高雄醫學大學 99 年 《英文》
第 1 題1 分
I. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
_______ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
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核心觀念
本題考兩項重點:
- 分詞/省略結構與主詞一致
- once + 名詞片語表示「曾經是……、昔日為……」
句型為:
Once the fourth biggest city in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
其中,Once the fourth biggest city in the United States 是置於句首的補充說明,修飾主詞 St. Louis。完整語意可理解為:
Once being the fourth biggest city in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
更自然地翻譯為:
聖路易斯曾是美國第四大城市,如今已成為全美第 24 大城市。
題幹中定位答案的關鍵句是:
Once the fourth biggest city in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
once 在此不是「一旦」,而是副詞,表示「曾經、昔日」。
解題方法
先觀察逗號後面的主要子句:
St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
這是一個完整句子,主詞是 St. Louis,動詞是 has now become。因此,逗號前的空格應填入修飾整個主要子句、且邏輯主詞必須是 St. Louis 的片語。
Once the fourth biggest city in the United States 等於:
St. Louis was once the fourth biggest city in the United States.
而 has now become 表示「現在已經變成」,前後形成清楚對比:
- 過去:曾是美國第四大城市
- 現在:已成為美國第 24 大城市
因此選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) It is the fourth biggest city
填入後為:
It is the fourth biggest city in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
It is ... 本身是完整句子,逗號後又接另一個完整句子,形成兩個獨立子句以逗號硬接的錯誤,稱為 comma splice。
此外,題意要表達「過去曾是第四大城市」,is 是現在式,與後面的 has now become 所形成的過去與現在對比不符。因此錯誤。
(B) It was the fourth biggest city
填入後為:
It was the fourth biggest city in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
雖然 was 符合過去狀態,但 It was ... 與 St. Louis has ... 都是完整子句,仍然出現逗號硬接兩個獨立子句的問題。
若要使用完整子句,應改寫為:
第 2 題1 分
Martha Graham, _______, has run her own dance company for half a century.
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核心觀念:逗號同位語(appositive)
題幹結構為:
Martha Graham, _______, has run her own dance company for half a century.
逗號之間的部分用來補充說明前面的專有名詞 Martha Graham,因此需要填入一個名詞片語,形成「Martha Graham,也就是……」的同位語結構。
正確句型為:
Martha Graham, one of the great modern choreographers, has run her own dance company for half a century.
Martha Graham 是偉大的現代編舞家之一,經營自己的舞團已有半個世紀。
解題方法
先觀察主要句子的骨架:
- 主詞:Martha Graham
- 動詞:has run
- 受詞:her own dance company
- 時間:for half a century
兩個逗號之間是插入的補充說明,因此不可再放入一個完整的主要子句,也不能放入結構不完整的關係子句。最適合的是修飾 Martha Graham 的名詞片語。
選項 (B) one of the great modern choreographers 是名詞片語,意為「偉大的現代編舞家之一」,可直接作為 Martha Graham 的同位語。
其中:
- one of the + 複數名詞:表示「……之一」
- great modern choreographers:偉大的現代編舞家們
- has run:現在完成式,表示從過去持續到現在
- for half a century:持續半個世紀
選項分析
(A) is the great modern choreographer
填入後為:
Martha Graham, is the great modern choreographer, has run her own dance company for half a century.
逗號之間形成「is the great modern choreographer」的完整動詞結構,但前面已有主詞 Martha Graham,後面又接主要動詞 has run,造成句子結構錯誤。此處需要名詞片語作同位語,不能插入一個帶有 be 動詞的完整敘述。
(B) one of the great modern choreographers
填入後為:
Martha Graham, one of the great modern choreographers, has run her own dance company for half a century.
第 3 題1 分
Biochemists use fireflies to study bioluminescence, _______.
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核心觀念
本題考「同位語」與「分詞片語」。
題幹為:
Biochemists use fireflies to study bioluminescence, _______.
翻譯:
生物化學家利用螢火蟲研究生物發光現象,也就是某些植物和動物所發出的無熱光。
逗號後的內容用來補充說明前面的名詞 bioluminescence,因此應填入一個名詞片語,形成同位語:
bioluminescence, the heatless light given off by certain plants and animals
其中:
- bioluminescence:生物發光、生物冷光
- heatless light:無熱光、不伴隨明顯熱能的光
- give off:散發、發出
- certain:某些、特定的
- plants and animals:植物和動物
given off by certain plants and animals 是過去分詞片語,修飾 the heatless light,完整形式相當於:
the heatless light which is given off by certain plants and animals
也就是「由某些植物和動物所發出的無熱光」。
解題方法
先觀察逗號前已有完整句:
Biochemists use fireflies to study bioluminescence.
