高雄醫學大學 98 年 《英文》

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第 1 題1 分

More than one third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, ______ in San Francisco.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「副詞的語意辨析」,重點是根據上下文判斷空格所需的副詞。

題幹句型為:

More than one third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, ______ in San Francisco.
美國境內超過三分之一的華人居住在加州,其中主要集中在舊金山。

空格位於逗號後,修飾後面省略主詞與動詞的片語 in San Francisco。完整語意可理解為:

More than one third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, and they live predominantly in San Francisco.

其中 predominantly 表示「主要地;大多數地;以……為主」,符合「這些人主要居住在舊金山」的語意。

解題方法

先判斷句子需要表達的邏輯:

  1. 美國華人有超過三分之一住在加州。
  2. 這些居住在加州的華人,主要集中於舊金山。

因此,空格需要表示「主要分布在某處」的副詞。

predominantly = mainly、mostly,意思是「主要地、大部分地」,可自然修飾人口、地理分布或組成比例:

live predominantly in San Francisco
主要居住在舊金山

所以選擇 (E) predominantly。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵片語是:

More than one third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, predominantly in San Francisco.

翻譯為:

美國境內超過三分之一的華人居住在加州,其中主要集中在舊金山。

選項分析

(A) profoundly

profoundly 意為「深刻地;深深地」,通常修飾思想、影響、感受或情緒,例如:

profoundly affected
深受影響

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第 2 題1 分

The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「固定搭配」與「時間語意」。句中以 in the short term 表示「短期內」,並與後面的 over a number of years(經過數年)形成短期與長期的對比。

  • short term:短期
  • long term:長期
  • in the short term:短期內
  • over a number of years:經過數年
  • returns:報酬、收益
  • investment:投資
  • be well repaid:獲得良好回報、充分回本

解題方法

先觀察句意:

The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.
短期內的收益可能不大,但經過數年後,這項投資將會獲得充分回報。

句子使用 but 連接兩個對比概念:

  • in the short ______:短期內
  • over a number of years:長期經營數年後

與 short 搭配、且能表示「期間」的固定用語是 short term,因此填入 term:

in the short term

完整句意為:「短期內的收益可能不大,但經過數年後,這項投資將會獲得充分回報。」

選項分析

(A) interval

interval 是「間隔、間歇、兩事件之間的時間」。常見搭配如:

  • a short interval:短暫間隔
  • at regular intervals:以固定間隔

本句談的是投資的短期與長期效益,不是兩個事件之間的間隔;in the short interval 也不是表達「短期內」的慣用說法,因此不選。

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第 3 題1 分

Please _____ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places since the law forbids them.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞搭配」與語意辨析,核心句型為:

restrain oneself from + V-ing:克制自己不要做某事

其中:

  • restrain:抑制、克制
  • oneself:自己
  • from smoking and spitting:避免吸菸與吐痰
  • public places:公共場所
  • forbid:禁止
  • law:法律

題幹中的 smoking 與 spitting 是動名詞,作為介系詞 from 的受詞。

解題方法

先觀察空格後面的結構:

Please _____ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places since the law forbids them.

空格後接 yourself from + V-ing,表示「請克制自己不要……」。能與 yourself from 自然搭配,且符合「自我約束」語意的動詞是 restrain。

完整句意為:

Please restrain yourself from smoking and spitting in public places since the law forbids them.
既然法律禁止在公共場所吸菸和吐痰,請克制自己不要在公共場所吸菸和吐痰。

選項分析

(A) restrain:正確

restrain oneself from + V-ing 是固定且自然的搭配,意為「克制自己不要做某事」。

例如:

He restrained himself from arguing with his boss.
他克制自己沒有和老闆爭辯。

本句要求的是「請自行約束,不要吸菸或吐痰」,因此選 restrain。

(B) hinder:錯誤

hinder 意為「妨礙、阻礙」,通常表示某人、某事妨礙另一個行動或進展,例如:

Heavy traffic hindered our progress.
擁擠的交通阻礙了我們的進展。

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第 4 題1 分

The most successful teaching programs are those that __________ the affective as well as the cognitive aspects of language learning.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查固定片語與語意判斷,關鍵是辨認:

  • take into account:把……列入考量、考慮到……
  • affective:情意的、情感的
  • cognitive:認知的
  • as well as:以及、不僅……也……

題幹指出,成功的教學方案不只重視語言學習的「認知層面」,也重視「情意層面」,因此應填入表示「考慮、納入考量」的片語。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句:

The most successful teaching programs are those that __________ the affective as well as the cognitive aspects of language learning.

翻譯:

最成功的教學方案,就是那些將語言學習的情意層面以及認知層面都納入考量的方案。

其中,the affective as well as the cognitive aspects 表示「情意層面以及認知層面」,強調教學方案必須兼顧兩個面向。

解題方法

先觀察文法結構:

  • 主詞:The most successful teaching programs
  • 關係子句:those that __________ ...
  • that 指代複數名詞 programs,因此空格需填原形動詞片語。

再根據語意判斷:成功的教學方案會「考慮、兼顧」語言學習的不同層面。符合此語意的固定片語是 take into account。

完整句子為:

The most successful teaching programs are those that take into account the affective as well as the cognitive aspects of language learning.

選項分析

(A) take a fancy of

take a fancy to someone/something 表示「喜歡上某人或某物、對某人或某物產生好感」。

正確用法通常是:

She took a fancy to the little puppy.
她喜歡上那隻小狗。

本選項有兩個問題:

  1. 正確介系詞通常是 to,不是 of。
  2. 即使改成 take a fancy to,語意也是「喜歡」,不能表示「將某些層面納入教學考量」。

因此錯誤。

(B) take into account

take into account 表示「考慮到、把……納入考量」,完全符合題幹語意。

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第 5 題1 分

I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite _____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「語意判斷」與形容詞搭配。句意是:說話者並不知道其中涉及的關鍵要點,因此所做的選擇缺乏充分依據,帶有「任意的、武斷的」意味。

關鍵句為:

I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite _____.

翻譯:
「我不了解其中涉及的關鍵要點,因此我的選擇相當___。」

「不了解關鍵要點」直接表示做決定時缺乏判斷基礎,最適合搭配 arbitrary。

解題方法

先看因果關係:

  • I was unaware of the critical points involved:我不知道重要的判斷要點。
  • so:因此、所以。
  • my choice was quite _____:我的選擇相當……

前句說明選擇缺乏必要資訊與客觀標準,因此後句應填入表示「沒有根據、任意決定」的形容詞。

arbitrary 可表示:

  1. 任意的、隨意的
  2. 武斷的、缺乏合理依據的

因此,整句意義為:

「我不了解其中涉及的關鍵要點,因此我的選擇相當武斷。」

文法與語意重點

my choice was quite _____ 中,was 是連綴動詞,後面接形容詞作主詞補語,修飾 choice。

quite 在此為副詞,表示「相當、頗為」,用來修飾形容詞,例如:

  • quite arbitrary:相當任意的
  • quite rational:相當理性的
  • quite sensible:相當明智的

involved 在 the critical points involved 中是後置修飾語,意為「所涉及的」:

  • the people involved:相關人士
  • the issues involved:涉及的議題
  • the costs involved:所涉及的成本

選項分析

(A) arbitrary 任意的;武斷的

正確。因為說話者不了解關鍵判斷點,選擇便缺乏客觀依據,只能任意作成,符合 arbitrary 的語意。

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第 6 題1 分

In days gone by, advertisements were __________ as they told customers what a product was and how to use it.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「形容詞的字義判斷」與上下文語意。空格位於:

advertisements were __________
廣告是__________的

後文說明這些廣告「告訴顧客產品是什麼,以及如何使用產品」,表示廣告內容清楚、直接、易於理解,因此應填入 straightforward。

題幹翻譯與關鍵線索

In days gone by, advertisements were straightforward as they told customers what a product was and how to use it.

翻譯:

過去,廣告都很直白,因為它們會告訴顧客產品是什麼,以及如何使用產品。

其中:

  • in days gone by:過去、從前
  • advertisement:廣告
  • straightforward:直截了當的;坦率的;清楚易懂的
  • tell someone what...:告訴某人……是什麼
  • how to use...:如何使用……
  • as:因為、由於

後半句 they told customers what a product was and how to use it 是判斷答案的關鍵:廣告提供明確的產品資訊與使用方法,符合 straightforward 的語意。

解題方法

先判斷空格需要什麼詞性。句型為:

advertisements were + 形容詞

因此空格應填入能描述 advertisements 的形容詞。

再根據後面的 as 判斷因果關係:

廣告很 ______,因為它們會清楚告知產品資訊。

能表示「清楚、直接、不拐彎抹角」的選項只有 straightforward,故選 (D)。

選項分析

(A) self-deceptive

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第 7 題1 分

Some psychiatrists believe buried memories of childhood bullying experiences tend to _________ males than females in their adulthood.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 關鍵單字的詞義辨析。
  2. 動詞與主詞、受詞的語意搭配。
  3. tend to + 原形動詞 的句型。
  4. 比較結構 more ... than ... 的使用。

題幹中的主詞是:

buried memories of childhood bullying experiences
童年遭受霸凌經驗的埋藏記憶

這些「記憶」在成年後會對男性產生持續的心理困擾,因此最適合使用 haunt。


解題方法

先掌握句型:

Some psychiatrists believe buried memories ... tend to ______ males than females in their adulthood.

tend to 後面接原形動詞,因此五個選項在形式上都可以接在 to 後面,關鍵在於語意。

題幹描述的是:童年霸凌的埋藏記憶在成年後仍持續影響、困擾某些人。表示「記憶、往事、創傷經驗揮之不去,長期困擾某人」時,慣用動詞是 haunt。

答案句的核心意思為:

buried memories tend to haunt males
埋藏的記憶往往會困擾男性


定位答案的原文與翻譯

題幹關鍵句:

Some psychiatrists believe buried memories of childhood bullying experiences tend to _________ males than females in their adulthood.

依官方答案填入後:

Some psychiatrists believe buried memories of childhood bullying experiences tend to haunt males than females in their adulthood.

可翻譯為:

有些精神科醫師相信,童年遭受霸凌經驗的埋藏記憶,在成年後往往比女性更容易困擾男性。

其中 haunt 表示「長期困擾、縈繞心頭、揮之不去地影響」,與「埋藏記憶」及「童年霸凌創傷」的語意最吻合。


文法與語意重點

1. tend to + 原形動詞

tend to V 表示「往往會……、傾向於……」。

例:

  • People tend to remember unpleasant experiences.
  • 人們往往會記住不愉快的經驗。

因此空格應填入動詞原形。

2. haunt 的常見搭配

haunt + 人 表示某段記憶、經驗、恐懼或罪惡感長期困擾某人。

常見搭配包括:

  • be haunted by memories
    被記憶困擾
  • painful memories haunt him
    痛苦的記憶困擾著他
  • childhood trauma continued to haunt her
    童年創傷持續困擾她

本題的 buried memories 正是 haunt 的典型主詞。


選項分析

(A) hanker

hanker 是「渴望、切望」,通常搭配 for 或 after:

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第 8 題1 分

Conference of Genoa 1922, in Genoa, Italy, was the first conference after World War I in which Germany and the Soviet Union were accepted __________ other nations.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「固定片語」與「平等關係」的語意:

  • on a par with + 名詞:與……同等、與……不相上下
  • par:標準、同等水準
  • accept A on a par with B:接受 A,使其與 B 處於同等地位

題幹表示:德國與蘇聯在這次會議中,獲得與其他國家同等的地位。因此應填入表示「與……平等」的片語 on a par with。

解題方法

先觀察空格後面的結構:

Germany and the Soviet Union were accepted __________ other nations.

空格後接名詞片語 other nations,需要一個能表達「與其他國家同等」的介系詞片語。

代入正確片語:

Germany and the Soviet Union were accepted on a par with other nations.

翻譯為:

德國與蘇聯被接受為與其他國家地位相等。

句意、文法與固定搭配皆成立,因此選 (B)。

題幹關鍵句與翻譯

Conference of Genoa 1922, in Genoa, Italy, was the first conference after World War I in which Germany and the Soviet Union were accepted on a par with other nations.

翻譯:

1922 年在義大利熱那亞舉行的熱那亞會議,是第一次世界大戰後第一次讓德國與蘇聯獲得與其他國家同等地位的會議。

其中,on a par with other nations 是定位答案的關鍵,表示「與其他國家同等」。

選項分析

(A) below par for

  • below par 表示「低於標準、低於正常水準」。
  • 例如:His performance was below par.
    「他的表現低於水準。」
  • below par for 並非表示「與……同等」的固定片語。
  • 代入後變成「以低於標準的狀態被接受」,與題意相反,故錯誤。

(B) on a par with

  • on a par with 表示「與……同等、與……並駕齊驅」。
  • 代入後:

Germany and the Soviet Union were accepted on a par with other nations.

  • 意思是「德國與蘇聯被接受為與其他國家地位相等」,完全符合上下文,故正確。

(C) up to par against

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第 9 題1 分

Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as __________ hear from professors as from peasants.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「形容詞搭配不定詞」以及「as ... as ...」比較句型。

句型為:

be apt to + V:很可能做……、容易做……

題幹中的:

you are as __________ hear from professors as from peasants

可還原為:

you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants.

其中 as apt to hear asas\ \text{apt to hear}\ as 表示「從教授那裡聽到的可能性,和從農民那裡聽到的一樣高」。


題幹關鍵句與翻譯

Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants.

翻譯:

諺語是使許多拉丁美洲談話增色不少的通俗格言;這些濃縮後的智慧,你從教授那裡聽到的機會,和從農民那裡聽到的一樣多。

句中 as apt to hear from professors as from peasants 是定位答案的關鍵。諺語並非只有農民會說,教授也同樣可能談到,因此需要表達「同樣容易/同樣可能聽到」的形容詞 apt。


解題方法

先觀察空格後方的結構:

__________ hear

空格後直接接原形動詞 hear,因此適合填入能搭配不定詞的形容詞:

adjective + to + V

再根據語意判斷,句子要表達「你同樣可能從教授和農民那裡聽到這些諺語」。

apt to + V 正好表示「很可能做……、容易做……」,放入後為:

you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants.

句意與文法皆成立,因此選 (D)。


選項分析

(A) accessible to

accessible to 表示「容易接近的」「容易取得的」「容易理解的」,通常搭配名詞:

  • The museum is accessible to everyone.
    這座博物館人人都能參觀。
  • The book is accessible to beginners.
    這本書初學者也容易理解。

若放入題幹:

you are as accessible to hear ...

文法與語意都不自然。accessible to 不是「很可能做某事」的意思,且此處主詞 you 也不是「容易被接近」的對象。

(B) admitted to

admit 可表示「准許進入」或「承認」。be admitted to 常見意思為「獲准進入……」或「被錄取至……」:

  • He was admitted to the university.
    他獲准進入那所大學/被那所大學錄取。

此外,表示「承認做過某事」時,通常使用:

admit to + V-ing

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第 10 題1 分

Not that long ago many youngsters could get part-time or summer jobs that taught them the __________ of a trade they could pursue later.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「固定搭配」。關鍵句型是:

many youngsters could get part-time or summer jobs that taught them the rudiments of a trade they could pursue later.
許多年輕人可以找到兼職或暑期工作,學習一門日後可能從事的行業的基本入門知識。

其中,the rudiments of a trade 表示「某種行業的基本知識、入門技能」。題意是:年輕人透過早期的兼職或暑期工作,先學會未來職業的基礎。

解題方法

先判斷空格所需的語意。句中 taught them 表示這些工作能「教導他們」某一行業的基礎內容,因此空格應填入表示「基本原理、入門知識」的名詞。

rudiments 的意思是「基本原理、基礎知識、入門技能」,與 a trade 搭配自然,故選 (E)。

選項分析

(A) adjustments
意為「調整、適應、修正」。the adjustments of a trade 可理解為「某行業的調整」,但不符合工作教導年輕人學習職業基礎的語意。

(B) amendments
意為「修正、修訂」,常用於法律、條文、文件等內容的修改,例如 amendments to the law(法律修正案)。the amendments of a trade 不符合本句語境。

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第 11 題1 分

He had a week off, so he decided to take a trip to Bali and ___ there.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「平行結構」。

題幹描述他有一週假期,因此決定到峇里島旅行,並在當地放鬆。空格後的 there 指前面的 Bali;能與「旅行」搭配,且符合休假語境的動詞是 unwind,意為「放鬆、鬆弛身心」。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句如下:

He had a week off, so he decided to take a trip to Bali and ___ there.
他有一週假期,因此決定到峇里島旅行,並在那裡放鬆。

take a trip 與 unwind 由 and 連接,形成平行的動作:

  • take a trip to Bali:到峇里島旅行
  • unwind there:在那裡放鬆

decided to 後面可接兩個並列動詞,第二個動詞前的 to 可以省略:

  • decided to take a trip and unwind
  • 決定旅行並放鬆

因此空格應填入表示「放鬆、休息」的 unwind。

選項分析

(A) cater

cater 主要表示「供應飲食、承辦餐飲」,也可用於片語 cater to,表示「迎合、滿足……的需求」。

例:

  • The hotel caters meals for tourists.
    這家旅館為旅客供餐。
  • This program caters to young children.
    這個節目迎合幼童的需求。

cater there 不符合「旅行後在當地做什麼」的語意,故錯誤。

(B) unwind

unwind 表示「放鬆身心、鬆弛、休息」,常用於假期或工作後恢復精神。

例:

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第 12 題1 分

___ projections suggest that the world population will grow before it begins to stabilize.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「形容詞修飾名詞」的搭配。

題幹中的關鍵名詞是 world population(世界人口),因此空格應填入與「人口統計、人口結構」相關的形容詞,形成固定且合理的搭配:

demographic projections = 人口預測


解題方法

先觀察句型:

___ projections suggest that the world population will grow before it begins to stabilize.
___ 預測顯示,世界人口將會成長,之後才開始趨於穩定。

空格位於名詞 projections(預測) 前方,需填入形容詞,限定「哪一類的預測」。

句中主題明確圍繞 world population,因此應選擇表示「人口統計的、人口結構的」之形容詞 demographic。

完整句意為:

Demographic projections suggest that the world population will grow before it begins to stabilize.
人口預測顯示,世界人口將會成長,之後才開始趨於穩定。


選項分析

(A) Monographic

  • monographic:專題論文的、專著的。
  • 字根 mono- 表示「單一」,monograph 指針對單一主題深入研究的專著或專題論文。
  • monographic projections 可理解為「專著方面的預測」,但與世界人口成長及穩定的語境無關。
  • 因此錯誤。

(B) Geographic

  • geographic:地理的、地理學的。
  • geographic projections 通常可指「地理投影」,例如將地球表面繪製成平面地圖的方法;也可泛指地理方面的預測。
  • 本句討論的是世界人口數量的成長,不是地理位置、地圖繪製或區域分布。
  • 因此不符合語意。

(C) Seismographic

  • seismographic:地震記錄的、地震儀記錄的。
  • 字根 seismo- 與「地震」有關;seismograph 是地震儀或地震記錄圖。
  • seismographic projections 會涉及地震活動或地震資料,與世界人口變化沒有關聯。
  • 因此錯誤。

(D) Demographic

  • demographic:人口統計的、人口結構的。
  • 字根 demo- 表示「人民」,demography 是「人口統計學」。
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第 13 題1 分

The boy was experiencing ___ about giving his speech, wanting to give it and yet dreading it.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「語意判斷」與「情緒相關字彙」。

題幹描述男孩對演講同時抱持兩種相反感受:

  • 想要發表演講
  • 又害怕、畏懼發表演講

同一件事情引發期待與恐懼等相反情緒,稱為 ambivalence,意為「矛盾情感;又愛又恨的心理;對同一事物同時抱持相反態度」。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

The boy was experiencing ___ about giving his speech, wanting to give it and yet dreading it.

