高雄醫學大學 102 年 《英文》
第 1 題1 分
The Philippines should make a formal apology, compensate for the losses, punish the perpetrators, and initiate negotiations on a fisheries agreement as soon as possible.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語境判斷」,關鍵在於理解 perpetrator 的意思。
- perpetrator:犯罪者、加害者、犯下違法行為的人
- offender:違法者、犯規者、犯罪者
題幹中的 punish the perpetrators 意為「懲罰加害者/犯案者」,因此與 offenders 意思最接近。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵片語是:
punish the perpetrators
懲罰犯案者/加害者
前文提到菲律賓應正式道歉、賠償損失,並盡快展開漁業協定談判。由此可知,事件中有人造成損害或犯下違法行為;這些人就是 perpetrators。因此應選擇表示「違法者、犯案者」的 offenders。
完整句意為:
菲律賓應盡快正式道歉、賠償損失、懲罰加害者,並開始進行漁業協定的談判。
選項分析
(A) offenders
意為「違法者、犯罪者、犯規者」,指違反法律、規則或規範的人。
offenders 與 perpetrators 都可指犯下不法行為的人,放入句中成為:
punish the offenders
懲罰違法者/犯案者
語意通順,為正確答案。
(B) organizers
第 2 題1 分
This book is the result of an innovative and collaborative global development process designed to engage students and deliver content and cases with global relevance.
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核心觀念
本題考的是字義辨析與語意搭配,關鍵在於判斷形容詞是否能修飾 global development process,並與前面的 innovative 在語意上並列。
題幹中的關鍵語句為:
an innovative and collaborative global development process
一項創新且具合作性的全球發展過程
其中 collaborative 意為「合作的、協作的」,與選項 joint 的核心語意最接近。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
an innovative and ______ global development process
空格位於連接詞 and 之後,應填入一個形容詞,與 innovative 並列,共同修飾 global development process。
再根據上下文判斷:這本書是透過全球性的合作開發過程完成,重點在於「共同參與、合作完成」。因此應選擇表示「共同的、聯合的」的 joint。
完整句意為:
This book is the result of an innovative and joint global development process designed to engage students and deliver content and cases with global relevance.
這本書是一項創新且共同合作的全球發展過程之成果;該過程旨在吸引學生參與,並提供具有全球相關性的內容與案例。
選項分析
(A) joint|共同的、聯合的
正確。joint 可表示「由兩方或多方共同進行的」,例如:
- a joint project:共同計畫
- a joint effort:共同努力
- a joint venture:合資企業
本句中的全球發展過程是由不同地區或不同團隊共同參與,因此 joint 符合語意。它也與題幹中的 collaborative 同義或近義。
(B) positive|正面的、積極的
第 3 題1 分
How the rise of book illustration affected the historic hegemony of the word is the topic of Yousif’s study of the complex relationship between the novelist Balzac and the illustrator, Grandville.
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核心觀念
本題考查字義辨析與語境判斷,關鍵在於理解片語:
- hegemony:霸權、支配地位、主導權
- historic hegemony of the word:文字長期以來的支配地位
- supremacy:至高地位、優越性、主導權
句中討論的是「書籍插畫的興起,如何影響文字原本長期擁有的主導地位」,因此空格需要填入與 hegemony 意義最接近的名詞,答案為 supremacy。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
How the rise of book illustration affected the historic hegemony of the word is the topic of Yousif’s study...
翻譯為:
書籍插畫的興起如何影響文字歷史上長期的支配地位,是 Yousif 研究的主題……
其中 hegemony 指的是「支配、主導地位」,不是「發展」、「真實性」、「有效性」或「知識論」。因此須選擇表示「至高地位、優勢地位」的 supremacy。
文法與語意重點
句子的主詞是由 How 引導的名詞子句:
How the rise of book illustration affected the historic hegemony of the word
整個名詞子句作為主詞,後面的 is the topic of... 是主要句構。
其中:
- the rise of book illustration:書籍插畫的興起
- affected:影響
- the historic hegemony of the word:文字歷史上的支配地位
- the topic of Yousif’s study:Yousif 研究的主題
本題的空格若代入選項,實際上是針對 hegemony 的同義替換與語意辨析。hegemony 與 supremacy 都能表示某種事物長期占據主導、優勢或支配地位。
選項分析
(A) development 發展
development 指「發展、進展、開發」,例如:
- technological development:科技發展
- the development of language:語言的發展
它描述的是成長或演變的過程,並不表示「支配地位」。題幹談的是文字在書籍中的主導權受到插畫興起的影響,而不是文字本身的發展,因此不合語意。
(B) authenticity 真實性、真品性
第 4 題1 分
Her right hand, bent with arthritis, curved over a stick on which she leant so heavily as to give her the appearance of physical deformity.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與語境判讀,關鍵在於理解 physical deformity 的意思。句中描述一位因關節炎而手部彎曲、身體倚靠手杖的女性,因此呈現出「身體上的畸形、缺陷」。
其中 defect 可指身體或器官的「缺陷、缺損、瑕疵」,在本句語境中最接近 physical deformity。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
Her right hand, bent with arthritis, curved over a stick on which she leant so heavily as to give her the appearance of physical deformity.
翻譯:
她的右手因關節炎而彎曲,環彎著握在一根手杖上;她沉重地倚靠著手杖,以致看起來身體有些畸形。
句中的 physical deformity 是定位答案的關鍵,意思是「身體畸形、身體缺陷」。選項中能表示「缺陷」的名詞為 defect。
解題方法
先判斷語境的情緒與語意:
- bent with arthritis:因關節炎而彎曲
- curved over a stick:彎曲地倚靠在手杖上
- physical deformity:身體畸形、身體缺陷
整句明確描寫身體外觀上的異常,因此答案必須是表示「缺陷、畸形」的名詞。defect 符合此語意。
若將 physical deformity 理解為 physical defect,兩者皆可表示身體上的缺陷:
- deformity:畸形、變形
- defect:缺陷、缺損
文法與語意重點
- bent with arthritis
- bend:使彎曲;彎曲
- bent:過去分詞,在此作形容詞使用
- arthritis:關節炎
bent with arthritis 表示「因關節炎而彎曲」。
- on which she leant
- lean on:倚靠
- leant 是 lean 的過去式與過去分詞,英式英文常用;美式英文也常見 leaned
- on which 引導關係子句,修飾 a stick
意思是「她倚靠在上面的手杖」。
- so heavily as to...
so + 副詞 + as to + 原形動詞 表示「如此……以致……」。
第 5 題1 分
Literature is a luxury; fiction is a necessity.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「同義字替換」。
題幹中的關鍵字是 necessity,意思是「必要之事、必需品、必要性」。選項中與其意義最接近的是 requirement,同樣表示「必要條件、必需之物、需求」。
句型為:
Literature is a luxury; fiction is a necessity.
文學是一種奢侈品;小說則是生活中的必需品。
分號前後形成強烈對比:
- luxury:奢侈品,非必要之物
- necessity:必需品,必要之物
因此,後半句要表達「小說是不可或缺的事物」,應選與 necessity 同義的 requirement。
解題方法
先判斷題幹中的語意關係,再尋找同義字。
題幹以 luxury 與 necessity 對比,意思是:
文學雖然不是生活必需品,但小說具有不可或缺的價值。
其中 necessity 可解作:
- 必需品
- 必要性
- 必要條件
- 不可缺少的事物
requirement 的主要意思是「要求、必要條件、必需之物」,在本題中可代換 necessity:
Fiction is a requirement.
小說是一項必要需求/必需之物。
雖然在自然英文中,fiction is a necessity 比 fiction is a requirement 更具修辭性、更符合語境,但兩者核心語意相同,故依官方答案選 E。
選項分析
(A) accessory
accessory:配件、附件;附屬品;非主要的事物。
例如:
- a fashion accessory:時尚配件
- an accessory to the main equipment:主要設備的附件
此字強調「附加、輔助、非核心」,與 necessity 的「必要、不可缺少」相反。
若代入句中:
Fiction is an accessory.
小說是一種配件/附屬品。
意思變成小說只是附加品,與題幹欲表達的「小說不可或缺」不符,因此錯誤。
(B) extravagance
extravagance:奢侈、揮霍;奢侈品;過度行為。
此字與 luxury 的語意接近,都可表達「奢侈、非必要」。若代入:
Fiction is an extravagance.
小說是一種奢侈品。
這會使句子前後都偏向「非必要之物」,失去 luxury 與 necessity 的對比,也與題幹對 fiction 的正面評價不合,因此錯誤。
(C) option
option:選擇;選項;可選方案。
此字表示「可以選,也可以不選的事物」,重點在於選擇權,而非必要性。
若代入:
Fiction is an option.
小說是一種選擇。
句意只表示小說是可供選擇的項目,沒有「不可缺少」的含義,與 necessity 不同,因此錯誤。
(D) assortment
第 6 題1 分
Originally intended to discredit the common belief that internet addiction impairs a person’s ability to interpret the world and to interact with others, Joey’s experiment nevertheless seems to _____ the assumption.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動詞片語的搭配用法。
- 語意邏輯與轉折關係。
seem to + 原形動詞的文法結構。
句子主幹為:
Joey’s experiment nevertheless seems to _____ the assumption.
seems to 後面必須接原形動詞;同時,空格後的 the assumption 是「該假設、該看法」的受詞或介系詞受詞,因此要選能表示「支持、印證該假設」的動詞片語。
解題方法
先掌握句意:
Originally intended to discredit the common belief ...
Joey 的實驗原本是要駁斥這項普遍看法……
關鍵轉折詞是:
nevertheless
nevertheless 表示「然而、可是」,指出實驗的實際結果與原本目的相反:
Joey’s experiment nevertheless seems to _____ the assumption.
然而,Joey 的實驗似乎反而__這項假設。
前文說實驗原本要「駁斥」該看法,後文用 nevertheless 表示實驗結果反而支持該看法。因此空格應填入「印證、支持」之意。
attest to 意為「證明、證實、印證」,符合句意:
Joey’s experiment nevertheless seems to attest to the assumption.
然而,Joey 的實驗似乎反而印證了這項假設。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹中最能定位答案的部分是:
Originally intended to discredit the common belief ..., Joey’s experiment nevertheless seems to attest to the assumption.
翻譯:
Joey 的實驗原本是要駁斥「網路成癮會損害一個人理解世界及與他人互動能力」這項普遍看法,然而,這項實驗似乎反而印證了該假設。
Originally intended to discredit 與 nevertheless 形成語意對比:
- 原本目的:駁斥該看法
- 實際效果:反而支持該看法
因此答案必須具有「支持、證實」的語意。
選項分析
(A) attest to
attest to 意為「證明、證實、印證」,是正確搭配。
attest:證明、證實attest to + 名詞:證明某事、印證某事
例句:
The evidence attests to his innocence.
這項證據證明他是無辜的。
代入題目:
Joey’s experiment seems to attest to the assumption.
文法上符合 seems to + 原形動詞,語意上也符合 nevertheless 所表達的轉折,因此正確。
(B) opposite to
第 7 題1 分
A wave of _____ overcame me when the old song, YESTERDAY ONCE MORE, came on the radio; hearing it took me back to 1977.
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核心觀念
本題考「語境判斷」與「抽象名詞的搭配用法」。關鍵在於:
- nostalgia:懷舊;對過去美好時光的思念。
- a wave of nostalgia:一陣懷舊之情,為常見搭配。
- take someone back to+時間/地點:使某人回想起某段過去,彷彿回到某時某地。
題幹描述聽到老歌後,回想起 1977 年,因此需要表示「懷舊情緒」的名詞。
解題方法
先觀察句意與關鍵線索:
A wave of _____ overcame me when the old song, YESTERDAY ONCE MORE, came on the radio; hearing it took me back to 1977.
翻譯:
當老歌〈昨日重現〉在收音機播放時,一陣____襲上我的心頭;聽到這首歌使我回想起 1977 年。
其中 hearing it took me back to 1977 明確表示「這首歌使我回憶起過去」,因此空格應填入與「回憶往事、懷念過去」有關的情緒。
此外,句型 A wave of+抽象名詞+overcame me 表示「一股……的情緒壓倒/襲上我」。最自然的搭配是:
a wave of nostalgia overcame me
一陣懷舊之情襲上我的心頭
因此選 (B) nostalgia。
選項分析
(A) utopia
utopia 意為「烏托邦;理想國」,指完美而理想的社會或地方,通常不是一種因聽老歌而產生的情緒。
- a wave of utopia:一股烏托邦,語意與搭配均不成立。
- 題幹所需的是「懷舊情緒」,不是「理想國」。
因此錯誤。
(B) nostalgia
nostalgia 意為「懷舊;鄉愁;對往日的思念」,可表示聽到舊歌、看到舊照片或回到故地時產生的情感。
- a wave of nostalgia:一陣懷舊之情。
- hearing it took me back to 1977:聽到這首歌使我回想起 1977 年。
nostalgia 同時符合字義、語境與固定搭配,因此正確。
(C) aphasia
aphasia 意為「失語症」,是因腦部損傷等原因造成的語言理解或表達能力障礙,屬於醫學名詞。
- 聽到老歌而回想起往事,不會產生「失語症」。
- a wave of aphasia 在本句語境中也不合適。
因此錯誤。
(D) hypochondria
hypochondria 意為「疑病症;過度擔心自己生病的心理狀態」。患有此狀態的人會對自身健康過度焦慮,經常懷疑自己罹患疾病。
- 題幹沒有提到疾病、健康焦慮或身體症狀。
- 老歌引發的是懷舊,而不是疑病心理。
因此錯誤。
(E) insomnia
第 8 題1 分
The police _____ the riotous crowd by spraying the demonstrators with fire hoses and firing bullets over their heads.
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核心觀念
本題考查近義字辨析,重點在於依據句意判斷動詞與受詞的語意搭配。
題幹描述警方以消防水柱噴射示威者,並朝他們頭頂上方開槍,目的在於使暴動群眾「散去、解散」。因此空格需要填入具有「驅散、使消散」意思的及物動詞。
關鍵片語如下:
- riotous crowd:暴動中的群眾、鬧事的人群
- demonstrators:示威者
- spray A with B:用 B 噴射 A
- fire hoses:消防水管
- fire bullets over their heads:朝他們頭頂上方開槍
- dissipate:使消散、驅散;使逐漸消失
解題方法
先判斷警方採取這些行動的目的:
The police _____ the riotous crowd by spraying the demonstrators with fire hoses and firing bullets over their heads.
警方用消防水管噴射示威者,並朝他們頭頂上方開槍,藉此驅散暴動中的群眾。
「用水柱及鳴槍方式使群眾離開」對應 dissipate the crowd,表示「驅散人群」。
句子的基本結構為:
其中:
- 主詞:The police
- 動詞:dissipated
- 受詞:the riotous crowd
- 方法:by spraying ... and firing ...
由於題幹敘述的是過去發生的事件,空格應使用過去式 dissipated。
選項分析
(A) disparaged
disparage 意為「貶低、輕視、說……壞話」,通常指言語或評價上的貶抑,例如:
- The critic disparaged the actor’s performance.
評論家貶低了那名演員的演出。
警方用水柱和開槍的方式並不是在「貶低」群眾,而是在使群眾散去,因此語意不合。
(B) disdained
disdain 意為「鄙視、蔑視」,表示態度上看不起某人或某事,例如:
- She disdained such dishonest behavior.
她鄙視這種不誠實的行為。
第 9 題1 分
You paid NT $50,000 for the smartphone? Well, you got _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞片語(phrasal verb)」的語意與搭配。題幹描述買手機付出過高價格,因此要選表示「被敲竹槓、被坑、買貴了」的片語。
關鍵句為:
You paid NT $50,000 for the smartphone? Well, you got ripped off.
你買那支智慧型手機花了新臺幣 50,000 元?嗯,你被坑了/買貴了。
其中 get ripped off 是口語用法,意思是「被騙錢、被敲竹槓、以不合理高價買到東西」。句型中的 got 是 get + 過去分詞,具有被動意味,相當於:
You were ripped off.
語氣上,get ripped off 比 be ripped off 更口語,常用於日常對話。
解題方法
先抓語境中的線索:
- 買手機。
- 付出 NT $50,000。
- 說話者認為這個價格過高。
- 後句應表達「你被坑了、買貴了」。
因此選擇表示「被敲竹槓」的 ripped off。
句型分析如下:
you got ripped off
- you:主詞
- got:get 的過去式
- ripped off:過去分詞片語,構成口語被動語態
此處的 rip off 不是字面上的「撕掉」,而是慣用語「敲竹槓、坑騙某人」。
選項分析
(A) ripped off:正確
rip someone off 表示「坑騙某人、敲某人竹槓」,而 be/get ripped off 表示「被坑、被敲竹槓」。
題幹說買手機花了 50,000 元,暗示買家付出遠高於合理價格,因此:
You got ripped off.
你被坑了/你買貴了。
語意與句型皆正確。
(B) robbed of:錯誤
rob 通常表示「搶劫」,常見句型為:
rob someone of something
搶走某人的某物
例如:
The thief robbed him of his wallet.
小偷搶走了他的皮夾。
若使用 robbed of,後面通常必須接被搶走的事物;單獨填入題幹會形成:
you got robbed of
結構不完整。此外,題幹重點是「買太貴而被坑」,不是「遭到搶劫」。即使 robbed 本身可表達「被搶」,也不符合本句語意。
第 10 題1 分
Her hard work has paid off—the company now has 10 employees, and sales are _____ each year.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞語意」與「現在進行式」的搭配。
句型為:
sales are _____ each year
主詞 sales 為複數,因此使用 are + V-ing。空格中的動詞必須符合上下文,表達公司業績成長、銷售額增加的正面意義。
關鍵片語 pay off 意為「奏效、得到回報」。前句說明她的努力已經產生成果,後句應接續描述公司規模擴大、銷售額快速成長,因此應選擇 doubling。
題幹定位與翻譯
Her hard work has paid off—the company now has 10 employees, and sales are doubling each year.
翻譯:
她的努力已經得到回報——公司現在有 10 名員工,而且銷售額每年都加倍成長。
其中 sales are doubling each year 表示「銷售額每年變成原來的兩倍」,是公司成長的具體表現。
解題方法
先觀察句意:
- Her hard work has paid off:她的努力有了成果。
- the company now has 10 employees:公司員工人數增加,顯示業務擴張。
- 後半句應描述與「成功、成長」一致的銷售狀況。
- 五個選項中,只有 doubling 表示明顯且快速的增加。
文法上,sales are doubling 為現在進行式,表示目前持續發生的變化;each year 則補充變化的週期。
選項分析
(A) doubling
第 11 題1 分
Biologists offer this _____ as an explanation: if the genome is the hardware, then the epigenome is the software.
