正確答案為 (A)。

解題方法

這是典型的「根據文章內容判斷正誤」題型,應直接搜尋題幹關鍵詞 primary decomposers,再比對各選項是否符合原文。

定位文章第三段:

Primary decomposers are unable to digest the entire leaf.
They extract only the easily-assimilated substances from their food: proteins, sugars and other simple carbohydrates and fats.
Cellulose and lignin are the two substances that make up the hard, permanent, and woody parts of plants; these materials cannot be digested by most soil animals.
Interestingly, there are a few larvae whose digestive tract contains cellulose-decomposing bacteria but these larvae have little overall effect.

翻譯:

初級分解者無法消化整片葉子。他們只能從食物中取得容易被吸收的物質,包括蛋白質、糖類、其他簡單醣類與脂肪。纖維素與木質素構成植物堅硬、持久且木質化的部分;大多數土壤動物無法消化這些物質。有趣的是,少數幼蟲的消化道內含有分解纖維素的細菌,但這些幼蟲整體上影響不大。

其中,a few larvae 表示「少數幼蟲」,暗示具有 cellulose-decomposing bacteria 的只是例外;文章整體則強調大多數分解者無法處理 cellulose 與 lignin。因此可判定:

Most of them are unable to digest cellulose and lignin.

即「它們大多數無法消化纖維素與木質素」符合文章主旨。

關鍵單字與片語

  • primary decomposers:初級分解者
  • secondary decomposers:次級分解者
  • digest:消化、分解
  • cellulose:纖維素
  • lignin:木質素
  • woody parts:木質化部分
  • easily-assimilated substances:容易被吸收、同化的物質
  • proteins:蛋白質
  • sugars:糖類
  • simple carbohydrates:簡單醣類
  • fats:脂肪
  • digestive tract:消化道
  • cellulose-decomposing bacteria:分解纖維素的細菌
  • little overall effect:整體影響不大
  • mechanically disintegrated:經機械作用分解、碎裂
  • moistened:變得濕潤
  • inoculated with microorganisms:接種、帶有微生物
  • water-retentive:具保水性的
  • facilitate:促進、使更容易

文法與語意重點

1. be unable to + V

原文:

Primary decomposers are unable to digest the entire leaf.

be unable to digest 表示「無法消化」。
因此,primary decomposers 並非能完全消化葉片,而只能取得其中容易吸收的成分。

2. Most 與 a few 的數量對比

  • most soil animals:大多數土壤動物
  • a few larvae:少數幼蟲
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第 37 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Compared to the atmosphere, soil is a place where temperature fluctuations are small and slow. Consequently, soil animals are generally intolerant to sudden temperature changes and may not function well over a very wide range. That’s why leaving bare earth exposed to the hot summer sun often slows plant growth and why many thoughtful composters either put down a thin mulch in summer or try to rapidly establish a cooling leaf canopy to shade raised beds. Except for a few microorganisms, soil animals breathe oxygen just like other living things and so are dependent on an adequate air supply. Where soil is airless due to compaction, poor drainage, or large proportions of very fine clay, soil animals are few in number.

The soil environment is generally quite moist, and even when the soil seems dry, the relative humidity of soil air usually approaches 100 percent. Soil animals consequently have not developed the ability to conserve their body moisture and are speedily killed by dry conditions. When faced with desiccation, they retreat deeper into the soil if there is oxygen and pore spaces large enough to move about. So we see another reason why a thin mulch that preserves surface moisture can greatly increase the beneficial population of soil animals. Some single-cell animals and roundworms are capable of surviving stress by encysting themselves, forming a little “seed” that preserves their genetic material and enough food to reactivate it, coming back to life when conditions improve. These cysts may endure long periods of severe freezing and sometimes temperatures of over 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

Inhabitants of leaf litter reside close to the surface and so must be able to experience exposure to dryer air and light for short times without damage. These are called primary decomposers. They spend most of their time chewing on the thick reserve of moist leaves contacting the forest floor. Primary decomposers are unable to digest the entire leaf. They extract only the easily-assimilated substances from their food: proteins, sugars and other simple carbohydrates and fats. Cellulose and lignin are the two substances that make up the hard, permanent, and woody parts of plants; these materials cannot be digested by most soil animals. Interestingly, there are a few larvae whose digestive tract contains cellulose-decomposing bacteria but these larvae have little overall effect.