其中:

  • experiencing:正在經歷、感受到
  • about giving his speech:對於發表演講這件事
  • wanting to give it:想要發表演講
  • yet:然而、卻,表示轉折
  • dreading it:非常害怕、畏懼這件事

全句翻譯:

那個男孩對於要發表演講感到__,他想要發表演講,卻又害怕面對它。

「想要」與「害怕」並存,正是 ambivalence 的定義,因此選 (D)。

解題方法

先觀察空格前後的結構:

experience + 名詞 + about ...

空格需要填入表示心理狀態或情緒的名詞。接著利用後半句的語意線索:

wanting to give it and yet dreading it

這部分以 and yet 連接兩個相反的心理傾向,明確表示「內心矛盾、同時具有相反感受」。

因此最精確的字是:

experience ambivalence about something
對某事感到矛盾

選項分析

(A) fear

fear 是「恐懼、害怕」。

若填入後,句意為:

男孩對發表演講感到恐懼,想要發表卻又害怕。

語法上可以成立,但語意不夠完整。題幹並非只描述害怕,還明確指出他「想要發表演講」,重點在兩種相反情感同時存在。因此 fear 只表達其中一面,不是最佳答案。

(B) ambiguity

ambiguity 是「模稜兩可;歧義;不明確」。

這個字通常用來描述語句、意義、立場或情況不清楚,例如:

The statement contains ambiguity.
這項聲明含有歧義。

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第 14 題1 分

The Internet is one of the most common ways to ___ information, and it is done very quickly.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞與受詞的語意搭配」。句型為:

one of the most common ways to + 原形動詞 + 受詞

題幹中的受詞是 information(資訊),因此要選能表示「傳播、散布資訊」的動詞。

關鍵片語:

  • the Internet:網際網路
  • one of the most common ways to...:最普遍的……方式之一
  • disseminate information:散播、傳播資訊
  • enhance:增強、提升
  • impeach:彈劾
  • interrogate:訊問、審問
  • stake:下注;使冒險;以某物作賭注

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

The Internet is one of the most common ways to ___ information, and it is done very quickly.

翻譯為:

網際網路是傳播資訊最普遍的方式之一,而且這件事完成得非常迅速。

空格後面的受詞是 information,句意需要「傳播資訊」之意。能與 information 自然搭配,且符合網際網路功能的動詞是 disseminate。

文法上,to 後面接原形動詞,因此五個選項在形式上都可放入,但必須進一步依據語意與搭配判斷。

選項分析

(A) disseminate

disseminate 意為「散播、傳播、 disseminate information」。
disseminate information 是正式且正確的搭配,意思是「傳播資訊」,符合網際網路快速傳遞資訊的功能。

因此選 (A)。

(B) enhance

enhance 意為「增強、提升」,常見搭配如:

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第 15 題1 分

Some organizations provide ___ for their staff. It’s not uncommon for the top salesman to receive an expensive car as an award.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」。句意是:有些組織會為員工提供某種獎勵或誘因;頂尖業務員獲得昂貴汽車作為獎勵並不罕見。

關鍵句為:

Some organizations provide ___ for their staff.
It’s not uncommon for the top salesman to receive an expensive car as an award.

翻譯:

有些組織會為員工提供獎勵。頂尖業務員獲得一輛昂貴的汽車作為獎品,並不罕見。

第二句以「昂貴汽車作為獎勵」具體說明第一句的空格內容,因此空格應填表示「獎勵、誘因」的名詞。

解題方法

句型為:

provide + 名詞 + for + 人

空格需要填入組織提供給員工的事物。後句出現 as an award,明確提示這項事物屬於獎勵性質。

incentive 是「誘因、獎勵、激勵措施」,通常用複數 incentives 表示公司提供的各種獎勵,例如獎金、禮品、升遷機會或汽車。因此:

provide incentives for their staff
為員工提供獎勵/激勵措施

語意與文法皆成立。

選項分析

(A) internships:實習機會。

provide internships for their staff 在文法上可以成立,但 staff 已經是組織內的員工,通常不會以「提供實習機會」來解釋頂尖業務員獲得昂貴汽車這件事;後句的汽車明顯是獎勵,而不是實習機會。

(B) habitat:棲息地、生存環境。

habitat 通常用於動物或植物居住、生存的環境,例如 the natural habitat of pandas。組織不會為員工提供「棲息地」來說明業績獎勵,語意不合;

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第 16 題1 分

His argument failed because he started with a false ___.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「語意搭配」。句意為:他的論證失敗,因為他一開始便建立在一個錯誤的__之上。

關鍵結構是:

His argument failed because he started with a false premise.
他的論證失敗,因為他一開始便以錯誤的前提為基礎。

其中,premise 指「前提、假設」,特別是推理或論證中作為出發點的命題。若論證建立在錯誤前提上,即使後續推理形式正確,結論仍可能不成立,因此與句意完全吻合。

解題方法

先判斷空格所需的詞性。a false ___ 中,空格前有不定冠詞 a 及形容詞 false,因此需要填入一個可數名詞。

再觀察語意:

  • argument 是「論證」。
  • started with 表示「從……開始、以……為出發點」。
  • 論證的出發點通常是「前提」。
  • false premise 是自然且常見的搭配,意為「錯誤前提」。

因此應選 premise。

選項分析

(A) panorama:全景;全景照片;概觀

panorama 指從廣角呈現的景色或事物全貌,例如「城市全景」。a false panorama 可勉強理解為「錯誤的全景」,但不符合論證的語意。論證不是從一幅全景圖開始,而是從一項前提開始,因此錯誤。

(B) panacea:萬靈丹;包治百病的方法

panacea 指被認為可以解決所有問題的事物或方法。常見搭配為 a panacea for all problems,意為「解決所有問題的萬靈丹」。

a false panacea 雖在文法上可成立,意為「虛假的萬靈丹」,但 started with 與論證失敗的因果關係並不支持這個意思。句子需要的是論證的基礎,而不是解決問題的方法,因此錯誤。

(C) premise:前提;假設

premise 是推理或論證所根據的命題或假設。a false premise 意為「錯誤的前提」,與 argument、started with 形成自然的語意關聯。

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第 17 題1 分

The topic was well-defined and the writing ___. The instructor found nothing to criticize in the essay.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「上下文語意判斷」與形容詞字義。

題幹描述文章主題明確,且教師「找不到任何可批評之處」,因此空格應填入表示「無可挑剔的、完美的」形容詞。

關鍵句為:

The instructor found nothing to criticize in the essay.
教師在這篇文章中找不到任何可以批評的地方。

這句直接暗示文章品質極佳,因此答案為 impeccable。

解題方法

空格所在句可理解為:

The topic was well-defined and the writing was impeccable.

其中第二個子句省略了與前面相同的 be 動詞 was,完整結構是:

  • The topic was well-defined.
  • The writing was impeccable.

well-defined 表示「界定清楚的、明確的」;impeccable 表示「無瑕疵的、無可挑剔的」。兩者皆用來正面描述文章,因此語意前後一致。

全句翻譯為:

主題界定得很清楚,文筆也無可挑剔。教師在這篇文章中找不到任何可以批評的地方。

選項分析

(A) impeccable

impeccable
詞性:形容詞
意思:「無瑕疵的、無可挑剔的、完美的」

例句:

Her grammar is impeccable.
她的文法無可挑剔。

將此字填入後:

The topic was well-defined and the writing impeccable.

語意是「主題清楚,文筆完美」,與後句教師找不到任何批評之處完全吻合,因此正確。

(B) putative

putative
詞性:形容詞
意思:「被認為的、推定的、一般認定的」

此字通常用於某人或某事被普遍認為具有某種身分或性質,但不表示已經證實。例如:

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第 18 題1 分

Failing to thank people properly for gifts is a(n) ___ of etiquette.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義判斷」與固定搭配。句中關鍵片語為 a breach of etiquette,意為「違反禮節的行為」。

  • breach:違反;破壞;失誤
  • etiquette:禮節;禮儀
  • thank people properly:適當地向人道謝
  • fail to V:未能做某事

句意是:

Failing to thank people properly for gifts is a(n) ___ of etiquette.
沒有適當地為禮物向他人道謝,是一種違反禮節的行為。

「違反規定、法律、協議或禮節」常用 breach of,因此答案為 breach。

解題方法

先判斷句意:沒有適當道謝,應被視為不合乎禮儀、違反禮節的行為。

再套用固定搭配:

a breach of etiquette
違反禮節

題幹中的冠詞 a(n) 也表示空格應填入可數名詞。各選項雖然都是名詞,但只有 breach 同時符合「違反」的語意與 of etiquette 的慣用搭配。

選項分析

(A) avoidance

avoidance 意為「避免;迴避」。

an avoidance of etiquette

此搭配不自然,且語意不合。題目描述的是「沒有適當道謝」而造成失禮,重點是違反禮節,不是「避免禮節」。

(B) cause

cause 意為「原因;導致某事的人或事物」。

a cause of etiquette

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第 19 題1 分

A higher salary is not the only benefit; there are ___ advantages that go with the promotion.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「字義辨析」與「形容詞修飾名詞」的語意判斷。

題幹中的空格位於名詞片語中:

there are ___ advantages

空格後接複數名詞 advantages(優點、好處),因此需要填入能修飾 advantages、且語意符合上下文的形容詞。

題幹定位與翻譯

A higher salary is not the only benefit; there are ___ advantages that go with the promotion.

翻譯:

較高的薪水不是唯一的好處;這項升遷還伴隨著其他優勢。

關鍵語意是 that go with the promotion,意為「伴隨這項升遷而來」。因此空格應填入表示「伴隨的、同時發生的」之形容詞。

解題方法

句子的邏輯為:

  • higher salary 是升遷帶來的一項好處;
  • 但它不是唯一好處;
  • 升遷還會同時帶來其他優勢。

concomitant 的意思是「伴隨的、同時發生的」,可表示某事物與另一事物一同出現。因此:

concomitant advantages

就是「伴隨而來的優勢」,與後面的 that go with the promotion 語意完全一致。

完整句意為:

較高的薪水不是唯一的好處;升遷還會帶來其他伴隨性的優勢。

選項分析

(A) concomitant

意為「伴隨的、同時發生的」。

  • concomitant advantages:伴隨而來的優勢
  • 符合升遷同時帶來薪資以外利益的語境。
  • 詞性為形容詞,可修飾複數名詞 advantages。

因此選項正確。

(B) taciturn

意為「沉默寡言的、不愛說話的」,通常形容人或人的性格,例如:

a taciturn man
一名沉默寡言的男子

「沉默寡言的優勢」不符合本句在討論升遷福利與利益的語意,因此錯誤。

(C) equivocal

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第 20 題1 分

Figures that ____ the norm are different from what is typical.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞片語的語意與搭配」,重點是判斷哪個選項能表達「偏離常態」的意思。

  • deviate from:偏離、背離
  • the norm:規範、標準、常態
  • typical:典型的、通常的

句中「Figures that ____ the norm」意為「偏離常態的數字」,後句又說這些數字「不同於通常情況」,前後語意一致。

題幹定位與翻譯

原句:

Figures that deviate from the norm are different from what is typical.

翻譯:

偏離常態的數字,與通常的情況不同。

其中 different from what is typical 已明確提示前面的數字「不符合一般標準」,因此應選擇表示「偏離」的片語。

解題方法

先找語意線索:

  • the norm 表示「常態、標準」。
  • 後半句 are different from what is typical 表示「不同於通常情況」。
  • 因此空格需要填入「不符合常態、偏離標準」的動詞片語。

deviate from the norm 是固定且自然的搭配,意思是「偏離常態」。此外,關係代名詞 that 在子句中作主詞,先行詞 Figures 為複數,因此動詞使用原形 deviate,文法也正確。

選項分析

(A) deviate from

意為「偏離、背離」。
deviate from the norm 是常見搭配,表示「偏離常態」,與後面的 different from what is typical 意思相符,因此正確。

(B) overlap with

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第 21 題1 分

His comments epitomize the attitude of many parents nowadays.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「同義字替換」與句意判讀。

關鍵字 epitomize 是動詞,意為「充分代表、具體體現、是……的典型例子」。句中的 attitude 是「態度」,comments 是「評論、看法」。

題幹:

His comments epitomize the attitude of many parents nowadays.
他的評論充分代表了現今許多父母的態度。

因此,epitomize 可改寫為 are a perfect example of,意思是「是……的完美例子/充分代表……」。


解題方法

先判斷空格字詞的核心語意:

  • epitomize = represent something perfectly,充分代表某事物
  • 題幹主詞為複數 His comments
  • 替換後須使用複數動詞 are

完整改寫為:

His comments are a perfect example of the attitude of many parents nowadays.

中文為:

他的評論充分代表了現今許多父母的態度。

句意與原句完全相符,所以選 (C)。


選項分析

(A) reiterate

reiterate 是動詞,意為「重申、反覆說明」。

若代入句中:

His comments reiterate the attitude of many parents nowadays.

語意變成「他的評論重申了許多父母的態度」,重點是再次表達某個觀點,並非「代表或體現某種態度」。因此不符合 epitomize 的語意。

(B) conceive

conceive 是動詞,意為「構想、想出;理解;懷孕」。

例如:

  • conceive an idea:構想一個想法
  • conceive of a plan:想出一項計畫

代入題幹後無法合理表達「評論充分代表態度」的意思,因此錯誤。

(C) are a perfect example of

意為「是……的完美例子;充分代表……」。

epitomize 本身就是「以最典型、最完整的形式呈現某種特質」,與 be a perfect example of 意義相同。

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第 22 題1 分

As time goes by, sometime a word may be used in a pejorative sense.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「同義字辨識」與語意判讀。

關鍵字是 pejorative,意為「貶義的、含貶意的、輕蔑的」。因此,句中 used in a pejorative sense 是指「以貶義使用」。

題幹說,隨著時間推移,一個字的使用方式可能逐漸帶有貶抑、輕蔑的意味,因此應選擇與 pejorative 意義最接近的形容詞。

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹關鍵句:

As time goes by, sometime a word may be used in a pejorative sense.

翻譯:

隨著時間推移,有時一個字可能會被用於貶義。

其中:

  • as time goes by:隨著時間流逝、隨著時間推移
  • a word:一個字、單字
  • may be used:可能被使用
  • in a … sense:以……的意義、用在……的語意上
  • pejorative:貶義的、帶有貶抑意味的

解題方法

先將 pejorative 替換成中文:

a word may be used in a 貶義的 sense.

再檢查各選項中,哪一個具有「貶抑、輕蔑、表示不屑」的意思。disparaging 正是「貶低的、輕蔑的、表示不屑的」,可直接替換:

a word may be used in a disparaging sense.

句意與文法均成立,因此選 (A)。

選項分析

(A) disparaging

disparaging 意為「貶低的、輕蔑的、貶抑的」。

例句:

His disparaging comments offended many people.
他貶低他人的評論冒犯了許多人。

代入題幹:

a word may be used in a disparaging sense

意為「一個字可能被用於貶義」,與 pejorative 意義相同,為正確答案。

(B) cliché

cliché 是名詞,意為「陳腔濫調、老生常談」,指被過度使用而失去新意的語句或觀念。

它描述的是語句「老套」,不是語意「貶抑」。此外,題幹中的空格需要形容詞來修飾 sense,而 cliché 通常作名詞使用,詞性與語意均不合。

(C) new

new 意為「新的、新穎的」。

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第 23 題1 分

He was advised to qualify his claim.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查單字 qualify 的語意,以及同義字辨析。

在句子 qualify one’s claim 中,qualify 不是「使……具備資格」,而是:

  • 限定、修正原本的說法
  • 加上條件或保留
  • 使語氣不再過於絕對或強烈

因此,qualify his claim 可理解為「弱化他的主張、替他的主張加以限制」。

題幹定位與翻譯

He was advised to qualify his claim.

翻譯為:

有人建議他弱化自己的主張。

句中 his claim 是「他的主張、主張內容」;qualify 修飾的是這個主張,表示不要以過度肯定或絕對的方式陳述。

解題方法

判斷本題的關鍵,是將 qualify 放回「主張」的語境中理解。

若一個人的主張過於絕對,別人建議他 qualify his claim,意思就是要求他:

  1. 降低語氣的強度;
  2. 加入限制條件或保留;
  3. 避免讓主張聽起來過度武斷。

因此,最直接且精確的同義解釋是 make less strong。

選項分析

(A) explicate:詳細解釋、闡明

explicate 指的是把複雜或不清楚的內容解釋清楚,例如:

The professor explicated the theory.

意為「教授詳細闡明這項理論」。

這個字強調「解釋內容」,沒有「降低主張強度」的意思,因此錯誤。


(B) modify:修改、修正

modify 泛指修改或調整,語意範圍很廣。例如:

He modified his plan.

意為「他修改了計畫」。

雖然弱化主張確實可視為一種修改,但 modify 沒有明確表達「使語氣變弱、降低主張強度」的意思;本題選項中,(D) 是對 qualify 在此語境下的精確解釋,因此不選 (B)。


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第 24 題1 分

His attitude was construed as one of opposition to the proposal.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查單字 construe 的語意,以及片語 be construed as 的用法。

  • construe A as B:將 A 解讀為 B、把 A 詮釋成 B
  • be construed as:被解讀為、被詮釋為

題幹中的 was construed as 是被動語態,意思是「被解讀為……」。

解題方法

先掌握句子結構:

His attitude was construed as one of opposition to the proposal.
他的態度被解讀為反對這項提案的態度。

其中:

  • His attitude:主詞,「他的態度」
  • was construed:被動語態,「被解讀」
  • as one of opposition to the proposal:補充說明被解讀成什麼,「是反對該提案的態度」

因此,空格所代表的 construed 應與「解釋、詮釋」意思相近,答案為 interpreted。

選項分析

(A) misunderstood:誤解

misunderstand 是「誤解、錯誤理解」,著重於理解錯誤。題幹只表示他的態度「被解讀為反對提案」,沒有表示這種解讀是錯的,因此語意不完全相同。

若改成:

His attitude was misunderstood as opposition to the proposal.