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核心觀念
本題考「語意判斷」與「學術字彙」。句中以 genome(基因組)和 hardware(硬體)、epigenome(表觀基因組)和 software(軟體)相互比擬,將抽象的生物學概念用熟悉的電腦系統概念加以說明,因此空格應填表示「類比、比喻」的 analogy。
句型為:
Biologists offer this analogy as an explanation: if the genome is the hardware, then the epigenome is the software.
翻譯:
生物學家提出這個類比作為解釋:如果基因組是硬體,那麼表觀基因組就是軟體。
解題方法
先觀察冒號後的內容。冒號後不是列出一個單純事實,而是將兩組概念進行對照:
- genome 對應 hardware
- epigenome 對應 software
這種「以熟悉事物說明陌生或抽象事物」的表達方式,就是 analogy。
此外,句中的 if ... then ... 建構出「如果 A 是 X,那麼 B 就是 Y」的對應關係,更明確顯示這是一種比喻性的類比,而非生物學上的字面等同。
文法與語意重點
offer + 名詞 + as + 名詞 表示「提出某事物作為……」。
例如:
- offer an explanation:提出解釋
- offer an example:提供例子
- offer an analogy as an explanation:提出類比作為解釋
空格位於 this 之後、as an explanation 之前,因此需要填入一個名詞。五個選項皆為名詞,但只有 analogy 能符合冒號後的語意。
選項分析
(A) intuition:直覺、直觀
intuition 指不經完整推理而直接產生的感覺或認知。例如「憑直覺判斷」。本句後方明確呈現 genome、epigenome 與硬體、軟體之間的對應,重點是比擬關係,不是生物學家的直覺,因此不合語意。
(B) analogy:類比、類推、比喻
第 12 題1 分
Bygren and other scientists have now amassed historical evidence suggesting that powerful environmental conditions can somehow leave an _____ on the genetic material in eggs and sperm.
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核心觀念
本題考「語境中的字義與固定搭配」。句型為:
leave an imprint on ...
在……上留下印記/影響
題幹談的是環境因素對卵子與精子內遺傳物質所造成的長期影響,屬於生物學上的「印記」或「痕跡」概念,也可聯想到表觀遺傳(epigenetics)現象。
定位答案的句子
Bygren and other scientists have now amassed historical evidence suggesting that powerful environmental conditions can somehow leave an _____ on the genetic material in eggs and sperm.
翻譯:
Bygren 與其他科學家目前已累積歷史證據,顯示強大的環境條件不知透過何種方式,可能在卵子與精子的遺傳物質上留下某種印記。
空格位於不定冠詞 an 之後,後面接介系詞片語 on the genetic material。語意上需要填入「留下的痕跡、印記或影響」,且最自然的固定搭配是 leave an imprint on。
解題方法
先抓住動詞 leave 與介系詞 on:
- leave an imprint on the genetic material
在遺傳物質上留下印記 - leave an effect on ...
對……造成影響 - leave a mark on ...
在……上留下痕跡
四個選項中,只有 imprint 能自然表達「某種因素在遺傳物質上留下深刻痕跡」的意思。
此處的 imprint 不只是實體上的壓痕,也能用於抽象語境,表示某件事所造成的深刻影響,例如:
- The experience left an imprint on his personality.
那段經歷在他的性格上留下深刻影響。
因此,環境條件對遺傳物質造成的長期影響,最適合用 imprint。
選項分析
(A) ink
ink 是「墨水」。雖然墨水可以在紙張上留下痕跡,但:
leave an ink on the genetic material
並不是自然的英文搭配。英文會說 leave ink on paper,表示「在紙上留下墨水」,不會用來描述環境因素對遺傳物質造成的抽象影響。
因此不合語意,也不符合本句的慣用搭配。
(B) mileage
mileage 主要有兩個意思:
- 里程數
- 某事物能帶來的效益、使用價值
例如:
- The car has high mileage.
這輛車有很高的里程數。 - We can get a lot of mileage out of this idea.
我們可以充分利用這個想法。
leave a mileage on the genetic material 沒有合理的語意,也不是慣用搭配。遺傳物質上可以留下「印記」,不會留下「里程」或「效益」。
因此錯誤。
(C) showcase
第 13 題1 分
Her energy, her passion and her relentless optimism are infectious, _____ all of us who’ve had the chance to work with her.
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核心觀念
本題考「逗號加現在分詞片語」的文法結構,以及形容詞的語意辨識。
句型為:
Her energy, her passion and her relentless optimism are infectious, _____ all of us who’ve had the chance to work with her.
逗號後的現在分詞片語用來補充說明前面整個句子的結果或影響:
..., inspiring all of us ...
inspiring 意為「鼓舞、激勵」,符合前文所述的正面特質。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句:
Her energy, her passion and her relentless optimism are infectious, inspiring all of us who’ve had the chance to work with her.
翻譯:
她的活力、熱情以及不懈的樂觀精神很有感染力,鼓舞了所有有機會與她共事的人。
其中:
energy:活力、精力passion:熱情、熱忱relentless:不懈的、不間斷的optimism:樂觀、樂觀精神infectious:有感染力的;能感染他人的inspire:鼓舞、激勵all of us:我們所有人have the chance to V:有機會做某事work with:與……共事
前半句指出她的個人特質「很有感染力」,後半句自然應接「這些特質鼓舞了我們」,因此選 inspiring。
解題方法
第一步,觀察空格前有逗號,空格後接 all of us,可判斷此處需要一個現在分詞片語,補充說明前句造成的影響。
第二步,根據語意判斷:
- 主詞的活力、熱情與樂觀精神具有正面感染力。
- 這些特質應該會「鼓舞、激勵」共事者。
因此填入:
inspiring all of us
完整句意為:
她的活力、熱情和不懈的樂觀精神很有感染力,鼓舞了所有曾與她共事的人。
inspiring 在此可視為現在分詞,表示前面整件事所帶來的結果或影響,相當於:
..., and they inspire all of us ...
選項分析
(A) intimidating:使害怕的、威嚇的
..., intimidating all of us
第 14 題1 分
By pointing to Shelley’s Frankenstein and Darwin’s Origin of Species as foundational myths of modern culture, Page’s valuable argument _____ important literary discussion about nineteenth-century Britain.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞與介系詞的搭配」以及語意判斷。句型為:
主詞 + 動詞片語 + 受詞
題幹主詞是 Page’s valuable argument,受詞是 important literary discussion。空格需要填入能表達「對……有所貢獻、促進……討論」的動詞片語。
關鍵片語:
- contribute to:對……有所貢獻;促進……
- submit to:屈服於;服從於;提交給……
- amount to:等於;總計達到;實質上是……
- be superior to:優於……;比……高明
- succumb to:屈服於;受……影響而失敗
本句談的是一項有價值的論點如何促進十九世紀英國的重要文學討論,因此應使用 contributes to。
解題方法
先確認主詞與受詞:
- 主詞:Page’s valuable argument
- 動詞:空格
- 受詞:important literary discussion about nineteenth-century Britain
句意是:
Page 的重要論點 _____ 關於十九世紀英國的重要文學討論。
能與 discussion 自然搭配,且符合正面語意的片語是 contribute to discussion,表示「促進討論、對討論有所貢獻」。
完整句為:
By pointing to Shelley’s Frankenstein and Darwin’s Origin of Species as foundational myths of modern culture, Page’s valuable argument contributes to important literary discussion about nineteenth-century Britain.
翻譯:
Page 的重要論點藉由指出 Shelley 的《科學怪人》與 Darwin 的《物種起源》是現代文化的奠基性神話,促進了關於十九世紀英國的重要文學討論。
其中 By + V-ing 表示「藉由……的方法」;point to A as B 表示「指出 A 是 B」。
選項分析
(A) submits to
submit to 表示「屈服於、服從於、提交給」。若填入本句,意思會變成:
Page 的論點屈服於重要文學討論。
第 15 題1 分
Despite the heated debate that lasted for hours, there was no _____ among the committee members last night.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與語境判斷,關鍵在於理解句中:
- heated debate:激烈的辯論
- committee members:委員會成員
- consensus:共識;一致意見
句型為:
Despite the heated debate that lasted for hours, there was no _____ among the committee members last night.
翻譯:
儘管激烈的辯論持續了數小時,昨晚委員會成員之間仍沒有達成共識。
句中「激烈辯論持續數小時」表示成員針對議題進行長時間討論;後面的 there was no _____ among the committee members 需要填入表示「共同意見、一致看法」的名詞,因此選 consensus 最符合語意。
解題方法
先觀察文法結構:
there was no + 名詞 + among the committee members
空格後有 among the committee members,表示某種狀態存在於委員會成員之間。再根據前半句的 heated debate 判斷,辯論雖然激烈且持續很久,結果仍然「沒有共識」。
consensus 指團體成員經討論後形成的普遍同意或一致意見,常見搭配包括:
- reach a consensus:達成共識
- reach consensus:達成共識
- there is no consensus:沒有共識
- consensus among the members:成員之間的共識
因此句意與搭配皆完全吻合。
選項分析
(A) consensus:共識;一致意見
符合題意。委員會成員經過長時間激烈辯論,仍未形成一致看法,因此為正確答案。
(B) complex:複雜的;複合體;建築群
第 16 題1 分
The skills she had learnt at school—time and people management, organization, as well as research and analysis—were highly _____, so she started her first job with little difficulty.
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題幹翻譯與定位
The skills she had learnt at school—time and people management, organization, as well as research and analysis—were highly transferable, so she started her first job with little difficulty.
她在學校學到的技能——時間與人員管理、組織能力,以及研究與分析能力——具有高度的可轉移性,因此她開始第一份工作時並沒有遇到太大困難。
定位答案的關鍵在於:
The skills ... were highly _____, so she started her first job with little difficulty.
這些技能具有高度的「_____」,所以她開始第一份工作時沒有太大困難。
前句提到的是在學校學到的能力,後句提到這些能力可以順利運用在第一份工作,因此應選表示「能轉用到不同情境或工作」的形容詞。
核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 字義判斷
- 語境推論
- 形容詞與名詞的搭配
- transferable skills 的固定搭配
transferable 意為「可轉移的、可轉用的」,常用來形容一項技能能從原本的學習或工作情境,轉而應用到另一種工作或環境中。
例如:
- transferable skills:可轉移技能、可跨職業運用的技能
- transferable knowledge:可轉用的知識
- transferable experience:可應用於其他領域的經驗
題幹列出的 time management、people management、organization、research and analysis,都是不侷限於單一職業的通用能力,因此能從學校轉移到職場。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
The skills ... were highly _____
空格位於 be 動詞 were 之後,需填入形容詞作主詞補語;副詞 highly 也通常修飾具有程度差異的形容詞。
再利用因果關係:
..., so she started her first job with little difficulty.
「開始第一份工作時沒有太大困難」表示她在學校所學的技能,可以直接應用到新的職場環境。因此空格應填入「可轉用的」。
完整句意為:
她在學校學到的技能具有高度可轉移性,因此開始第一份工作時沒有太大困難。
故選 transferable。
選項分析
(A) noticeable:顯著的、引人注意的
noticeable 表示某事物很容易被察覺或受到注意,例如:
- a noticeable difference:明顯的差異
- a noticeable improvement:顯著的進步
若填入句中,意思會變成「這些技能非常引人注意,所以她開始工作時沒有困難」。技能是否引人注意,與能否順利應用在新工作中沒有直接關係,因果語意不成立。
第 17 題1 分
Despite the obvious _____ in their beliefs regarding children’s education, there are noticeable resemblances between the husband and wife in their role as a parent.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字義辨析:辨認表示「差異、矛盾」的名詞。
- 語意對比:由
Despite判斷前後語意呈現讓步與反差。 - 搭配用法:
discrepancy in beliefs表示「信念上的差異」。
句中後半段提到:
there are noticeable resemblances between the husband and wife
意思是「夫妻之間有明顯的相似之處」。因此,前半句應填入與 resemblances 意義相反的字,形成「雖然兩人在教育子女的信念上有明顯差異,但在身為父母的角色上仍有相似之處」。
解題方法
先掌握句型:
Despite the obvious _____ in their beliefs regarding children’s education, there are noticeable resemblances between the husband and wife in their role as a parent.
Despite + 名詞或名詞片語 表示「儘管……」。
句中的關鍵對比為:
obvious _____ in their beliefs:他們在信念上有明顯的某種情形noticeable resemblances:有明顯的相似之處
Despite 後面的內容必須與主句形成反差,因此空格應填入「差異、不一致」之意的名詞。discrepancy 正好符合。
完整句意為:
儘管他們在子女教育的信念上有明顯差異,但這對夫妻在身為父母的角色上仍有明顯的相似之處。
關鍵單字與片語
despite:儘管,即使obvious:明顯的discrepancy:差異;不一致;落差belief:信念;看法regarding:關於children’s education:子女的教育noticeable:顯著的;引人注意的resemblance:相似之處between A and B:在 A 與 B 之間in one’s role as ...:以某人的……身分或角色
選項分析
(A) insights
insight 意為「洞察力;深刻見解」,複數 insights 指「洞見、見解」。
若填入後變成:
Despite the obvious insights in their beliefs ...
語意相當於「儘管他們的信念中有明顯的洞見」,與後面的 resemblances 無法形成合理對比;此外,insights in their beliefs 也不是本句自然的搭配。因此錯誤。
(B) similarities
similarity 意為「相似性」,複數 similarities 為「相似之處」。
填入後為:
第 18 題1 分
Following the direction of President Ju, the JPG has become well-known around the globe for its innovative blending of East and West, traditional and _____.
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題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句:
Following the direction of President Ju, the JPG has become well-known around the globe for its innovative blending of East and West, traditional and contemporary.
翻譯:
遵循朱校長的方向,JPG 以創新融合東方與西方、傳統與當代而聞名全球。
空格位於 traditional and _____ 的並列結構中,前後皆應使用形容詞,且語意上要形成「傳統與當代」的對比。
核心觀念
本題考:
- 形容詞字義辨析。
- 對等並列結構:
traditional and contemporary - 語意搭配與反義對比。
其中:
- traditional:傳統的
- contemporary:當代的、現代的
traditional and contemporary 表示「傳統與當代」,與前面的 East and West 同樣形成兩組並列、對比概念,符合題目所說的「融合東西方以及傳統與當代」。
解題方法
先判斷詞性。空格位於:
traditional and _____
在 and 前後形成並列,因此空格應填入形容詞。
再觀察語意。題幹強調 JPG 的特色是融合:
- East and West:東方與西方
- traditional and contemporary:傳統與當代
因此空格需要與 traditional 形成合理對比,答案為 contemporary。
完整句子為:
Following the direction of President Ju, the JPG has become well-known around the globe for its innovative blending of East and West, traditional and contemporary.
選項分析
(A) conservative:保守的
雖然 conservative 是形容詞,符合詞性,但它的意思是「保守的」,與 traditional 意義接近,無法構成「傳統與當代」的對比。
traditional and conservative 可勉強形成語法並列,卻不符合本句強調融合不同時代風格的語意,因此錯誤。
(B) contemporary:當代的、現代的
第 19 題1 分
Our sexuality _____ every sphere of our lives, and our cultures determine its shades of tolerance and acceptance.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞語意辨析」與「主詞動詞一致」。句中主詞為 Our sexuality,核心名詞是單數的 sexuality,因此動詞須使用第三人稱單數形式。
語意上,句子要表達的是:「性慾/性特質遍及我們生活的每個層面。」能表示「滲透、遍布、充滿」的動詞是 permeate。
題幹定位與翻譯
Our sexuality permeates every sphere of our lives, and our cultures determine its shades of tolerance and acceptance.
翻譯:
我們的性特質遍及生活的每一個層面,而我們的文化決定了人們對它的包容與接受程度。
其中:
- sexuality:性特質、性傾向、性慾相關的整體面向
- permeate:滲透、遍及、充滿
- every sphere of our lives:我們生活的每一個領域/層面
- determine:決定
- shades of tolerance and acceptance:包容與接受的不同程度、細微差異
解題方法
先觀察句型:
空格後面的受詞是 every sphere of our lives,意思是「生活的每一個領域」。與「領域」搭配時,最合理的語意是「遍及、滲透」。
因此填入:
permeate 的主詞若為第三人稱單數,須加 -s,形成 permeates,正好符合主詞 sexuality。
選項分析
(A) permeates
permeate 意為「滲透、遍及、充滿」。
permeates every sphere of our lives 表示「遍及我們生活的每一個層面」,語意自
第 20 題1 分
In the span of a single day, the small town of Riceville is ravaged by an unprecedented _____ of tornadoes.
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核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 字義辨析
- 語境判斷
- 名詞與介系詞
of的搭配 - 暴風雨、災害等語境中的慣用表達
題幹描述小鎮在一天之內遭到前所未有的龍捲風侵襲。關鍵在於:
ravage:嚴重破壞、蹂躪tornadoes:龍捲風an unprecedented _____ of tornadoes:前所未有的「一連串猛烈侵襲」
因此空格需要填入表示「猛烈攻擊、猛烈襲擊」的名詞。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
In the span of a single day, the small town of Riceville is ravaged by an unprecedented _____ of tornadoes.
翻譯:
在短短一天之內,Riceville 這座小鎮遭到前所未有的一連串龍捲風猛烈襲擊。
ravaged by 已經明確表示小鎮受到嚴重摧殘;後方的空格應接一個能與 of tornadoes 搭配,並且能加強「大規模、猛烈侵襲」語氣的名詞。
onslaught 原意是「猛烈攻擊、猛烈襲擊」,也可延伸指大量而強烈的事物接連襲來。因此:
an unprecedented onslaught of tornadoes
就是「前所未有的一連串龍捲風襲擊」,符合整句語意。
選項分析
(A) upheaval
upheaval 意為「劇變、動盪、混亂」,通常用來描述社會、政治、經濟或自然狀態的劇烈變化,例如:
- political upheaval:政治動盪
- social upheaval:社會劇變
它並不表示「攻擊」或「襲擊」。an upheaval of tornadoes 不是自然的搭配,無法表達龍捲風猛烈來襲的意思,因此錯誤。
(B) animation
animation 主要有兩個常見意思:
- 動畫
- 活力、活潑、興奮的神情
例如:
- computer animation:電腦動畫
- speak with animation:充滿活力地說話
此處描述的是龍捲風造成的災害,與「動畫」或「活力」完全不合語境。an animation of tornadoes 也不能表示龍捲風襲擊,因此錯誤。
第 21 題1 分
_____ the vastness of their technology, the aliens perished because they failed to notice a defect in their plans.
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核心觀念
本題考查「讓步關係」與介系詞片語的用法。
句意是:外星人的科技非常先進、強大,卻仍然因為沒有注意到計畫中的缺陷而滅亡。前後兩部分形成「儘管如此,結果卻相反」的讓步關係。
Despite 是介系詞,意思是「儘管、即使」,後面接名詞、代名詞或動名詞:
- despite + 名詞
- despite + V-ing
- despite the fact that + 子句
本題空格後為名詞片語 the vastness of their technology,因此必須選用能直接接名詞片語、且符合讓步語意的 Despite。
解題方法
先找出句子的邏輯關係:
the vastness of their technology:科技的龐大或先進,通常會讓人預期外星人應能避免失敗。the aliens perished:外星人卻滅亡了。because they failed to notice a defect in their plans:滅亡的原因是沒有注意到計畫中的缺陷。
「科技很強大」與「最後仍然滅亡」之間是出乎預期的轉折,因此需要「儘管」:
Despite the vastness of their technology, the aliens perished because they failed to notice a defect in their plans.