句子結構為:
- Biochemists:主詞
- use:動詞
- fireflies:受詞
- to study bioluminescence:目的不定詞片語
逗號後若接選項 A:
the heatless light given off by certain plants and animals
這是一個完整的名詞片語,正好作為 bioluminescence 的同位語,補充說明其意義,文法與語意都完整。
句型可整理為:
名詞,名詞片語(同位語)
例如:
Photosynthesis, the process by which plants make food, requires light.
「光合作用,也就是植物製造食物的過程,需要光。」
因此本題選 A。
選項分析
(A) the heatless light given off by certain plants and animals
正確。
這是名詞片語:
the heatless light + given off by certain plants and animals
其中 given off by... 是被動的分詞片語,修飾 the heatless light。整個名詞片語是 bioluminescence 的同位語,意思是「由某些植物和動物發出的無熱光」。
完整句意為:
生物化學家利用螢火蟲研究生物發光現象,也就是某些植物和動物所發出的無熱光。
(B) certain plants and animals give off the heatless light
錯誤。
此選項是完整的主詞加動詞結構:
certain plants and animals give off the heatless light
但它直接接在逗號後,會形成兩個獨立子句以逗號連接的錯誤,即 comma splice:
Biochemists use fireflies to study bioluminescence, certain plants and animals give off the heatless lig
第 4 題1 分
The behavior of gases is explained by _______ the kinetic theory.
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核心觀念
本題考「名詞子句」與動詞 call 的句型。
完整句子為:
The behavior of gases is explained by what scientists call the kinetic theory.
氣體的行為可以用科學家所稱的動力學理論來解釋。
其中:
- the behavior of gases:氣體的行為
- be explained by:由……解釋;以……說明
- what scientists call the kinetic theory:科學家所稱為「動力學理論」的事物
what + S + V 可形成名詞子句,意思是「S 所 V 的事物」。本句中:
- what:所稱的事物
- scientists:主詞,科學家
- call:動詞,稱作
- the kinetic theory:受詞補語,被稱作的名稱
動詞 call 常用句型為:
例如:
- Scientists call this idea the kinetic theory.
- 科學家把這個概念稱為動力學理論。
將這個句子轉成名詞子句後,就是:
what scientists call the kinetic theory
整體放在介系詞 by 後面,作為 by 的受詞。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
The behavior of gases is explained by _______ the kinetic theory.
介系詞 by 後面必須接名詞、代名詞、動名詞,或名詞子句。空格後的內容必須能充當「被用來解釋氣體行為的事物」。
若還原語意,可先寫成:
Scientists call something the kinetic theory.
科學家把某種事物稱為動力學理論。
其中「某種事物」可用 what 代替,形成:
what scientists call the kinetic theory
因此完整句意是:
氣體的行為可以用科學家所稱的動力學理論來解釋。
選項分析
(A) scientists who call
放入後為:
The behavior of gases is explained by scientists who call the kinetic theory.
此處 by scientists 會變成「由科學家解釋」,後面的 who call the kinetic theory 是修飾 scientists 的關係子句。
問題在於 call 的句型不完整。若表示「把某物稱為動力學理論」,必須有受詞及受詞補語,例如:
Scientists call this theory the kinetic theory.
原句只有 call the kinetic theory,缺少被稱呼的對象,且整句語意也變成「氣體的行為由某些科學家解釋」,不符合題意。因此錯誤。
(B) what do scientists call
放入後為:
The behavior of gases is explained by what do scientists call the kinetic theory.
what do scientists call 是疑問句的倒裝語序,適用於直接問句:
第 5 題1 分
How high an average _______?
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核心觀念
本題考「特殊疑問句的倒裝」以及情態助動詞 must 的句型。
句中疑問詞片語 How high an average 是動詞 maintain 的受詞,意思是「多高的平均成績」。完整語意為:
How high an average must a fellowship student maintain?
研究生獎學金生必須維持多高的平均成績?