By the time the primary decomposers are finished, the leaves have been mechanically disintegrated and thoroughly moistened, worked over, chewed to tiny pieces and converted into minuscule bits of moist excrement still containing active digestive enzymes. Many of the bacteria and fungi that were present on the leaf surfaces have passed through this initial digestion process alive or as spores waiting and ready to activate. Digestive wastes of primary decomposers are thoroughly inoculated with microorganisms that can consume cellulose and lignin. Even though it looks broken down, it has not yet fully decomposed. It does have a water-retentive, granular structure that facilitates the presence of air and moisture throughout the mass creating perfect conditions for microbial digestion to proceed. Both secondary and primary decomposers are necessary to complete the composting process.

What can be inferred about the atmosphere as it is described in paragraph 1?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「推論題」。重點不是尋找文章中完全相同的字句,而是根據第一段的對比關係,推導出對 atmosphere(大氣環境)的描述。

第一段開頭指出:

“Compared to the atmosphere, soil is a place where temperature fluctuations are small and slow.”
「與大氣環境相比,土壤中的溫度變化幅度小、速度慢。」

既然土壤的溫度變化相對「小而慢」,就可推知大氣中的溫度變化較為迅速,且可能突然發生。因此正確答案為 (B)。


解題方法

先抓住第一句的比較結構:

  • Compared to A, B ...:與 A 相比,B……
  • A = the atmosphere
  • B = soil
  • soil 的特徵 = temperature fluctuations are small and slow

文章接著說:

“Consequently, soil animals are generally intolerant to sudden temperature changes...”
「因此,土壤動物通常無法忍受突然的溫度變化……」

Consequently 表示「因此、所以」,說明前句的土壤環境溫度變化小而慢,導致土壤動物不適應突然的溫度變化。由此反推,大氣環境的溫度變化相對較快、較突然,故選 (B)。


定位答案的關鍵句

“Compared to the atmosphere, soil is a place where temperature fluctuations are small and slow.”

翻譯:

「與大氣環境相比,土壤中的溫度波動幅度小且變化緩慢。」

這是一個明確的比較句。土壤溫度變化「small and slow」,相對的大氣環境便具有較快速、較劇烈的溫度變化。選項 B 的 abrupt 正好表示「突然的、陡然的」。


選項分析

(A) Its inhabitants do not require as much nutrition as creatures that live in soil.

錯誤。

文章只比較大氣與土壤的「溫度變化」,沒有比較兩種環境中生物的營養需求。第一段提到 soil animals 需要充足的氧氣,後文提到土壤動物的食物與分解作用,但沒有說大氣中的生物所需營養較少。

此外,nutrition 是「營養」,inhabitants 是「居住其中的生物」,本選項加入了文章未提供的營養需求比較,屬於無根據推論。

(B) Temperature change in the atmosphere can be abrupt.

正確。

第一句將土壤與大氣作對比,指出土壤的溫度變化小且慢,表示大氣中的溫度變化相對快速。abrupt 意為「突然的、急遽的」,符合文章所暗示的大氣環境特徵。

(C) It is not a habitat for primary decomposers.

錯誤。

primary decomposers 意為「初級分解者」。第三段說:

“Inhabitants of leaf litter reside close to the surface and so must be able to experience exposure to dryer air and light for short times without damage. These are called primary decomposer

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第 38 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Compared to the atmosphere, soil is a place where temperature fluctuations are small and slow. Consequently, soil animals are generally intolerant to sudden temperature changes and may not function well over a very wide range. That’s why leaving bare earth exposed to the hot summer sun often slows plant growth and why many thoughtful composters either put down a thin mulch in summer or try to rapidly establish a cooling leaf canopy to shade raised beds. Except for a few microorganisms, soil animals breathe oxygen just like other living things and so are dependent on an adequate air supply. Where soil is airless due to compaction, poor drainage, or large proportions of very fine clay, soil animals are few in number.