翻譯:
儘管他們的科技十分先進,外星人仍因未能注意到計畫中的一項缺陷而滅亡。
選項分析
(A) In addition
In addition 意思是「此外、另外」,用來表示補充資訊,沒有「儘管」的讓步意味。
例如:
In addition, they possessed advanced weapons.
此外,他們還擁有先進武器。
本句需要表達「科技很強大,卻仍然滅亡」的反差,In addition 無法表示這種關係,因此錯誤。
(B) Therefore
Therefore 意思是「因此、所以」,表示前因導致後果,屬於結果副詞。
本句的語意並不是「因為科技很強大,所以外星人滅亡」,而是「儘管科技很強大,外星人仍然滅亡」。此外,Therefore 通常不能自然地直接置於此處,修飾後面的名詞片語 the vastness of their technology,因此錯誤。
(C) While
While 作為連接詞時,意思可以是「當……時」或「雖然……但是……」,後面必須接完整子句,也就是「主詞 + 動詞」。
例如:
第 22 題1 分
_____ the obvious need for warmth in cold climates, and for protection from the elements, dress, in all cultures, is essentially about three things: sex differentiation, status signals and affiliation signals.
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核心觀念
本題考「介系詞片語的語意與上下文邏輯」。空格後接名詞片語:
the obvious need for warmth in cold climates, and for protection from the elements
因此空格應填入能表示「除了……之外」的介系詞片語,並且使後句語意完整。
題幹定位與翻譯
Apart from the obvious need for warmth in cold climates, and for protection from the elements, dress, in all cultures, is essentially about three things: sex differentiation, status signals and affiliation signals.
翻譯:
除了在寒冷氣候中保暖,以及抵禦自然環境侵襲這些明顯需求之外,服飾在所有文化中,基本上都涉及三件事:性別區分、地位訊號與群體歸屬訊號。
句子的主要結構為:
- Apart from the obvious need...:介系詞片語,修飾整個主句
- dress:主詞,意為「服飾」
- is essentially about three things:基本上涉及三件事
- sex differentiation, status signals and affiliation signals:三項並列內容
解題方法
先判斷前後語意:
- 前半指出服飾具有「保暖」與「防護」的功能。
- 後半指出服飾在文化中還具有三種社會功能。
- 因此句意是「除了保暖與防護這些功能之外,服飾還涉及性別、地位與群體歸屬」。
能表達「除了……之外」的選項只有 Apart from。
選項分析
(A) Above all
above all 意為「最重要的是、尤其是」,用來表示優先性或最重要的事項。
若填入:
Above all the obvious need for warmth...
語意與結構都不自然,無法表示「除了保暖需求之外」。本句也不是要強調「保暖需求最重要」,因此錯誤。
(B) Accordingly
第 23 題1 分
She looks so somber, _____ she’s about to read a death sentence—her own.
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核心觀念
本題考查「樣態/方式副詞子句」的連接詞用法:
- as if + 子句:彷彿……似的,好像……
- even:甚至,通常作副詞,不能單獨連接完整子句。
- though:雖然,即使,表示讓步。
- by which:藉由那個……,須有明確的先行詞與適當句法。
- hence:因此,通常作副詞,表示結果。
句意是:她看起來非常陰沉,彷彿她即將宣讀一份死刑判決——而且被宣判死刑的正是她自己。
解題方法
空格前為:
She looks so somber,
空格後為完整子句:
she’s about to read a death sentence—her own.
前句描述她的外表與神情,後句用比喻方式說明她看起來「像是即將……」。因此需要表示「彷彿、好像」的連接詞 as if:
She looks so somber, as if she’s about to read a death sentence—her own.
翻譯:
她看起來如此陰沉,彷彿她正要宣讀一份死刑判決——而那份判決的對象正是她自己。
選項分析
(A) even
even 是副詞,意思是「甚至、連……都」。它不能直接作為連接詞,引導後面的完整子句。
錯誤句型:
She looks so somber, even she’s about to read a death sentence.
此句無法表達「彷彿她即將宣讀」的語意;若要使用 even,須搭配其他結構,例如 even though 或 even if。
(B) though
though 表示「雖然、儘管」,引導讓步子句。若填入後,句意會變成:
她看起來很陰沉,雖然她正要宣讀一份死刑判決。
這與題目要表達的「看起來像是……」不符。題幹並非在比較兩個相反事實,而是在以後半句比喻她陰沉的神情,因此不能選 though。
(C) as if
as if 表示「彷彿、好像」,可引導完整子句,最符合句型與語意:
第 24 題1 分
_____ to select certain features as relevant and ignore others.
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核心觀念
本題考「動名詞與不定詞的句型搭配」以及「be defined by definition」的語意結構。
完整句為:
To make a map is, by definition, to select certain features as relevant and ignore others.
製作地圖,依定義而言,就是選擇某些特徵作為相關資訊,並忽略其他特徵。
句型結構如下:
- To make a map:不定詞片語,作主詞。
- is:連綴動詞。
- by definition:插入的副詞片語,意為「依定義而言」。
- to select ... and ignore ...:不定詞片語,作主詞補語,說明「製作地圖」的本質。
整句採用:
前後以不定詞片語對稱,語意最完整、結構最工整。
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的內容:
to select certain features as relevant and ignore others
這是一個不定詞片語,表示「選擇某些特徵為相關的,並忽略其他特徵」。
句子需要一個主詞,並且主詞必須能與後面的不定詞片語形成「A 就是 B」的定義句。因此最自然的句型是:
To make a map is ... to select ...
也就是「製作地圖就是……」。
此外,by definition 是固定片語,插入句中表示「按照定義、就定義而言」,並不影響主要句型。
關鍵單字與片語
- make a map:製作地圖、繪製地圖
- by definition:依定義而言;顧名思義
- select:選擇
- feature:特徵;地理景觀;地圖上的要素
- relevant:相關的
- as relevant:視為相關的、當作相關資訊
- ignore:忽略
- certain:某些特定的
選項分析
(A) Mapmaking is defined as
完整後為:
Mapmaking is defined as to select certain features as relevant and ignore others.
此句的問題在於 be defined as 後面通常接名詞、動名詞或名詞片語,不能直接接此處的 to select 不定詞。
正確表達可為:
Mapmaking is defined as selecting certain features as relevant and ignoring others.
因此,is defined as 與 to select 的搭配不當,故錯誤。
(B) To make a map is, by definition,
完整句為:
To make a map is, by definition, to select certain features as relevant and ignore others.
主詞 To make a map 與主詞補語 to select ... and ignore ... 都是不定詞片語,前後結構平行;by definition 也恰當地補充「製作地圖」的定義。
此句文法正確,語意也完整,故為正確答案。
第 25 題1 分
Linen’s great tensile strength _____ sailcloth and the most delicate handmade laces.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 主詞與動詞的單複數一致。
make + 受詞 + 形容詞的使役結構。desirable for + 名詞的搭配與語意。
題幹主詞是:
Linen’s great tensile strength
核心主詞為單數名詞 strength,Linen’s 只是所有格修飾語,因此動詞必須使用第三人稱單數形式 makes。
句型為:
A makes it desirable for B.
意思是「A 使它適合用於 B」。
題幹定位與翻譯
完整句子為:
Linen’s great tensile strength makes it desirable for sailcloth and the most delicate handmade laces.
翻譯:
亞麻布卓越的抗張強度,使它適合用來製作帆布以及最精緻的手工蕾絲。
其中:
linen:亞麻;亞麻布great tensile strength:很強的抗張強度、拉力強度tensile:抗張的、拉力的make A desirable:使 A 變得理想、使 A 值得採用desirable:理想的、合意的、適用的sailcloth:帆布delicate:精緻的、細緻的handmade lace:手工蕾絲
此處的 it 指 linen,而非 strength。句意是「亞麻的抗張強度,使亞麻成為適合製作帆布與手工蕾絲的材料」。
解題方法
先找主詞:
Linen’s great tensile strength
真正的主詞是單數的 strength,所以空格處需要一個單數現在式動詞:
makes
接著判斷後面的結構。make 可形成下列句型:
make + 受詞 + 形容詞
例如:
The material makes the product durable.
這種材料使產品耐用。
本題中:
makes:動詞it:受詞,指 linendesirable:受詞補語for sailcloth and ... laces:說明適用的用途
因此完整結構為:
Linen’s great tensile strength + makes + it + desirable + for sailcloth and laces.
故選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) make desirable for
完整句子會變成:
Linen’s great tensile strength make desirable for sailcloth ...
有兩項問題:
第 26 題1 分
Among the giants of the sea _____, which may weigh up to 900 pounds.
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題幹與翻譯
Among the giants of the sea is the tuna, which may weigh up to 900 pounds.
在海洋巨獸之中,鮪魚是其中之一;鮪魚的重量最高可達 900 磅。
核心觀念
本題考「介系詞片語置於句首所形成的主詞—動詞倒裝」。
一般語序為:
The tuna is among the giants of the sea.
當表示地點或範圍的介系詞片語 Among the giants of the sea 放在句首時,英文常將動詞置於主詞之前,形成:
Among the giants of the sea is the tuna.
句型結構如下:
- Among the giants of the sea:介系詞片語,表示「在海洋巨獸之中」
- is:be 動詞
- the tuna:主詞,表示「鮪魚」
- which may weigh up to 900 pounds:非限定關係子句,修飾 the tuna
動詞必須與真正的主詞 the tuna 一致。Tuna 在此視為單數名詞,因此使用 is。
解題方法
先找出句子的主要動詞與主詞位置。
題幹開頭的 Among the giants of the sea 是介系詞片語,並非主詞。此片語置於句首後,句子採用倒裝語序:
套入本題:
因此完整句子為:
Among the giants of the sea is the tuna, which may weigh up to 900 pounds.
後面的 which may weigh up to 900 pounds 是關係子句,補充說明鮪魚的重量,不能取代主句所需要的主要動詞。
選項分析
(A) the tuna
Among the giants of the sea the tuna, which may weigh up to 900 pounds.
第 27 題1 分
The charity sale went alright, but it would have been perfect if _____.
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題幹定位與翻譯
The charity sale went alright, but it would have been perfect if _____.
慈善義賣進行得還算順利,但如果____,就會完美無缺了。
關鍵在於主句 would have been perfect,表示「本來可以……,但事實上沒有達成」的過去非真實假設。因此,if 子句應使用過去完成式,形成第三類條件句。
核心觀念:第三類條件句
第三類條件句用來表示與過去事實相反的假設:
- If + 主詞 + had + 過去分詞, 主詞 + would have + 過去分詞
- 意義是:「如果過去曾經……,現在回想結果就會……」
本題主句:
- it would have been perfect
would have + been,表示對過去結果的假設
因此,if 子句應搭配:
- had + 過去分詞
選項 B 的 had had 是過去完成式:
- 第一個
had是助動詞 - 第二個
had是動詞have的過去分詞 had had enough volunteers= 「曾有足夠的志工」
解題方法
先觀察主句的時態:
it would have been perfect
這是「would have + 過去分詞」的形式,明確指向第三類條件句。依照句型,空格應填入:
if + 主詞 + had + 過去分詞
只有選項 B:
if we had had enough volunteers
符合過去完成式,也符合語意:
如果我們當時有足夠的志工,這場義賣就會完美了。
完整句子為:
The charity sale went alright, but it would have been perfect if we had had enough volunteers.
選項分析
(A) more people showed up
showed up 是過去式,並非過去完成式。若要配合主句的 would have been perfect,標準形式應為:
if more people had shown up
第 28 題1 分
In November 1865, _____, The Athenaeum rated Elizabeth Gaskell as “if not the most popular, with small question, the most powerful and finished female novelist of an epoch singularly rich in female novelists.”
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 分詞片語作時間副詞子句
- 從屬子句與主要子句的連接
- 主詞一致與懸垂修飾語
- report、rate A as B 的用法
題幹句型為:
In November 1865, _____, The Athenaeum rated Elizabeth Gaskell as “if not the most popular, with small question, the most powerful and finished female novelist of an epoch singularly rich in female novelists.”
空格位於句首時間片語之後、主要子句之前,最適合填入一個修飾主要子句的時間副詞子句。
題幹關鍵句與翻譯
正確句子為:
In November 1865, when reporting her death, The Athenaeum rated Elizabeth Gaskell as “if not the most popular, with small question, the most powerful and finished female novelist of an epoch singularly rich in female novelists.”
翻譯:
1865 年 11 月,《雅典娜神殿》(The Athenaeum)在報導她逝世的消息時,評價伊莉莎白・蓋斯凱爾為:「即使不是毫無疑問最受歡迎的女小說家,她也是在一個女小說家特別多的時代中,最具力量、最成熟的女小說家。」
其中:
- when reporting her death:在報導她逝世消息時
- rate A as B:把 A 評價為 B
- with small question:毫無疑問地;幾乎沒有疑問地
- powerful:有力量的;感染力強的
- finished:成熟而完善的
- an epoch singularly rich in female novelists:一個女小說家特別多的時代
解題方法
先觀察主要子句:
The Athenaeum rated Elizabeth Gaskell as ...
其主詞是 The Athenaeum,動詞是 rated,受詞是 Elizabeth Gaskell。
空格後若填入 when reporting her death,完整結構為:
when reporting her death, The Athenaeum rated ...
when reporting her death 是由 when 引導的時間副詞子句,完整形式可還原為:
when The Athenaeum was reporting her death
在副詞子句中,若主詞與主要子句主詞相同,英文常省略主詞與 be 動詞,形成:
when + V-ing
因此:
when The Athenaeum was reporting her death
→ when reporting her death
省略後的邏輯主詞仍是 The Athenaeum,主詞一致,句意與文法都成立。
選項分析
(A) reports about her death
reports 是名詞複數,表示「報導、報告」;完整片語是:
reports about her death
填入後變成:
In November 1865, reports about her death, The Athenaeum rated ...
此處兩個名詞片語之間只有逗號,缺少適當的連接詞或動詞,造成句子結構破碎。若要使用名詞片語,必須改寫成:
In November 1865, reports about her death were published, and The Athenaeum rated ...
第 29 題1 分
The enraged Gernimo then launched _____ a 30-year guerrilla campaign against the authorities on both sides of the border.
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核心觀念
本題考查兩個重點:
- what 引導名詞子句
what可解作「……的事物/事情」。what would become a 30-year guerrilla campaign整體是一個名詞子句,作動詞launched的受詞。- 結構為:
- 過去觀點中的未來:would
- 主句動詞
launched是過去式。 - 從當時的時間點看,這場行動後來「將成為」長達 30 年的游擊戰,因此使用
would become,表示「過去未來式」。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的結構:
a 30-year guerrilla campaign
空格後需要一個動詞,形成「後來成為一場長達 30 年的游擊戰」的意思。
完整句子為:
The enraged Gernimo then launched what would become a 30-year guerrilla campaign against the authorities on both sides of the border.
其中:
launched:發動、展開what:……的事情would become:後來將成為a 30-year guerrilla campaign:一場長達 30 年的游擊戰
句法分析如下:
The enraged Gernimo then launched [what would become a 30-year guerrilla campaign].
what would become a 30-year guerrilla campaign 是 launched 的受詞,意義是:
發動了一件後來將成為長達 30 年游擊戰的行動。
題幹所提供的關鍵定位句是:
The enraged Gernimo then launched what would become a 30-year guerrilla campaign against the authorities on both sides of the border.
翻譯:
盛怒的傑羅尼莫於是發動了一場後來演變成長達 30 年游擊戰的行動,對抗邊界兩側的當局。
選項分析
(A) that’s become
that’s 是 that is 或 that has 的縮寫,後接 become 會造成結構錯誤:
- 若
that’s = that is,應為that is becoming或that becomes,不能說that is become。
第 30 題1 分
Many personnel managers claim that college graduates begin to write exaggerations in job applications but behave badly at job interviews; even if the applicants are granted jobs, they _____ really qualified to hold their positions.
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核心觀念
本題考「被動語態」與「find + 受詞 + 受詞補語」句型。
片語 find + 人 + 形容詞 表示「發現某人處於某種狀態」,例如:
- They find the applicants qualified.
他們發現這些申請者具備資格。 - The applicants are found qualified.
這些申請者被發現具備資格。
主動句中的受詞 the applicants 改為被動語態的主詞後,形成:
主詞 + be found + 形容詞補語
因此,they are found not really qualified 表示「他們被發現並不真正具備資格」。
較完整、較正式的寫法也可以是:
They are found not to be really qualified.
本題選項提供的是省略 to be 的形式,官方答案採 are found not。
解題方法
先看空格後面的結構:
_____ really qualified to hold their positions
qualified 是形容詞,表示「具備資格的」,不能直接由一般助動詞 do 或情態助動詞 may 修飾,前面需要有 be。
再根據語意判斷:
即使這些申請者獲得工作,他們仍然會被發現並不真正具備擔任該職位的資格。
「被發現不具資格」正是 be found not really qualified 的被動結構,因此填入:
are found not
完整句子為:
Many personnel managers claim that college graduates begin to write exaggerations in job applications but behave badly at job interviews; even if the applicants are granted jobs, they are found not really qualified to hold their positions.
翻譯:
許多人事經理聲稱,大學畢業生開始在求職申請中寫下誇大的內容,卻在工作面試時表現不佳;即使這些申請者獲得工作,他們也會被發現並不真正具備擔任職位的資格。
其中:
even if:即使be granted jobs:獲得工作;被錄用be found not really qualified:被發現並不真正具備資格hold their positions:擔任、維持其職位
選項分析
(A) do not
填入後為:
they do not really qualified to hold their positions
do not 後面必須接原形動詞,例如:
- They do not perform well.
- They do not meet the requirements.
但 qualified 是形容詞,不是動詞,因此缺少 be 動詞。正確形式至少應為:
they are not really qualified
所以 (A) 錯誤。
(B) are found not
填入後為:
they are found not really qualified to hold their positions
第 31 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
In the fast-pace modern society, a person can learn to manage stress by setting realistic goals, enjoying a hobby and/or physical exercise, and by maintaining a good, warm relationship with family and friends.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 複合形容詞的正確形式。
- 動名詞片語的平行結構。
- 介系詞 表示「藉由……方法」的用法。
- 並列形容詞與並列受詞的判斷。
題幹定位句:
In the fast-pace modern society, a person can learn to manage stress by setting realistic goals, enjoying a hobby and/or physical exercise, and by maintaining a good, warm relationship with family and friends.