基本句型是:
原本的陳述句可還原為:
A fellowship student must maintain a high average.
研究生獎學金生必須維持很高的平均成績。
將受詞 how high an average 移到句首形成疑問句後,情態助動詞 must 必須置於主詞 a fellowship student 之前:
因此答案為 (B) must a fellowship student maintain。
解題方法
先找出句子的主要動詞與主詞:
- 動詞:maintain
- 主詞:a fellowship student
- 受詞:an average
- 修飾 average 的疑問詞:how high
- 助動詞:must
由於疑問詞片語 How high an average 已經移到句首,後面的疑問句要使用倒裝結構:
套入本題:
完整句子為:
How high an average must a fellowship student maintain?
其中 must 是情態助動詞,後面只能接原形動詞,因此使用 maintain,不能使用 maintains。
選項分析
(A) a fellowship student maintains
組合後為:
How high an average a fellowship student maintains?
此選項採用「主詞+動詞」的陳述句順序,缺少疑問句所需的倒裝。若使用一般現在式 maintains,通常必須加上 does:
How high an average does a fellowship student maintain?
因此 (A) 錯在疑問句結構不完整,且未呈現助動詞倒裝。
(B) must a fellowship student maintain
組合後為:
How high an average must a fellowship student maintain?
結構正確:
- How high an average:疑問詞片語,作 maintain 的受詞
- must:情態助動詞,置於主詞前形成倒裝
- a fellowship student:主詞
- maintain:情態助動詞後使用原形動詞
語意是「研究生獎學金生必須維持多高的平均成績」,符合題意,因此正確。
(C) maintains a fellowship student
組合後為:
第 6 題1 分
Valerie has been sick for a long time, so she _______ pain.
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核心觀念
本題考查 used to 的兩種用法,以及「習慣於」的固定句型:
- be used to + 名詞/V-ing:習慣於……
- used to + 原形動詞:過去常常……,現在已不再如此
題幹中的 pain 是名詞,意思是「疼痛、痛苦」。句意是:Valerie 生病很久了,所以她已經習慣疼痛。表達「習慣於某事」須使用:
因此應選 is used to。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
Valerie has been sick for a long time, so she is used to pain.
翻譯為:
Valerie 已經生病很久了,所以她習慣疼痛。
has been sick for a long time 表示「已經生病很長一段時間」,這段長期經驗造成現在的狀態,因此後句要表達「她現在已習慣疼痛」,使用 be used to + 名詞。
完整句為:
Valerie has been sick for a long time, so she is used to pain.
選項分析
(A) used to
used to 作為片語動詞時,表示「過去常常……」,後面接原形動詞,例如:
She used to play tennis.
她過去常常打網球。
本題 pain 是名詞,不是原形動詞;若要表示「習慣於疼痛」,也不能省略 be。因此 used to pain 不符合本題句型與語意。
(B) is used to
is used to 是 be used to + 名詞 的正確形式,表示「習慣於……」。
第 7 題1 分
If you _______ to see Mayor Tsu, what would you tell him?
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核心觀念
本題考「第二類條件句」及固定句型 If + 主詞 + were to + 原形動詞。
基本結構為:
此句型表示「與現在事實無關、假設未來發生的情況」,語氣比一般條件句更假設、較正式。
題幹為:
If you were to see Mayor Tsu, what would you tell him?
如果你有機會見到朱市長,你會告訴他什麼?
其中:
- were to see:假設未來見到
- what would you tell him:你會告訴他什麼
前後形成完整的第二類條件句。
解題方法
先觀察主要子句:
what would you tell him?
出現 would + 原形動詞,表示「會……」,通常提示前面的 If 子句採用假設語氣。
空格後面是:
to see
因此空格必須能與 to see 組成自然結構。選項 were 可形成:
If you were to see Mayor Tsu
這是正式且常見的假設句型,意思是「假如你見到朱市長」。
完整句意為:
如果你有機會見到朱市長,你會告訴他什麼?
選項分析
(A) are
若填入後為:
If you are to see Mayor Tsu, what would you tell him?
be to + 原形動詞 可表示「預定要……」或「必須……」,例如:
You are to report here at nine.