意思會變成「他的態度被誤解為反對該提案」,語氣比原句多了「錯誤理解」的含意,故不選。

(B) composed:組成;撰寫;鎮定的

compose 可表示「組成、創作、撰寫」,形容詞 composed 則是「鎮定的」。這些意思都無法代入句中表達「被解讀為反對」,故錯誤。

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第 25 題1 分

This study of Victorian poetry encapsulates the various views of modern experts.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「動詞字義與語境判斷」,關鍵在於 encapsulates 的意思。

  • encapsulate:概括、濃縮呈現;包含……的精髓
  • various views:各種觀點
  • modern experts:現代專家
  • Victorian poetry:維多利亞時期詩歌

句意是:這份對維多利亞時期詩歌的研究,概括呈現了現代專家的各種觀點。

其中,encapsulate 與 incorporate 都具有「包含、納入」的意思,因此選項中以 incorporates 最符合語意。

解題方法

先觀察句型:

This study of Victorian poetry encapsulates the various views of modern experts.

主詞是單數的 This study,因此空格若替換動詞,必須使用第三人稱單數形式。

將各選項代入後,最合理的句子是:

This study of Victorian poetry incorporates the various views of modern experts.
這份對維多利亞時期詩歌的研究納入了現代專家的各種觀點。

incorporate 的核心意思是「納入、包含、合併」,表示研究內容涵蓋多位現代專家的觀點,與原句 encapsulates 的「概括包含」語意一致。

選項分析

(A) incorporates:納入;包含;合併

正確。incorporate 可表示「將某事物納入整體之中」,例如:

  • The report incorporates data from several sources.
    這份報告納入了來自數個來源的資料。

代入題目後,表示這份研究包含現代專家的各種觀點,語意通順,且文法上使用第三人稱單數 incorporates,符合主詞 This study。故選 A。

(B) fabricates:捏造;偽造;製造

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第 26 題1 分

As much as his grandfather can afford good food and house, he dwells on those days of war and starvation.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於「同義句改寫題」(Sentence Rewriting / Paraphrasing),測驗重點涵蓋以下兩大關鍵文法與語意概念:

  1. 讓步副詞子句連接詞 As much as...:在此用法中,as much as 等同於 although 或 even though,引導表示「儘管、雖然」的讓步副詞子句,前後子句語意形成強烈對比。
  2. 動詞片語語意理解:
  • dwell on / upon something:意為「老是想著、沉湎於、念念不忘(尤指不愉快的事)」。
  • afford:負擔得起(金錢或資源)。

題幹解析與翻譯

  • 原文:
    As much as his grandfather can afford good food and house, he dwells on those days of war and starvation.
  • 句子結構剖析:
  • 前半句:As much as his grandfather can afford good food and house(讓步狀語子句)
    → As much as 表「雖然、儘管」(=Although/Even though= \text{Although} / \text{Even though}),指出祖父如今經濟寬裕、吃好住好。
  • 後半句:he dwells on those days of war and starvation(主要子句)
    → 指祖父的心態卻依然「老是想著、放不下」過去戰爭與飢餓的苦難歲月。
  • 中文語意:
    「儘管他的祖父負擔得起美食與豪宅(現在過著優渥的生活),他卻總是念念不忘那段戰亂與飢饉的歲月。」

解題方法

  1. 確認邏輯轉折:題幹透過 as much as 呈現「物質條件優渥(正向)」與「心理沉溺於過去痛苦(負向)」的讓步/轉折對比。同義句必須具備相同邏輯關係(如使用 even though、although 等讓步連接詞)。
  2. 對應片語語意:主要子句的核心動作是 dwell on(沉溺於、放不下),改寫句必須保留「無法釋懷 / 放不下」(cannot let go of)的核心意涵。
  3. 比對選項:篩選出語意對應最精準者。

選項分析

  • (A) 錯誤
    As soon as his grandfather becomes wealthy, he tries to bury the old days of his sufferings.

  • As soon as 表示「一……就……」(時間副詞子句),偏離題幹的「讓步(雖然)」邏輯。

  • try to bury(試圖埋葬/遺忘)與題幹的 dwell on(老是想著、沉湎於)語意完全相反。

  • (B) 正確
    *Even though his grandfather lives a good life now, he cannot let go of the old days of sufferings.

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第 27 題1 分

Quite a few candidates admit that they have been tempted to be less than perfectly honest with their electorates.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於「同義句改寫/句意理解題」(Sentence Restatement / Paraphrase),測驗考生對進階英文修辭、委婉語(euphemism / understatement)及關鍵片語語意的精準掌握。

本題的核心語意關鍵在於:

  1. less than + adj.:在此作為委婉語(understatement),字面意思是「不到……」,引申為「一點也不……」或「並非(完全)……」;因此 less than perfectly honest 委婉指涉「不夠誠實/說謊/欺瞞」。
  2. be tempted to + V:受誘惑去做某事、想要做某事(對應到吸引力、誘惑)。
  3. electorate / voters:選民的同義代換。

題幹解析與翻譯

  • 原句:
    "Quite a few candidates admit that they have been tempted to be less than perfectly honest with their electorates."
  • 結構拆解:
  • 主詞與動詞:Quite a few candidates(相當多的候選人)+ admit(承認)。
  • 受詞子句:that they have been tempted to...(他們曾受到誘惑去……)。
  • 關鍵補語:be less than perfectly honest with their electorates(對他們的選民不完全誠實/有所隱瞞甚至說謊)。
  • 中文翻譯:
    「相當多的候選人承認,他們曾經受到誘惑,想要對自己的選民不那麼完全誠實(即說謊或有所保留)。」

關鍵單字與片語解析

  • quite a few(phr.):相當多(修飾可數名詞)。
  • admit(v.):承認;准許進入。
  • be tempted to + V(phr.):受誘惑去做……、忍不住想做……。
  • less than + adj.(phr.):遠非、絕非、不那麼……(例:less than pleased 意為「很不高興」;less than honest 意為「不誠實」)。
  • electorate(n.):(全體)選民(集合名詞)。
  • irresistible(adj.):無法抗拒的、誘惑力極強的。
  • more often than not(phr.):多半、往往、經常。
  • spare no efforts(phr.):不遺餘力、全力以赴。

選項分析

  • (A) The admission of candidates who tell white lies is a temptation.(錯誤)
  • 解析:本句主詞為 The admission of candidates...(准許說善意謊言的候選人進入/錄取,或候選人的承認),語意混亂且扭曲原句。原句中 admit 是動詞「承認」,其受詞為「受到說謊的誘惑」,並非「候選人的准入是一項誘惑」。
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第 28 題1 分

The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查句意改寫(Sentence Paraphrasing / Restatement)與核心片語與詞彙的精準語意轉換。解題關鍵在於理解以下兩個核心語言要素:

  1. 距離與時間隱喻片語:only ... away(距離……僅一步之遙、即將來臨)。
  • 結構:A is only (a distance / time / event) away,表示「A 即將發生」或「A 再經過……就會實現」。
  1. 同義字詞代換:
  • economical(平價的、經濟實惠的、合算的)等於 affordable(負擔得起的)或 low-cost。注意不要與 economic(經濟上的、國家經濟的)混淆。
  • transient(短暫的、暫時的、轉瞬即逝的)。
  • failure(失敗)。

題幹解析與中譯

  • 原句:
    The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away.
  • 語意結構拆解:
  • 主詞核心:The development of an economical artificial heart(平價/經濟實惠人工心臟的研發)。
  • 述詞核心:is only a few transient failures away(距離成功只差幾次短暫的失敗)。
  • 整句精準中譯:
    「研發出平價的人工心臟,距離成功只差幾次短暫的失敗(意即:只要再克服少數幾次暫時性的挫折,經濟實惠的人工心臟很快就能研發成功)。」

解題方法

本題採用「核心語意對位法」:

  1. 找出題幹主旨:強調「平價人工心臟」的「成功研發」已經「指日可待、即將成真(soon going to be successfully developed)」。
  2. 辨析核心修飾詞:題幹的 economical(便宜實惠)對應到 (D) 的 affordable。
  3. 排除偏離原意、倒果為因或曲解字義的干擾選項。

選項分析

  • (A) Artificial heart is crucial to economic development though it may fail.
  • 錯誤原因:
  1. 詞義混淆:將修飾心臟價格的 economical(合算平價的)混淆為名詞片語 economic development(經濟發展)。
  2. 曲解邏輯:原句並未提及人工心臟對國家總體經濟發展具有「關鍵性(crucial)」。
  • (B) The idiom “failure is the mother to success” does not always apply.
  • 錯誤原因:
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第 29 題1 分

He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「句意改寫」與假設語氣,重點包括:

  • rash:魯莽的、輕率的、欠考慮的
  • venture to V:冒險/膽敢做某事
  • forecast:預測、預報
  • result:結果
  • should + 原形動詞:用於條件句,表示「萬一……」「假如真的……」,語氣較正式,帶有假設性
  • be considered + 形容詞:被認為是……

題幹的核心句型是:

He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event.
如果他膽敢預測這件事的結果,他就會被認為是個魯莽的人。

其中:

  • if he should venture to forecast... 是假設條件;
  • would be a rash man 是在此條件成立時所產生的判斷;
  • venture to forecast 與 dare to foretell 意義相近;
  • rash 與 impetuous 都有「魯莽、衝動、輕率」之意。

解題方法

句意改寫題應先拆出「條件」與「結果」:

條件:他膽敢預測結果\text{條件:他膽敢預測結果} 結果:他會被認為很魯莽\text{結果:他會被認為很魯莽}

再檢查選項是否同時保留:

  1. 預測事件結果的行為;
  2. 這種行為會使人被評為魯莽;
  3. 原句的主旨與語意方向。

選項 A 將原句改寫為:

Anyone who dares to foretell the results of this event would be considered impetuous.

翻譯:

任何膽敢預測這件事結果的人,都會被認為是魯莽的。

其中:

  • dares to foretell = ventures to forecast
  • would be considered impetuous = would be a rash man

主詞由原句的 he 改為泛指的 anyone who,仍然符合原句「凡是做出這種行為的人,都會被視為魯莽」的意思,因此 A 是最佳答案。


選項分析

(A) Anyone who dares to foretell the results of this event would be considered impetuous.

正確。

  • dare to foretell 表示「膽敢預測」,對應 venture to forecast。
  • foretell 是「預言、預測」,與 forecast 意義相近。
  • would be considered impetuous 是「會被認為魯莽」,對應 would be a rash man。
  • anyone who... 將原句的特定代名詞 he 改為泛指,並未改變主要語意。

這個選項完整保留了「預測結果」與「被視為魯莽」兩層意思。

(B) Venturing to boldly foretell the results of this event is an imprudent man’s business.

錯誤。

主要問題有兩點:

  1. 語意焦點錯誤

原句是在說「做這件事的人會被認為魯莽」,B 卻說這件事是「一個不謹慎男人的工作」,把對人的評價改成了某種工作的歸屬,與原句不符。

  1. 搭配不自然

an imprudent man’s business 並不是自然的英文表達。原句的 rash man 是對人的性格或行為作評價,不能直接改成「某人的工作」。

此外,boldly 已包含「大膽地」的意思,而 venture to 也含有冒險、膽敢之意,語意重複且句子不自然。

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第 30 題1 分

The end of wisdom is to dream high enough to lose the dream in the seeking of it.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「英譯英」的語意轉換,重點在於掌握:

  1. end 在此不是「結束」,而是「目的、終極目標」。
  2. dream high enough 指「夢想訂得夠高、夠遠大」。
  3. lose the dream in the seeking of it 指「在追尋夢想的過程中,夢想本身逐漸超越原本的形式或難以直接實現」。
  4. 題目要找的是最能表達「追求高遠、難以企及的夢想,因而獲得智慧」的選項。

題幹關鍵句與翻譯

The end of wisdom is to dream high enough to lose the dream in the seeking of it.

可拆解為:

  • The end of wisdom:智慧的終極目的
  • is to dream high enough:就是要有足夠高遠的夢想
  • to lose the dream in the seeking of it:以至於在追尋夢想的過程中,夢想本身被超越、消融或失去

整句可譯為:

智慧的終極目的,在於懷抱足夠高遠的夢想,甚至在追尋夢想的過程中超越了夢想本身。

依照本題官方答案的命題方向,這句話強調:追求高遠而難以企及的夢想,能使人獲得智慧。

解題方法

先抓住句子的核心概念:

  • wisdom:智慧
  • dream high:懷抱高遠夢想
  • seeking of the dream:追尋夢想的過程
  • lose the dream:夢想在追尋過程中被超越,或因理想過於高遠而無法直接達成

因此,正確選項必須同時包含兩層意思:

  1. 夢想必須高遠、難以達成。
  2. 追尋這類夢想會帶來智慧或成長。

(C) 同時具備這兩項要素,最符合官方答案所採取的語意。

選項分析

(A) The search for ultimate wisdom lies in the pursuit of high dreams.

追求終極智慧在於追尋高遠的夢想。

錯誤原因:

  • ultimate wisdom 是「終極智慧」,題幹說的是 the end of wisdom,此處的 end 是「目的」,不是「終極智慧」本身。
  • 選項將重點改成「尋找智慧」,沒有表達題幹中 lose the dream in the seeking of it 的概念。
  • 也就是說,A 只談「追尋高遠夢想與智慧的關聯」,未呈現「夢想高遠到在追尋中被超越」的語意。

(B) Wisdom comes to an end when high dreams get lost on the way.

當高遠的夢想在途中失去時,智慧就結束了。

錯誤原因:

  • 將 the end of wisdom 誤解為「智慧的終結」。
  • 題幹中的 end 是「目的、目標」,不是「結束」。
  • lose the dream 也不是表示「夢想中途失敗、遺失」,而是指在追求過程中,夢想的意義被深化或超越。
  • B 因此造成因果方向與整體語意的偏差。

(C) The quest for unreachable high dream makes people gain wisdom.

追求難以企及的高遠夢想,會使人獲得智慧。

正確。

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第 31 題1 分

Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, __________.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「句子結構」與「平行對偶句」的判斷。

題幹開頭:

Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, ...

這是一連串表示「不論結果如何」「無論成敗」的對偶片語,功能相當於讓步副詞片語。後面必須接一個完整的主要子句,而完整主要子句通常需要:

主詞+限定動詞\text{主詞}+\text{限定動詞}

因此空格後應接「主詞 I+動詞 give」,形成完整句子:

Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this vote.

其中 give 是現在式限定動詞,主詞是 I,句子結構完整。

關鍵單字與片語

  • sink:下沉;失敗
  • swim:游泳;成功應付
  • live or die:生或死;成敗攸關
  • survive or perish:存活或滅亡
  • give A to B:把 A 奉獻給 B;全心投入 B
  • hand and heart:雙手與心意;引申為全心全意
  • vote:投票;票決事項

題幹整句可翻譯為:

不論成敗,不論生死,不論存亡,我都要把雙手與心意奉獻給這次投票。

依題面用字,this vote 可理解為「這次投票/這項票決」。

解題方法

先將前面的三組對偶片語視為修飾整個主句的讓步語氣:

Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, ...

再檢查空格內容能否接成完整的主要子句。最自然且結構完整的形式是:

I+give+受詞\text{I}+\text{give}+\text{受詞}

因此選擇 (C) I give my hand and my heart to this vote。

另外,題幹前面的 sink or swim、live or die、survive or perish 都是相同形式的對偶結構,最後接一般語序的 I give...,整體形成強烈的排比與宣示語氣。

選項分析

(A) giving my hand and my heart to this vote

giving 是現在分詞,不能單獨作為主要子句的限定動詞。若接在題幹後面,整句只有分詞片語,缺少明確主詞與主要動詞,形成句子片段:

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第 32 題1 分

In the United States, thirteen should be considered a lucky number, __________.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 連接詞 for 表示原因
  2. 逗號後接完整子句
  3. 關係代名詞與介系詞片語的用法
  4. 語意與句子邏輯

句型為:

In the United States, thirteen should be considered a lucky number, for the nation started with thirteen colonies.

其中,逗號後的 for 是連接詞,意思是「因為」,用來補充說明前句的原因。其後必須接完整子句:

  • 主詞:the nation
  • 動詞:started
  • 介系詞片語:with thirteen colonies

關鍵單字與片語

  • in the United States:在美國
  • should be considered:應被視為
  • lucky number:幸運數字
  • nation:國家
  • start with:以……開始
  • colony:殖民地;複數為 colonies
  • be made up of:由……組成

題幹定位與翻譯

定位答案的關鍵句是:

for the nation started with thirteen colonies

翻譯為:

因為美國這個國家是由十三個殖民地開始建立的。

整句翻譯:

在美國,十三應被視為一個幸運數字,因為這個國家是由十三個殖民地開始建立的。

解題方法

先觀察空格前有逗號,空格內容需要補上一個能表達原因的完整子句。

前半句:

thirteen should be considered a lucky number

意思是「十三應被視為幸運數字」。

後半句需要回答「為什麼十三是幸運數字?」正確語意是「因為美國起初由十三個殖民地組成」。

選項 A 的結構為:

for + 主詞 the nation + 動詞 started + with thirteen colonies

文法完整,語意也自然,因此選 A。

選項分析

(A) for the nation started with thirteen colonies

正確。

此處 for 是表示原因的連接詞,等於 because。後面接完整子句:

the nation started with thirteen colonies

主詞是 the nation,動詞是 started,結構完整;語意也能合理解釋「十三為何被視為幸運數字」。

(B) whose thirteen colonies set up the nation

錯誤。

whose 是關係代名詞,表示「其……的」,後面通常接名詞。例如:

the country whose history is fascinating

本選項若接在句尾,會形成:

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第 33 題1 分

The loneliness of the city was brought home to me one early sleepless morning, __________, but by a single one of those same pigeons which I had seen from my hotel window.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 對等結構:not A, but B
  • 意為「不是 A,而是 B」。
  • 前後的介系詞、名詞結構與語法功能應保持平行。
  1. 被動句與介系詞片語
  • 原句主幹為:

The loneliness of the city was brought home to me ... by ...

  • 「by」引出使人深刻感受到城市孤寂的來源或媒介。
  1. 分詞片語修飾名詞
  • men like me tossing in lonely rooms 中,tossing in lonely rooms 修飾 men like me。
  • 此處 tossing 指人在床上因失眠而「翻來覆去」,不是「丟擲」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • loneliness:孤寂、孤獨
  • bring home to someone:使某人深刻體會;使某人充分了解
  • sleepless:失眠的、無法入睡的
  • by:由、藉由;在被動句中引出動作者或造成某結果的來源
  • men like me:像我這樣的人
  • toss in bed / toss in a room:在床上或房間裡翻來覆去
  • single:單一的、一隻
  • those same pigeons:那些同樣的鴿子

解題方法

先找句子的對等結構。空格後出現:

but by a single one of those same pigeons

其中 but by 明確提示前面應有與之相對的:

not by ...