翻譯為:
在步調快速的現代社會中,一個人可以藉由設定實際的目標、享受嗜好或體能運動,以及與家人和朋友維持良好且溫暖的關係,學習管理壓力。
解題方法
先找句子的主要結構:
- 主詞: person
- 動詞:
- 不定詞:
- 方法: setting realistic goals, enjoying a hobby and/or physical exercise, and by maintaining a good, warm relationship
其中 是介系詞,後面接動名詞,表示「藉由做某事」。本題最明顯的錯誤在於第一個選項的複合形容詞形式。
「步調快速的」應使用:
- :步調快速的、節奏明快的
而不是:
因此官方答案為 A。
選項分析
(A) In the fast-pace ——錯誤
是由「名詞 pace+過去分詞 paced」形成的複合形容詞,表示「具有快速步調的」。
正確寫法為:
In the fast-paced modern society
題目中的 將名詞 直接放在複合形容詞中,形式不正確。 可修飾名詞片語 ,如 ;但在修飾 時,應使用形容詞 。
例句:
We live in a fast-paced society.
我們生活在一個步調快速的社會中。
(B) enjoying a hobby ——正確
是動名詞,與前面的 以及後面的 都表示方法,形成動名詞片語的並列:
- by setting realistic goals
- enjoying a hobby
- by maintaining a good, warm relationship
後面可接名詞或動名詞作受詞,因此 文法正確,意思是「享受一項嗜好」。
第 32 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
In town last week to chair the workshop, Flint was kind enough to take time off her already-brimming schedule to chat with us and proved every bit the creative, driven and down-to-earth person she reported to be.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 動詞 report 的句型搭配。
- 關係子句中的動詞與不定詞結構。
- claim to be、be reported to be 等易混淆句型。
- 副詞片語與形容詞並列的使用。
題幹關鍵句為:
Flint was kind enough to take time off her already-brimming schedule to chat with us and proved every bit the creative, driven and down-to-earth person she reported to be.
意思是:
Flint 上週到鎮上主持工作坊;她很親切,特別從已經排得滿滿的行程中抽空與我們聊天,而且完全證明了自己就是她所聲稱的那種富有創意、積極進取又腳踏實地的人。
解題方法
先找出句子的主要結構:
- Flint was kind enough ...
- and proved ...
其中:
the creative, driven and down-to-earth person she reported to be
是名詞片語,核心名詞為 person,後面的 she reported to be 是修飾 person 的關係子句。
原句實際上相當於:
the person whom she reported to be
但 report 不能像 claim 一樣直接使用「主詞 + report + to V」表示「某人宣稱自己……」。
正確句型如下:
- She claimed to be creative.
她聲稱自己很有創意。 - She reported that she was creative.
她報告/表示自己很有創意。 - She reported herself to be creative.
她表示自己很有創意。 - She was reported to be creative.
據報導她很有創意。
因此,題目的 she reported to be 缺少必要的受詞 herself,造成句型錯誤。若要表達「她所聲稱的自己」,應改為:
the creative, driven and down-to-earth person she claimed to be
若要保留 report,可改為:
the creative, driven and down-to-earth person she reported herself to be
選項分析
(A) already-brimming schedule
brimming 意為「裝滿的、充滿的」,常見搭配為:
a schedule brimming with appointments
排滿約會的行程
already-brimming 作為複合形容詞修飾 schedule,表示「已經排得滿滿的行程」,語意與文法皆可成立。複合形容詞中的 already-brimming 使用連字號也正確。
第 33 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
Without scholarships, student athletes often have to make the difficulty choice of athletics or academics, and many of them concentrate on the former; as a result, their grades tend to suffer.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 詞性辨識:形容詞與名詞的使用。
- 固定搭配:
make a difficult choice。 - 代名詞指涉與上下文語意。
句中 choice 是名詞,前面需要形容詞修飾。表示「困難的選擇」應使用形容詞 difficult,而非名詞 difficulty。
difficult:困難的(形容詞)difficulty:困難、難度(名詞)
因此,make the difficulty choice 應改為:
make the difficult choice
或更完整自然地寫成:
make the difficult choice between athletics and academics
解題方法
先找出句子的主要結構:
Without scholarships, student athletes often have to make the difficulty choice of athletics or academics, and many of them concentrate on the former; as a result, their grades tend to suffer.
句意為:如果沒有獎學金,學生運動員常常必須在運動與學業之間做出艱難的選擇;許多人集中於前者,因此他們的成績往往受到影響。
判斷畫線部分時,可觀察 choice 前面的修飾語:
make the difficulty choice
choice 是名詞,修飾名詞的詞應為形容詞;difficulty 是名詞,不能直接作為此處的形容詞使用。正確形式是:
make the difficult choice
所以錯誤位於 (C)。
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
student athletes often have to make the difficulty choice of athletics or academics
翻譯:學生運動員常常必須在運動與學業之間做出艱難的選擇。
其中 difficulty choice 的詞性搭配錯誤,應改為:
student athletes often have to make the difficult choice of athletics or academics
翻譯:學生運動員常常必須在運動與學業之間做出艱難的選擇。
選項分析
(A) Without scholarships
without 是介系詞,表示「沒有、缺乏」,後面接名詞 scholarships,文法正確。
scholarship:獎學金without scholarships:沒有獎學金的情況下
此片語作為句首條件或背景狀況的介系詞片語,修飾後面的完整句子,使用正確。
(B) student athletes
student athletes 是複合名詞,指「學生運動員」。此處作主詞,後接複數動詞片語:
student athletes often have to make ...
athletes 為複數,因此使用 have to 正確,而非 has to。
此選項沒有錯誤。
(C) make the difficulty choice
第 34 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
Eva was the less talented native speaker of Chinese I had ever met before I became her advisor twelve years ago.
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核心觀念
本題考「比較級與最高級」以及「最高級句型」:
- 比較級:比較兩者,常用
less + 形容詞 + than,意為「較不……」。 - 最高級:三者以上或一群人事物中程度最低者,使用
the least + 形容詞,意為「最不……」。 - 常見句型:
the + 最高級 + 名詞 + 主詞 + have/has/had ever + 過去分詞
例如:
the least talented speaker I had ever met
意為「我曾經遇過最沒有天分的講者」。
解題方法
先找出句子的核心結構:
Eva was the less talented native speaker of Chinese I had ever met before I became her advisor twelve years ago.
在十二年前我成為 Eva 的指導老師以前,Eva 是我曾經遇過最沒有天分的中文母語者。
其中:
- 主詞:
Eva - 動詞:
was - 主詞補語:
the less talented native speaker of Chinese - 關係子句:
I had ever met - 時間副詞子句:
before I became her advisor twelve years ago
I had ever met 修飾前面的 native speaker,表示「我曾經遇過的……」。由於句意是在一群曾遇過的人中,指出程度最低的一位,必須使用最高級 the least talented,不能使用比較級 the less talented。
修正後為:
Eva was the least talented native speaker of Chinese I had ever met before I became her advisor twelve years ago.
選項分析
(A) the less talented:錯誤
less talented 是比較級,通常用於兩者比較,常搭配 than:
Eva was less talented than Mary.
Eva 比 Mary 沒有天分。
本句沒有比較兩個特定對象,而是表示 Eva 是「我曾經遇過的人當中最沒有天分的一位」,因此應改為最高級:
the least talented
所以官方答案為 (A)。
(B) native speaker of Chinese:正確
native speaker of Chinese 意為「中文母語者」,文法結構正確:
native speaker:母語者of Chinese:中文的、以中文為母語的
第 35 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
In crowded, seethe India, strains of tuberculosis that are resistant to all known TB drugs have emerged.
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核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 分詞作形容詞的用法。
- 句子主要結構與主詞、動詞的一致性。
- 形容詞並列修飾名詞時的語意判斷。
題幹句子為:
In crowded, seethe India, strains of tuberculosis that are resistant to all known TB drugs have emerged.
正確應改為:
In crowded, seething India, strains of tuberculosis that are resistant to all known TB drugs have emerged.
其中 seething 是現在分詞,作形容詞修飾 India。
解題方法
先找句子的主要結構:
- 地點副詞片語:In crowded, seething India
- 主詞:strains of tuberculosis
- 關係子句:that are resistant to all known TB drugs
- 主要動詞:have emerged
句意為:
在人口擁擠、局勢沸騰的印度,已經出現了對所有已知結核病藥物都具有抗藥性的結核菌株。
觀察 crowded, seethe India:
- crowded 是形容詞,可修飾 India。
- seethe 是動詞原形,不能直接與形容詞 crowded 並列修飾名詞 India。
- 此處需要另一個形容詞,因此應使用現在分詞 seething。
seething 原本是動詞 seethe 的現在分詞,亦可作形容詞,表示「沸騰的、激烈動盪的、充滿不安的」。
因此錯誤在 (B) seethe。
選項分析
(A) crowded:正確
crowded 是形容詞,表示「擁擠的、人口密集的」,可修飾 India:
crowded India
此處與 seething 並列,形成兩個形容詞共同修飾 India:
crowded, seething India
所以 crowded 本身沒有錯誤。
(B) seethe:錯誤
seethe 是動詞原形,意思是「沸騰、翻騰;充滿怒氣或不安」。在本句中,它位於名詞 India 前方,必須作為形容詞修飾 India,不能使用動詞原形。
應改為現在分詞形容詞:
seething India
因此:
In crowded, seething India
才符合文法與語意。
(C) strains of tuberculosis:正確
strains 是 strain 的複數,表示「菌株、品系」。在本句中,主詞是:
strains of tuberculosis
第 36 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
The columbine flower, is native to nearly all of the United States, can be raised from seed in almost any garden.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 非限定關係子句的使用。
- 逗號與關係代名詞的搭配。
be native to片語的正確用法。- 被動語態
be raised from seed。
題幹中的主詞是:
The columbine flower
後面的 can be raised 是主要動詞,因此 is native to nearly all of the United States 若要插入主句中,必須形成完整的非限定關係子句:
The columbine flower, which is native to nearly all of the United States, can be raised from seed...
原句在 The columbine flower 後加逗號,卻直接接 is native,缺少關係代名詞 which,造成句法結構錯誤。因此依官方答案,錯誤部分為 (B)。
題幹定位與翻譯
錯誤句:
The columbine flower, is native to nearly all of the United States, can be raised from seed in almost any garden.
正確句型應為:
The columbine flower, which is native to nearly all of the United States, can be raised from seed in almost any garden.
翻譯:
耧斗菜花原產於美國幾乎所有地區,可以在幾乎任何花園中由種子培育。
其中 which is native to nearly all of the United States 是補充說明 The columbine flower 的非限定關係子句。
解題方法
先找主要句子的主詞與主要動詞:
- 主詞:
The columbine flower - 主要動詞:
can be raised
兩者之間的 is native to nearly all of the United States 被兩個逗號夾住,顯然是插入性的補充說明。這種補充說明若具有動詞,必須使用完整的關係子句:
因此應改成:
The columbine flower, which is native to nearly all of the United States, can be raised from seed...
也可刪除逗號,改寫成限定關係子句:
The columbine flower that is native to nearly all of the United States can be raised from seed...
原句既有逗號,又沒有 which,所以錯誤集中在 (B) 所代表的動詞片語位置。
選項分析
(A) The columbine flower
columbine flower 是名詞片語,作為全句主詞,形式正確。
第 37 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
In aging societies, especially in Europe and Japan, youth unemployment makes the burden of funding health care and pensions for retirees even heavier, since the number of taxpaid workers is curtailed and the cost of benefits that governments must provide increases.
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題意與原文定位
題目要求找出含有 faulty English 的畫線部分。關鍵句為:
since the number of taxpaid workers is curtailed and the cost of benefits that governments must provide increases.
意為:
因為繳稅工作人口減少,而政府必須提供的福利成本上升。
本題主要考查:
- 主詞與動詞的搭配
- 被動語態與動詞語意
the number of + 複數名詞的主詞判斷since A and B的平行結構- 重要字彙
curtail、benefit、retiree
核心觀念
curtail 是及物動詞,意為「縮減、削減、縮短」,通常需要一個明確的受詞,例如:
- curtail government spending:削減政府支出
- curtail the number of workers:削減工作人口數
- curtail benefits:削減福利
題目中的 the number of taxpaid workers is curtailed 將 the number of taxpaid workers 作為 curtail 的被動受詞,雖然形式上符合被動語態,但官方答案認為此處動詞使用不當。工作人口數在此語境應表達「減少、下降」,較自然的寫法是:
the number of taxpaying workers declinesthe number of taxpaying workers decreasesthe number of taxpaying workers is reduced
因此依官方公布答案,錯誤部分為 (D) is curtailed。
解題方法
先找主句與 since 所引導的原因副詞子句:
主句:
youth unemployment makes the burden ... even heavier
原因子句:
since the number of taxpaid workers is curtailed and the cost ... increases
since 子句中有兩個並列成分:
the number of taxpaid workers is curtailedthe cost of benefits ... increases
兩者皆為完整子句,形式上分別為:
- 主詞 + 被動動詞
- 主詞 + 主動動詞
接著判斷動詞是否符合語意。句意是「繳稅工作人口減少」,不是「有人削減工作人口數」。官方命題將 curtailed 視為搭配不當,故選 D。
較佳改寫為:
since the number of taxpaying workers decreases and the cost of benefits that governments must provide increases.
或:
since the number of taxpaying workers is reduced and the cost of benefits that governments must provide increases.
選項分析
(A) In aging societies
in aging societies 是介系詞片語,作為句首背景狀語,意為「在高齡化社會中」。
aging societies:高齡化社會especially in Europe and Japan:尤其在歐洲和日本
此片語修飾整個句子,位置與語意皆正確,沒有文法錯誤。
(B) makes the burden of funding health care and pensions for retirees even heavier
本句主詞為 youth unemployment,單數不可數名詞,故使用單數動詞 makes 正確。
結構如下:
make + O + C:使某物成為某種狀態makes the burden ... heavier:使負擔變得更沉重
其中:
the burden of funding ...:負擔的核心名詞為burdenfunding health care and pensions:負擔醫療照護與退休金的籌措for retirees:給退休人士的
第 38 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
Much of what we’re seeing might well be the tumult that accompany the end of decades of tyranny and the rise of long-suppressed forces, but it raises the question.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 情態助動詞與動詞原形的搭配。
- 關係代名詞
that所指先行詞與動詞的主動詞一致。 - 代名詞
it的指涉與句意連貫。 might well be、raise the question等片語的用法。
題幹關鍵句為:
Much of what we’re seeing might well be the tumult that accompany the end of decades of tyranny and the rise of long-suppressed forces, but it raises the question.
可譯為:
我們目前所看到的許多現象,很可能是數十年暴政結束以及長期受到壓抑的勢力崛起所伴隨的動盪,但這也引發了一個問題。
依高雄醫學大學官方公布答案,本題錯誤處判定為 (B)。
解題方法
先將句子拆成主要結構:
- 主詞:
Much of what we’re seeing - 動詞:
might well be - 主詞補語:
the tumult - 關係子句:
that accompany the end ... - 對等子句:
but it raises the question
依官方答案,命題者將 might well be 視為錯誤,應改為:
might well have been
也就是認為此處所描述的是「已經發生過的動盪」,需要使用完成式表達「可能曾經是」。
不過,從標準英文文法與語意來看,might well be 本身是正確且自然的用法,意思是「很可能是」。而且句中使用 what we’re seeing,表示「我們現在所看到的」,與現在式 be 可以相互配合。
此外,(C) 的 that accompany 有明顯的主詞動詞一致錯誤:that 指的是單數名詞 the tumult,因此應改為 accompanies。因此,本題官方答案與標準文法之間存在爭議。
選項分析
(A) Much of what we’re seeing
what we’re seeing 是名詞子句,意思是「我們所看到的事物或現象」。其中:
what= 「……的事物」we’re seeing=we are seeing,現在進行式,表示「我們目前正在看到」
Much of what we’re seeing 的意思是「我們所看到的許多部分/許多現象」,文法上可以作為單數概念使用,搭配單數動詞並無問題。
因此,(A) 正確。
(B) might well be
might well + 原形動詞 是常見句型,表示「很可能……」「完全有可能……」。
例如:
He might well be right.
他很可能是對的。
因此:
might well be the tumult
可理解為「很可能是這場動盪」。
依官方答案,B 被判定為錯誤,命題者應是認為此處應改成:
might well have been
表示「可能曾經是這場動盪」。
然而,題句中的 what we’re seeing 是現在進行式,說明說話者正在觀察眼前的現象,因此 might well be 在語意與文法上都可以成立。若要表達「過去曾經是」,前文通常也應有明確的過去時間或完成式語境。
所以,依官方答案選 B;但就標準英文判斷,B 並非明顯錯誤。
(C) the tumult that accompany
that 引導關係子句,代替前面的先行詞 the tumult。tumult 是不可數且視為單數的名詞,意思是「動亂、騷動、混亂」。
因此,關係子句中的動詞必須使用第三人稱單數:
第 39 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
Studies in other countries, including India’s neighbor Pakistan, show that getting the private sector involved is key to increase the number of TB cases that get diagnosed.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 關係子句與分詞片語的使用。
- 被動語態:
be/get + 過去分詞。 the number of + 複數名詞的語意。key to後接動名詞的慣用結構。
題幹句意為:
Studies in other countries, including India’s neighbor Pakistan, show that getting the private sector involved is key to increase the number of TB cases that get diagnosed.
翻譯:
包括印度鄰國巴基斯坦在內,其他國家的研究顯示,讓民營部門參與,是增加被診斷出來的結核病病例數的關鍵。
依高雄醫學大學官方公布答案,本題錯誤部分為 (E)。
關鍵單字與片語
study:研究including:包括neighbor:鄰國;鄰近國家get involved:參與、涉入private sector:民營部門、私人企業部門be key to:是……的關鍵increase:增加TB:肺結核,tuberculosis 的縮寫case:病例diagnose:診斷get diagnosed:被診斷出來
解題方法
先找出主要句型:
Studies show that ...