你預定/必須在九點到這裡報到。
因此 are to see 並非絕對不合文法,但在本題中會形成「如果你預定要見朱市長」的既定安排語意,與後面的 would 所表示的假設語氣不如 were to see 對應。依本題所考的固定句型,不能選 A。
(B) will be going
填入後為:
If you will be going to see Mayor Tsu, what would you tell him?
一般條件句的 If 子句不使用 will 表示單純未來時,而使用現在式代替未來式,例如:
If you see him, tell him the truth.
第 8 題1 分
“Could I borrow your Jay Chou’s record?”
“I’d get it for you _______ I could remember who last borrowed it.”
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核心觀念
本題測驗「與現在事實相反的假設語氣(Subjunctive Mood)」之句型結構與「引導假設條件子句之連接詞片語(Subordinating Conjunctions)」的辨析。
- 與現在事實相反的假設語氣句型:
- 主要子句:
- 條件子句:
- 片語功能:
if only可等同於加強語氣的if(「只要……的話」)或用來表達願望(「要是……就好了」),引導與事實相反的虛擬語氣條件句。
題目翻譯與語境定位
- 對話原文:
“Could I borrow your Jay Chou’s record?”
“I’d get it for you _______ I could remember who last borrowed it.”
- 中文語境翻譯:
「我可以借你的周杰倫唱片嗎?」
「只要我能想起來最後是誰借走的,我就會拿給你。(隱含:但現在我想不起來,所以無法借你)」
主要子句使用 I'd get it for you(即 I would get it for you,過去式助動詞 would 搭配原形動詞),空格後接 I could remember...(過去式助動詞 could 搭配原形動詞),完全符合「與現在事實相反」的假設語氣結構。
解題方法
- 結構分析:主要子句為「主詞 + would + V」,從屬子句為「主詞 + could + V」。空格必須填入能引導「條件子句(Conditional Clause)」的從屬連接詞。
- 語意邏輯:說話者目前「記不得是誰借走的」,因此處於無法拿唱片給對方的狀態。「拿給對方」的前提在於「想得起來是誰借的」,此為條件關係。
- 功能代入:只有
if only能在此扮演加強語氣的條件連接詞(相當於if),引導與現在事實相反的假設語氣,表達「只要……就能……,只可惜現在不能」。
選項分析
- (A) except that(錯誤)
- 字義:只可惜、除了……之外。
- 文法與語意:
except that後方通常接「陳述事實」的直說法子句(表示既成事實),不與假設語氣句型搭配。
第 9 題1 分
I believe _______ very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
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核心觀念
本題考查 believe 的句型,以及主詞與動詞的數一致。
believe 常見兩種句型:
- believe + that 子句
我相信這種不快樂是由於對世界的錯誤看法所造成。
- believe + 受詞 + to be + 受詞補語
我相信這種不快樂是由於對世界的錯誤看法所造成。
本題空格後接 very largely due to...,前面需要先放出受詞 this unhappiness,再接 to be,形成:
I believe this unhappiness to be very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
題幹翻譯與語意定位
題幹原句:
I believe this unhappiness to be very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
翻譯:
我相信,這種不快樂很大程度上是由於對世界的錯誤看法所造成的。
關鍵片語如下:
believe A to be B:相信 A 是 Bthis unhappiness:這種不快樂very largely:很大程度上、主要地be due to:是由於、歸因於mistaken views of the world:對世界的錯誤看法
解題方法
先找 believe 後面的基本結構:
題目中:
- 受詞:
this unhappiness to be:連綴動詞不定詞- 補語:
very largely due to mistaken views of the world
因此完整句型為:
所以空格應填:
this unhappiness to be
選 (D)。
選項分析
(A) this unhappiness are
填入後:
I believe this unhappiness are very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
this unhappiness 的中心名詞是不可數名詞 unhappiness,視為單數,動詞應使用 is,不能使用複數形式 are。
正確形式應為:
I believe this unhappiness is very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
因此 (A) 錯誤。
(B) to be this unhappiness
填入後:
I believe to be this unhappiness very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
believe 的「受詞 + to be」句型必須先出現受詞,再接 to be:
believe + this unhappiness + to be
第 10 題1 分
The timid mother _______ that they are never safe.
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核心觀念
本題考兩個重點:
- 使役動詞 cause 的句型
cause + 受詞 + to V
表示「使某人做某事」。
例如:
- The news caused him to worry.