The soil environment is generally quite moist, and even when the soil seems dry, the relative humidity of soil air usually approaches 100 percent. Soil animals consequently have not developed the ability to conserve their body moisture and are speedily killed by dry conditions. When faced with desiccation, they retreat deeper into the soil if there is oxygen and pore spaces large enough to move about. So we see another reason why a thin mulch that preserves surface moisture can greatly increase the beneficial population of soil animals. Some single-cell animals and roundworms are capable of surviving stress by encysting themselves, forming a little “seed” that preserves their genetic material and enough food to reactivate it, coming back to life when conditions improve. These cysts may endure long periods of severe freezing and sometimes temperatures of over 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

Inhabitants of leaf litter reside close to the surface and so must be able to experience exposure to dryer air and light for short times without damage. These are called primary decomposers. They spend most of their time chewing on the thick reserve of moist leaves contacting the forest floor. Primary decomposers are unable to digest the entire leaf. They extract only the easily-assimilated substances from their food: proteins, sugars and other simple carbohydrates and fats. Cellulose and lignin are the two substances that make up the hard, permanent, and woody parts of plants; these materials cannot be digested by most soil animals. Interestingly, there are a few larvae whose digestive tract contains cellulose-decomposing bacteria but these larvae have little overall effect.

By the time the primary decomposers are finished, the leaves have been mechanically disintegrated and thoroughly moistened, worked over, chewed to tiny pieces and converted into minuscule bits of moist excrement still containing active digestive enzymes. Many of the bacteria and fungi that were present on the leaf surfaces have passed through this initial digestion process alive or as spores waiting and ready to activate. Digestive wastes of primary decomposers are thoroughly inoculated with microorganisms that can consume cellulose and lignin. Even though it looks broken down, it has not yet fully decomposed. It does have a water-retentive, granular structure that facilitates the presence of air and moisture throughout the mass creating perfect conditions for microbial digestion to proceed. Both secondary and primary decomposers are necessary to complete the composting process.

Which of the following is the function of the fourth paragraph?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀段落功能」:判斷某一段在全文中的主要作用,須觀察該段的主題、因果關係,以及它如何承接前文、推進後文。

全文重點如下:

  • 第一、二段:說明土壤動物對溫度、空氣與水分的需求。
  • 第三段:介紹生活在落葉層中的初級分解者,以及其分解能力的限制。
  • 第四段:說明初級分解者處理落葉後,如何進一步促進微生物分解,並指出初級與次級分解者對堆肥過程都不可或缺。

因此,第四段的核心功能是解釋兩類分解者如何共同協助分解作用完成。

定位答案的關鍵句

第四段最後明確指出:

“Both secondary and primary decomposers are necessary to complete the composting process.”

翻譯為:

「次級分解者與初級分解者對完成堆肥過程都是必要的。」

這句直接總結第四段內容,清楚顯示本段是在說明 primary decomposers 與 secondary decomposers 如何共同促進分解,因此答案為 D。

段落內容解析

初級分解者先將落葉:

  • mechanically disintegrated:以機械方式分解、弄碎
  • thoroughly moistened:充分濕潤
  • chewed to tiny pieces:咀嚼成極小碎片
  • converted into minuscule bits of moist excrement:轉化為微小的濕潤排泄物

這些排泄物仍含有 active digestive enzymes(活性消化酵素),且帶有可分解 cellulose(纖維素)與 lignin(木質素)的微生物。雖然落葉外觀上已被分解,實際上尚未完全腐熟;它形成具有保水性的顆粒結構,使空氣與水分能存在於堆肥材料中,進而提供微生物分解所需的良好環境。

所以,第四段的邏輯是:

初級分解者先處理落葉→微生物獲得適合的分解環境→次級分解者繼續分解→完成堆肥\text{初級分解者先處理落葉} \rightarrow \text{微生物獲得適合的分解環境} \rightarrow \text{次級分解者繼續分解} \rightarrow \text{完成堆肥}

關鍵單字與片語

  • primary decomposers:初級分解者
  • secondary decomposers:次級分解者
  • digestive enzymes:消化酵素
  • microorganisms:微生物
  • cellulose:纖維素
  • lignin:木質素
  • break down/decompose:分解
  • water-retentive:保水的
  • granular structure:顆粒狀結構
  • facilitate:促進、使更容易
  • proceed:繼續進行
  • be necessary to:對……是必要的
  • complete the composting process:完成堆肥過程

文法與語意重點

  1. By the time + 子句

“By the time the primary decomposers are finished, the leaves have been mechanically disintegrated...”

「當初級分解者完成作用時,落葉已經被……」

此處使用現在式表達未來或一般性的時間條件,主句使用現在完成式被動語態,強調在該時間點以前,落葉已完成一連串處理。

  1. Even though 表讓步
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第 39 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Compared to the atmosphere, soil is a place where temperature fluctuations are small and slow. Consequently, soil animals are generally intolerant to sudden temperature changes and may not function well over a very wide range. That’s why leaving bare earth exposed to the hot summer sun often slows plant growth and why many thoughtful composters either put down a thin mulch in summer or try to rapidly establish a cooling leaf canopy to shade raised beds. Except for a few microorganisms, soil animals breathe oxygen just like other living things and so are dependent on an adequate air supply. Where soil is airless due to compaction, poor drainage, or large proportions of very fine clay, soil animals are few in number.

The soil environment is generally quite moist, and even when the soil seems dry, the relative humidity of soil air usually approaches 100 percent. Soil animals consequently have not developed the ability to conserve their body moisture and are speedily killed by dry conditions. When faced with desiccation, they retreat deeper into the soil if there is oxygen and pore spaces large enough to move about. So we see another reason why a thin mulch that preserves surface moisture can greatly increase the beneficial population of soil animals. Some single-cell animals and roundworms are capable of surviving stress by encysting themselves, forming a little “seed” that preserves their genetic material and enough food to reactivate it, coming back to life when conditions improve. These cysts may endure long periods of severe freezing and sometimes temperatures of over 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

Inhabitants of leaf litter reside close to the surface and so must be able to experience exposure to dryer air and light for short times without damage. These are called primary decomposers. They spend most of their time chewing on the thick reserve of moist leaves contacting the forest floor. Primary decomposers are unable to digest the entire leaf. They extract only the easily-assimilated substances from their food: proteins, sugars and other simple carbohydrates and fats. Cellulose and lignin are the two substances that make up the hard, permanent, and woody parts of plants; these materials cannot be digested by most soil animals. Interestingly, there are a few larvae whose digestive tract contains cellulose-decomposing bacteria but these larvae have little overall effect.

By the time the primary decomposers are finished, the leaves have been mechanically disintegrated and thoroughly moistened, worked over, chewed to tiny pieces and converted into minuscule bits of moist excrement still containing active digestive enzymes. Many of the bacteria and fungi that were present on the leaf surfaces have passed through this initial digestion process alive or as spores waiting and ready to activate. Digestive wastes of primary decomposers are thoroughly inoculated with microorganisms that can consume cellulose and lignin. Even though it looks broken down, it has not yet fully decomposed. It does have a water-retentive, granular structure that facilitates the presence of air and moisture throughout the mass creating perfect conditions for microbial digestion to proceed. Both secondary and primary decomposers are necessary to complete the composting process.

Which of the following can be inferred from the reading?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「閱讀理解中的推論(inference)」:文章未必直接寫出選項內容,而是要根據前後文的因果關係與角色定義,推導最合理的結論。

文章將分解者分成兩類:

  • Primary decomposers(初級分解者):先咀嚼、切碎葉片,吸收其中容易消化的物質,如蛋白質、糖類與脂肪。
  • Secondary decomposers(次級分解者):利用初級分解者處理後的材料,進一步分解纖維素與木質素,完成堆肥分解。

本題的關鍵在於找出「次級分解者的來源」以及「葉片表面微生物」在分解過程中的作用。


解題方法

先定位文章介紹初級分解者完成工作後的段落,注意以下兩句:

Many of the bacteria and fungi that were present on the leaf surfaces have passed through this initial digestion process alive or as spores waiting and ready to activate.