其中:
- 主詞:
Studies in other countries - 動詞:
show that引導受詞子句:
getting the private sector involved is key to increase the number of TB cases that get diagnosed
including India’s neighbor Pakistan 是插入的分詞片語,用來補充說明有哪些國家;getting the private sector involved 是動名詞片語,整體作為 is 的主詞。
判斷錯誤時,應逐段檢查:
- 主詞與動詞是否一致;
- 修飾語是否修飾正確;
- 被動語態是否完整;
- 名詞與關係子句是否符合正式書面英文的表達習慣。
官方答案將問題定位在:
the number of TB cases that get diagnosed
正式、精簡的表達應改為:
the number of TB cases diagnosed
或:
the number of TB cases that are diagnosed
因此依官方解答,(E) 中的 that get diagnosed 應改為較正式的 diagnosed 或 that are diagnosed。
選項分析
(A) Studies in other countries
Studies 是複數主詞,後面的主要動詞使用 show,主詞動詞一致,文法正確。
in other countries 是介系詞片語,修飾 Studies,表示「其他國家的研究」,使用正確。
(B) including India’s neighbor Pakistan
including ... 是分詞片語,補充說明 other countries 的內容。
India’s neighbor Pakistan 中:
India’s neighbor:印度的鄰國Pakistan:對前面名詞的同位語補充說明
整體意思是「包括印度的鄰國巴基斯坦」,結構正確。
(C) getting the private sector involved
get + 受詞 + 過去分詞 表示「使某人或某事處於某種狀態」。
例如:
第 40 題1 分
For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
Once a week, patients who have tried and failing to treat their tuberculosis line up, frustrated and frightened, outside his small office.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
題幹定位與句意
題幹關鍵句:
Once a week, patients who have tried and failing to treat their tuberculosis line up, frustrated and frightened, outside his small office.
翻譯:
每週一次,那些曾嘗試治療自己肺結核、卻治療失敗的病人,既沮喪又害怕地排隊在他的小診所外。
關鍵單字與片語:
- once a week:每週一次
- patient:病人
- try to V:試著做……
- fail to V:未能做……
- treat:治療
- tuberculosis:肺結核
- line up:排隊
- frustrated:感到挫折的、沮喪的
- frightened:害怕的
- outside:在……外面
- office:診所、辦公室
核心觀念
本題考的是:
- 關係子句中的動詞形式。
- 平行結構(parallel structure)。
- 分詞片語作補充說明。
- 現在完成式與過去分詞的搭配。
主詞為 patients,其後的關係代名詞 who 代替 patients,形成關係子句:
who have tried and failing to treat their tuberculosis
其中 have tried 是現在完成式,結構為:
若 and 連接兩個並列動詞,兩者應維持形式一致。因此:
have tried and failing
把現在完成式中的過去分詞 tried 和現在分詞 failing 並列,形式不平行,造成文法錯誤。
解題方法
先找出句子的主要結構:
- 時間副詞:Once a week
- 主詞:patients
- 修飾 patients 的關係子句:who have tried and failing to treat their tuberculosis
- 主要動詞:line up
- 補充說明主詞狀態的分詞片語:frustrated and frightened
- 地點副詞:outside his small office
接著檢查關係子句中的動詞。句型應為:
patients who have tried and failed to treat their tuberculosis
其中 have tried 與 failed 共同受到現在完成式助動詞 have 支配:
完整結構是:
patients who have tried and failed to treat their tuberculosis
意思是「曾經嘗試治療肺結核但未能成功的病人」。
因此,failing 應改為過去分詞 failed。
選項分析
(A) have tried
have tried 為現在完成式,主詞 who 代替複數名詞 patients,使用 have 正確。
第 41 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scuba diving has never been easy for me. When I was in fifth grade, the father of one of my classmates died in a scuba-diving accident. His death, along with the scenes I had watched in James Bond’s movies of men left to drown hundreds of feet under water with severed air tubes, did not give me the impression that scuba diving was a safe sport. However, in eighth grade, my father asked me if I would take scuba-diving classes with him. Although I was reluctant, the important consideration was that he would be there to support me and that we would do it together. It seemed that as I grew older, we spent less time together. I wanted this opportunity to be with him.
After hours of pool work and classes, I was ready to go for my certification. My first problem was getting to the dive site. I have a slight fear of boats, which probably stems from my first boat ride, during which I developed a major case of seasickness.
This was a small obstacle compared to what was about to come. I spent the first fifteen minutes of the dive standing on the rocking deck of the dive boat, staring at the rough ocean, weak with fear. I was only able to dive into the water after a good pep talk from both my father and my dive master. I repeated the word “relax” to myself over and over and plunged in.
Even now, after five years of scuba diving, I still feel a little uneasy before submerging. However, once I have taken a deep breath and broken the surface of the water, curiosity and astonishment at the variety on the ocean floor calm my apprehensions. No sounds or disturbances break the perfect tranquility. Enormous purple fans wave in the current, and orange and red sponges jut out of the coral like poppies in the meadow. When I am underwater, I can hover above the colorful, craggy coral, flying like Superman, watching schools of fish dart around in search of food, oblivious to my presence. Underwater, I am able to leave behind my worries and observe the peaceful beauty of nature.
The experience does not end with my surfacing but continues with the stories my father, the other divers, and I tell afterward. There is a high level of camaraderie among all divers. We sit around like old pirates in a dank tavern, laughing as we talk about the stingrays who search for food in our hair (an experience that was once described as “like being mugged by E.T.”) or about the dive master who found a bicycle down by one of the wrecks and started to ride it around. My fellow divers do not know that I have not yet left behind my fears of diving, because once I submerge, I inhabit a different world with them.
Like learning to scuba dive, learning to read was also not easy for me. Most early-reading programs rely heavily on the teaching of phonetics. However, I have a learning disability that makes understanding sound/symbol relationships difficult. This made learning to read through the use of phonetics impossible. I was lucky, however, because I was accepted into Fenn School’s Intensive Language Program. For two years (fourth and fifth grades), six other boys and I worked together, learning how to compensate for our learning differences. In this class, I developed a trait that I am very proud of: the ability to work hard—not only in my studies, but in everything I do.
But continuing even when the waters were rough, and drawing on the support of my parents and teachers, I learned to read and found an amazing world opened to me. Just as my fellow divers do not know that I am anxious about scuba diving, most of my classmates do not know that I have a learning disability. They just think that I am a diligent worker, but I know that, as with scuba diving, there is a lot more to the story.
The author found, initially, scuba diving neither fun nor safe because of all of the following reasons except _____.
(A) the accident that claimed the life of a classmate’s father
(B) the seasickness he suffered during his first boat ride
(C) the drowning scenes presented in James Bond movies
(D) the rough ocean he saw before diving into water
(E) the companionship he shared with fellow divers
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節辨識」與「時間順序判讀」。題目問:
The author found, initially, scuba diving neither fun nor safe because of all of the following reasons except _____.
關鍵在於 initially(起初、最初)與 except(除了……之外)。解題時要找出文章前半段提到的「最初害怕、不認為潛水安全」的原因,再找出沒有被列為初期原因的選項。
文章中明確提到:
His death, along with the scenes I had watched in James Bond’s movies of men left to drown hundreds of feet under water with severed air tubes, did not give me the impression that scuba diving was a safe sport.
翻譯:
「他的死亡,以及我在詹姆士・龐德電影中看過那些氣管被切斷、被留在水下數百英尺處溺水的人,讓我不覺得水肺潛水是一項安全的運動。」
此外,作者也提到自己害怕乘船、曾經暈船,並在潛水前因海面洶湧而感到恐懼。
解題方法
依照文章發展順序整理作者對潛水的負面印象:
- 同學的父親死於潛水意外。
- 電影中出現潛水者被留在水下溺水的畫面。
- 作者第一次搭船時嚴重暈船,因此害怕船。
- 正式潛水前,作者站在搖晃的船甲板上,看著洶湧海面而感到害怕。
這些都屬於作者起初對潛水的恐懼來源。至於與其他潛水者相處的情誼,出現在文章後段,且是潛水帶來的正面經驗,不是作者最初害怕潛水的原因。
關鍵單字與片語
- scuba diving:水肺潛水
- accident:意外事故
- claim someone’s life:奪走某人的生命
- give someone the impression that...:使某人產生……的印象
- safe sport:安全的運動
- reluctant:不情願的、勉強的
- seasickness:暈船
- obstacle:障礙
- rocking deck:搖晃的甲板
- rough ocean:洶湧的海面
- pep talk:鼓勵、打氣
- plunge into the water:跳入水中
- submerge:潛入水中
- unease:不安
- apprehension:憂慮、恐懼
- camaraderie:情誼、同志情誼
- fellow divers:同伴潛水者、其他潛水者
文法與語意重點
- along with A
表示「和 A 一起、連同 A」。句中:
His death, along with the scenes ... did not give me the impression...
主詞核心是 His death,而 along with the scenes 是附加資訊,意思是「他的死亡連同電影中的畫面」。
-
be left to drown
是被動結構,表示「被留下而溺水」。
其中left是「留下」,to drown表示留下後所造成的結果。 -
stem from
表示「源自於」。文章中:
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scuba diving has never been easy for me. When I was in fifth grade, the father of one of my classmates died in a scuba-diving accident. His death, along with the scenes I had watched in James Bond’s movies of men left to drown hundreds of feet under water with severed air tubes, did not give me the impression that scuba diving was a safe sport. However, in eighth grade, my father asked me if I would take scuba-diving classes with him. Although I was reluctant, the important consideration was that he would be there to support me and that we would do it together. It seemed that as I grew older, we spent less time together. I wanted this opportunity to be with him.
After hours of pool work and classes, I was ready to go for my certification. My first problem was getting to the dive site. I have a slight fear of boats, which probably stems from my first boat ride, during which I developed a major case of seasickness.
This was a small obstacle compared to what was about to come. I spent the first fifteen minutes of the dive standing on the rocking deck of the dive boat, staring at the rough ocean, weak with fear. I was only able to dive into the water after a good pep talk from both my father and my dive master. I repeated the word “relax” to myself over and over and plunged in.
Even now, after five years of scuba diving, I still feel a little uneasy before submerging. However, once I have taken a deep breath and broken the surface of the water, curiosity and astonishment at the variety on the ocean floor calm my apprehensions. No sounds or disturbances break the perfect tranquility. Enormous purple fans wave in the current, and orange and red sponges jut out of the coral like poppies in the meadow. When I am underwater, I can hover above the colorful, craggy coral, flying like Superman, watching schools of fish dart around in search of food, oblivious to my presence. Underwater, I am able to leave behind my worries and observe the peaceful beauty of nature.
The experience does not end with my surfacing but continues with the stories my father, the other divers, and I tell afterward. There is a high level of camaraderie among all divers. We sit around like old pirates in a dank tavern, laughing as we talk about the stingrays who search for food in our hair (an experience that was once described as “like being mugged by E.T.”) or about the dive master who found a bicycle down by one of the wrecks and started to ride it around. My fellow divers do not know that I have not yet left behind my fears of diving, because once I submerge, I inhabit a different world with them.
Like learning to scuba dive, learning to read was also not easy for me. Most early-reading programs rely heavily on the teaching of phonetics. However, I have a learning disability that makes understanding sound/symbol relationships difficult. This made learning to read through the use of phonetics impossible. I was lucky, however, because I was accepted into Fenn School’s Intensive Language Program. For two years (fourth and fifth grades), six other boys and I worked together, learning how to compensate for our learning differences. In this class, I developed a trait that I am very proud of: the ability to work hard—not only in my studies, but in everything I do.
But continuing even when the waters were rough, and drawing on the support of my parents and teachers, I learned to read and found an amazing world opened to me. Just as my fellow divers do not know that I am anxious about scuba diving, most of my classmates do not know that I have a learning disability. They just think that I am a diligent worker, but I know that, as with scuba diving, there is a lot more to the story.
Which of the following best describes the author?
(A) a fast learner
(B) a diligent student
(C) a reluctant worker
(D) a low achiever
(E) an ambitious diver
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者特質判斷」。解題重點不是只看作者表面上害怕 scuba diving 或 learning to read,而是要找出文章反覆強調的性格特徵與中心對比。
文章將兩件事並列:
- 學習 scuba diving:雖然害怕,仍在父親與教練支持下完成訓練。
- 學習閱讀:雖有 learning disability,仍努力克服困難,最後學會閱讀。
因此,作者最突出的特質是「勤奮、願意努力、不輕易放棄」,對應 a diligent student。
解題方法
先定位文章直接描述作者性格的句子:
In this class, I developed a trait that I am very proud of: the ability to work hard—not only in my studies, but in everything I do.
翻譯:
「在這個班級裡,我培養出一項令我非常自豪的特質:努力工作的能力——不只是在學業上,而是在我所做的一切事情上。」
文章結尾又再次呼應:
They just think that I am a diligent worker, but I know that, as with scuba diving, there is a lot more to the story.
翻譯:
「他們只認為我是個勤奮努力的人,但我知道,正如 scuba diving 一樣,事情背後還有更多故事。」
這兩句明確指出作者的核心特質是 work hard 與 diligent。作者確實有害怕與學習障礙,但這些是作者必須克服的困難,不是作者的主要性格標籤。
語意與文法重點
1. diligent
diligent:勤奮的、用功的、努力不懈的。
- a diligent student:勤奮的學生
- a diligent worker:勤奮工作的人的
題目選項 B 將文章結尾的 diligent worker 轉換成 diligent student,符合作者在學習閱讀與學業上的表現。
2. learning disability
learning disability:學習障礙。
作者因為學習障礙而難以理解 phonetics 中的聲音與符號關係:
I have a learning disability that makes understanding sound/symbol relationships difficult.
翻譯:
「我有學習障礙,使我很難理解聲音與符號之間的關係。」
但作者沒有因此放棄,而是透過 Intensive Language Program 學習補償方法,並培養出努力工作的能力。
3. even when
I learned to read even when the waters were rough.
文中實際意思是即使面對困難,仍持續努力。even when 表示「即使在……時」,常用來表達逆境中的堅持。
4. draw on
drawing on the support of my parents and teachers
draw on:利用、依靠某種資源。
此處指作者依靠父母與老師的支持來克服閱讀障礙。
5. not only A but B
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scuba diving has never been easy for me. When I was in fifth grade, the father of one of my classmates died in a scuba-diving accident. His death, along with the scenes I had watched in James Bond’s movies of men left to drown hundreds of feet under water with severed air tubes, did not give me the impression that scuba diving was a safe sport. However, in eighth grade, my father asked me if I would take scuba-diving classes with him. Although I was reluctant, the important consideration was that he would be there to support me and that we would do it together. It seemed that as I grew older, we spent less time together. I wanted this opportunity to be with him.
After hours of pool work and classes, I was ready to go for my certification. My first problem was getting to the dive site. I have a slight fear of boats, which probably stems from my first boat ride, during which I developed a major case of seasickness.
This was a small obstacle compared to what was about to come. I spent the first fifteen minutes of the dive standing on the rocking deck of the dive boat, staring at the rough ocean, weak with fear. I was only able to dive into the water after a good pep talk from both my father and my dive master. I repeated the word “relax” to myself over and over and plunged in.
Even now, after five years of scuba diving, I still feel a little uneasy before submerging. However, once I have taken a deep breath and broken the surface of the water, curiosity and astonishment at the variety on the ocean floor calm my apprehensions. No sounds or disturbances break the perfect tranquility. Enormous purple fans wave in the current, and orange and red sponges jut out of the coral like poppies in the meadow. When I am underwater, I can hover above the colorful, craggy coral, flying like Superman, watching schools of fish dart around in search of food, oblivious to my presence. Underwater, I am able to leave behind my worries and observe the peaceful beauty of nature.
The experience does not end with my surfacing but continues with the stories my father, the other divers, and I tell afterward. There is a high level of camaraderie among all divers. We sit around like old pirates in a dank tavern, laughing as we talk about the stingrays who search for food in our hair (an experience that was once described as “like being mugged by E.T.”) or about the dive master who found a bicycle down by one of the wrecks and started to ride it around. My fellow divers do not know that I have not yet left behind my fears of diving, because once I submerge, I inhabit a different world with them.
Like learning to scuba dive, learning to read was also not easy for me. Most early-reading programs rely heavily on the teaching of phonetics. However, I have a learning disability that makes understanding sound/symbol relationships difficult. This made learning to read through the use of phonetics impossible. I was lucky, however, because I was accepted into Fenn School’s Intensive Language Program. For two years (fourth and fifth grades), six other boys and I worked together, learning how to compensate for our learning differences. In this class, I developed a trait that I am very proud of: the ability to work hard—not only in my studies, but in everything I do.
But continuing even when the waters were rough, and drawing on the support of my parents and teachers, I learned to read and found an amazing world opened to me. Just as my fellow divers do not know that I am anxious about scuba diving, most of my classmates do not know that I have a learning disability. They just think that I am a diligent worker, but I know that, as with scuba diving, there is a lot more to the story.
What can be safely inferred from the passage?
(A) The author goes to movies from time to time and enjoys storytelling.
(B) The author takes great pride in himself for he is now a speed reader.
(C) Though a single parent, the author’s father is very caring and supportive.
(D) The Fenn School’s Intensive Language Program is an honor program for elite students.
(E) People with a learning disability inhabit a totally different world unless they go underwater.
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的安全推論」(safe inference)。答案不能只看單一句子的表面意思,也不能加入文章沒有提供的資訊;必須由文中兩處以上的明確敘述合理推出。
判斷原則如下:
- 文章明確說出的內容,可以直接判定。
- 由文中資訊自然推導出的內容,可以判定。
- 選項若加入文章未提及的細節,或把部分正確內容擴張成錯誤結論,不能選。
本題文章有兩條主要線索:
- 作者原本害怕 scuba diving,但在父親支持下克服恐懼。
- 作者有學習障礙,閱讀學習不易,後來靠努力與師長支持學會閱讀。
解題方法
先掌握文章主旨,再逐一檢查選項是否符合全文。
文章的主要轉折是:
- 作者因童年看過意外與電影場景,認為水肺潛水不安全。
- 父親邀請他一起上課,作者因珍惜與父親相處的機會而接受。
- 作者雖然潛水前仍感到不安,但下水後能享受海底世界。
- 作者將學習潛水與學習閱讀相互類比,說明自己面對學習障礙時,也靠努力及父母、老師的支持克服困難。
因此,正確選項應該是能由文章直接或合理推導出的敘述,不能添加「單親」「速讀者」「菁英課程」等文中沒有的資訊。
關鍵單字與片語
- scuba diving:水肺潛水
- accident:意外事故
- severed air tubes:被切斷的空氣管
- reluctant:不情願的、猶豫的
- consideration:考量
- certification:資格認證
- dive site:潛水地點
- seasickness:暈船
- obstacle:障礙
- rocking deck:搖晃的甲板
- pep talk:鼓舞士氣的談話、打氣
- plunge in:跳入、投入水中
- uneasy:不安的
- submerge:潛入水中
- astonishment:驚訝、驚奇
- apprehension:憂慮、不安
- tranquility:寧靜
- jut out:突出
- hover above:盤旋、懸浮於……上方
- oblivious to:未察覺、不注意
- camaraderie:友情、同志情誼
- dank tavern:潮濕陰暗的酒館
- learning disability:學習障礙
- phonetics:語音學;自然發音教學
- compensate for:彌補、補償
- diligent worker:勤奮的人
- draw on:利用、借助
- open an amazing world:開啟一個奇妙的世界
文法與語意重點
Although I was reluctant, ...