因此句型應為:

not by A, but by B

再觀察語意:

城市的孤寂,不是由像「我」一樣在孤獨房間裡翻來覆去的人所帶來的,而是由一隻鴿子所帶來的。

符合此結構與語意的只有:

not by men like me tossing in lonely rooms

完整句子為:

The loneliness of the city was brought home to me one early sleepless morning, not by men like me tossing in lonely rooms, but by a single one of those same pigeons which I had seen from my hotel window.

翻譯:

在一個清早、我因失眠而醒著的時刻,城市的孤寂感深深觸動了我;帶給我這種感受的,不是像我一樣在孤獨房間裡翻來覆去的人,而是一隻我曾從旅館窗戶看過的同樣的鴿子。


選項分析

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第 34 題1 分

The mystery of how developing organisms choreograph the activity of their genes __________ is now being solved.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 連接詞 so that 的用法
  2. 句子結構與主詞、動詞的排列
  3. 語意:基因活動的安排,造成細胞在適當地點、適當時間形成並發揮功能

句型為:

主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + so that + 子句

其中 so that 可表示「以便……」「使得……」,後面必須接完整子句,也就是「主詞+動詞」。


解題方法

先分析主句:

The mystery of how developing organisms choreograph the activity of their genes __________ is now being solved.

主詞是:

The mystery of how developing organisms choreograph the activity of their genes

主要動詞是:

is now being solved

空格需要接一個子句,說明「生物如何調控基因活動」所達成的結果或目的。

理想語意為:

發育中的生物如何安排基因活動,使細胞能在適當的地點、適當的時間形成並發揮功能。

因此空格後應為:

so that + cells + form and function ...

選項 (C) 正好符合:

  • so that:使得、以便
  • cells:主詞
  • form and function:並列動詞
  • at the right place and at the right time:地點與時間副詞片語

答案句與翻譯

填入後的完整句子為:

The mystery of how developing organisms choreograph the activity of their genes so that cells form and function at the right place and at the right time is now being solved.

翻譯:

發育中的生物如何安排其基因活動,使細胞能在適當的地點、適當的時間形成並發揮功能,這個謎題現在正逐漸被解開。

其中:

  • developing organisms:發育中的生物
  • choreograph:精心安排、協調
  • the activity of their genes:其基因的活動
  • so that:使得、以便
  • form and function:形成並發揮功能
  • at the right place and at the right time:在適當的地點、適當的時間
  • is now being solved:現在正被解開

選項分析

(A) where form and function of cells are at the right place and at the right time

錯誤有兩點。

第一,where 通常引導地點關係子句,表示「在……的地方」。此處空格所要表達的是「基因活動造成的目的或結果」,不是地點,因此應使用 so that。

第二,句中的主詞是:

form and function of cells

這會使 form 與 function 被理解為名詞,意思變成「細胞的形態與功能位於適當地點與時間」,語意不自然。題目需要的是兩個動詞:

cells form and function

因此 (A) 不合句意,也未形成正確的句型。


(B) so at the right place and at the right time form and function the cells

錯誤在於:

  1. so 後面缺少適當的連接結構。此處要引導完整結果或目的子句,應使用 so that。
  2. 語序錯誤。英文基本語序是「主詞+動詞」:

cells form and function

而選項寫成:

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第 35 題1 分

From out the haze __________, invisible, and then the growl rose to a shriek as the plane plunged toward the earth.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考兩個重點:

  1. 地方副詞片語置於句首時的倒裝句
  2. 動詞搭配與句子完整性

句型為:

From out the haze came the growl of a small airplane, invisible, and then the growl rose to a shriek as the plane plunged toward the earth.

正常語序可還原為:

The growl of a small airplane came from out the haze.

當表示地點或方向的片語 From out the haze 置於句首時,英文常將動詞置於主詞之前,形成:

地方片語 + 動詞 + 主詞

因此:

From out the haze came the growl ...

即「從霧靄中傳來一架小飛機的隆隆聲」。

解題方法

先判斷空格後的句子需要一個完整的主要動詞。空格前為:

From out the haze

空格後接:

invisible, and then the growl rose to a shriek ...

主句的主詞是:

the growl of a small airplane

需要填入能與此主詞構成完整句子的動詞。選項 D 的 came 正好形成倒裝句:

From out the haze came the growl of a small airplane.

其中:

  • came:主要動詞
  • the growl of a small airplane:主詞
  • invisible:補充說明該架小飛機看不見;語意上修飾 a small airplane

全句翻譯為:

從霧靄中傳來一架看不見的小飛機的隆隆聲;接著,當飛機朝地面俯衝時,那隆隆聲逐漸升高成尖銳的呼嘯聲。

選項分析

(A) where came the growl of a small airplane

錯誤。where 是關係副詞或疑問副詞,不能直接放在句首的介系詞片語 From out the haze 後面,形成此處所需的主要子句。

若寫成:

From out the haze where came ...

結構會變得殘缺,且 where 沒有適當的先行詞與完整關係子句可供修飾。此處只需要倒裝主要句,不需要加入 where。

(B) coming a small airplane with growl

錯誤。此選項有數項問題:

  • coming 是現在分詞,不能單獨作為此處主要子句的限定動詞。
  • a small airplane with growl 搭配不自然;應為 the growl of a small airplane。
  • 題幹後文以 the growl 為主軸,B 卻將主詞改成 a small airplane,破壞原句的語意銜接。

(C) the growl of a small airplane coming

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第 36 題1 分

For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.

This was a well-written review of current information, but the connection between nutrient stress, secondary compounds, and herbivory rates in wetland plants could receive greater coverage.

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這一題的完整詳解

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹指出:

This was a well-written review of current information, but the connection between nutrient stress, secondary compounds, and herbivory rates in wetland plants could receive greater coverage.

翻譯:

這是一篇撰寫良好的當前資訊評論,但在濕地植物中,營養胁迫、次生化合物與植食作用速率之間的關聯,仍可獲得更充分的討論。

官方答案將錯誤定位在 (D) secondary compounds。


核心觀念

本題主要考:

  1. 名詞片語的語意完整性。
  2. 植物生理與生態學術語的正確搭配。
  3. 並列名詞之間是否屬於同一層次的研究變項。

句中真正要表達的是三者之間的研究關係:

  • nutrient stress:營養胁迫
  • secondary compound production:次生化合物的產生
  • herbivory rates:植食作用速率

「營養胁迫」通常影響植物的「次生化合物產生」,而次生化合物又可能影響植食者取食的程度。因此,此處需要的是表示「生產、形成或含量」的完整概念,而單獨使用 secondary compounds,只表示「次生化合物」這些物質本身,語意焦點不夠精確。

較完整的寫法是:

the connection between nutrient stress, secondary compound production, and herbivory rates

也就是:

營養胁迫、次生化合物的產生與植食作用速率之間的關聯


解題方法

先找句子的主要骨架:

This was a well-written review ..., but the connection ... could receive greater coverage.

主句結構為:

  • 主詞:the connection ...
  • 助動詞:could
  • 動詞:receive
  • 受詞:greater coverage

因此,判斷重點在於中間的名詞並列是否能清楚表示評論文章所欠缺的研究內容。

將三個項目代入:

nutrient stress, secondary compounds, and herbivory rates

其中 nutrient stress 是一種環境或生理狀態,herbivory rates 是一種生態測量指標;相對地,secondary compounds 只是化合物本身。依照植物生態學的語意,應表達「次生化合物的產生」或「次生化合物含量」等研究變項,因此官方將 (D) 視為不當用語。


選項分析

(A) This was

This 為指示代名詞,指前文提到的文章或評論;was 是 be 動詞過去式,與單數主詞 this 一致。

This was a well-written review.

意思是「這是一篇寫得很好的評論」,文法正確,沒有錯誤。


(B) a well-written review

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第 37 題1 分

For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.

Drawing the work of contemporary realist social work, this paper explores the ways in which an ethnographic approach contributes to the processes of classifying speakers as members of various kinds of social groups.

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這一題的完整詳解

題幹定位與句意

答案所在句為:

Drawing the work of contemporary realist social work, this paper explores the ways in which an ethnographic approach contributes to the processes of classifying speakers as members of various kinds of social groups.

句意為:

本文以當代寫實社會工作的研究成果為依據,探討民族誌方法如何促進將說話者分類為各種社會群體成員的過程。

關鍵單字與片語:

  • contemporary:當代的
  • realist:寫實主義的;寫實論的
  • social work:社會工作
  • ethnographic approach:民族誌方法
  • contribute to:促成;有助於
  • classify A as B:將 A 分類為 B
  • member of:……的成員
  • various kinds of:各種不同的

核心觀念

本題考兩項重點:

  1. 分詞片語的邏輯主詞
  2. 動詞片語 draw on

句首的現在分詞片語 Drawing ... 必須在語意上修飾主要子句的主詞 this paper。論文可以「引用、採用、以……為依據」,但不能自然地說論文「畫出某項研究成果」。

表示「以某資料、研究或經驗為依據」時,應使用:

draw on/upon + 名詞

因此正確搭配為:

Drawing on the work of contemporary realist social work, this paper ...

其中 on 不可省略。

解題方法

先找句子的主要結構:

  • 句首分詞片語:Drawing the work of contemporary realist social work
  • 主要子句主詞:this paper
  • 主要動詞:explores
  • 受詞:the ways in which ...

將句首分詞片語還原成完整子句,可理解為:

This paper draws on the work of contemporary realist social work.

此處要表達的是「本文採用或參考某項研究成果」,所以動詞必須是 draw on。原句的 Drawing the work 少了介系詞 on,造成搭配錯誤。

修正後:

Drawing on the work of contemporary realist social work, this paper explores ...

選項分析

(A) Drawing——錯誤

draw 單獨使用時,主要意思是「畫、繪製」或「拉、拖、吸引」。例如:

The child is drawing a picture.
那個孩子正在畫圖。

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第 38 題1 分

For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.

Not only women are underrepresented in political assemblies and discriminated against on the labor market, but they are also subjected to threats against their physical safety.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:Not only... but also... 的倒裝句型

本題考「Not only... but also...」的對等連接,以及當 Not only 放在句首、修飾整個子句時所引發的「主詞與助動詞倒裝」。

題幹原句:

Not only women are underrepresented in political assemblies and discriminated against on the labor market, but they are also subjected to threats against their physical safety.

正確句型應為:

Not only are women underrepresented in political assemblies and discriminated against on the labor market, but they are also subjected to threats against their physical safety.

句首的 Not only 具有否定或限制語氣,因此後面的第一個子句須倒裝:

Not only+助動詞+主詞+主要動詞\text{Not only}+\text{助動詞}+\text{主詞}+\text{主要動詞}

本句的助動詞為 are,主詞為 women,所以必須寫成 Not only are women,不能寫成 Not only women are。

題幹翻譯與定位

Not only are women underrepresented in political assemblies and discriminated against on the labor market, but they are also subjected to threats against their physical safety.

女性不僅在政治議會中代表性不足,且在勞動市場上受到歧視;她們也遭受危及人身安全的威脅。

定位答案的關鍵在第一個子句開頭:

Not only are women

這是句首 Not only 所要求的倒裝結構。

解題方法

先找出句子的基本架構:

  • 第一部分:women are underrepresented and discriminated against
  • 第二部分:they are also subjected to threats

兩部分由 not only... but also... 連接,整體語意與結構均可成立。接著檢查句首是否有倒裝:

  • 題幹:Not only women are
  • 正確:Not only are women

因此錯誤位於 (A) Not only women。

選項分析

(A) Not only women——錯誤

當 Not only 放在句首並修飾整個子句時,必須將助動詞置於主詞之前:

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第 39 題1 分

For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.

Previous studies have not addressed whether people who are employed in some occupations rate the maintenance of overall appearance more important than are people who are employed in other occupations.

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這一題的完整詳解

題幹定位與句意

題幹關鍵句為:

Previous studies have not addressed whether people who are employed in some occupations rate the maintenance of overall appearance more important than are people who are employed in other occupations.

翻譯:

過去的研究尚未探討:從事某些職業的人,是否比從事其他職業的人,更重視整體外表的維持。

本題官方答案為 E,考點集中在比較句中的對應關係,以及 some ... other ... 的語意使用。


核心觀念

本題涉及三個重點:

  1. address whether ...:探討「是否……」
  2. rate A more important than B:認為 A 比 B 更重要
  3. some ... other ...:指「某些……與其他……」

其中,other 作為形容詞時,通常表示「另外的、不同的」,後面必須接名詞。例如:

  • some students and other students
  • some occupations and other occupations

本題官方判定 E 的問題,在於 other occupations 與前面的 some occupations 形成不夠明確、欠缺限定的對比。依命題意旨,應改為:

people who are employed in different occupations

也就是「從事不同職業的人」。


解題方法

先找出主要句型:

Previous studies have not addressed whether A rate B more important than C.

其中:

  • A = people who are employed in some occupations
  • B = the maintenance of overall appearance
  • C = people who are employed in other occupations

再檢查各部分是否符合:

  • 主詞與動詞是否一致
  • 時態是否正確
  • rate A important 的句型是否正確
  • 比較兩端是否平行
  • some ... other ... 的語意是否清楚

依官方答案,E 的 other occupations 應改成 different occupations,使兩組職業的對比更明確。


選項分析

(A) Previous studies

Previous studies 意為「過去的研究」,作為句子的主詞。

studies 是複數名詞,因此後面搭配複數助動詞 have:

Previous studies have ...

搭配正確,沒有文法錯誤。


(B) have not addressed

address 在此不是「演說地址」,而是「處理、探討、研究」。

have not addressed 是現在完成式否定:

have + not + 過去分詞

表示「截至目前尚未探討」。主詞 Previous studies 為複數,因此使用 have,正確。


(C) rate the maintenance

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第 40 題1 分

For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.

In many European cities, the economic contributions of business tourism outweigh that from leisure tourism by two to three times making it both a seemingly appropriate and rewarding sector for the former manufacturing cities to pursue.

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這一題的完整詳解

題幹定位與翻譯

原句:

In many European cities, the economic contributions of business tourism outweigh that from leisure tourism by two to three times making it both a seemingly appropriate and rewarding sector for the former manufacturing cities to pursue.

翻譯:

在許多歐洲城市,商務觀光所帶來的經濟貢獻,比休閒觀光所帶來的貢獻高出二至三倍,因此對於那些過去以製造業為主的城市而言,商務觀光似乎是適合且值得發展的產業。

本題要求找出含有錯誤英文的畫線部分。依高雄醫學大學官方答案,錯誤在 (B) business tourism。


核心觀念

本題主要考:

  1. business tourism 與 leisure tourism 的語意及搭配
  2. 比較句型:AA outweighs BB
  3. that 的代替用法
  4. 分詞片語 making 的指涉關係

其中,business tourism 與 leisure tourism 雖然都可理解,但在本句語境中,官方命題意圖是將「商務觀光」與「休閒觀光」作為兩種旅遊活動比較;business tourism 的搭配被視為不當,應改為較自然的 business travel,或依語意改為 business travelers。


解題方法

先找句子的主要骨架:

the economic contributions of business tourism outweigh that from leisure tourism

主詞是:

the economic contributions of business tourism

動詞是:

outweigh

受詞是:

that from leisure tourism

全句意思是「商務觀光的經濟貢獻超過休閒觀光的經濟貢獻」。

判斷此類題目時,應依序檢查:

  • 名詞是否符合語意;
  • 比較兩端是否平行;
  • 代名詞是否有明確指涉;
  • 修飾語是否能正確修飾前面的內容。

依官方答案,本題將問題鎖定在 business tourism。命題者認為此處應使用較自然的 business travel,形成:

the economic contributions of business travel

表示「商務旅行所帶來的經濟貢獻」。


選項分析

(A) economic contributions

economic contributions 表示「經濟貢獻」,搭配正確。

例如:

Tourism makes significant economic contributions to local communities.

意為「觀光對地方社區有重要的經濟貢獻」。

contributions 使用複數,表示各種經濟效益、收入或產業貢獻,並無文法錯誤。因此 (A) 正確。


(B) business tourism

依官方答案,此處錯在 business tourism 的用字與搭配。

business tourism 可以被理解為「商務觀光」,但在本句中,命題者將它視為不如 business travel 自然。若要表示因商務活動而產生的旅行,通常使用:

business travel

若強調從事商務旅行的人,則可使用:

business travelers

因此依官方命題標準,應改為:

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第 41 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

On the Internet, everybody is a millenarian. Internet journalism, according to those who produce manifestos on its behalf, represents a world-historical development—not so much because of the expressive power of the new medium as because of its accessibility to producers and consumers. That permits it to break the long-standing choke hold on public information and discussion that the traditional media—usually known, then this argument is made, as “gatekeepers” or “the priesthood”—have supposedly been able to maintain up to now. According to Glenn Reynolds, a University law professor, who operates one of the leading blogs, Instapundit, millions of Americans who were once in awe of the punditocracy now realize that anyone can do this stuff—and that many unknowns can do it better than the lords of the profession. The rhetoric about Internet journalism produced by Reynolds and many others is plausible only because it conflates several distinct categories of material that are widely available online and didn’t use to be. One is pure opinion, especially political opinion, which the Internet has made infinitely easy to purvey. Another is information originally published in other media—which one can find instantly on search and aggregation sites.

According to this passage, which of the following factor contributes to the rise of internet journalism?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「同義轉換」與「因果關係判斷」。題目詢問網路新聞興起的原因,必須回到文章中尋找作者明確指出的因素。

文中說明,網路新聞之所以具有歷史性意義,主要不是因為新媒介的表達能力,而是因為它對生產者與消費者都具有高度的「可取得性、可接近性」:

  • accessibility:可取得性;容易接觸、使用
  • availability:可利用性;可獲得性、供應充足

因此,正確選項是將文章中的 accessibility 改寫為語意相近的 availability。


解題方法

先定位文章中直接回答「網路新聞為何興起」的句子:

“Internet journalism ... represents a world-historical development—not so much because of the expressive power of the new medium as because of its accessibility to producers and consumers.”

翻譯:

網路新聞代表了一項具有世界歷史意義的發展,與其說是因為新媒介的表達能力,不如說是因為它對資訊生產者與消費者都容易取得。

句中的句型:

not so much A as B

意思是「與其說是 A,不如說是 B」,表示作者否定 A 是主要原因,強調 B 才是關鍵因素。

本句的重點是:

  • 不是 expressive power:表達能力
  • 而是 accessibility:可取得性、易接近性

選項中與 accessibility 意義最接近的是 Availability,因此選 (A)。


文章定位與語意重點

另一個支持答案的句子是:

“That permits it to break the long-standing choke hold on public information and discussion that the traditional media ... have supposedly been able to maintain up to now.”