- 這則消息使他擔心。
- feel that + 子句
feel that + S + V 表示「感到/認為……」。
題幹完整結構為:
The timid mother causes her children to feel that they are never safe.
這位膽小的母親使她的孩子感到自己永遠不安全。
解題方法
先找出句子的主要結構:
- 主詞:
The timid mother - 動詞:
causes - 受詞:
her children - 受詞補語:
to feel that子句:they are never safe
套用使役動詞 cause 的固定句型:
因此應填入:
causes her children to feel
完整句子為:
The timid mother causes her children to feel that they are never safe.
選項分析
(A) causes her children feel
錯誤。cause 後面若接「人」作為受詞,再接動詞,必須使用 to V,不可直接使用原形動詞。
正確形式是:
causes her children to feel
而不是:
causes her children feel
須注意,make 才使用:
make her children feel
但 cause 必須使用:
cause her children to feel
(B) causes her children feeling
錯誤。cause + 受詞 + V-ing 不是本題所需的標準使役結構。此處要表達「使孩子感到……」,應使用 to feel。
正確句型為:
cause her children to feel that they are never safe
不能寫成:
cause her children feeling that they are never safe
第 11 題1 分
Only after Norman acquired considerable facility in speaking _______.
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核心觀念
本題考「限制副詞片語置於句首時的部分倒裝」。
當句首以 only + 副詞、介系詞片語或子句 強調「只有在……之後/只有……才……」時,主句必須採用部分倒裝:
題目中的 Only after Norman acquired considerable facility in speaking 是置於句首的時間副詞子句,主句因此必須倒裝:
did he learn to read and write
完整句為:
Only after Norman acquired considerable facility in speaking did he learn to read and write.
關鍵單字與片語
- only after:只有在……之後
- acquire:獲得、取得
- considerable:相當大的、可觀的
- facility in speaking:說話方面的熟練度、口語能力
- learn to read and write:學會閱讀與寫作
題意翻譯
Only after Norman acquired considerable facility in speaking did he learn to read and write.
Norman 只有在獲得相當好的口語能力之後,才學會閱讀與寫作。
句中的 only after 強調先後順序:Norman 先具備良好的口語能力,之後才學會讀寫。
解題方法
先找出句首的限制語 Only after。由於它修飾整個主句,且位於句首,主句必須部分倒裝。
原本的正常語序是:
He learned to read and write only after Norman acquired considerable facility in speaking.
將 Only after 引導的副詞子句移到句首後,主句改為:
Only after Norman acquired considerable facility in speaking did he learn to read and write.
主句原本是過去式 he learned。倒裝時使用過去式助動詞 did,主要動詞改回原形 learn:
- 正常語序:he learned
- 倒裝語序:did he learn
因此正確答案為 (E) did he learn to read and write。
選項分析
(A) finally comes reading and writing
錯誤。句首 Only after 要求主句部分倒裝,必須出現助動詞並將主詞置於助動詞之後;本選項沒有 did,不符合倒裝規則。
第 12 題1 分
Skimming along the surface of the ocean or rising from its depths like delicate balloons, ____ to their aquatic habitat.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 分詞片語作句首修飾語
- 主詞與分詞片語的邏輯一致
- be adapted to 的固定用法
- 完整句子的基本結構
句首的:
Skimming along the surface of the ocean or rising from its depths like delicate balloons
是現在分詞片語,描述「正在海面滑行,或從海洋深處上升」的生物。此分詞片語的邏輯主詞必須是後方主要子句的主詞。
主要子句需要具備:
主詞 + 動詞 + 補語
選項 A 可組成完整句:
jellyfish + are + perfectly adapted + to their aquatic habitat
其中 be adapted to 表示「適應於……」,perfectly 修飾 adapted,表示「完美地適應」。
解題方法
先找句首分詞片語的邏輯主詞:
Skimming ... or rising ...
能夠在海面滑行、從深處上升的生物,應是 jellyfish(水母)。
因此,空格後必須填入以 jellyfish 為主詞的完整句子。接著檢查動詞與搭配:
jellyfish are perfectly adapted to their aquatic habitat
這符合:
- jellyfish:主詞
- are:be 動詞
- perfectly adapted:形容詞片語,作主詞補語
- to their aquatic habitat:介系詞片語,說明適應的對象
完整句意為:
水母沿著海洋表面滑行,或像精緻的氣球一樣從海洋深處上升,牠們完美地適應了自己的水域棲息地。
題幹定位與翻譯
完整句子為:
Skimming along the surface of the ocean or rising from its depths like delicate balloons, jellyfish are perfectly adapted to their aquatic habitat.