Although 引導讓步副詞子句,表示「雖然……但是……」。作者雖然不情願,仍因父親陪伴而接受課程。
It seemed that as I grew older, we spent less time together.
as I grew older 表示「隨著我長大」;作者感受到與父親相處的時間逐漸減少。
once I have taken a deep breath and broken the surface of the water
once 表示「一……就……」。break the surface of the water 指突破水面、下潛進入水中。
Just as ..., most of ...
Just as 表示「正如……一樣」,作者把潛水時隱藏的不安,類比為同學不知道他的學習障礙。
drawing on the support of my parents and teachers
drawing on 在此為現在分詞片語,修飾前面的主句,表示「借助父母與老師的支持」。
定位答案的關鍵句
文章提到:
“His death, along with the scenes I had watched in James Bond’s movies ... did not give me the impression that scuba diving was a safe sport.”
翻譯:
「他的死亡,加上我在詹姆士・龐德電影中看過的場景,使我沒有留下水肺潛水是一項安全運動的印象。」
這句明確表示作者曾觀看 James Bond 的電影。
文章又提到:
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scuba diving has never been easy for me. When I was in fifth grade, the father of one of my classmates died in a scuba-diving accident. His death, along with the scenes I had watched in James Bond’s movies of men left to drown hundreds of feet under water with severed air tubes, did not give me the impression that scuba diving was a safe sport. However, in eighth grade, my father asked me if I would take scuba-diving classes with him. Although I was reluctant, the important consideration was that he would be there to support me and that we would do it together. It seemed that as I grew older, we spent less time together. I wanted this opportunity to be with him.
After hours of pool work and classes, I was ready to go for my certification. My first problem was getting to the dive site. I have a slight fear of boats, which probably stems from my first boat ride, during which I developed a major case of seasickness.
This was a small obstacle compared to what was about to come. I spent the first fifteen minutes of the dive standing on the rocking deck of the dive boat, staring at the rough ocean, weak with fear. I was only able to dive into the water after a good pep talk from both my father and my dive master. I repeated the word “relax” to myself over and over and plunged in.
Even now, after five years of scuba diving, I still feel a little uneasy before submerging. However, once I have taken a deep breath and broken the surface of the water, curiosity and astonishment at the variety on the ocean floor calm my apprehensions. No sounds or disturbances break the perfect tranquility. Enormous purple fans wave in the current, and orange and red sponges jut out of the coral like poppies in the meadow. When I am underwater, I can hover above the colorful, craggy coral, flying like Superman, watching schools of fish dart around in search of food, oblivious to my presence. Underwater, I am able to leave behind my worries and observe the peaceful beauty of nature.
The experience does not end with my surfacing but continues with the stories my father, the other divers, and I tell afterward. There is a high level of camaraderie among all divers. We sit around like old pirates in a dank tavern, laughing as we talk about the stingrays who search for food in our hair (an experience that was once described as “like being mugged by E.T.”) or about the dive master who found a bicycle down by one of the wrecks and started to ride it around. My fellow divers do not know that I have not yet left behind my fears of diving, because once I submerge, I inhabit a different world with them.
Like learning to scuba dive, learning to read was also not easy for me. Most early-reading programs rely heavily on the teaching of phonetics. However, I have a learning disability that makes understanding sound/symbol relationships difficult. This made learning to read through the use of phonetics impossible. I was lucky, however, because I was accepted into Fenn School’s Intensive Language Program. For two years (fourth and fifth grades), six other boys and I worked together, learning how to compensate for our learning differences. In this class, I developed a trait that I am very proud of: the ability to work hard—not only in my studies, but in everything I do.
But continuing even when the waters were rough, and drawing on the support of my parents and teachers, I learned to read and found an amazing world opened to me. Just as my fellow divers do not know that I am anxious about scuba diving, most of my classmates do not know that I have a learning disability. They just think that I am a diligent worker, but I know that, as with scuba diving, there is a lot more to the story.
What does the author suggest by juxtaposing scuba diving with reading?
(A) Scuba diving is more challenging than reading.
(B) Scuba divers can be equally motivated to learn phonetics and reading.
(C) He’s conquered personal obstacles in both scuba diving and reading.
(D) Neither scuba diving nor reading can be learned easily by many.
(E) Unless with a group, it’s impossible to overcome a learning disability.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「類比與對照」及作者主旨。文章將兩件事並置:
- 學習 scuba diving(水肺潛水):作者原本害怕水域、船隻與潛水,但在父親及教練支持下克服恐懼。
- 學習 reading(閱讀):作者因 learning disability(學習障礙)難以理解 phonetics(語音學、自然發音),但在父母、教師及同學支持下努力學習,最後學會閱讀。
作者並非表示潛水與閱讀完全相同,而是藉由兩者共同呈現同一項人生經驗:面對個人障礙,持續努力並接受他人支持,最後突破困難。
解題方法
判斷題組末段的總結句:
“But continuing even when the waters were rough, and drawing on the support of my parents and teachers, I learned to read and found an amazing world opened to me.”
翻譯:
「但是,即使水勢洶湧,我仍持續努力,並借助父母與老師的支持;我學會了閱讀,也發現一個奇妙的世界向我敞開。」
句中的 “waters were rough” 表面上指潛水時的艱難情況,實際上也象徵學習閱讀時遭遇的障礙。作者將潛水的恐懼與閱讀的學習障礙相互對照,凸顯自己在兩方面都克服了個人困難。
最直接的定位句是:
“Just as my fellow divers do not know that I am anxious about scuba diving, most of my classmates do not know that I have a learning disability.”
翻譯:
「正如我的潛水同伴不知道我對水肺潛水感到焦慮,我大多數的同學也不知道我有學習障礙。」
此句清楚指出:作者在潛水與閱讀兩方面都具有不易被他人察覺的內在障礙,因此正確答案為「他克服了潛水與閱讀上的個人障礙」。
關鍵單字與片語
- scuba diving:水肺潛水
- reluctant:不情願的
- support:支持
- certification:資格認證
- seasickness:暈船
- obstacle:障礙
- pep talk:鼓勵、打氣的談話
- submerge:潛入水中
- astonishment:驚訝、驚嘆
- apprehension:憂慮、恐懼
- tranquility:寧靜
- camaraderie:同志情誼、同伴間的情誼
- learning disability:學習障礙
- phonetics:語音學;此處指以語音與字母關係教導閱讀的方法
- compensate for:彌補、克服……造成的不利
- diligent:勤奮的
- draw on:利用、借助
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Scuba diving has never been easy for me. When I was in fifth grade, the father of one of my classmates died in a scuba-diving accident. His death, along with the scenes I had watched in James Bond’s movies of men left to drown hundreds of feet under water with severed air tubes, did not give me the impression that scuba diving was a safe sport. However, in eighth grade, my father asked me if I would take scuba-diving classes with him. Although I was reluctant, the important consideration was that he would be there to support me and that we would do it together. It seemed that as I grew older, we spent less time together. I wanted this opportunity to be with him.
After hours of pool work and classes, I was ready to go for my certification. My first problem was getting to the dive site. I have a slight fear of boats, which probably stems from my first boat ride, during which I developed a major case of seasickness.
This was a small obstacle compared to what was about to come. I spent the first fifteen minutes of the dive standing on the rocking deck of the dive boat, staring at the rough ocean, weak with fear. I was only able to dive into the water after a good pep talk from both my father and my dive master. I repeated the word “relax” to myself over and over and plunged in.
Even now, after five years of scuba diving, I still feel a little uneasy before submerging. However, once I have taken a deep breath and broken the surface of the water, curiosity and astonishment at the variety on the ocean floor calm my apprehensions. No sounds or disturbances break the perfect tranquility. Enormous purple fans wave in the current, and orange and red sponges jut out of the coral like poppies in the meadow. When I am underwater, I can hover above the colorful, craggy coral, flying like Superman, watching schools of fish dart around in search of food, oblivious to my presence. Underwater, I am able to leave behind my worries and observe the peaceful beauty of nature.
The experience does not end with my surfacing but continues with the stories my father, the other divers, and I tell afterward. There is a high level of camaraderie among all divers. We sit around like old pirates in a dank tavern, laughing as we talk about the stingrays who search for food in our hair (an experience that was once described as “like being mugged by E.T.”) or about the dive master who found a bicycle down by one of the wrecks and started to ride it around. My fellow divers do not know that I have not yet left behind my fears of diving, because once I submerge, I inhabit a different world with them.
Like learning to scuba dive, learning to read was also not easy for me. Most early-reading programs rely heavily on the teaching of phonetics. However, I have a learning disability that makes understanding sound/symbol relationships difficult. This made learning to read through the use of phonetics impossible. I was lucky, however, because I was accepted into Fenn School’s Intensive Language Program. For two years (fourth and fifth grades), six other boys and I worked together, learning how to compensate for our learning differences. In this class, I developed a trait that I am very proud of: the ability to work hard—not only in my studies, but in everything I do.
But continuing even when the waters were rough, and drawing on the support of my parents and teachers, I learned to read and found an amazing world opened to me. Just as my fellow divers do not know that I am anxious about scuba diving, most of my classmates do not know that I have a learning disability. They just think that I am a diligent worker, but I know that, as with scuba diving, there is a lot more to the story.
Once he goes underwater, the author feels all of the following except _____.
(A) amazement
(B) apprehension
(C) peace
(D) curiosity
(E) astonishment
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核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與「語意判斷」。題目問:
Once he goes underwater, the author feels all of the following except _____.
意思是:「作者一進入水下後,感受到下列所有情緒,除了哪一項?」
解題關鍵在於區分:
- 下水前的情緒:緊張、不安、害怕。
- 下水後的情緒:好奇、驚嘆、平靜,以及原先憂慮的消除。
因此,必須找出「下水後沒有感受到」的情緒。
解題方法
直接定位第四段的關鍵句:
However, once I have taken a deep breath and broken the surface of the water, curiosity and astonishment at the variety on the ocean floor calm my apprehensions.
翻譯:
然而,一旦我深吸一口氣、穿過水面,海床上多樣景觀所帶來的好奇與驚嘆,便使我的憂慮平靜下來。
句中明確指出,下水後作者感受到:
- curiosity:好奇
- astonishment:驚嘆
- calm:平靜、安定
後文又寫道:
No sounds or disturbances break the perfect tranquility.
翻譯:
沒有任何聲音或干擾打破這種完美的寧靜。
這支持作者在水下感受到和平、寧靜。至於 apprehension,雖然文章提到作者仍有些不安,但那是在下水前:
Even now, after five years of scuba diving, I still feel a little uneasy before submerging.
翻譯:
即使到了現在,潛水五年後,我在潛入水中前仍然感到有些不安。
下水後,這些 apprehensions 已被好奇與驚嘆安撫,因此不符合題目所問的「once he goes underwater」。
關鍵單字與片語
- go underwater:進入水下、潛入水中
- submerge:浸入水中、潛水
- uneasy:不安的、焦慮的
- apprehension:憂慮、恐懼、不安
- curiosity:好奇心
- astonishment:驚訝、驚嘆
- tranquility:寧靜、平靜
- calm one’s apprehensions:使某人的憂慮平靜下來
- break the surface of the water:穿過水面、進入水下
- variety:多樣性、各式各樣的景觀
- dive into the water:跳入水中
- rough ocean:洶湧的海面
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
But at the time Darwin’s book caused a conceptual earthquake. It wholly decries all ideas, from whatever religion or none, which up to that time had taken it for granted that humankind was special, superior and apart. In the course of doing this, in a book of striking clarity and easy access, Darwin forced a profound rethink of the workings of life, just as Newton’s discoveries forced a rethink of the workings of the universe. It exerted and still exerts a radical impact on scholarship and on all the ramifications of the information society we now acknowledge to be so important. It has had a great influence on political philosophies ever since, often through willful but not altogether blind misunderstanding, for the worse. And it has been seen as the destroyer of the Christian, even the humanitarian and atheistic, justification for morality and ethics.
According to Daniel Dennett, Professor of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, Massachusetts: “If I could give an award for the single best idea anybody ever had, I would give it to Darwin, because his idea just unifies in a stroke these two completely disparate worlds, until then, of the meaningless mechanical physical sciences, astronomy, physics and chemistry on the one side and the world of meaning, culture, art and of course the world of biology. One stroke shows how to unify all the sciences.” Richard Dawkins, the Charles Simonyi Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University, says, “[Darwin] discovered a principle which with hindsight seems enormously simple; it is hard to believe that anybody did not think of it before and yet nobody did, not really.”
In the first paragraph, the word “decries” means _____.
(A) expresses
(B) implements
(C) illustrates
(D) discounts
(E) extols
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核心觀念
本題考查字義判斷,重點是依據上下文判斷 decries 的語意。
decry 為動詞,意為「強烈譴責、抨擊、斥責」,通常帶有負面評價。
題幹描述 Darwin 的著作如何推翻人類「特殊、優越且與其他生物分離」的傳統觀念,因此此處的 decries 必須表達「強烈反對、否定」的意思。
定位原文與翻譯
關鍵句為:
It wholly decries all ideas, from whatever religion or none, which up to that time had taken it for granted that humankind was special, superior and apart.
翻譯:
這本書徹底抨擊了截至當時為止的所有觀念;這些觀念無論來自某種宗教,或根本沒有宗教背景,都理所當然地認為人類是特殊、優越且獨立於其他生物之外的。
其中 decries all ideas 顯示 Darwin 的書對這些觀念採取強烈否定、批判的態度。
解題方法
先辨認句子中的語氣:
- wholly:「完全地、徹底地」
- decries:「強烈抨擊、譴責」
- 後面的 all ideas 是受詞
- 這些觀念主張人類具有特殊地位
「徹底抨擊某些觀念」在選項中最接近「否定、駁斥、不予採信」的 discounts。
此處的 discount 不是名詞「折扣」,而是動詞,表示:
對某事不予重視、低估其價值、否定其可信性
因此答案為 (D) discounts。
選項分析
(A) expresses
express 意為「表達、表示」。
它只表示把想法或情感說出來,沒有「強烈反對、抨擊」的負面語氣。句中強調 Darwin 的著作打破傳統人類中心觀,不能只解釋成「表達所有觀念」,故不適合。
(B) implements
implement 意為「實施、執行、落實」。
通常搭配政策、計畫、方法,例如 implement a policy。觀念不能在此處被「執行」,且句意是批判觀念,不是採取行動落實觀念,故錯誤。
(C) illustrates
illustrate 意為「說明、闡明、舉例證明」。
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
But at the time Darwin’s book caused a conceptual earthquake. It wholly decries all ideas, from whatever religion or none, which up to that time had taken it for granted that humankind was special, superior and apart. In the course of doing this, in a book of striking clarity and easy access, Darwin forced a profound rethink of the workings of life, just as Newton’s discoveries forced a rethink of the workings of the universe. It exerted and still exerts a radical impact on scholarship and on all the ramifications of the information society we now acknowledge to be so important. It has had a great influence on political philosophies ever since, often through willful but not altogether blind misunderstanding, for the worse. And it has been seen as the destroyer of the Christian, even the humanitarian and atheistic, justification for morality and ethics.
According to Daniel Dennett, Professor of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, Massachusetts: “If I could give an award for the single best idea anybody ever had, I would give it to Darwin, because his idea just unifies in a stroke these two completely disparate worlds, until then, of the meaningless mechanical physical sciences, astronomy, physics and chemistry on the one side and the world of meaning, culture, art and of course the world of biology. One stroke shows how to unify all the sciences.” Richard Dawkins, the Charles Simonyi Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University, says, “[Darwin] discovered a principle which with hindsight seems enormously simple; it is hard to believe that anybody did not think of it before and yet nobody did, not really.”
In the first paragraph, the word “ramifications” means _____.
(A) classification
(B) branches
(C) inconsequence
(D) deficits
(E) conundrums
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核心觀念
本題考查字義判讀與語境推論。ramifications 原意是「分枝、分支」,引申為「衍生的影響、各個層面、後續發展」。判斷時須將單字放回句中,觀察它與前後詞語的搭配關係。
關鍵句為:
It exerted and still exerts a radical impact on scholarship and on all the ramifications of the information society we now acknowledge to be so important.
翻譯:
它過去對學術造成巨大影響,直到現在仍然如此;同時也對我們如今認為極其重要的資訊社會各個層面,產生了根本性的衝擊。
句中 all the ramifications of the information society 是指「資訊社會的各個分支、層面及其衍生發展」,故選 branches。
解題方法
先掌握句型:
have an impact on A and B:對 A 與 B 產生影響the ramifications of ...:……所涉及的各個層面/衍生影響
文章談的是 Darwin 的演化論對學術、政治哲學、道德倫理,以及資訊社會等領域的廣泛影響。因此,ramifications 不可能指單一結果,而是指資訊社會中由此延伸出的各個領域與面向。
ramifications 可視為 branches 的引申義:
- 樹木有分枝
- 思想、事件、政策也可有「分支」或「衍生影響」
關鍵單字與片語
conceptual earthquake:概念上的地震;比喻思想界的巨大震撼decry:強烈譴責、抨擊take it for granted:視……為理所當然humankind:人類profound rethink:深刻的重新思考workings:運作方式、運作原理exert an impact on:對……施加影響radical impact:根本性、劇烈的影響
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
But at the time Darwin’s book caused a conceptual earthquake. It wholly decries all ideas, from whatever religion or none, which up to that time had taken it for granted that humankind was special, superior and apart. In the course of doing this, in a book of striking clarity and easy access, Darwin forced a profound rethink of the workings of life, just as Newton’s discoveries forced a rethink of the workings of the universe. It exerted and still exerts a radical impact on scholarship and on all the ramifications of the information society we now acknowledge to be so important. It has had a great influence on political philosophies ever since, often through willful but not altogether blind misunderstanding, for the worse. And it has been seen as the destroyer of the Christian, even the humanitarian and atheistic, justification for morality and ethics.
According to Daniel Dennett, Professor of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, Massachusetts: “If I could give an award for the single best idea anybody ever had, I would give it to Darwin, because his idea just unifies in a stroke these two completely disparate worlds, until then, of the meaningless mechanical physical sciences, astronomy, physics and chemistry on the one side and the world of meaning, culture, art and of course the world of biology. One stroke shows how to unify all the sciences.” Richard Dawkins, the Charles Simonyi Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University, says, “[Darwin] discovered a principle which with hindsight seems enormously simple; it is hard to believe that anybody did not think of it before and yet nobody did, not really.”
According to Daniel Dennett, which of the following best describes Darwin’s contribution to the scholarship?
(A) His idea is the best single idea in the history of natural science.
(B) His idea separates physics from chemistry.
(C) His idea differentiates meaningless world from the meaningful.