翻譯:

這使網路新聞得以打破傳統媒體長期以來對公共資訊與討論所形成的控制。

其中:

  • permit A to V:允許 A 做某事;使 A 能夠做某事
  • break the choke hold on:打破對……的箝制
  • public information and discussion:公共資訊與公共討論
  • traditional media:傳統媒體
  • gatekeepers:守門人,指控制資訊流通的人或機構
  • the priesthood:祭司階層,此處比喻掌握專業資訊與發言權的媒體菁英

傳統媒體過去掌控資訊的流通;網路因為容易讓一般人發布、搜尋與接收資訊,降低了資訊取得的門檻,促成網路新聞興起。這正是 availability 所表達的概念。


選項分析

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第 42 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

On the Internet, everybody is a millenarian. Internet journalism, according to those who produce manifestos on its behalf, represents a world-historical development—not so much because of the expressive power of the new medium as because of its accessibility to producers and consumers. That permits it to break the long-standing choke hold on public information and discussion that the traditional media—usually known, then this argument is made, as “gatekeepers” or “the priesthood”—have supposedly been able to maintain up to now. According to Glenn Reynolds, a University law professor, who operates one of the leading blogs, Instapundit, millions of Americans who were once in awe of the punditocracy now realize that anyone can do this stuff—and that many unknowns can do it better than the lords of the profession. The rhetoric about Internet journalism produced by Reynolds and many others is plausible only because it conflates several distinct categories of material that are widely available online and didn’t use to be. One is pure opinion, especially political opinion, which the Internet has made infinitely easy to purvey. Another is information originally published in other media—which one can find instantly on search and aggregation sites.

According to this passage, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of traditional media?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「字面意義與語境推論」,以及作者如何描述傳統媒體與網路新聞的角色。

題目問的是:

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of traditional media?

也就是要找「不是傳統媒體特徵」的選項。解題重點在於:

  1. 傳統媒體被描述為公共資訊與討論的重要提供者。
  2. 傳統媒體被批評具有「守門人」角色,掌控資訊流通。
  3. 「the priesthood」在文中是比喻,不是指傳統媒體真的從事宗教工作。

關鍵句定位與翻譯

文中最重要的句子是:

That permits it to break the long-standing choke hold on public information and discussion that the traditional media—usually known, then this argument is made, as “gatekeepers” or “the priesthood”—have supposedly been able to maintain up to now.

翻譯:

這使網路新聞得以打破傳統媒體長期以來對公共資訊與公共討論所維持的箝制;依照這種論述,傳統媒體通常被稱為「守門人」或「祭司階級」。

句中的 the priesthood 是一種比喻,指傳統媒體像封閉的權威階級,掌握資訊的進出與解釋權,並非表示媒體人真的執行宗教儀式或宗教職務。

因此,將其解釋成「傳統媒體執行宗教職責」,就是把比喻誤解為字面意思。


選項分析

(A) They claim to play the role of gatekeepers.

他們聲稱扮演守門人的角色。

正確。文中明確提到傳統媒體被稱為 “gatekeepers”。此處的守門人是指媒體決定哪些資訊可以被大眾看見、哪些資訊被排除在外,具有資訊篩選與控制功能。


(B) They are being replaced by online journalism.

他們正被網路新聞取代。

依文章論述,網路新聞的普及使傳統媒體對公共資訊與討論的壟斷受到打破,網路新聞也讓一般人能夠直接成為資訊生產者。因此,文章確實呈現出網路新聞正在取代傳統媒體部分功能與主導地位的趨勢。

不過,文中並沒有明確表示傳統媒體已經被完全取代;本選項是根據「打破傳統媒體的資訊箝制」所作的概括性推論。就本題官方答案的判定而言,B 被視為符合文章所描述的媒體變化方向。


(C) They offer forums for discussions of public issues.

他們提供討論公共議題的平台。

正確。文中直接提到傳統媒體對 public information and discussion 具有長期控制力,表示傳統媒體原本就是公共資訊與公共議題討論的重要平台。

其中:

  • public information:公共資訊
  • public discussion:公共討論
  • forum:論壇、討論平台

所以傳統媒體提供公共議題討論空間,符合文章內容。


(D) They provide information of all sorts and kinds.

他們提供各式各樣的資訊。

正確。文章將傳統媒體描述為公共資訊的主要來源之一,並以網路能夠快速取得、轉載與彙整各種媒體原先發布的資訊作為對照:

Another is information originally published in other media—which one can find instantly on search and aggregatio

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第 43 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

On the Internet, everybody is a millenarian. Internet journalism, according to those who produce manifestos on its behalf, represents a world-historical development—not so much because of the expressive power of the new medium as because of its accessibility to producers and consumers. That permits it to break the long-standing choke hold on public information and discussion that the traditional media—usually known, then this argument is made, as “gatekeepers” or “the priesthood”—have supposedly been able to maintain up to now. According to Glenn Reynolds, a University law professor, who operates one of the leading blogs, Instapundit, millions of Americans who were once in awe of the punditocracy now realize that anyone can do this stuff—and that many unknowns can do it better than the lords of the profession. The rhetoric about Internet journalism produced by Reynolds and many others is plausible only because it conflates several distinct categories of material that are widely available online and didn’t use to be. One is pure opinion, especially political opinion, which the Internet has made infinitely easy to purvey. Another is information originally published in other media—which one can find instantly on search and aggregation sites.

According to this passage, which of the following can be inferred about pundits?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「文意推論」與關鍵字定位,重點在於判斷文章如何描述 pundits(專家評論者、名嘴、輿論家)以及網路對其傳統地位造成的影響。

文章指出,傳統媒體中的評論菁英原本掌握公共資訊與討論,形成所謂的 punditocracy(名嘴階級、評論菁英體系)。然而,網路降低了資訊發布門檻,使一般人也能發表意見,甚至做得比專業人士更好。

關鍵單字與片語

  • millenarian:相信重大世代變革即將發生的人;此處指對網路抱持革命性期待的人
  • world-historical development:具有世界歷史意義的發展
  • accessibility:可接近性、容易使用或參與
  • choke hold:壓制、鉗制
  • gatekeepers:守門人;指控制資訊流通的人
  • the priesthood:祭司階級;此處比喻掌控知識與公共討論的少數菁英
  • punditocracy:由專家評論者、名嘴組成的權威階級
  • in awe of:對……敬畏、崇拜
  • unknowns:不知名人士、素人
  • the lords of the profession:該專業領域的權威人士
  • rhetoric:修辭、言論;常含「宣傳性說法」之意
  • conflate:混為一談
  • purvey:提供、散播
  • aggregation sites:資訊彙整網站

解題方法

先找文章中直接描述 pundits 的句子:

“Millions of Americans who were once in awe of the punditocracy now realize that anyone can do this stuff—and that many unknowns can do it better than the lords of the profession.”

翻譯為:

「數百萬名過去對名嘴階級敬畏不已的美國人,如今了解到任何人都能做這種事,而且許多不知名人士做得比這個行業的權威更好。」

句中的 anyone can do this stuff 表示任何人都能從事評論、發布觀點等原本由專業評論者主導的工作;many unknowns can do it better 則表示素人甚至能勝過原有的專業名嘴。

因此,文章對 pundits 的描述,形成了「網路時代降低門檻,一般人也能成為評論者」的推論,最符合的是 (C)。

此處 quickly 並非文章直接使用的字,但文章以網路的 accessibility 及「發布政治意見變得 infinitely easy」來說明參與門檻大幅降低,因此官方答案將其理解為「容易且能迅速進入評論領域」。

文法與語意重點

  1. anyone can do this stuff
  • anyone:任何人
  • can:能夠、可以
  • do this stuff:從事這類工作;此處不是泛指所有事情,而是指前文提到的評論與新聞相關活動。
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第 44 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

On the Internet, everybody is a millenarian. Internet journalism, according to those who produce manifestos on its behalf, represents a world-historical development—not so much because of the expressive power of the new medium as because of its accessibility to producers and consumers. That permits it to break the long-standing choke hold on public information and discussion that the traditional media—usually known, then this argument is made, as “gatekeepers” or “the priesthood”—have supposedly been able to maintain up to now. According to Glenn Reynolds, a University law professor, who operates one of the leading blogs, Instapundit, millions of Americans who were once in awe of the punditocracy now realize that anyone can do this stuff—and that many unknowns can do it better than the lords of the profession. The rhetoric about Internet journalism produced by Reynolds and many others is plausible only because it conflates several distinct categories of material that are widely available online and didn’t use to be. One is pure opinion, especially political opinion, which the Internet has made infinitely easy to purvey. Another is information originally published in other media—which one can find instantly on search and aggregation sites.

Which of the following can best replace the word conflates in the passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「語境判斷」,關鍵在於理解動詞 conflate 的意思。

  • conflate A and B:把 A 與 B 混為一談、合併視為同一件事
  • combine:結合、合併
  • confuse:使混淆、使困惑

文章指出,網路新聞的論述把數種「本質不同的網路材料」視為同一類,因而誇大了網路新聞的革命性。因此應選擇表示「合併、混為一談」的 combines。

題幹定位句

The rhetoric about Internet journalism produced by Reynolds and many others is plausible only because it conflates several distinct categories of material that are widely available online and didn’t use to be.

翻譯:

Reynolds 和許多人所提出的網路新聞論述之所以看似合理,唯一原因是它把幾種不同類別、如今廣泛存在於網路上但過去並不普遍的材料混為一談。

其中:

  • several distinct categories:幾個彼此不同的類別
  • material:材料、內容
  • conflates:將不同事物合併看待、混為一談

既然受詞是「幾個不同類別的材料」,語意就是把原本不同的東西合併處理,故以 combines 代換最合適。

解題方法

先觀察 conflates several distinct categories 的結構:

  • conflates 是及物動詞,後面接受詞
  • 受詞 several distinct categories 明確表示「數個不同類別」
  • 前文批評網路新聞的論述不夠精確,因為它將不同性質的內容當成同一件事

因此,答案須符合「把不同事物合併或混為一談」的語意。五個選項中,只有 combines 最直接對應此意義。

選項分析

(A) conflicts

conflict 是「衝突、抵觸」,通常表示兩個人、觀點或事物彼此對立。

若代入句中:

... because it conflicts several distinct categories ...

語法上通常不會說 conflict categories,且語意變成「使幾個類別互相衝突」,與文章要表達的「把不同類別混在一起」不符,錯誤。

(B) conducts

conduct 作動詞是「進行、實施、指揮」,例如:

  • conduct an experiment:進行實驗
  • conduct a survey:進行調查

conducts several distinct categories 不符合搭配,也無法表達「混合不同類別」的意思,錯誤。

(C) confuses

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第 45 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

On the Internet, everybody is a millenarian. Internet journalism, according to those who produce manifestos on its behalf, represents a world-historical development—not so much because of the expressive power of the new medium as because of its accessibility to producers and consumers. That permits it to break the long-standing choke hold on public information and discussion that the traditional media—usually known, then this argument is made, as “gatekeepers” or “the priesthood”—have supposedly been able to maintain up to now. According to Glenn Reynolds, a University law professor, who operates one of the leading blogs, Instapundit, millions of Americans who were once in awe of the punditocracy now realize that anyone can do this stuff—and that many unknowns can do it better than the lords of the profession. The rhetoric about Internet journalism produced by Reynolds and many others is plausible only because it conflates several distinct categories of material that are widely available online and didn’t use to be. One is pure opinion, especially political opinion, which the Internet has made infinitely easy to purvey. Another is information originally published in other media—which one can find instantly on search and aggregation sites.

According to this passage, which of the following can best describe the central idea of this passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」。解題重點不是只找文章提到的單一細節,而是判斷作者整段文字主要圍繞的核心概念。

本文討論網際網路對新聞業與公共資訊傳播的影響,重點在於:

  • 網路降低新聞生產與資訊傳播的門檻。
  • 一般人也能發表意見、製作新聞或評論。
  • 傳統媒體過去對資訊流通的控制因此受到打破。
  • 網路使新聞與公共討論更加普及、開放,具有「民主化」的效果。

因此,全文主旨是「網際網路大幅促進了新聞業的民主化」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • millenarian:相信世界即將發生重大變革的;千禧年主義的
  • Internet journalism:網路新聞業
  • world-historical development:具有世界歷史意義的發展
  • expressive power:表達能力、表現力
  • accessibility:可接近性;易於使用或參與的程度
  • producer and consumer:生產者與消費者
  • break the choke hold on:打破對……的壓制或壟斷
  • public information and discussion:公共資訊與公共討論
  • traditional media:傳統媒體
  • gatekeeper:守門人;掌控資訊進入大眾視野的人或機構
  • punditocracy:由專家評論員或意見領袖所形成的權威階層
  • be in awe of:對……敬畏、仰慕
  • unknowns:不知名人士、一般人
  • conflate:混淆、將不同事物合併看待
  • distinct categories:不同的類別
  • pure opinion:純粹的意見
  • purvey:提供、傳播
  • aggregation site:資訊彙整網站

定位答案的關鍵句

文中指出:

“That permits it to break the long-standing choke hold on public information and discussion that the traditional media … have supposedly been able to maintain up to now.”

意思是:

這使網路得以打破傳統媒體長期以來對公共資訊與公共討論所維持的壓制與控制。

接著文章又說:

“millions of Americans who were once in awe of the punditocracy now realize that anyone can do this stuff—and that many unknowns can do it better than the lords of the profession.”

意思是:

數百萬名過去敬畏專家評論階層的美國人,現在了解到任何人都能從事這類工作,而且許多不知名人士做得比這些業界權威更好。

這兩句共同呈現網路降低參與門檻、打破傳統媒體權威、讓一般人也能參與新聞與公共討論的現象,也就是「新聞民主化」。

解題方法

判斷主旨時,先區分「全文主旨」與「段落細節」。

本文雖然提到:

  • 網路可以提供各種意見;
  • 網路可以快速搜尋資訊;
  • 一般人可以發表內容;
  • 傳統媒體的地位受到挑戰;

但這些都是用來支持同一個較大的概念:網路使新聞與資訊傳播不再由少數傳統媒體壟斷,參與者更加普遍,因而促成新聞民主化。

因此,應選擇能涵蓋最多文章內容的選項,而不是只對應其中一個細節的選項。

選項分析

(A) Internet has greatly democratized journalism.

網際網路大幅促進了新聞業的民主化。

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第 46 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The vast sums of money ploughed into efforts to fight diseases such as AIDS, TB and malaria in the last 10 years have saved many lives but have also sometimes undermined health systems in poor countries, according to a survey by the World Health Organisation (WHO) published recently. Funding for what the researchers call development assistance for health has quadrupled from 5.6bn(£3.4bn)in1990to5.6bn (£3.4bn) in 1990 to 21.8bn in 2007. A worldwide outcry around the turn of the millennium over the plight of people in Africa dying of AIDS, a disease kept in check with drugs in rich countries, triggered a rush to fund big disease-fighting programs on the part of western governments, aid organizations and philanthropic donors. But until now, there has been little attempt to find out how well the money has been spent and what impact the focus on high-profile diseases has had on the everyday business of hospitals, clinics and overworked healthcare staff in the poorer countries. An extensive investigation headed by the WHO finds that, millions of people are alive because of the roll-out of HIV drugs to more than 3 million people in developing countries. The number of children protected against malaria by insecticide-impregnated bed nets rose almost eightfold from 3% in 2001 to 23% in 2006. Disease elimination programs, such as for polio and river blindness, are making good progress. Global immunization has also made big strides, the report says. However, the WHO report warns, healthcare workers have been lured away from government hospitals by the higher salaries paid by international organizations involved in AIDS and other disease programs. Moreover, in some countries, the rush to win grants to fight AIDS, TB and malaria may have led to proposals being put forward that are inappropriate. Overall, the report found that “poor countries receive more money than countries with more resources, but there are strong anomalies. Sub-Saharan Africa receives the highest concentration of funding, but some African countries receive less aid than South American countries with lower disease burdens—like Peru and Argentina.”

Which of the following statement can best describe the main idea of this passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是閱讀理解的「主旨判斷題」,重點不是尋找單一細節,而是掌握全文對國際衛生援助的整體評價。

文章呈現兩面:

  • 國際資金確實拯救許多生命,改善 HIV、瘧疾、疫苗及疾病根除計畫。
  • 但資金分配與使用也產生問題,例如醫療人員被高薪挖走、計畫內容不適切,以及部分國家的援助分配不合理。

因此,全文主旨是:投入健康援助的鉅額資金雖有成效,但在部分貧窮國家的健康計畫中,可能沒有被妥善或有效運用。

解題方法

主旨題應觀察文章的:

  1. 開頭總論點;
  2. 中段正、反兩面內容;
  3. 轉折語氣;
  4. 結尾的總結。

本文開頭即指出:

“The vast sums of money ploughed into efforts to fight diseases ... have saved many lives but have also sometimes undermined health systems in poor countries”

意思是:「投入防治 AIDS、結核病與瘧疾的大筆資金拯救了許多生命,但有時也削弱了貧窮國家的醫療衛生體系。」

其中 but 將「有正面成果」與「產生負面影響」並列,顯示文章焦點不只是讚揚國際援助,而是檢視資金是否妥善使用及其副作用。

後文進一步說明問題:

“healthcare workers have been lured away from government hospitals by the higher salaries paid by international organizations”

意思是:「國際組織提供較高薪資,吸引醫療工作者離開政府醫院。」

以及:

“the rush to win grants to fight AIDS, TB and malaria may have led to proposals being put forward that are inappropriate.”

意思是:「為爭取 AIDS、結核病與瘧疾防治補助金的競爭,可能導致有人提出不適當的計畫。」

這些內容直接支持選項 (B) 的 unwisely spent,也就是「資金在部分貧窮國家的衛生計畫中可能被不明智地使用」。

選項分析

(A) AIDS patients in Africa are under control with drugs subsided by the WHO.

錯誤。文章提到富裕國家以藥物控制 AIDS,也提到 HIV 藥物已讓開發中國家超過三百萬人接受治療,但並未表示「非洲的 AIDS 患者都已受到控制」。此外,subsidized 才是「補助的」,題目中的 subsided 意為「減退、平息」,用字本身也不正確。

(B) Money might have been unwisely spent in some poor countries’ health programs.

正確。文章指出資金雖然拯救許多生命,卻也可能削弱貧窮國家的醫療體系;醫護人員被高薪吸引離開公立醫院,部分防治計畫也可能不適切,並且各國獲得的援助與疾病負擔不完全相稱。這些都表示部分資金使用或分配並不明智。

(C) Global efforts to improve poor people’s health have made significant progress.