許多原本存在於葉片表面的細菌與真菌,已經以活體或等待啟動的孢子形式,通過這個初步消化過程。

Digestive wastes of primary decomposers are thoroughly inoculated with microorganisms that can consume cellulose and lignin.

初級分解者的消化排泄物中,充分接種了能夠消耗纖維素與木質素的微生物。

文章最後又明確指出:

Both secondary and primary decomposers are necessary to complete the composting process.

次級分解者與初級分解者對完成堆肥過程都不可或缺。

由此可知,葉片表面的細菌與真菌經過初級分解者的處理後,能夠分解纖維素與木質素,扮演次級分解者的功能。因此可推論:次級分解者來自葉片表面原本存在的微生物。


關鍵單字與片語

  • atmosphere:大氣、空氣
  • soil animals:土壤動物
  • temperature fluctuation:溫度波動
  • intolerant to:無法忍受……
  • bare earth:裸露的土地
  • mulch:覆蓋物、護根物
  • leaf canopy:葉冠、樹葉形成的遮蔭層
  • adequate air supply:充足的空氣供應
  • compaction:土壤壓實
  • poor drainage:排水不良
  • relative humidity:相對濕度
  • conserve body moisture:保存體內水分
  • desiccation:乾燥、脫水
  • retreat deeper into the soil:退入土壤更深處
  • encyst:形成包囊
  • leaf litter:落葉層
  • primary decomposers:初級分解者
  • assimilate:吸收並利用
  • cellulose:纖維素
  • lignin:木質素
  • digestive tract:消化道
  • mechanically disintegrated:經機械作用分解、切碎
  • excrement:排泄物
  • spore:孢子
  • inoculate:接種、使……含有微生物
  • water-retentive:保水的
  • granular structure:顆粒狀結構
  • facilitate:促進、使……更容易
  • proceed:進行、繼續

文法與語意重點

  1. that were present on the leaf surfaces

此處的 that 引導關係子句,修飾前面的 the bacteria and fungi:

  • the bacteria and fungi that were present on the leaf surfaces
  • 存在於葉片表面的細菌與真菌
  1. have passed through this initial digestion process
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第 40 題2 分

【題組共用題幹】

Compared to the atmosphere, soil is a place where temperature fluctuations are small and slow. Consequently, soil animals are generally intolerant to sudden temperature changes and may not function well over a very wide range. That’s why leaving bare earth exposed to the hot summer sun often slows plant growth and why many thoughtful composters either put down a thin mulch in summer or try to rapidly establish a cooling leaf canopy to shade raised beds. Except for a few microorganisms, soil animals breathe oxygen just like other living things and so are dependent on an adequate air supply. Where soil is airless due to compaction, poor drainage, or large proportions of very fine clay, soil animals are few in number.

The soil environment is generally quite moist, and even when the soil seems dry, the relative humidity of soil air usually approaches 100 percent. Soil animals consequently have not developed the ability to conserve their body moisture and are speedily killed by dry conditions. When faced with desiccation, they retreat deeper into the soil if there is oxygen and pore spaces large enough to move about. So we see another reason why a thin mulch that preserves surface moisture can greatly increase the beneficial population of soil animals. Some single-cell animals and roundworms are capable of surviving stress by encysting themselves, forming a little “seed” that preserves their genetic material and enough food to reactivate it, coming back to life when conditions improve. These cysts may endure long periods of severe freezing and sometimes temperatures of over 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

Inhabitants of leaf litter reside close to the surface and so must be able to experience exposure to dryer air and light for short times without damage. These are called primary decomposers. They spend most of their time chewing on the thick reserve of moist leaves contacting the forest floor. Primary decomposers are unable to digest the entire leaf. They extract only the easily-assimilated substances from their food: proteins, sugars and other simple carbohydrates and fats. Cellulose and lignin are the two substances that make up the hard, permanent, and woody parts of plants; these materials cannot be digested by most soil animals. Interestingly, there are a few larvae whose digestive tract contains cellulose-decomposing bacteria but these larvae have little overall effect.