(D) His idea unifies what was once taken as two disparate worlds: the meaningless mechanical world and the meaningful cultural one.
(E) His idea crisscrosses the empirical science and social science.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與「同義改寫」。題目要求根據 Daniel Dennett 的說法,判斷 Darwin 對學術研究的主要貢獻。
文中的核心概念是:Darwin 的演化思想將原本被視為彼此分離的兩個領域連結起來:
- 無意義、機械性的物理科學世界:astronomy、physics、chemistry
- 具有意義的文化與生物世界:meaning、culture、art、biology
因此,正確選項必須表達「統合兩個原本迥異的世界」,而非分離、區別或單純跨越不同學科。
解題方法
本題採用「題幹人物定位法」:
- 先找出題目指定人物 Daniel Dennett 的直接引文。
- 擷取引文中的核心動詞與受詞。
- 將選項與原文進行同義比對。
定位關鍵句為:
“If I could give an award for the single best idea anybody ever had, I would give it to Darwin, because his idea just unifies in a stroke these two completely disparate worlds…”
翻譯:
「如果我能頒發一個獎給人類曾經提出過的單一最佳理念,我會把它頒給 Darwin,因為他的理念一舉統合了兩個迄今完全迥異的世界……」
後文進一步說明這兩個世界:
“…the meaningless mechanical physical sciences, astronomy, physics and chemistry on the one side and the world of meaning, culture, art and of course the world of biology.”
翻譯:
「一方面是毫無意義、機械性的物理科學,包括天文學、物理學與化學;另一方面則是意義、文化、藝術,當然還有生物學的世界。」
因此,選項 D 正是上述內容的完整同義改寫。
關鍵單字與片語
- conceptual earthquake:概念上的地震;比喻思想上的巨大衝擊
- wholly:完全地
- decry:強烈抨擊、譴責
- take it for granted that...:理所當然地認為……
- humankind:人類
- special, superior and apart:特殊、優越且與其他生物分離
- in the course of doing this:在做這件事的過程中
- striking clarity:令人印象深刻的清晰度
- easy access:容易理解、容易接近
- profound rethink:深刻的重新思考
- exert an impact on...:對……產生影響
- ramifications:衍生影響、各種後續層面
- scholarship:學術研究、學術領域
- unify:統合、使成為一體
- in a stroke:一舉、一次完成
- disparate:迥異的、性質完全不同的
- with hindsight:事後回顧之下
- principle:原理、原則
文法與語意重點
1. because 引導原因副詞子句
原句:
“I would give it to Darwin, because his idea just unifies…”
其中 because 引導原因副詞子句,說明 Dennett 將獎項頒給 Darwin 的理由。
- 主要子句:I would give it to Darwin.
- 原因子句:his idea just unifies these two completely disparate worlds.
2. unifies 的語意
unify A and B 表示「將 A 與 B 統合起來」。本題的關鍵不是 Darwin 將兩個世界區分開來,而是將它們置於同一套解釋架構之下。
3. disparate worlds 的指涉
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
But at the time Darwin’s book caused a conceptual earthquake. It wholly decries all ideas, from whatever religion or none, which up to that time had taken it for granted that humankind was special, superior and apart. In the course of doing this, in a book of striking clarity and easy access, Darwin forced a profound rethink of the workings of life, just as Newton’s discoveries forced a rethink of the workings of the universe. It exerted and still exerts a radical impact on scholarship and on all the ramifications of the information society we now acknowledge to be so important. It has had a great influence on political philosophies ever since, often through willful but not altogether blind misunderstanding, for the worse. And it has been seen as the destroyer of the Christian, even the humanitarian and atheistic, justification for morality and ethics.
According to Daniel Dennett, Professor of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, Massachusetts: “If I could give an award for the single best idea anybody ever had, I would give it to Darwin, because his idea just unifies in a stroke these two completely disparate worlds, until then, of the meaningless mechanical physical sciences, astronomy, physics and chemistry on the one side and the world of meaning, culture, art and of course the world of biology. One stroke shows how to unify all the sciences.” Richard Dawkins, the Charles Simonyi Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University, says, “[Darwin] discovered a principle which with hindsight seems enormously simple; it is hard to believe that anybody did not think of it before and yet nobody did, not really.”
What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
(A) Darwin’s evolution theory has been pre-empted by other scholars.
(B) Darwin’s theory endorses the traditional idea that humankind is essentially special and superior.
(C) Darwin’s theory is a main destroyer of Christian belief.
(D) Darwin’s theory reforms our preconceptions.
(E) Darwin’s theory is often misread by the political philosophers.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」。判斷第一段主旨時,不能只抓某一個細節,而要綜合段落中反覆出現的核心訊息。
第一段主要說明:達爾文的著作打破人類「特殊、優越且與其他生物分離」的傳統觀念,促使人們重新思考生命、宇宙、學術、政治哲學、道德與倫理等問題。因此,段落主旨是「達爾文的理論改革、衝擊並重新塑造人們原有的觀念」。
定位答案的關鍵句
It wholly decries all ideas ... which up to that time had taken it for granted that humankind was special, superior and apart.
它完全抨擊了當時各種理所當然認為人類特殊、優越且獨立於其他生物之外的觀念。
Darwin forced a profound rethink of the workings of life, just as Newton’s discoveries forced a rethink of the workings of the universe.
達爾文迫使人們深刻重新思考生命運作的方式,正如牛頓的發現迫使人們重新思考宇宙運作的方式。
其中 forced a profound rethink 是最重要的主旨線索,意為「迫使人們進行深刻的重新思考」。這正是選項 (D) reforms our preconceptions 所概括的內容。
解題方法
第一段的內容發展可整理如下:
- 達爾文的著作造成「conceptual earthquake」,即概念上的大地震。
- 它否定人類特殊、優越、獨立於其他生物的傳統想法。
- 它使人們重新思考生命的運作方式。
- 它對學術、資訊社會、政治哲學、宗教、道德與倫理產生深遠影響。
因此,本段不是只討論基督教,也不是只談政治思想,而是強調達爾文理論對既有認知的全面衝擊與改造。
關鍵單字與片語
- conceptual earthquake:概念上的地震;比喻思想上的巨大衝擊
- wholly:完全地
- decry:強烈抨擊、譴責
- take it for granted that...:理所當然地認為……
- humankind:人類
- special:特殊的
- superior:優越的
- apart:分離的、獨立於其他事物的
- in the course of...:在……的過程中
- striking clarity:令人印象深刻的清晰度
- easy access:容易理解、容易接近
- force a rethink:迫使重新思考
- workings:運作方式、運作原理
- exert an impact on...:對……施加影響
- ramifications:衍生影響、後續影響
- willful misunderstanding:故意的誤解
- justification:正當性、辯護理由
- morality and ethics:道德與倫理
- preconception:先入觀念、成見
文法與語意重點
- which up to that time had taken it for granted...
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
But at the time Darwin’s book caused a conceptual earthquake. It wholly decries all ideas, from whatever religion or none, which up to that time had taken it for granted that humankind was special, superior and apart. In the course of doing this, in a book of striking clarity and easy access, Darwin forced a profound rethink of the workings of life, just as Newton’s discoveries forced a rethink of the workings of the universe. It exerted and still exerts a radical impact on scholarship and on all the ramifications of the information society we now acknowledge to be so important. It has had a great influence on political philosophies ever since, often through willful but not altogether blind misunderstanding, for the worse. And it has been seen as the destroyer of the Christian, even the humanitarian and atheistic, justification for morality and ethics.
According to Daniel Dennett, Professor of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, Massachusetts: “If I could give an award for the single best idea anybody ever had, I would give it to Darwin, because his idea just unifies in a stroke these two completely disparate worlds, until then, of the meaningless mechanical physical sciences, astronomy, physics and chemistry on the one side and the world of meaning, culture, art and of course the world of biology. One stroke shows how to unify all the sciences.” Richard Dawkins, the Charles Simonyi Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University, says, “[Darwin] discovered a principle which with hindsight seems enormously simple; it is hard to believe that anybody did not think of it before and yet nobody did, not really.”
Which of the following best fits Richard Dawkins’s opinion quoted above?
(A) Darwin discovered something that is quite complicated.
(B) It is unbelievable how no one before Darwin had ever come across such a simple principle.
(C) Darwin’s theory is hard to believe in.
(D) Darwin’s theory discovered a principle that had already been stated by other forerunners.
(E) Darwin made a lucky guess.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「引文同義改寫」與語意判讀,重點在於掌握 Richard Dawkins 引文中的轉折與否定:
“[Darwin] discovered a principle which with hindsight seems enormously simple; it is hard to believe that anybody did not think of it before and yet nobody did, not really.”
關鍵語意如下:
- with hindsight:事後看來、回頭看
- enormously simple:極其簡單
- it is hard to believe that...:很難相信……
- think of it before:以前想到這個原理
- yet nobody did:然而沒有任何人做到
- not really:嚴格說來並沒有
Dawkins 的意思是:達爾文發現了一個「事後看來極其簡單」的原理;這個原理簡單到令人難以相信以前竟然沒有任何人真正想到它。
解題方法
本題應直接抓住引文的核心邏輯:
- Darwin discovered a principle.
- 這個原理事後看來非常簡單。
- 既然如此,令人難以相信前人沒有想到它。
- 但事實上,達爾文以前沒有人真正提出這個原理。
因此,正確選項必須同時包含兩個訊息:
- 這個原理很簡單;
- 達爾文以前沒有人想到它令人難以置信。
符合此意的是 (B)。
選項分析
(A) Darwin discovered something that is quite complicated.
達爾文發現了非常複雜的事物。
錯誤。原文明確使用 enormously simple,表示「極其簡單」,與 complicated(複雜的)意思相反。
(B) It is unbelievable how no one before Darwin had ever come across such a simple principle.
很難相信在達爾文以前,竟然沒有任何人發現如此簡單的原理。
正確。此選項完整對應原文:
- It is hard to believe → it is unbelievable
- nobody did → no one before Darwin had ever come across
- a principle which ... seems enormously simple → such a simple principle
這是原文的正確同義改寫。
(C) Darwin’s theory is hard to believe in.
達爾文的理論很難令人相信。
第 51 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Dr. Heidi Memmel understands exactly why Angelina Jolie opted to have a preventive double mastectomy. For a carrier of mutation (a gene which Jolie carries), the risk of developing cancer is as high as 80 to 85 percent, according to Memmel, a breast surgeon and co-medical director of Advocate Lutheran General Hospital’s Caldwell Breast Center in Park Ridge. The surgery reduced Jolie’s risk to about 5 percent, she said.
Memmel, who was diagnosed with breast cancer herself at age 36 and has been a survivor for nearly eight years, was surprised when Jolie made the announcement. “I was really very impressed,” she said, adding that not only did Jolie have the courage and foresight to have genetic testing done and make the decision to have a preventative double mastectomy, she also did a third very important thing: she chose to share the news with the public. Because she’s such a celebrity, Memmel hopes that will encourage women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer to have genetic testing.
“I see a common misperception about genetic testing,” Memmel said. “People fear it because they think it’s a ticking time bomb or else they will be discriminated against (for carrying a faulty gene).” Neither is true, she said. Instead, doctors can give women who carry the gene more testing, such as an annual MRI in addition to the annual mammogram other women get (after age 40). Doctors can also give women options, such as medication or preventive mastectomy or preventive ovarian removal.
“Ovarian cancer is difficult to detect at an early stage,” she said. Jolie’s mother died at age 56 from ovarian cancer, according to NBCnews.com.
Memmel said the Caldwell Breast Center offers women consultations with a medical oncologist or surgeon. The doctors can determine if genetic testing is called for, she said. Women who undergo preventive mastectomy usually have immediate reconstructive surgery, and most surgeries today are a skin-saving or nipple-saving procedure that allows for good cosmetic results, Memmel said. Doctors can reconstruct breasts either by using silicone or saline implants, or by taking tissue from the abdominal area, if a woman has enough fat there. “She (Jolie) probably didn’t have that done; she looks like a pretty skinny lady,” Memmel said jokingly.
Women who choose preventive mastectomy may be heartened to know they can choose the size of the reconstructed breasts. They can be smaller, the same or bigger than the original breasts.
News about Angelina Jolie’s recent surgery was _____.
(A) made public by the actress herself
(B) released by the Caldwell Breast Center
(C) publicized without Jolie’s prior knowledge
(D) sold to NBCnews.com by professional paparazzi
(E) spread by a celebrated cancer specialist
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 閱讀理解與細節定位。
- 被動語態:
News ... was made public by ... - 代名詞與指涉關係:
she指 Angelina Jolie。 - 關鍵片語
share the news with the public,意為「與大眾分享這項消息、公開消息」。
題目問:Angelina Jolie 最近接受手術的消息是如何公開的。
定位答案的關鍵句
原文:
“...she also did a third very important thing: she chose to share the news with the public.”
翻譯:
「她還做了第三件非常重要的事:她選擇把這項消息與大眾分享。」
其中:
chose to V:選擇做某事share A with B:與 B 分享 Athe public:大眾、社會大眾
這句明確指出,Jolie 是自己選擇將手術消息公開,因此答案是由她本人公開。
解題方法
先找出文章中直接說明「誰公開消息」的句子。第二段提到 Jolie 不僅接受基因檢測與預防性雙側乳房切除手術,也「選擇與大眾分享這項消息」。
題幹的 News about Angelina Jolie’s recent surgery 是「關於 Jolie 最近手術的消息」,對應原文的 the news。
選項 A 的 made public by the actress herself 意為「由這位女演員本人公開」,與原文 she chose to share the news with the public 完全一致。
句型上,News ... was made public by ... 是被動語態:
- 主動:The actress made the news public.
- 被動:The news was made public by the actress.
因此選 A。
選項分析
(A) made public by the actress herself
正確。the actress herself 指 Angelina Jolie 本人;原文清楚表示 she chose to share the news with the public,也就是她主動向大眾公開消息。
(B) released by the Caldwell Breast Center
錯誤。Caldwell Breast Center 是 Memmel 任職的醫療中心,文章只提到該中心提供女性諮詢與基因檢測相關服務,沒有說是該中心發布 Jolie 手術消息。
release news 可表示「發布消息」,但本文沒有此一事實。
(C) publicized without Jolie’s prior knowledge
第 52 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Dr. Heidi Memmel understands exactly why Angelina Jolie opted to have a preventive double mastectomy. For a carrier of mutation (a gene which Jolie carries), the risk of developing cancer is as high as 80 to 85 percent, according to Memmel, a breast surgeon and co-medical director of Advocate Lutheran General Hospital’s Caldwell Breast Center in Park Ridge. The surgery reduced Jolie’s risk to about 5 percent, she said.
Memmel, who was diagnosed with breast cancer herself at age 36 and has been a survivor for nearly eight years, was surprised when Jolie made the announcement. “I was really very impressed,” she said, adding that not only did Jolie have the courage and foresight to have genetic testing done and make the decision to have a preventative double mastectomy, she also did a third very important thing: she chose to share the news with the public. Because she’s such a celebrity, Memmel hopes that will encourage women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer to have genetic testing.
“I see a common misperception about genetic testing,” Memmel said. “People fear it because they think it’s a ticking time bomb or else they will be discriminated against (for carrying a faulty gene).” Neither is true, she said. Instead, doctors can give women who carry the gene more testing, such as an annual MRI in addition to the annual mammogram other women get (after age 40). Doctors can also give women options, such as medication or preventive mastectomy or preventive ovarian removal.
“Ovarian cancer is difficult to detect at an early stage,” she said. Jolie’s mother died at age 56 from ovarian cancer, according to NBCnews.com.
Memmel said the Caldwell Breast Center offers women consultations with a medical oncologist or surgeon. The doctors can determine if genetic testing is called for, she said. Women who undergo preventive mastectomy usually have immediate reconstructive surgery, and most surgeries today are a skin-saving or nipple-saving procedure that allows for good cosmetic results, Memmel said. Doctors can reconstruct breasts either by using silicone or saline implants, or by taking tissue from the abdominal area, if a woman has enough fat there. “She (Jolie) probably didn’t have that done; she looks like a pretty skinny lady,” Memmel said jokingly.
Women who choose preventive mastectomy may be heartened to know they can choose the size of the reconstructed breasts. They can be smaller, the same or bigger than the original breasts.
Based on the reading, it’s evident that _____.
(A) Dr. Heidi Memmel has been Jolie’s medical advisor for years
(B) breast cancer can hardly be detected without a mammogram
(C) Jolie comes from a family with cancer history
(D) celebrities tend to rely heavily on genetic testing
(E) a mutation carrier usually has a short life-span
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解中的明確資訊定位與合理推論」。解題重點是:
- 找出文章直接提供的事實。
- 判斷選項是否與原文相符。
- 排除過度推論、偷換概念與文章未提及的內容。
文章主旨在介紹 Angelina Jolie 接受預防性雙側乳房切除術的原因,以及基因檢測與乳癌、卵巢癌家族史之間的關聯。
解題方法
直接尋找與各選項相關的關鍵句。定位答案的句子是:
“Jolie’s mother died at age 56 from ovarian cancer, according to NBCnews.com.”
翻譯為:
「根據 NBCnews.com 的報導,Jolie 的母親在 56 歲時死於卵巢癌。」
母親罹患卵巢癌,表示 Jolie 的家庭具有癌症病史,因此可合理判斷她來自有癌症病史的家庭,選項(C)正確。
文中另提到:
“Memmel hopes that will encourage women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer to have genetic testing.”
翻譯為:
「Memmel 希望這件事能鼓勵有乳癌或卵巢癌家族史的女性接受基因檢測。」
這也進一步呼應 Jolie 的母親死於卵巢癌,說明 Jolie 的家庭癌症病史是本文的重要背景。
關鍵單字與片語
- preventive double mastectomy:預防性雙側乳房切除術
- carrier of a mutation:基因突變攜帶者
- risk of developing cancer:罹患癌症的風險
- as high as 80 to 85 percent:高達百分之八十至八十五
- breast surgeon:乳房外科醫師
- survivor:癌症倖存者
- genetic testing:基因檢測
- foresight:遠見、先見之明
- family history:家族病史
- misperception:錯誤觀念、誤解
- ticking time bomb:定時炸彈;此處指令人恐懼、隨時可能發病的因素
- be discriminated against:受到歧視
- faulty gene:有缺陷的基因
- in addition to:除了……之外
- preventive ovarian removal:預防性卵巢切除
- be called for:被認為有必要
- reconstructive surgery:重建手術
- cosmetic results:外觀上的效果
- be heartened to know:得知……而受到鼓舞、感到安心
文法與語意重點
1. 關係子句
“a gene which Jolie carries”
其中 which Jolie carries 是關係子句,修飾前面的 a gene,意思是「Jolie 所攜帶的基因」。
2. not only ... but also ...