錯誤。這是文章提到的正面成果,例如瘧疾防護網增加、脊髓灰質炎與河盲症防治進展,以及全球疫苗接種改善。然而,這只涵蓋文章的其中一面,忽略了資金造成的醫療人力流失、計畫不適切與援助分配異常,因此不足以概括全文主旨。

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第 47 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The vast sums of money ploughed into efforts to fight diseases such as AIDS, TB and malaria in the last 10 years have saved many lives but have also sometimes undermined health systems in poor countries, according to a survey by the World Health Organisation (WHO) published recently. Funding for what the researchers call development assistance for health has quadrupled from 5.6bn(£3.4bn)in1990to5.6bn (£3.4bn) in 1990 to 21.8bn in 2007. A worldwide outcry around the turn of the millennium over the plight of people in Africa dying of AIDS, a disease kept in check with drugs in rich countries, triggered a rush to fund big disease-fighting programs on the part of western governments, aid organizations and philanthropic donors. But until now, there has been little attempt to find out how well the money has been spent and what impact the focus on high-profile diseases has had on the everyday business of hospitals, clinics and overworked healthcare staff in the poorer countries. An extensive investigation headed by the WHO finds that, millions of people are alive because of the roll-out of HIV drugs to more than 3 million people in developing countries. The number of children protected against malaria by insecticide-impregnated bed nets rose almost eightfold from 3% in 2001 to 23% in 2006. Disease elimination programs, such as for polio and river blindness, are making good progress. Global immunization has also made big strides, the report says. However, the WHO report warns, healthcare workers have been lured away from government hospitals by the higher salaries paid by international organizations involved in AIDS and other disease programs. Moreover, in some countries, the rush to win grants to fight AIDS, TB and malaria may have led to proposals being put forward that are inappropriate. Overall, the report found that “poor countries receive more money than countries with more resources, but there are strong anomalies. Sub-Saharan Africa receives the highest concentration of funding, but some African countries receive less aid than South American countries with lower disease burdens—like Peru and Argentina.”

According to this passage, which of the following is an ACCURATE statement about high-profile diseases?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章明示資訊判斷」。解題重點是:

  • 找出文章直接描述各種疾病防治成果的句子。
  • 判斷選項是否與原文完全一致。
  • 特別注意選項中的絕對化用語,如 almost wiped out、fully prevented、no longer;原文若只表示「進展良好」,不能擴大解釋成「完全消滅」或「不再具有某種特性」。

解題方法

文章中明確提到瘧疾、愛滋病、小兒麻痺與河盲症的防治情形。定位關鍵句:

Disease elimination programs, such as for polio and river blindness, are making good progress.

翻譯為:

小兒麻痺與河盲症等疾病根除計畫,正取得良好進展。

其中:

  • disease elimination programs:疾病根除計畫
  • such as:例如
  • make good progress:取得良好進展
  • polio:小兒麻痺
  • river blindness:河盲症

選項 E 的 has made some strides 意為「已取得一些進展」,與原文的 are making good progress 語意相符,因此 E 正確。

文法上,原文使用現在進行式 are making,表示截至文章所述時間,這些計畫正在持續取得進展。選項 E 改用現在完成式 has made,著重「已經取得成果」,並未改變原文的核心意思。

選項分析

(A) Malaria is almost wiped out around the world.
瘧疾在全世界幾乎已被消滅。

錯誤。文章只說:

The number of children protected against malaria by insecticide-impregnated bed nets rose almost eightfold from 3% in 2001 to 23% in 2006.

翻譯為:

受到浸有殺蟲劑蚊帳保護的兒童比例,從 2001 年的 3% 增加到 2006 年的 23%,上升了將近八倍。

這表示防護措施有所擴大,不表示瘧疾本身已在全球幾乎消失。23% 也顯示仍有大量兒童未受到保護,故 almost wiped out 過度推論。

(B) TB can be fully prevented now in many places.
結核病目前在許多地方都能完全預防。

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第 48 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The vast sums of money ploughed into efforts to fight diseases such as AIDS, TB and malaria in the last 10 years have saved many lives but have also sometimes undermined health systems in poor countries, according to a survey by the World Health Organisation (WHO) published recently. Funding for what the researchers call development assistance for health has quadrupled from 5.6bn(£3.4bn)in1990to5.6bn (£3.4bn) in 1990 to 21.8bn in 2007. A worldwide outcry around the turn of the millennium over the plight of people in Africa dying of AIDS, a disease kept in check with drugs in rich countries, triggered a rush to fund big disease-fighting programs on the part of western governments, aid organizations and philanthropic donors. But until now, there has been little attempt to find out how well the money has been spent and what impact the focus on high-profile diseases has had on the everyday business of hospitals, clinics and overworked healthcare staff in the poorer countries. An extensive investigation headed by the WHO finds that, millions of people are alive because of the roll-out of HIV drugs to more than 3 million people in developing countries. The number of children protected against malaria by insecticide-impregnated bed nets rose almost eightfold from 3% in 2001 to 23% in 2006. Disease elimination programs, such as for polio and river blindness, are making good progress. Global immunization has also made big strides, the report says. However, the WHO report warns, healthcare workers have been lured away from government hospitals by the higher salaries paid by international organizations involved in AIDS and other disease programs. Moreover, in some countries, the rush to win grants to fight AIDS, TB and malaria may have led to proposals being put forward that are inappropriate. Overall, the report found that “poor countries receive more money than countries with more resources, but there are strong anomalies. Sub-Saharan Africa receives the highest concentration of funding, but some African countries receive less aid than South American countries with lower disease burdens—like Peru and Argentina.”

According to this passage, which of the following about malaria prevention scheme is CORRECT?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與同義改寫。解題重點是找出文章中關於 malaria prevention scheme(瘧疾預防措施)的具體描述,再判斷哪個選項與原文意思相符。

關鍵原文為:

“The number of children protected against malaria by insecticide-impregnated bed nets rose almost eightfold from 3% in 2001 to 23% in 2006.”

翻譯:
「在 2001 年至 2006 年間,使用浸有殺蟲劑蚊帳而受到瘧疾保護的兒童比例,幾乎增加了八倍,從 3% 上升至 23%。」

因此,文章所述的瘧疾預防方式是使用「浸有殺蟲劑的蚊帳」。

解題方法

看到題目問:

which of the following about malaria prevention scheme is CORRECT?

應先鎖定文章中與 malaria 直接相關的句子。原文只提到:

  • children(兒童)
  • protected against malaria(受到瘧疾保護)
  • insecticide-impregnated bed nets(浸有殺蟲劑的蚊帳)

將此資訊改寫後,即可判斷正確答案為「提供家庭使用浸有殺蟲劑的蚊帳」。

選項分析

(A) Patients are cured with as quinine or artemisinin derivatives.

病人以 quinine(奎寧)或 artemisinin derivatives(青蒿素衍生物)治癒。

錯誤原因有二:

  1. 文章談的是 malaria prevention(瘧疾預防),不是感染後的治療。
  2. 原文沒有提到 quinine 或 artemisinin derivatives。

此外,選項中的 “with as quinine” 文法不完整,正確表達應為 “with drugs such as quinine...” 或 “with quinine or artemisinin derivatives”。即使修正文法,內容仍非本文所述的預防措施。

(B) Fields and schools are spread insecticide to keep mosquito away.

在田野與學校噴灑殺蟲劑,以驅離蚊子。

錯誤。文章沒有提到在 fields(田野)或 schools(學校)噴灑殺蟲劑;原文指的是將殺蟲劑處理在 bed nets(蚊帳)上。

另外,選項中的 “are spread insecticide” 用法錯誤。應說 “are sprayed with insecticide”(被噴灑殺蟲劑)或 “insecticide is spread over fields and schools”。

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第 49 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The vast sums of money ploughed into efforts to fight diseases such as AIDS, TB and malaria in the last 10 years have saved many lives but have also sometimes undermined health systems in poor countries, according to a survey by the World Health Organisation (WHO) published recently. Funding for what the researchers call development assistance for health has quadrupled from 5.6bn(£3.4bn)in1990to5.6bn (£3.4bn) in 1990 to 21.8bn in 2007. A worldwide outcry around the turn of the millennium over the plight of people in Africa dying of AIDS, a disease kept in check with drugs in rich countries, triggered a rush to fund big disease-fighting programs on the part of western governments, aid organizations and philanthropic donors. But until now, there has been little attempt to find out how well the money has been spent and what impact the focus on high-profile diseases has had on the everyday business of hospitals, clinics and overworked healthcare staff in the poorer countries. An extensive investigation headed by the WHO finds that, millions of people are alive because of the roll-out of HIV drugs to more than 3 million people in developing countries. The number of children protected against malaria by insecticide-impregnated bed nets rose almost eightfold from 3% in 2001 to 23% in 2006. Disease elimination programs, such as for polio and river blindness, are making good progress. Global immunization has also made big strides, the report says. However, the WHO report warns, healthcare workers have been lured away from government hospitals by the higher salaries paid by international organizations involved in AIDS and other disease programs. Moreover, in some countries, the rush to win grants to fight AIDS, TB and malaria may have led to proposals being put forward that are inappropriate. Overall, the report found that “poor countries receive more money than countries with more resources, but there are strong anomalies. Sub-Saharan Africa receives the highest concentration of funding, but some African countries receive less aid than South American countries with lower disease burdens—like Peru and Argentina.”

According to this passage, which of the following is an ACCURATE statement about healthcare workers?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是閱讀理解與語意判斷,重點在於從文章中找出對 healthcare workers(醫療工作人員)的正確描述。

文章提到兩項關鍵資訊:

  • overworked healthcare staff:工作過度負荷的醫療人員
  • higher salaries paid by international organizations:國際組織提供較高薪資

因此可推知,貧窮國家的醫療人員普遍工作繁重,且政府醫院薪資相對較低,部分人員因此被國際組織以較高薪資吸引離職。

解題方法

先定位文章中直接談到 healthcare workers 的句子:

“However, the WHO report warns, healthcare workers have been lured away from government hospitals by the higher salaries paid by international organizations involved in AIDS and other disease programs.”

翻譯:

然而,世界衛生組織的報告警告,參與愛滋病及其他疾病防治計畫的國際組織所支付的較高薪資,已吸引醫療工作人員離開政府醫院。

文章前文也提到:

“...the everyday business of hospitals, clinics and overworked healthcare staff in the poorer countries.”

翻譯:

貧窮國家的醫院、診所,以及工作負荷過重的醫療人員之日常運作。

由 overworked 可直接判斷醫療人員工作量過大;由國際組織以 higher salaries 吸引他們離開政府醫院,可推知政府醫療體系的薪資偏低。因此最符合文章內容的是 (D)。

選項分析

(A) They are stable workforce in government hospitals.
他們是政府醫院中穩定的勞動力。

錯誤。文章明確指出醫療人員被國際組織較高的薪資吸引,lured away from government hospitals 意為「被吸引離開政府醫院」,顯示政府醫院的人力並不穩定。

(B) They are willing to sacrifice themselves at all costs.
他們願意不惜一切代價犧牲自己。

錯誤。文章只說他們 overworked,即工作過度負荷,並未表示他們願意無條件犧牲自己。此選項加入了文章沒有提到的道德評價與誇張語氣。

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第 50 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The vast sums of money ploughed into efforts to fight diseases such as AIDS, TB and malaria in the last 10 years have saved many lives but have also sometimes undermined health systems in poor countries, according to a survey by the World Health Organisation (WHO) published recently. Funding for what the researchers call development assistance for health has quadrupled from 5.6bn(£3.4bn)in1990to5.6bn (£3.4bn) in 1990 to 21.8bn in 2007. A worldwide outcry around the turn of the millennium over the plight of people in Africa dying of AIDS, a disease kept in check with drugs in rich countries, triggered a rush to fund big disease-fighting programs on the part of western governments, aid organizations and philanthropic donors. But until now, there has been little attempt to find out how well the money has been spent and what impact the focus on high-profile diseases has had on the everyday business of hospitals, clinics and overworked healthcare staff in the poorer countries. An extensive investigation headed by the WHO finds that, millions of people are alive because of the roll-out of HIV drugs to more than 3 million people in developing countries. The number of children protected against malaria by insecticide-impregnated bed nets rose almost eightfold from 3% in 2001 to 23% in 2006. Disease elimination programs, such as for polio and river blindness, are making good progress. Global immunization has also made big strides, the report says. However, the WHO report warns, healthcare workers have been lured away from government hospitals by the higher salaries paid by international organizations involved in AIDS and other disease programs. Moreover, in some countries, the rush to win grants to fight AIDS, TB and malaria may have led to proposals being put forward that are inappropriate. Overall, the report found that “poor countries receive more money than countries with more resources, but there are strong anomalies. Sub-Saharan Africa receives the highest concentration of funding, but some African countries receive less aid than South American countries with lower disease burdens—like Peru and Argentina.”

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word anomalies in the passage?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「字義判斷」,要根據上下文判斷 anomalies 的意思。解題重點不是只看單字本身,而是觀察它所描述的現象是否符合各選項的語意。

anomaly 的意思是「異常、不規則、不合常理的事物」;複數 anomalies 即「異常現象、反常情況、分配上的不合理之處」。

關鍵定位句

“Poor countries receive more money than countries with more resources, but there are strong anomalies.”

「貧窮國家所獲得的資金多於資源較豐富的國家,但其中存在明顯的異常情況。」

下一句進一步說明這些「異常情況」:

“Sub-Saharan Africa receives the highest concentration of funding, but some African countries receive less aid than South American countries with lower disease burdens—like Peru and Argentina.”

「撒哈拉以南非洲獲得最集中的資金,但有些非洲國家得到的援助,反而少於疾病負擔較低的南美國家,例如秘魯和阿根廷。」

按照一般合理的援助分配原則,疾病負擔較重的非洲國家應獲得較多援助;然而部分非洲國家得到的資金反而較少,這就是不尋常、不合常規的情況,因此 anomalies 最接近「abnormalities」。

解題方法

先將各選項代入原句:

“There are strong ______.”

文章後文指出援助分配出現不合理、不一致的現象,因此空格應填入表示「異常、反常」的名詞。

abnormalities 意為「異常現象」,在語意與上下文中完全吻合。

選項分析

(A) abnormalities:異常、反常、不正常的事物。

符合文章所述的援助分配不合理現象,為正確答案。

(B) anonymities:匿名狀態;無名、默默無聞的人或事物。

anonymity 與 anonymous 有關,指「不透露身分」。本文討論的是援助金額分配不均,與匿名或身分不明無關。

(C) diversities:多樣性、差異性。

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第 51 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine. Her situation in life, the character of her father and mother, her own person and disposition, were all equally against her. Her father was a clergyman, without being neglected, or poor, and a very respectable man, though his name was Richard—and he had never been handsome. He had a considerable independence, besides two good livings—and he was not in the least addicted to locking up his daughters. Her mother was a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution. She had three sons before Catherine was born; and instead of dying in bringing the latter into the world, as any body might expect, she still lived on—lived to have six children more—to see them growing up around her, and to enjoy excellent health herself. A family of ten children will be always called a fine family, where there are heads and arms and legs enough for the number; but the Morlands had little other right to the word, for they were in general very plain, and Catherine, for many years of her life, as plain as any. She had a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features:—so much for her person;—and not less unpropitious for heroism seemed her mind. She was fond of all boys’ plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a canary-bird, or watering a rosebush. Indeed she had no taste for a garden; and if she gathered flowers at all, it was chiefly for the pleasure of mischief—at least so it was conjectured from her always preferring those which she was forbidden to take—Such were her propensities—her abilities were quite as extraordinary. She never could learn or understand any thing before she was taught; and sometimes not even then, for she was often inattentive, and occasionally stupid . . .

The third sentence in the selection (lines 2–4) implies all of the following EXCEPT

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀理解中的語意推論」:必須判斷選項是否能由指定句子及上下文合理推出,而不是只找文章中完全相同的字。

關鍵句為:

Her situation in life, the character of her father and mother, her own person and disposition, were all equally against her.
她的生活處境、父母的性格,以及她本人的外貌與性情,全都同樣不利於她成為一名女英雄。

句中 against her 意為「對她不利、阻礙她」;equally 表示上述各項因素都同樣具有不利作用。

解題方法

將關鍵句拆成四個不利因素:

  1. her situation in life:生活背景、家庭處境
  2. the character of her father and mother:父母的身分與性格
  3. her own person:外貌、身體特徵
  4. disposition:性情、性格

後文分別補充說明:

  • 她的父親雖是牧師,卻沒有英雄式或浪漫式的特殊形象。
  • 她的母親務實、健康,家庭生活平凡。
  • Catherine 外貌普通,甚至被形容為醜陋。
  • 她不喜歡傳統女性或英雄式活動,且學習能力普通。

因此,文章主要是在反諷傳統小說中「女主角一出生便具備英雄條件」的模式,強調 Catherine 是一位極不符合英雄形象的人物。

關鍵單字與片語

  • situation in life:生活處境、家庭背景
  • character:性格;此處也可理解為某人的特質與身分形象
  • person:外貌、身體條件
  • disposition:性情、性格
  • against someone:對某人不利
  • heroine:女英雄、女主角
  • clergyman:牧師、神職人員
  • respectable:受人尊敬的、體面的
  • plain:樸素的;形容外貌時指平凡、不漂亮
  • unpropitious:不吉利的、不利的
  • heroism:英雄氣概、英雄事蹟

文法上,主詞是由多個名詞片語組成的並列結構:

Her situation ..., the character ..., her own person and disposition, were ...

雖然第一個名詞 situation 是單數,整體主詞包含多項因素,因此使用複數動詞 were。

選項分析

(A) Despite her father, Catherine was destined for heroic exploits.
儘管受到父親因素影響,Catherine 注定要有英雄事蹟。

此項與關鍵句的主要語意不合。文章說父母的身分與性格都對 Catherine 成為英雄不利,並沒有說她「注定」要從事英雄事蹟。依字面判讀,此項是本題最明顯的爭議選項,詳見下方「爭議說明」。

(B) Richard, at the time this passage was written, was a pedestrian name.
在本文寫作的時代,Richard 是一個平凡、缺乏英雄色彩的名字。

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第 52 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine. Her situation in life, the character of her father and mother, her own person and disposition, were all equally against her. Her father was a clergyman, without being neglected, or poor, and a very respectable man, though his name was Richard—and he had never been handsome. He had a considerable independence, besides two good livings—and he was not in the least addicted to locking up his daughters. Her mother was a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution. She had three sons before Catherine was born; and instead of dying in bringing the latter into the world, as any body might expect, she still lived on—lived to have six children more—to see them growing up around her, and to enjoy excellent health herself. A family of ten children will be always called a fine family, where there are heads and arms and legs enough for the number; but the Morlands had little other right to the word, for they were in general very plain, and Catherine, for many years of her life, as plain as any. She had a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features:—so much for her person;—and not less unpropitious for heroism seemed her mind. She was fond of all boys’ plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a canary-bird, or watering a rosebush. Indeed she had no taste for a garden; and if she gathered flowers at all, it was chiefly for the pleasure of mischief—at least so it was conjectured from her always preferring those which she was forbidden to take—Such were her propensities—her abilities were quite as extraordinary. She never could learn or understand any thing before she was taught; and sometimes not even then, for she was often inattentive, and occasionally stupid . . .