翻譯:
水母沿著海洋表面滑行,或像精緻的氣球一樣從海洋深處上升;牠們完美地適應了自己的水域棲息地。
句首分詞片語 Skimming ... or rising ... 描寫水母的活動,後面的 jellyfish 正好是其邏輯主詞,因此結構正確。
選項分析
(A) jellyfish are perfectly adapted
正確。
填入後為:
Skimming along the surface of the ocean or rising from its depths like delicate balloons, jellyfish are perfectly adapted to their aquatic habitat.
句子結構完整,且句首分詞片語的邏輯主詞是 jellyfish。
be adapted to 是正確搭配:
be adapted to + 名詞
適應於……
因此 are perfectly adapted to their aquatic habitat 表示「完美地適應牠們的水域棲息地」。
(B) the perfect adaptation of jellyfish
錯誤。
填入後為:
Skimming ..., the perfect adaptation of jellyfish to their aquatic habitat.
句中只有名詞片語 the perfect adaptation of jellyfish,缺少主要動詞,形成句子片段,不能構成完整句。
第 13 題1 分
The more we learn about the ambassador, the more we have _______.
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核心觀念
本題考查兩項重點:
-
The more A, the more B 的相關比較句型
表示「越……,就越……」。 -
固定搭配:have admiration for somebody
admiration是名詞,意為「欽佩、仰慕」;常用搭配為:
- have admiration for someone 欽佩某人
- feel admiration for someone 對某人感到欽佩
- express admiration for someone 表達對某人的欽佩
題幹中的 have 是一般動詞,後面需要接名詞或名詞片語,因此空格應填入能構成完整名詞片語的內容。
解題方法
題幹:
The more we learn about the ambassador, the more we have _______.
我們對這位大使了解得越多,就越欽佩他。
前半句 The more we learn about the ambassador 表示「我們越了解這位大使」。依照 The more..., the more... 句型,後半句應表達「我們就越有某種正面情感」。
選項中只有 admiration for him 能與 have 組成自然且正確的搭配:
have admiration for him
欽佩他;對他抱有敬仰之情
完整句為:
The more we learn about the ambassador, the more we have admiration for him.
我們對這位大使了解得越多,就越欽佩他。
文法與語意重點
The more..., the more... 是成對的比較句型,基本結構如下:
The + 比較級子句,the + 比較級子句
例如:
The more you practice, the better you become.
你練習得越多,就變得越好。
本題後半句的 the more 後面省略了程度比較的細節,實際語意是:
the more admiration we have for him
但英文中可將 the more 放在句首,再接完整子句:
the more we have admiration for him
其中 admiration for him 是名詞片語,作 have 的受詞。
選項分析
(A) increase of his status
increase 是「增加」,status 是「地位、身分」。increase of his status 可勉強理解為「他的地位提升」,但放入句中會變成:
the more we have increase of his status
問題有二:
have increase不是自然的英文搭配。若要表達「他的地位提升」,可說an increase in his status。- 語意不合。題幹主詞是
we,需要表達「我們對他產生更多欽佩」,不是「我們擁有他的地位提升」。
因此錯誤。
第 14 題1 分
Part of the Great Plains, Iowa is famous for ___ fields of corn.
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核心觀念
本題考「介系詞後接名詞片語」以及「所有格、程度副詞與形容詞的排列」。
句型為:
Iowa is famous for ___ fields of corn.
其中 be famous for + 名詞/名詞片語 表示「以……聞名」。因此,for 後方必須接完整的名詞片語,核心名詞是 fields。
正確結構為:
its seemingly endless fields of corn
排列方式如下:
- its:所有格限定詞,修飾
fields - seemingly:副詞,修飾形容詞
endless - endless:形容詞,修飾
fields - fields of corn:玉米田
題幹翻譯與定位
題幹關鍵句:
Part of the Great Plains, Iowa is famous for its seemingly endless fields of corn.