“not only did Jolie have the courage and foresight ..., she also did a third very important thing”
此處使用 not only ... but also ... 的對等結構,表示「不僅……而且……」。
因為 not only 放在句首,主句採倒裝:
not only did Jolie have ...
正常語序為:
第 53 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Dr. Heidi Memmel understands exactly why Angelina Jolie opted to have a preventive double mastectomy. For a carrier of mutation (a gene which Jolie carries), the risk of developing cancer is as high as 80 to 85 percent, according to Memmel, a breast surgeon and co-medical director of Advocate Lutheran General Hospital’s Caldwell Breast Center in Park Ridge. The surgery reduced Jolie’s risk to about 5 percent, she said.
Memmel, who was diagnosed with breast cancer herself at age 36 and has been a survivor for nearly eight years, was surprised when Jolie made the announcement. “I was really very impressed,” she said, adding that not only did Jolie have the courage and foresight to have genetic testing done and make the decision to have a preventative double mastectomy, she also did a third very important thing: she chose to share the news with the public. Because she’s such a celebrity, Memmel hopes that will encourage women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer to have genetic testing.
“I see a common misperception about genetic testing,” Memmel said. “People fear it because they think it’s a ticking time bomb or else they will be discriminated against (for carrying a faulty gene).” Neither is true, she said. Instead, doctors can give women who carry the gene more testing, such as an annual MRI in addition to the annual mammogram other women get (after age 40). Doctors can also give women options, such as medication or preventive mastectomy or preventive ovarian removal.
“Ovarian cancer is difficult to detect at an early stage,” she said. Jolie’s mother died at age 56 from ovarian cancer, according to NBCnews.com.
Memmel said the Caldwell Breast Center offers women consultations with a medical oncologist or surgeon. The doctors can determine if genetic testing is called for, she said. Women who undergo preventive mastectomy usually have immediate reconstructive surgery, and most surgeries today are a skin-saving or nipple-saving procedure that allows for good cosmetic results, Memmel said. Doctors can reconstruct breasts either by using silicone or saline implants, or by taking tissue from the abdominal area, if a woman has enough fat there. “She (Jolie) probably didn’t have that done; she looks like a pretty skinny lady,” Memmel said jokingly.
Women who choose preventive mastectomy may be heartened to know they can choose the size of the reconstructed breasts. They can be smaller, the same or bigger than the original breasts.
What does “that” at the end of paragraph 5 refer to when Dr. Memmel said that Jolie “probably didn’t have that done”?
(A) reconstructive surgery using tissues from her belly
(B) breast silicone implantation
(C) annual breast MRI and mammogram
(D) mastectomy and ovarian removal
(E) fatty tissue in the abdominal region
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的指示代名詞指涉,以及代名詞與前文語意的銜接。
句中:
Doctors can reconstruct breasts either by using silicone or saline implants, or by taking tissue from the abdominal area, if a woman has enough fat there. “She (Jolie) probably didn’t have that done; she looks like a pretty skinny lady,” Memmel said jokingly.
翻譯:
醫師可以使用矽膠或生理食鹽水植入物重建乳房,也可以在女性腹部有足夠脂肪的情況下,取用腹部組織來重建。Memmel 開玩笑地說:「她(Jolie)大概沒有接受那項處置;她看起來是個相當纖瘦的女士。」
其中的 that 是指前一句提到的某項手術或處置,必須依據上下文判斷其具體內容。
解題方法
先找出 that done 的前文。前一句列出兩種乳房重建方式:
- 使用 silicone or saline implants
- 從腹部取組織進行重建
接著 Memmel 說 Jolie 很瘦,因此推知她腹部沒有足夠脂肪可供取用。由此可見,that done 指的是「從腹部取組織進行乳房重建」這項手術。
關鍵推理是:
因此答案為使用腹部組織進行重建的手術。
文法與語意重點
have something done:使某事被完成;在醫療語境中常指「接受某項治療或手術」。that done:that代替前文提到的某件事,done是過去分詞,形成省略結構。by using ... or by taking ...:兩個by + V-ing並列,說明乳房重建的兩種方法。if a woman has enough fat there:if引導條件子句,there指前面的the abdominal area。
本題不能只看到 that 就選擇最接近的名詞,而要根據後面的理由 she looks like a pretty skinny lady 判斷:瘦與「腹部組織」直接相關,與植入物、核磁共振或乳房切除無直接關聯。
選項分析
第 54 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Dr. Heidi Memmel understands exactly why Angelina Jolie opted to have a preventive double mastectomy. For a carrier of mutation (a gene which Jolie carries), the risk of developing cancer is as high as 80 to 85 percent, according to Memmel, a breast surgeon and co-medical director of Advocate Lutheran General Hospital’s Caldwell Breast Center in Park Ridge. The surgery reduced Jolie’s risk to about 5 percent, she said.
Memmel, who was diagnosed with breast cancer herself at age 36 and has been a survivor for nearly eight years, was surprised when Jolie made the announcement. “I was really very impressed,” she said, adding that not only did Jolie have the courage and foresight to have genetic testing done and make the decision to have a preventative double mastectomy, she also did a third very important thing: she chose to share the news with the public. Because she’s such a celebrity, Memmel hopes that will encourage women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer to have genetic testing.
“I see a common misperception about genetic testing,” Memmel said. “People fear it because they think it’s a ticking time bomb or else they will be discriminated against (for carrying a faulty gene).” Neither is true, she said. Instead, doctors can give women who carry the gene more testing, such as an annual MRI in addition to the annual mammogram other women get (after age 40). Doctors can also give women options, such as medication or preventive mastectomy or preventive ovarian removal.
“Ovarian cancer is difficult to detect at an early stage,” she said. Jolie’s mother died at age 56 from ovarian cancer, according to NBCnews.com.
Memmel said the Caldwell Breast Center offers women consultations with a medical oncologist or surgeon. The doctors can determine if genetic testing is called for, she said. Women who undergo preventive mastectomy usually have immediate reconstructive surgery, and most surgeries today are a skin-saving or nipple-saving procedure that allows for good cosmetic results, Memmel said. Doctors can reconstruct breasts either by using silicone or saline implants, or by taking tissue from the abdominal area, if a woman has enough fat there. “She (Jolie) probably didn’t have that done; she looks like a pretty skinny lady,” Memmel said jokingly.
Women who choose preventive mastectomy may be heartened to know they can choose the size of the reconstructed breasts. They can be smaller, the same or bigger than the original breasts.
Which of the following statements represents Dr. Memmel’s view?
(A) Jolie made a hasty decision to have the preventative double mastectomy.
(B) The public understanding regarding genetic testing is largely accurate.
(C) Mastectomy can effectively lower a mutation carrier’s risk of developing cancer.
(D) The size of breasts is important to women and, luckily, surgery is readily available.
(E) Spreading the news about a celebrity’s medical condition is important because it’s interesting.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者/人物觀點判讀」,重點是找出 Dr. Memmel 明確支持的敘述,而非選擇看似合理、但文章未提及或扭曲原意的選項。
文章核心資訊是:
- Jolie 攜帶致癌基因突變,罹癌風險高達 80% 至 85%。
- 預防性雙側乳房切除術使她的風險降至約 5%。
- Memmel 認為 Jolie 的決定具有勇氣與遠見。
- 大眾對基因檢測存在錯誤觀念。
- 預防性乳房切除後可進行乳房重建,且重建乳房大小可以選擇。
解題方法
題目問:
Which of the following statements represents Dr. Memmel’s view?
下列哪一項代表 Memmel 醫師的看法?
因此應優先尋找文章中直接表達 Memmel 判斷、評價或主張的句子。
定位答案的關鍵原文是:
“The surgery reduced Jolie’s risk to about 5 percent, she said.”
翻譯為:
她表示,這項手術將 Jolie 的罹癌風險降低至約 5%。
文章前文又指出,攜帶該基因突變者的罹癌風險高達 80% 至 85%。由此可知,Memmel 認為預防性雙側乳房切除術能有效降低基因突變攜帶者的罹癌風險。
因此答案為 (C)。
選項分析
(A) Jolie made a hasty decision to have the preventative double mastectomy.
Jolie 草率決定接受預防性雙側乳房切除術。
錯誤。文章明確使用:
“not only did Jolie have the courage and foresight to have genetic testing done and make the decision…”
翻譯為:
Jolie 不僅有勇氣,也有遠見接受基因檢測並做出決定。
其中 foresight 意為「遠見、深謀遠慮」,與 hasty「草率的、倉促的」意思相反。
(B) The public understanding regarding genetic testing is largely accurate.
大眾對基因檢測的理解大致正確。
錯誤。文章明確指出:
“I see a common misperception about genetic testing,” Memmel said.
翻譯為:
Memmel 表示:「我看到大眾對基因檢測有一種普遍的錯誤觀念。」
misperception 是「錯誤認知、誤解」,所以大眾的理解並不正確。文章接著說,有些人害怕基因檢測,擔心它像「定時炸彈」,或擔心因攜帶缺陷基因而受到歧視,但 Memmel 表示這些擔憂都不是真的。
(C) Mastectomy can effectively lower a mutation carrier’s risk of developing cancer.
乳房切除術能有效降低基因突變攜帶者罹患癌症的風險。
正確。文章指出,攜帶該基因突變者的罹癌風險為 80% 至 85%,而手術後 Jolie 的風險降至約 5%。這直接支持「乳房切除術能有效降低罹癌風險」的說法。
關鍵字:
- mastectomy:乳房切除術
- mutation carrier:基因突變攜帶者
- risk of developing cancer:罹患癌症的風險
- reduce the risk to about 5 percent:將風險降低至約百分之五
(D) The size of breasts is important to women and, luckily, surgery is readily available.
乳房大小對女性很重要,而且幸運的是,手術很容易取得。
錯誤。文章只說接受預防性乳房切除術的女性可以選擇重建乳房的大小:
“They can be smaller, the same or bigger than the original breasts.”
翻譯為:
重建後的乳房可以比原本小、與原本相同,或比原本大。
文章並未表示「乳房大小對女性很重要」,也沒有說手術 readily available「很容易取得、隨時可接受」。此選項把文章中的手術選擇資訊,擴大解讀成對女性普遍重要的價值判斷。
(E) Spreading the news about a celebrity’s medical condition is important because it’s interesting.
第 55 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Dr. Heidi Memmel understands exactly why Angelina Jolie opted to have a preventive double mastectomy. For a carrier of mutation (a gene which Jolie carries), the risk of developing cancer is as high as 80 to 85 percent, according to Memmel, a breast surgeon and co-medical director of Advocate Lutheran General Hospital’s Caldwell Breast Center in Park Ridge. The surgery reduced Jolie’s risk to about 5 percent, she said.
Memmel, who was diagnosed with breast cancer herself at age 36 and has been a survivor for nearly eight years, was surprised when Jolie made the announcement. “I was really very impressed,” she said, adding that not only did Jolie have the courage and foresight to have genetic testing done and make the decision to have a preventative double mastectomy, she also did a third very important thing: she chose to share the news with the public. Because she’s such a celebrity, Memmel hopes that will encourage women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer to have genetic testing.
“I see a common misperception about genetic testing,” Memmel said. “People fear it because they think it’s a ticking time bomb or else they will be discriminated against (for carrying a faulty gene).” Neither is true, she said. Instead, doctors can give women who carry the gene more testing, such as an annual MRI in addition to the annual mammogram other women get (after age 40). Doctors can also give women options, such as medication or preventive mastectomy or preventive ovarian removal.
“Ovarian cancer is difficult to detect at an early stage,” she said. Jolie’s mother died at age 56 from ovarian cancer, according to NBCnews.com.
Memmel said the Caldwell Breast Center offers women consultations with a medical oncologist or surgeon. The doctors can determine if genetic testing is called for, she said. Women who undergo preventive mastectomy usually have immediate reconstructive surgery, and most surgeries today are a skin-saving or nipple-saving procedure that allows for good cosmetic results, Memmel said. Doctors can reconstruct breasts either by using silicone or saline implants, or by taking tissue from the abdominal area, if a woman has enough fat there. “She (Jolie) probably didn’t have that done; she looks like a pretty skinny lady,” Memmel said jokingly.
Women who choose preventive mastectomy may be heartened to know they can choose the size of the reconstructed breasts. They can be smaller, the same or bigger than the original breasts.
Which of the following statements is correct, according to the reading?
(A) Thanks to its great value in preventative care, genetic testing is always conducted to identify a high-risk group.
(B) Preventive mastectomy is customarily done in hospitals to treat breast cancer.
(C) To ensure better cosmetic results, immediate reconstructive surgery should be avoided.
(D) Oncologists and surgeons often work together to cure cancer patients.
(E) In general, neither saline nor silicone is implanted for breast augmentation.
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核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解細節判斷題(Reading Comprehension - Fact/Detail Identification),測驗考生在醫療生科長篇報導中定位關鍵資訊、比對選項語意、辨識「絕對化字眼(absolute words)」與「概念偷換」的能力。
解題方法
- 抓取選項關鍵字:依序擷取各選項的關鍵概念(A: genetic testing is always conducted; B: prevent/treat breast cancer; C: immediate reconstructive surgery; D: oncologists and surgeons work together; E: saline / silicone)。
- 回文定位與比對:
- 選項 (A):對應第五段第一、二句。定位關鍵字
genetic testing與determine。 - 選項 (B):對應第一段與第三段。辨析
preventive(預防性)與treat(治療)的語意差異。 - 選項 (C):對應第五段第三句。定位
immediate reconstructive surgery與cosmetic results。 - 選項 (D):對應第五段第一、二句。定位
medical oncologist or surgeon。 - 選項 (E):對應第五段第四句。定位
silicone or saline implants。
- 排除錯誤干擾項:依據文章直接事實,刪除過度推論、語意顛倒或含有絕對化修飾語的選項。
選項分析
- (A) 錯誤
選項稱「基因檢測總是會被執行(always conducted)」。
原文定位(第五段第一、二句):
“Memmel said the Caldwell Breast Center offers women consultations with a medical oncologist or surgeon. The doctors can determine if genetic testing is called for, she said.”
(Memmel 表示 Caldwell 乳房中心提供婦女與腫瘤內科醫師或外科醫師諮詢。她說,醫師可以評估是否需要進行基因檢測。)
解析:is called for表示「有必要、被需要」。原文強調由醫師諮詢評估「是否有需要」做檢測,並非「一律/總是執行(always conducted)」,選項使用過度絕對的副詞always,與文意不符。
- (B) 錯誤
選項稱「預防性乳房切除術習慣上在醫院用來治療乳癌(to treat breast cancer)」。
原文定位(第一段):
“...opted to have a preventive double mastectomy... The surgery reduced Jolie’s risk to about 5 percent...”
解析:preventive(預防性的)旨在「預先降低未罹癌前的發病風險(reduce risk)」,並非用於「治療已經發生的乳癌(treat cancer)」。選項混淆了「預防(prevention)」與「治療(treatment)」的概念。
- (C) 錯誤
選項稱「為了確保更好的外觀效果,應避免立即重建手術(immediate reconstructive surgery should be avoided)」。
原文定位(第五段第三句):
“Women who undergo preventive mastectomy usually have immediate reconstructive surgery, and most surgeries today are a skin-saving or nipple-saving procedure that allows for good cosmetic results, Memmel said.”
第 作文 題20 分
Please write in at least 200 words a well-organized essay to express your opinion on “Every obstacle is an opportunity.” Do you agree or disagree with the statement above? Give specific reasons or examples to support your ideas.
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核心觀念
本題屬於英文議論文寫作,主題是「Every obstacle is an opportunity.」要求考生表達立場,並提出具體理由或事例支持。評分重點包括:
- 立場明確:清楚表明同意或不同意。
- 組織完整:具備引言、正文與結論。
- 論點充分:至少提出兩個理由,並搭配具體例子。
- 語言正確:注意時態、主詞動詞一致、連接詞與句型變化。
- 符合字數:全文至少 200 字。
題目中的核心概念是:困難不只是阻礙,也能促使人學習、成長、改變策略,進而創造新的機會。寫作時不必主張所有困難都會自動帶來成功,較成熟的立場是指出:障礙只有在人們採取積極態度並付諸行動時,才可能轉化為機會。
題幹與語意重點
題幹原文:
Please write in at least 200 words a well-organized essay to express your opinion on “Every obstacle is an opportunity.” Do you agree or disagree with the statement above? Give specific reasons or examples to support your ideas.
翻譯:
請以至少 200 字寫一篇組織完整的文章,表達你對「每一個障礙都是一個機會」這句話的看法。你同意或不同意上述說法?請提出具體理由或例子來支持你的觀點。
其中最重要的作答要求是:
- express your opinion:必須明確表達個人立場。
- at least 200 words:字數不可少於 200 字。
- well-organized essay:文章須有清楚段落與邏輯。
- specific reasons or examples:不可只寫抽象口號,必須說明理由或提出事例。
- Do you agree or disagree...?:開頭就應表明 agree 或 disagree,避免全文立場模糊。
解題方法
本題最穩定的寫法是「四段式議論文」:
第一段:提出立場
先解釋 obstacle 的一般意義,再清楚表明同意或不同意。例如:
I agree that every obstacle can become an opportunity, provided that we respond to it with courage and action.
這句同時表明同意,也加入條件,使論述較精確。
第二段:說明障礙能促進個人成長
可論述困難會迫使人發現不足、培養毅力,並學習新的能力。這一段應使用因果關係:
Because difficulties reveal our weaknesses, they also show us what we need to improve.
第三段:提出具體事例
可使用學生準備考試、運動員受傷、企業面臨失敗等例子。考場上最安全的是自身經驗,因為容易寫得具體,也不必擔心史實錯誤。
第四段:總結並重申立場
結論不可只重複題目,應補充自己的判斷:
An obstacle is not automatically an opportunity; it becomes one when we choose to learn from it.
這樣能展現較成熟的思考層次。
參考作文
I agree with the statement that every obstacle is an opportunity. However, an obstacle does not become an opportunity automatically. We must face it with a positive attitude and take concrete action to overcome it.
First, obstacles help us discover our weaknesses. When everything goes smoothly, we may not realize what we need to improve. Difficulties force us to examine ourselves and find better ways to solve problems. For example, a student who performs poorly on an important examination may feel disappointed at first. Nevertheless, the failure can reveal weaknesses in vocabulary, time management, or reading comprehension. By identifying these problems, the student can make a more effective study plan and improve future performance.
Second, obstacles help us develop qualities that success alone cannot teach. Patience, courage, resilience, and responsibility are often built through difficult experiences. A person who has overcome hardship is usually better prepared to deal with future challenges. For instance, an athlete who suffers an injury must learn how to recover physically and remain mentally strong. The period of recovery may be painful, but it can also teach discipline and strengthen the athlete’s determination.
Some people may argue that certain obstacles cause loss and suffering rather than opportunity. I agree that difficulties are not pleasant, and not every problem leads directly to suc