By stating the fact that Catherine’s father “had never been handsome,” the narrator intends the reader to

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「敘事語氣與反諷(irony)」以及上下文推論。題目問的是:作者特別寫出 Catherine 的父親「從來不英俊」,真正用意為何。

關鍵不在於父親是否英俊,而在於敘述者刻意列出許多與「英雄/女主角」形象不相稱的條件,形成一種幽默、反諷的敘事效果。讀者應從這個看似無關緊要的細節,推知作者有意安排其背後的特殊作用。


定位答案的原文

“Her father was a clergyman, without being neglected, or poor, and a very respectable man, though his name was Richard—and he had never been handsome.”

翻譯:

她的父親是一名牧師,生活並不受到冷落,也不貧窮;他是一位非常受人尊敬的人,雖然他的名字叫 Richard——而且他從來不英俊。

其中,父親「名字叫 Richard」以及「從來不英俊」都不是介紹人物時的必要資訊。父親是否英俊,與他是否為好父親、是否受人尊敬、是否生活富裕,沒有直接關係。敘述者特別補充這項細節,正是為了製造幽默而帶有反諷的效果。

後文又描述 Catherine:

“She had a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features…”

翻譯:

她身材瘦削而笨拙,皮膚蠟黃、毫無血色,頭髮黝黑而扁塌,五官粗獷……

這些描寫顯示,Catherine 本身也不具備傳統文學中女主角常有的美貌與優雅。因此,父親「不英俊」的細節不只是單純提供家族外貌資訊,而是整段「Catherine 並非天生適合成為女主角」之反諷描寫的一部分。


解題方法

判斷此題可採用「必要性檢驗」:

  1. 先看該細節是否是理解情節所必需。
  2. 父親的外貌與後文事件沒有直接關聯。
  3. 作者卻把「名字叫 Richard」和「從來不英俊」並列寫出。
  4. 這種刻意補充無關細節的寫法,表示它具有敘事上的特殊功能。
  5. 結合全文對 Catherine 外貌、性格與能力的反傳統描寫,可知作者正在以幽默方式顛覆讀者對「女主角」的期待。

所以,最適切的解釋是讀者應推知:這項細節背後存在微妙的寫作目的。


選項分析

(A) be aware that Catherine also was not attractive.
知道 Catherine 本人也不具吸引力。

錯誤。文章後文確實直接描寫 Catherine 外貌平凡,甚至不漂亮,但父親「不英俊」這一句的主要功能不是單純讓讀者推論女兒也不漂亮。父女外貌未必具有必然關係;作者真正關注的是以不尋常、無關緊要的細節製造反諷效果。

(B) infer that there is a subtle purpose behind mentioning that fact.
推知作者提到這項事實背後有微妙的目的。

正確。父親是否英俊對情節與人物基本身分並不重要,作者卻特別寫出,顯示這是有意安排的敘事細節。它配合全文的反英雄、反浪漫小說筆調,提醒讀者注意作者的幽默與反諷。

(C) know all the facts about Catherine’s character and appearance.
知道 Catherine 性格與外貌的所有事實。

錯誤。單憑父親不英俊,無法得知 Catherine 的完整性格與外貌。Catherine 的外貌、興趣、能力與個性,必須透過後文多處描寫才能掌握;一項父親的外貌資訊不可能提供「所有事實」。

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第 53 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine. Her situation in life, the character of her father and mother, her own person and disposition, were all equally against her. Her father was a clergyman, without being neglected, or poor, and a very respectable man, though his name was Richard—and he had never been handsome. He had a considerable independence, besides two good livings—and he was not in the least addicted to locking up his daughters. Her mother was a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution. She had three sons before Catherine was born; and instead of dying in bringing the latter into the world, as any body might expect, she still lived on—lived to have six children more—to see them growing up around her, and to enjoy excellent health herself. A family of ten children will be always called a fine family, where there are heads and arms and legs enough for the number; but the Morlands had little other right to the word, for they were in general very plain, and Catherine, for many years of her life, as plain as any. She had a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features:—so much for her person;—and not less unpropitious for heroism seemed her mind. She was fond of all boys’ plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a canary-bird, or watering a rosebush. Indeed she had no taste for a garden; and if she gathered flowers at all, it was chiefly for the pleasure of mischief—at least so it was conjectured from her always preferring those which she was forbidden to take—Such were her propensities—her abilities were quite as extraordinary. She never could learn or understand any thing before she was taught; and sometimes not even then, for she was often inattentive, and occasionally stupid . . .

In reading the many facts recorded in this passage, the reader is invited to conclude that the author

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是閱讀理解中的「作者語氣與修辭判讀」,尤其是:

  • tongue-in-cheek:故意以一本正經、煞有其事的口吻,描述其實很荒謬、反差或帶有嘲諷意味的內容。
  • irony(反諷):表面上像是在陳述事實或稱讚,實際上透過反差傳達幽默、揶揄或批評。
  • 判斷作者態度時,不能只看字面內容,還要觀察敘述是否過度鄭重、刻意誇張,以及前後是否形成反差。

本文選自 Jane Austen《Northanger Abbey》。作者用仿似英雄傳記的嚴肅語調,介紹女主角 Catherine Morland,卻不斷強調她相貌平凡、缺乏英雄氣質,形成幽默的反諷效果。


解題方法

先找出文章中最能代表作者語氣的句子:

“No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine.”

意思是:

「任何人在 Catherine Morland 幼年時見過她,都不會認為她天生注定要成為一位女英雄。」

文章接著逐項說明她為何不像傳統小說中的女主角:

  • 父親只是牧師,雖然生活富裕、品行端正,卻「從未英俊」。
  • 母親身體健康、個性實際,沒有浪漫小說中常見的悲劇色彩。
  • Catherine 外貌「非常平凡」。
  • 她喜歡男孩玩的遊戲,偏愛 cricket,不喜歡洋娃娃、照顧小動物或澆花。
  • 她甚至不擅長學習,常常「不專心,偶爾還很愚笨」。

尤其是以下句子最具反諷性:

“A family of ten children will be always called a fine family, where there are heads and arms and legs enough for the number…”

意思是:

「一個有十個孩子的家庭,只要孩子們的人數和身體部位都足夠,就總會被稱為『美滿的大家庭』。」

作者把「美滿家庭」極其庸俗、機械地解釋成「頭、手臂、腿的數量足夠」,以一本正經的方式說出荒謬內容,明顯不是單純客觀敘述,而是帶有幽默與揶揄。

因此,作者是在以故作嚴肅的方式,反向嘲弄傳統小說對「英雄」與「女主角」的誇張塑造,故選 tongue-in-cheek descriptions。


選項分析

(A) wants to tell everything about her heroine.

錯誤。文章確實提供許多關於 Catherine 的資料,但題目問的是「作者如何描述她」,重點在敘述語氣,不是作者是否想鉅細靡遺交代女主角的一切。

而且文章只節錄了她的家庭、外貌、性格與童年表現,並非真的「想告訴讀者關於女主角的一切」。此選項忽略了文中的反諷與幽默。


(B) has great respect for the family of her heroine.

錯誤。作者並未表現出對 Morland 家庭的高度敬意,反而以幽默方式削弱其「優良家庭」的形象。

例如:

“the Morlands had little other right to the word”

意思是:

「Morland 家庭幾乎沒有其他資格被稱為美滿的家庭。」

作者先提到十個孩子通常會被稱為「美滿家庭」,隨即補充 Morland 家庭除了人數足夠之外,其他條件都不突出。這是揶揄,不是尊敬。


(C) recognizes that the potential for heroism exists in all people.

錯誤。文章的方向正好相反。作者不斷說明 Catherine 並不具備傳統英雄或女主角的條件:

  • 外貌平凡;
  • 個性不浪漫;
  • 喜歡男孩的遊戲;
  • 不喜歡花園與照顧小動物;
  • 學習能力普通,甚至有時顯得愚笨。

開頭的:

“would have supposed her born to be an heroine”

已明確表示,任何人都不會認為她天生適合成為女英雄。因此,本段不是在主張「人人都有英雄潛能」,而是在戲仿傳統英雄人物介紹的模式。


(D) is giving tongue-in-cheek descriptions.

正確。tongue-in-cheek 指「故意一本正經地說笑、帶有揶揄或反諷意味」。

本文的幽默來自「內容平凡」與「語氣莊嚴」之間的反差。例如作者像撰寫英雄傳記般介紹 Catherine,卻列出她不漂亮、不浪漫、不聰明、喜歡 cricket 等理由,證明她不像英雄。

又如:

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第 54 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine. Her situation in life, the character of her father and mother, her own person and disposition, were all equally against her. Her father was a clergyman, without being neglected, or poor, and a very respectable man, though his name was Richard—and he had never been handsome. He had a considerable independence, besides two good livings—and he was not in the least addicted to locking up his daughters. Her mother was a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution. She had three sons before Catherine was born; and instead of dying in bringing the latter into the world, as any body might expect, she still lived on—lived to have six children more—to see them growing up around her, and to enjoy excellent health herself. A family of ten children will be always called a fine family, where there are heads and arms and legs enough for the number; but the Morlands had little other right to the word, for they were in general very plain, and Catherine, for many years of her life, as plain as any. She had a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features:—so much for her person;—and not less unpropitious for heroism seemed her mind. She was fond of all boys’ plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a canary-bird, or watering a rosebush. Indeed she had no taste for a garden; and if she gathered flowers at all, it was chiefly for the pleasure of mischief—at least so it was conjectured from her always preferring those which she was forbidden to take—Such were her propensities—her abilities were quite as extraordinary. She never could learn or understand any thing before she was taught; and sometimes not even then, for she was often inattentive, and occasionally stupid . . .

The technique of the author can be described as one that

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者敘事技巧」與「反諷(irony)」判讀。

文中作者表面上以嚴肅口吻說明 Catherine Morland 不適合成為小說女主角,實際上卻刻意把一般「英雄/女主角」應具備的條件逐一顛覆,形成幽默而反諷的效果。讀者必須從字面敘述之外,推論作者真正的態度與寫作意圖,因此答案是 encourages ironic inferences。


關鍵單字與片語

  • heroine:女主角;女英雄
  • infancy:嬰兒期
  • situation in life:生活背景;社會地位
  • clergyman:牧師
  • respectable:值得尊敬的;體面的
  • independence:獨立財產;經濟自主
  • living:牧師的職位及其收入
  • be addicted to:沉溺於;習慣於
  • lock up one’s daughters:把女兒關在家中
  • plain sense:樸實而實用的判斷力
  • good temper:好脾氣
  • constitution:體質;健康狀況
  • bring a child into the world:生產;生下孩子
  • propensities:傾向;癖好
  • unpropitious:不利的;不適合的
  • heroism:英雄氣質;成為英雄的條件
  • lank hair:稀疏而直垂的頭髮
  • features:五官;面部特徵
  • prefer A to B:比較喜歡 A 而不喜歡 B
  • mischief:惡作劇;淘氣行為
  • inattentive:不專心的
  • stupid:愚笨的;理解力差的

文章定位與翻譯

最能直接定位答案的是開頭:

“No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine.”

「任何人在 Catherine Morland 嬰兒時期見過她,都不會認為她天生是要成為一位女主角的。」

後文接著列出她不具備傳統女主角條件的理由,例如:

“She was fond of all boys’ plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the more heroic enjoyments of infancy...”

「她喜歡所有男孩子玩的遊戲,比起洋娃娃,她更喜歡板球;甚至也不喜歡那些被視為更具英雄氣質的童年娛樂……」

作者又說:

“Such were her propensities—her abilities were quite as extraordinary.”

「她的興趣就是如此;她的能力也同樣『非凡』。」

此處的 extraordinary 表面上是「非凡的」,但接下來卻說她「在受教以前什麼都學不會,有時甚至受教後也學不會」,因此「非凡」實際帶有反語與諷刺意味。


解題方法

判斷作者技巧時,不能只看文章是否描寫細節,而要觀察:

  1. 作者表面說了什麼。
  2. 實際描寫內容是否與表面語氣形成落差。
  3. 讀者是否必須進一步推論作者真正的態度。

本文具有明顯的「語氣與內容不一致」:

  • 作者說父親是「very respectable man」,卻補充說他的名字是 Richard,而且「從未英俊」。
  • 作者說母親生了十個孩子仍健康長壽,語氣故意寫得像奇蹟。
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第 55 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine. Her situation in life, the character of her father and mother, her own person and disposition, were all equally against her. Her father was a clergyman, without being neglected, or poor, and a very respectable man, though his name was Richard—and he had never been handsome. He had a considerable independence, besides two good livings—and he was not in the least addicted to locking up his daughters. Her mother was a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution. She had three sons before Catherine was born; and instead of dying in bringing the latter into the world, as any body might expect, she still lived on—lived to have six children more—to see them growing up around her, and to enjoy excellent health herself. A family of ten children will be always called a fine family, where there are heads and arms and legs enough for the number; but the Morlands had little other right to the word, for they were in general very plain, and Catherine, for many years of her life, as plain as any. She had a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features:—so much for her person;—and not less unpropitious for heroism seemed her mind. She was fond of all boys’ plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a canary-bird, or watering a rosebush. Indeed she had no taste for a garden; and if she gathered flowers at all, it was chiefly for the pleasure of mischief—at least so it was conjectured from her always preferring those which she was forbidden to take—Such were her propensities—her abilities were quite as extraordinary. She never could learn or understand any thing before she was taught; and sometimes not even then, for she was often inattentive, and occasionally stupid . . .

The expression “for many years of her life” (line 10) suggests that, in the story that is to be told, Catherine will

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「語意推論」與「時間副詞片語」判讀。

關鍵片語為:

  • for many years of her life:在她一生中的許多年裡
  • as plain as any:和任何人一樣其貌不揚
  • be courted by gentlemen:受到紳士追求
  • develop into:逐漸成為、發展成
  • heroine:女主角;女英雄
  • unpropitious for heroism:不利於成為英雄人物
  • disposition:性情、性格
  • propensities:傾向、嗜好
  • inattentive:不專心的
  • occasionally stupid:偶爾顯得愚鈍

句中 for many years of her life 是時間範圍,表示 Catherine 的「其貌不揚」並非只存在於幼年,而是持續了多年。這段外貌描寫也暗示她在這段期間不具備傳統小說女主角常有的美貌與吸引力。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句是:

“Catherine, for many years of her life, as plain as any.”

可譯為:

「Catherine 在她一生中的許多年裡,和任何人一樣其貌不揚。」

前文先說,沒有人在 Catherine 幼年見過她,會認為她天生注定成為女主角;接著分別描寫她的家庭背景、外貌與性格,強調她並不符合傳統女主角的條件。

其中 for many years 具有兩層作用:

  1. 表示她長期外貌平凡,因此在這段時間不容易受到男性追求。
  2. many years 並非「一輩子」,暗示這種狀態具有時間限制,後續情節可能出現變化。

依官方答案的命題立場,題目要考的是:Catherine 因為長期相貌平凡,在故事發展中的多年期間不會成為紳士追求的對象。因此選 (B)。

選項分析

(A) suffer untold misery

意為「遭受無法言喻的痛苦」。

文章雖然以戲謔語氣說 Catherine 不像傳統英雄人物,也指出她外貌平凡、學習能力普通,卻沒有提到她會遭受悲慘命運。「其貌不揚」不等於「必然受苦」,此選項屬於無根據的過度推論,錯誤。

(B) not be courted by gentlemen

意為「不會受到紳士追求」。

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第 56 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The class basis of the education system was most explicit in the Taunton Commission Report of 1864, which dealt with schooling for ‘those large classes of English society which are comprised between the humblest and the very highest.’ It divided all secondary schools into three grades according to the social class for which they catered, the division to be determined by size of fee, by the careers for which they prepared, and by a strictly enforced leaving age: ‘the fixing of the age would be the most certain means of defining the work which the school had to do, and keeping it to that work.’ The first grade would charge 12 to 25 guineas a year for day boys, £60 to £120 for boarders, would cater for the gentry, large rentiers, successful professional men, and business men ‘whose profits put them on the same level,’ having a leaving age of 18 or 19, and prepare for university. The second grade would charge 6 to 12 guineas a year for day boys, £25 to £40 for boarders, would educate the professional and business men, large shopkeepers, and farmers for the professions, commerce and industry and have a leaving age of 16 so as to prevent them from preparing for the university. The third grade would charge only 2 to 4 guineas a year and be subsidized from public funds, would be for ‘a class distinctly lower in the scale,’ the sons of small farmers, tradesmen and superior artisans, who should be compelled to leave at 14.

The whole aim was to segregate the classes so as not to educate the lower above their station or embarrass the higher with low company: ‘class distinctions within any school are exceedingly mischievous both to those whom they raise and to those whom they lower,’ and even a few working class boys ‘seem to form an obstacle to the schools becoming attractive to others.’ Free places or closed scholarships for poor or local boys should be abolished and replaced by open exhibitions for ‘boys of real ability in whatever rank they may be found.’ The latter, of course, gave a decisive advantage to the already educated.

The Commission, and the Endowed Schools Act of 1869 which carried out most of its recommendations, did their best to ensure that the social climber should indeed be self-made, and get no help whatever from the schools.

What will be the most appropriate title for the article?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」與「文章標題選擇」。判斷標題時,須掌握全文反覆討論的核心對象與中心概念,而不是只根據某一段細節作答。

本文主要說明十九世紀英國教育制度如何依照社會階級劃分學校、學費、就學年齡與升學方向,並藉此維持階級隔離。因此,全文主題是「階級與教育制度的關係」。

解題方法

可從以下三個層次掌握文章主旨:

  1. 開頭指出 Taunton Commission Report 將中等學校依照學生所屬社會階級分成三等。
  2. 中段詳細說明各級學校的收費、學生身分、離校年齡及未來職業。
  3. 後段明確指出教育制度的目的在於隔離不同階級,避免低階層接受超越其社會地位的教育。

定位主旨最關鍵的句子是:

“The whole aim was to segregate the classes so as not to educate the lower above their station or embarrass the higher with low company.”

意為:「整個制度的目的,就是要隔離各個階級,以免讓較低階層接受超越其社會地位的教育,也避免較高階層與低階層為伍而感到難堪。」

這句直接揭示全文中心:教育制度與階級隔離密切相關。

此外,第一句也提供重要背景:

“The class basis of the education system was most explicit in the Taunton Commission Report of 1864...”