By the time the primary decomposers are finished, the leaves have been mechanically disintegrated and thoroughly moistened, worked over, chewed to tiny pieces and converted into minuscule bits of moist excrement still containing active digestive enzymes. Many of the bacteria and fungi that were present on the leaf surfaces have passed through this initial digestion process alive or as spores waiting and ready to activate. Digestive wastes of primary decomposers are thoroughly inoculated with microorganisms that can consume cellulose and lignin. Even though it looks broken down, it has not yet fully decomposed. It does have a water-retentive, granular structure that facilitates the presence of air and moisture throughout the mass creating perfect conditions for microbial digestion to proceed. Both secondary and primary decomposers are necessary to complete the composting process.

Which of the following is NOT necessary for the composting process?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「閱讀理解+字義判斷」題,重點在於辨認文章說明的堆肥分解條件與參與者。

文章指出:

  • Air(空氣):提供氧氣,維持土壤動物與好氧微生物的活動。
  • Primary decomposers(初級分解者):先咀嚼、切碎落葉,吸收其中容易分解的物質。
  • Secondary decomposers(次級分解者):利用初級分解者處理後的材料,進一步分解 cellulose 與 lignin。
  • Flame(火焰):文章完全未列為堆肥必要條件;堆肥是生物分解過程,不需要火焰。

因此,題目問「哪一項不是堆肥過程所必需」,答案為 Flame。

解題方法

先抓題幹最後一句:

“Both secondary and primary decomposers are necessary to complete the composting process.”

意思是:「初級分解者與次級分解者兩者都是完成堆肥過程所必需的。」

這句直接確認:

  • Primary decomposers 必要。
  • Secondary decomposers 必要。

再回到前文,文章提到:

“Except for a few microorganisms, soil animals breathe oxygen just like other living things and so are dependent on an adequate air supply.”

意思是:「除了少數微生物之外,土壤動物和其他生物一樣呼吸氧氣,因此需要充足的空氣供應。」

這可支持 Air 是相關生物活動的重要條件。

全文沒有提到火焰,也沒有說燃燒能促進堆肥。故選擇文章中不屬於必要條件的 Flame。

選項分析

(A) Air(空氣)

錯誤選項。文章明確指出土壤動物需要 adequate air supply(充足的空氣供應)。堆肥中的分解者需要氧氣進行活動,空氣不足會使分解生物數量減少,影響分解作用。

文中依據:

“Where soil is airless due to compaction, poor drainage, or large proportions of very fine clay, soil animals are few in number.”

翻譯:「當土壤因壓實、排水不良或含有大量極細黏土而缺乏空氣時,土壤動物的數量就會很少。」

(B) Flame(火焰)

正確答案。火焰不是堆肥過程的必要條件。堆肥主要依靠土壤動物、細菌與真菌的生物分解作用,並非靠燃燒。高溫可能是微生物活動產生的結果,但「高溫」與「火焰」不同,不能將兩者混為一談。

(C) Primary decomposers(初級分解者)

錯誤選項。文章最後明確說明 primary decomposers 是完成堆肥過程所必要的生物。它們先將葉片咀嚼、切碎、弄濕,並轉化成含有消化酵素的細小排泄物,使後續微生物更容易分解。

文中依據:

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第 作文題 題20 分

In your opinion, can any subject of humanities (such as literature, history, art, music, or sociology) be useful in medical education and clinical practice? Please give your answer and explain why (in at least 250 words). You may focus on one or more subjects or give one or more examples in your discussions.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「議論型英文作文」,核心在於回答人文學科是否能應用於醫學教育與臨床實務,並提出具體理由與例證。題目要求至少 250 字,因此文章必須具備完整的論說結構:

  1. 明確表達立場:主張人文學科有助於醫學。
  2. 提出兩至三項理由。
  3. 說明人文學科如何實際改善醫療能力。
  4. 使用具體例子支持論點。
  5. 結尾重申醫學與人文教育相互補充。

題幹中的關鍵語意是:

Can any subject of humanities ... be useful in medical education and clinical practice?
人文學科中的任何一門,例如文學、歷史、藝術、音樂或社會學,是否能對醫學教育與臨床實務有所助益?