意為:「教育制度以階級為基礎的特色,在 1864 年的 Taunton Commission Report 中表現得最為明顯。」

因此,最適合的標題必須同時涵蓋:

  • class:社會階級
  • education:教育制度
  • 19th-century England:十九世紀英國的歷史背景

關鍵單字與片語

  • class basis:階級基礎
  • education system:教育制度
  • explicit:明確的、明顯的
  • commission report:委員會報告
  • secondary school:中等學校
  • cater for:為某類人提供服務或教育
  • social class:社會階級
  • grade:等級
  • fee:費用、學費
  • boarder:住宿學生
  • gentry:地方紳士階級
  • rentier:靠租金或投資收益生活的人
  • professional man:專業人士
  • leaving age:離校年齡
  • prepare for university:為升讀大學作準備
  • subsidize:補助
  • public funds:公共資金
  • distinctly lower in the scale:社會地位明顯較低
  • small farmer:小農
  • tradesman:商人、店主
  • artisan:技工、工匠
  • segregate:隔離
  • station:社會地位、身分
  • low company:地位較低的同伴
  • free place:免費名額
  • scholarship:獎學金
  • abolish:廢除
  • open exhibition:公開競爭的獎學金或補助名額
  • decisive advantage:決定性的優勢
  • social climber:試圖提升社會地位的人
  • self-made:靠自己努力成功的
  • carry out recommendations:實施建議

文法與語意重點

  1. which 引導關係子句

“the Taunton Commission Report of 1864, which dealt with schooling...”

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第 57 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The class basis of the education system was most explicit in the Taunton Commission Report of 1864, which dealt with schooling for ‘those large classes of English society which are comprised between the humblest and the very highest.’ It divided all secondary schools into three grades according to the social class for which they catered, the division to be determined by size of fee, by the careers for which they prepared, and by a strictly enforced leaving age: ‘the fixing of the age would be the most certain means of defining the work which the school had to do, and keeping it to that work.’ The first grade would charge 12 to 25 guineas a year for day boys, £60 to £120 for boarders, would cater for the gentry, large rentiers, successful professional men, and business men ‘whose profits put them on the same level,’ having a leaving age of 18 or 19, and prepare for university. The second grade would charge 6 to 12 guineas a year for day boys, £25 to £40 for boarders, would educate the professional and business men, large shopkeepers, and farmers for the professions, commerce and industry and have a leaving age of 16 so as to prevent them from preparing for the university. The third grade would charge only 2 to 4 guineas a year and be subsidized from public funds, would be for ‘a class distinctly lower in the scale,’ the sons of small farmers, tradesmen and superior artisans, who should be compelled to leave at 14.

The whole aim was to segregate the classes so as not to educate the lower above their station or embarrass the higher with low company: ‘class distinctions within any school are exceedingly mischievous both to those whom they raise and to those whom they lower,’ and even a few working class boys ‘seem to form an obstacle to the schools becoming attractive to others.’ Free places or closed scholarships for poor or local boys should be abolished and replaced by open exhibitions for ‘boys of real ability in whatever rank they may be found.’ The latter, of course, gave a decisive advantage to the already educated.

The Commission, and the Endowed Schools Act of 1869 which carried out most of its recommendations, did their best to ensure that the social climber should indeed be self-made, and get no help whatever from the schools.

At what age was it proposed that the children of the gentry should leave school?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於閱讀測驗中的「事實細節題」(Factual Detail Question)。測驗重點在於考生能否利用題幹關鍵字(Keywords),在長篇複雜敘述中精準回文定位(Scanning),並釐清並列句中不同等級(Grade)、社會階級(Social Class)與離校年齡(Leaving Age)的對應關係。


解題方法

  1. 擷取題幹關鍵字:
  • 題幹問:At what age was it proposed that the children of the gentry should leave school?
  • 關鍵字為 gentry(紳士階級/上流階層)與 leave school / leaving age(離校年齡)。
  1. 回文精準定位:
  • 第一段詳細列出了三個等級(First, Second, Third grade)的學校對應的階級、學費與離校年齡。
  • 搜尋關鍵字 gentry,定位於第一段第四句:

"The first grade would charge 12 to 25 guineas a year for day boys, £60 to £120 for boarders, would cater for the gentry, large rentiers, successful professional men, and business men ‘whose profits put them on the same level,’ having a leaving age of 18 or 19, and prepare for university."

【翻譯】第一級學校對走讀生每年收費 12 至 25 基尼,對寄宿生收費 60 至 120 英鎊,服務於紳士階層(gentry)、大食利者、成功的專業人士以及「利潤使其處於同一水平」的商人,其離校年齡為 18 或 19 歲,並為升大學做準備。

  1. 比對選項:
  • 文中明確指出為 gentry 設立的第一級學校,其離校年齡為 18 or 19,直接對應選項 (D)。

關鍵字彙與片語

  • gentry (n.):貴族、紳士階層、上流階級
  • cater for (phr.):迎合、滿足……的需求、為……提供服務
  • leaving age (n.):離校年齡、畢業年齡
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第 58 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The class basis of the education system was most explicit in the Taunton Commission Report of 1864, which dealt with schooling for ‘those large classes of English society which are comprised between the humblest and the very highest.’ It divided all secondary schools into three grades according to the social class for which they catered, the division to be determined by size of fee, by the careers for which they prepared, and by a strictly enforced leaving age: ‘the fixing of the age would be the most certain means of defining the work which the school had to do, and keeping it to that work.’ The first grade would charge 12 to 25 guineas a year for day boys, £60 to £120 for boarders, would cater for the gentry, large rentiers, successful professional men, and business men ‘whose profits put them on the same level,’ having a leaving age of 18 or 19, and prepare for university. The second grade would charge 6 to 12 guineas a year for day boys, £25 to £40 for boarders, would educate the professional and business men, large shopkeepers, and farmers for the professions, commerce and industry and have a leaving age of 16 so as to prevent them from preparing for the university. The third grade would charge only 2 to 4 guineas a year and be subsidized from public funds, would be for ‘a class distinctly lower in the scale,’ the sons of small farmers, tradesmen and superior artisans, who should be compelled to leave at 14.

The whole aim was to segregate the classes so as not to educate the lower above their station or embarrass the higher with low company: ‘class distinctions within any school are exceedingly mischievous both to those whom they raise and to those whom they lower,’ and even a few working class boys ‘seem to form an obstacle to the schools becoming attractive to others.’ Free places or closed scholarships for poor or local boys should be abolished and replaced by open exhibitions for ‘boys of real ability in whatever rank they may be found.’ The latter, of course, gave a decisive advantage to the already educated.

The Commission, and the Endowed Schools Act of 1869 which carried out most of its recommendations, did their best to ensure that the social climber should indeed be self-made, and get no help whatever from the schools.

According to the article, what was the primary aim of the changes proposed in the Taunton Commission Report of 1864?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於後醫英文閱讀測驗中典型的「文章主旨/核心目的題(Primary Aim / Main Purpose)」。命題焦點在於測驗考生是否能準確掌握段落主題句(Topic Sentence)、辨識作者轉述歷史報告(1864 年湯頓委員會報告,Taunton Commission Report)的真正意圖,並進行精準的「同義語意轉換(Paraphrasing)」。


解題方法

  1. 題幹定位:題幹詢問「Taunton Commission Report of 1864 所提出的變革其主要目的(primary aim)為何?」關鍵字為 primary aim、Taunton Commission Report of 1864。
  2. 文本對應:
    第二段第一句開門見山點出整體目的:

“The whole aim was to segregate the classes so as not to educate the lower above their station or embarrass the higher with low company...”
(整體目的在於將各階級徹底隔離,以免底層階級接受了超出其社會地位的教育,或是讓低下階層的為伍使上層階級感到難堪……)

  1. 同義改寫對照:
  • 原文的 segregate the classes(隔離階層)改寫為選項 (C) 的 not allow them to mingle(不允許混在一起)。
  • 原文的 not to educate the lower above their station(不讓下層接受超出其身分的教育)改寫為 keep the lower classes in their place(讓底層階級安分守己/留在原本的位置)。
  • 原文的 not embarrass the higher with low company(不讓上層與低層為伍)改寫為 with their social superiors。

選項分析

  • (A) To improve educational provision for the lower classes(改善底層階級的教育資源供給)
    錯誤。報告並非為了提升下層的福祉,反而規定第三級學校的學生滿 14 歲就必須強制離校(should be compelled to leave at 14),且廢除為貧窮子弟設立的免費名額與封閉式獎學金(Free places or closed scholarships... should be abolished),實質上壓制了下層階級的向上流動機會。

  • (B) To facilitate easier entry to university for the sons of the gentry(讓紳士階級的子弟更容易進入大學)
    錯誤。

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第 59 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The class basis of the education system was most explicit in the Taunton Commission Report of 1864, which dealt with schooling for ‘those large classes of English society which are comprised between the humblest and the very highest.’ It divided all secondary schools into three grades according to the social class for which they catered, the division to be determined by size of fee, by the careers for which they prepared, and by a strictly enforced leaving age: ‘the fixing of the age would be the most certain means of defining the work which the school had to do, and keeping it to that work.’ The first grade would charge 12 to 25 guineas a year for day boys, £60 to £120 for boarders, would cater for the gentry, large rentiers, successful professional men, and business men ‘whose profits put them on the same level,’ having a leaving age of 18 or 19, and prepare for university. The second grade would charge 6 to 12 guineas a year for day boys, £25 to £40 for boarders, would educate the professional and business men, large shopkeepers, and farmers for the professions, commerce and industry and have a leaving age of 16 so as to prevent them from preparing for the university. The third grade would charge only 2 to 4 guineas a year and be subsidized from public funds, would be for ‘a class distinctly lower in the scale,’ the sons of small farmers, tradesmen and superior artisans, who should be compelled to leave at 14.

The whole aim was to segregate the classes so as not to educate the lower above their station or embarrass the higher with low company: ‘class distinctions within any school are exceedingly mischievous both to those whom they raise and to those whom they lower,’ and even a few working class boys ‘seem to form an obstacle to the schools becoming attractive to others.’ Free places or closed scholarships for poor or local boys should be abolished and replaced by open exhibitions for ‘boys of real ability in whatever rank they may be found.’ The latter, of course, gave a decisive advantage to the already educated.

The Commission, and the Endowed Schools Act of 1869 which carried out most of its recommendations, did their best to ensure that the social climber should indeed be self-made, and get no help whatever from the schools.

What was the upper limit in fees proposed for the sons of large shopkeepers at boarding schools?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與「對應關係判讀」。解題重點是:

  1. 找出文章中提到 large shopkeepers 的句子。
  2. 判斷他們所屬的中等學校等級。
  3. 確認題目問的是 boarding schools 的「最高學費」。

文中將中等學校分成三個等級,各級依學費、社會階級、職業準備方向與離校年齡區分。**large shopkeepers(大型商店店主)**屬於第二級學校,而第二級寄宿生的學費範圍是 £25 至 £40。

關鍵單字與片語

  • upper limit:上限、最高限額
  • fees:學費、費用
  • proposed:提議的、所建議的
  • sons of large shopkeepers:大型商店店主的兒子
  • boarding schools:寄宿學校
  • day boys:走讀男學生
  • cater for:以某類人為教育對象、迎合某類需求
  • professional and business men:專業人士與商人
  • leaving age:離校年齡
  • prepare for the university:為升讀大學作準備

解題方法

先定位包含 large shopkeepers 的原文:

“The second grade would charge 6 to 12 guineas a year for day boys, £25 to £40 for boarders, would educate the professional and business men, large shopkeepers, and farmers for the professions, commerce and industry...”

翻譯:

「第二級學校對走讀男學生每年收取 6 至 12 基尼,對寄宿生收取 £25 至 £40;教育對象包括專業人士、商人、大型商店店主與農民,使其子弟準備進入專業、商業與工業領域……」

題目問:

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第 60 題1 分

【題組共用題幹】

The class basis of the education system was most explicit in the Taunton Commission Report of 1864, which dealt with schooling for ‘those large classes of English society which are comprised between the humblest and the very highest.’ It divided all secondary schools into three grades according to the social class for which they catered, the division to be determined by size of fee, by the careers for which they prepared, and by a strictly enforced leaving age: ‘the fixing of the age would be the most certain means of defining the work which the school had to do, and keeping it to that work.’ The first grade would charge 12 to 25 guineas a year for day boys, £60 to £120 for boarders, would cater for the gentry, large rentiers, successful professional men, and business men ‘whose profits put them on the same level,’ having a leaving age of 18 or 19, and prepare for university. The second grade would charge 6 to 12 guineas a year for day boys, £25 to £40 for boarders, would educate the professional and business men, large shopkeepers, and farmers for the professions, commerce and industry and have a leaving age of 16 so as to prevent them from preparing for the university. The third grade would charge only 2 to 4 guineas a year and be subsidized from public funds, would be for ‘a class distinctly lower in the scale,’ the sons of small farmers, tradesmen and superior artisans, who should be compelled to leave at 14.

The whole aim was to segregate the classes so as not to educate the lower above their station or embarrass the higher with low company: ‘class distinctions within any school are exceedingly mischievous both to those whom they raise and to those whom they lower,’ and even a few working class boys ‘seem to form an obstacle to the schools becoming attractive to others.’ Free places or closed scholarships for poor or local boys should be abolished and replaced by open exhibitions for ‘boys of real ability in whatever rank they may be found.’ The latter, of course, gave a decisive advantage to the already educated.

The Commission, and the Endowed Schools Act of 1869 which carried out most of its recommendations, did their best to ensure that the social climber should indeed be self-made, and get no help whatever from the schools.

According to the article, which ONE of the following statements is incorrect?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查英文閱讀理解,重點是:

  1. 找出題幹對文章內容的錯誤轉述。
  2. 辨認文章中的因果關係與語意方向。
  3. 注意選項是否加入文章沒有提到的資訊,或是否與原文意思相反。

文章主要說明 1864 年 Taunton Commission Report 如何依照社會階級,將中等教育分成三個等級,並透過學費、就業方向與嚴格的離校年齡,使不同階級接受不同程度的教育。


解題方法

本題應逐項回到原文定位,特別注意:

  • 選項是否忠實重述原文。
  • 原文中的正、負面語氣。
  • 選項是否把「形式上的制度設計」誤解成「實際上的公平效果」。

關鍵句為:

Free places or closed scholarships for poor or local boys should be abolished and replaced by open exhibitions for ‘boys of real ability in whatever rank they may be found.’ The latter, of course, gave a decisive advantage to the already educated.

翻譯:

貧窮學生或當地男孩所享有的免費名額或限定獎學金,應予以廢除,改以公開獎學金提供給「無論出身於哪一階級,只要確實有能力的男孩」。然而,後者當然使那些原本已受過教育的人取得決定性的優勢。

表面上,open exhibitions(公開獎學金)似乎依能力取才;但作者明確指出,這項制度實際上反而有利於已經受過良好教育的學生。因此,E 將其解讀為真正不受經濟與教育背景影響的公平制度,與原文不符。


選項分析

(A) The Report of 1864 addressed the issue of education for all classes in the UK.

1864 年的報告處理了英國各階級的教育問題。

判定:正確。

文章開頭指出,該報告處理的是:

schooling for ‘those large classes of English society which are comprised between the humblest and the very highest.’

意思是「介於最卑微階級與最高階級之間的英國社會廣大階層」的教育問題。

文章後文也分別提到:

  • 第一級:紳士、富有的收租者、成功的專業人士與商人。
  • 第二級:專業人士、商人、大型店主與農民。
  • 第三級:小農、商販與較優秀的工匠。

因此,報告確實以不同社會階級的教育安排為討論核心。雖然原文嚴格而言聚焦於中等教育與廣大的中間階層,選項的 all classes 帶有概括性,但依考試命題意旨,可視為對文章整體階級教育內容的概括。

關鍵字:

  • address an issue:處理、探討某項議題
  • class:階級、社會階層
  • the humblest:最卑微者、最低階層
  • the very highest:最高階層

(B) In the Report, all secondary schools were placed in one of three grades.

報告將所有中等學校歸入三個等級之一。

判定:正確。

原文明確寫道:

It divided all secondary schools into three grades according to the social class for which they catered.

意思是:

它依照學校所服務的社會階級,將所有中等學校分成三個等級。

因此,選項直接重述原文。

關鍵片語:

  • divide A into B:將 A 分成 B
  • secondary schools:中等學校
  • grade:等級
  • cater for:迎合、服務、以某類人為對象

(C) Enforcing a strict leaving age was vital in maintaining the syllabus of a school.

嚴格執行離校年齡,對維持學校的課程內容十分重要。

判定:正確。

原文指出:

‘the fixing of the age would be the most certain means of defining the work which the school had to do, and keeping it to that work.’

翻譯:

確定離校年齡,是界定學校應完成的教育工作,並使學校專注於該項工作的最可靠方法。

也就是說,離校年齡不只是行政規定,更是用來限制學校教育程度與課程方向的工具。例如:

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第 Writing 題20 分

Write a well-structured essay in which you argue for or against the following statement (in 200 words).

Complaining is a good way of dealing with frustrations arising out of work.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or/and experience.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是英文議論文寫作,主題為「抱怨是否是處理工作挫折的好方法」。重點不在於描述工作經驗,而在於:

  1. 明確表達立場:支持或反對。
  2. 提出至少兩個合理理由。
  3. 使用具體例子支持論點。
  4. 結尾重申立場,形成完整論證。

題幹關鍵句:

Complaining is a good way of dealing with frustrations arising out of work.

翻譯:抱怨是處理工作所產生挫折的一種好方法。

本題適合採取「部分承認、明確反駁」的寫法:先承認抱怨具有短暫紓壓效果,再指出持續抱怨無法解決根本問題,最後提出更有效的處理方式。

關鍵單字與片語

  • complaining:抱怨
  • dissatisfaction:不滿
  • frustration:挫折;沮喪
  • deal with:處理;應付
  • work-related:與工作有關的
  • temporary relief:短暫的紓解
  • underlying problem:根本問題
  • workplace morale:職場士氣
  • resentment:怨懟;不滿情緒
  • constructive communication:具建設性的溝通
  • be overwhelmed by:被……壓得喘不過氣
  • overtime:加班
  • patient safety:病人安全
  • problem-solving:解決問題
  • a substitute for:……的替代品

文法與語意重點

  1. Complaining 是動名詞,作為主詞,表示「抱怨這件事」。
  2. a good way of dealing with... 表示「處理……的一種好方法」。
  3. frustrations arising out of work 中,arising out of work 是分詞片語,修飾 frustrations,意為「因工作而產生的挫折」。
  4. Although ..., ... 用來先承認讓步觀點,再提出主要立場。
  5. instead of + V-ing 表示「不……而……」。
  6. should be the beginning of ..., not its substitute 使用對比結構,表示「應該是……的開始,而不是……的替代品」。

解題方法

建議採用四段式架構:

  • 第一段:引言,表明反對立場。
  • 第二段:說明抱怨會消耗精力並破壞職場氣氛。
  • 第三段:提出建設性溝通,並以護理師加班為例。
  • 第四段:承認適度抱怨的功能,重申應以實際行動解決問題。

每一個理由後面都應補充「結果」或「例子」,避免文章只停留在抽象敘述。

參考作文(200 words)

Complaining is regarded as a negative habit, but I disagree that it is a good way of dealing with work-related frustrations. Although expressing dissatisfaction can provide temporary relief, constant complaining rarely solves the underlying problem.

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其他考古題

98 年高雄醫學大學的其他科目

高雄醫學大學《英文》其他年度

其他學校的《英文》