本題不是單純列舉人文學科名稱,而是要解釋「有用在哪裡」以及「如何產生作用」。文章內容應集中在病人溝通、同理心、文化理解、倫理判斷、觀察能力與壓力調適等醫療相關能力。


解題方法

最穩定的寫法是採用五段式結構:

第一段:提出主旨

直接回答 Yes,並指出人文學科能培養醫師單靠自然科學難以完整建立的能力,例如同理心、溝通能力與倫理思考。

第二段:說明文學或歷史的作用

文學能讓學生接觸不同人物的內心世界,理解疾病、疼痛、死亡與家庭關係。歷史則能使醫學生了解醫療制度、公共衛生與醫學倫理的發展。

第三段:說明社會學或藝術的作用

社會學能幫助醫師理解階級、文化、家庭背景與社會環境對健康的影響。藝術訓練觀察細節的能力,也能培養對非語言訊息的敏感度。

第四段:連結臨床實務

將前述能力具體連結到問診、告知病情、治療決策、跨文化溝通與醫病關係,避免文章停留在抽象口號。

第五段:總結

重申醫學教育不只培養診斷與治療能力,也要培養能理解病人的完整醫療人員。

可使用的論證公式如下:

人文學科內容→能力培養→臨床應用→病人受益\text{人文學科內容} \rightarrow \text{能力培養} \rightarrow \text{臨床應用} \rightarrow \text{病人受益}

例如:

文學閱讀→同理心→理解病人恐懼→改善醫病溝通\text{文學閱讀} \rightarrow \text{同理心} \rightarrow \text{理解病人恐懼} \rightarrow \text{改善醫病溝通}

參考作文

Humanities in Medical Education and Clinical Practice

In my opinion, humanities are highly useful in both medical education and clinical practice. Medicine is not only the study of diseases, organs, and treatments. It is also the study of people who have fears, beliefs, families, and different ways of understanding illness. Therefore, medical students should receive education in both science and the humanities.

First, literature can help future doctors develop empathy. By reading novels, biographies, and personal stories, students can learn how patients experience pain, disability, aging, and death. A patient may not describe an illness in precise medical terms, but a doctor with a strong understanding of human emotions can listen carefully and recognize the meaning behind the patient’s words. This ability is especially important when patients are anxious or unable to explain their symptoms clearly.

Second, sociology can help doctors understand the social causes of health problems. A patient’s health may be influenced by income, education, family relationships, occupation, culture, and access to medical services. For example, a patient who does not follow a treatment plan may not be careless. The patient may lack money, transportation, family support, or sufficient knowledge about the disease. Understanding these social factors allows doctors to create treatment plans that patients can realistically follow.

The arts can also contribute to medical training. Music may help patients relax before surgery, while visual art can train medical students to observe patterns, details, and changes carefully. In addition, history teaches students that medical knowledge and medical ethics have developed through successes and mistakes. This knowledge encourages doctors to respect human rights and make responsible decisions.

In conclusion, humanities can make doctors more thoughtful, observant, and compassionate. Scientific knowledge is essential for diagnosing and treating disease, but humanistic knowledge enables doctors to understand the person behind the disease. The best medical education should therefore combine scientific training with literature, sociology, history, and the arts.

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In my opinion, humanities are highly useful in both medical education and clinical practice.
我認為,人文學科對醫學教育與臨床實務都非常有用。

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其他考古題

110 年義守大學的其他科目

義守大學《英文》其他年度

其他學校的《英文》