翻譯為:
愛荷華州是大平原的一部分,並以其看似無邊無際的玉米田聞名。
空格位於 for 之後,因此要填入能直接作為 for 受詞的名詞片語。
解題方法
先找主要句型:
Iowa is famous for ______.
for 是介系詞,後面需要名詞、代名詞、動名詞,或由限定詞與修飾語組成的名詞片語。
fields of corn 已經是名詞片語的核心。由於這些玉米田屬於 Iowa,因此需要使用所有格 its:
its fields of corn
愛荷華州的玉米田
再加入修飾 endless 的副詞 seemingly:
its seemingly endless fields of corn
其看似無邊無際的玉米田
所以選擇 (A)。
選項分析
(A) its seemingly endless
正確。
its 是 Iowa 的所有格形式,意為「它的、其」。seemingly 是副詞,意為「表面上看來、似乎」,修飾形容詞 endless;endless 意為「無止盡的、無邊無際的」,修飾複數名詞 fields。
完整句子為:
Iowa is famous for its seemingly endless fields of corn.
文法結構完整,語意也自然。
(B) it seems endless
錯誤。
it seems endless 是一個完整子句,結構為「它看起來無止盡」。但介系詞 for 後面不能直接接這種完整子句:
famous for it seems endless fields
第 15 題1 分
A person who is not an expert should never eat mushrooms gathered in the woods, _______.
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核心觀念
本題考「代名詞與主詞一致」以及「代動詞 do 的替代用法」。
題幹主句的主詞是單數名詞片語 A person:
A person who is not an expert should never eat mushrooms gathered in the woods, for he may be seriously poisoned if he does.
其中:
- A person who is not an expert:不是專業人士的人
- should never eat:絕對不應該吃
- mushrooms gathered in the woods:在森林裡採集的蘑菇
- gathered in the woods 是過去分詞片語,修飾 mushrooms,相當於 mushrooms that are gathered in the woods
- for:因為;此處引導原因或解釋性的子句
- he:指前面的單數先行詞 a person
- may be seriously poisoned:可能受到嚴重的毒害
- if he does:如果他這麼做;此處 does 代替前面的動詞片語 eats mushrooms gathered in the woods
題幹定位與翻譯
定位答案的完整句子為:
A person who is not an expert should never eat mushrooms gathered in the woods, for he may be seriously poisoned if he does.
翻譯:
不具備專業知識的人絕對不應該吃在森林裡採集的蘑菇,因為如果他這麼做,可能會受到嚴重的毒害。
解題方法
先找出前面主要主詞:
A person
person 是單數,因此後面的代名詞應使用單數形式 he,不能改用 they、you。
再判斷句尾的代動詞。前文是:
should never eat mushrooms
後文的「如果他這麼做」需要以代動詞代替 eat mushrooms,因此使用:
if he does
完整結構為:
he may be seriously poisoned if he does.
其中第一個 he 是主詞,第二個 does 則代替 eats mushrooms,兩者都與 a person 保持單數一致。
選項分析
(A) for you may be seriously poisoned if you do
錯誤。此選項將主詞由第三人稱單數 a person 突然改成第二人稱 you,造成代名詞人稱不一致。
原句談的是「一個不是專家的人」:
A person ... he ...
因此應維持第三人稱單數,而不是改成:
you ... you
此外,正式的文法填空題通常要求代名詞與明確先行詞一致,不能任意在人稱之間轉換。
(B) for he may be seriously poisoned if you do
第 16 題1 分
“Do you need a new tie to go with your new suit, Mr. Lai?”
“No, _______.”
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題幹翻譯與語境定位
- 原句:
“Do you need a new tie to go with your new suit, Mr. Lai?”
“No, _______.” - 中文翻譯:
「賴先生,你需要一條新領帶來搭配你的新西裝嗎?」
「不用了,我想我有好幾條(領帶)都可以派上用場。」
關鍵單字與片語解析
- go with(片語):搭配、與……相配(= match / harmonize with)。
例:Does this shirt go with these trousers?(這件襯衫和這條褲子搭嗎?) - do(不及物動詞):足夠、行、合適、管用(= be sufficient, acceptable, or suitable)。
例:A few words will do.(幾句話就夠了。)/This old towel will do.(這條舊毛巾就可以派上用場。) - suit(名詞):一套西裝/西服。
核心觀念
- 動詞
do的特殊不及物用法:
do在口語及正式英文中常作為不及物動詞,意為「足夠、適用、可行」(常用於「will do」形式),等同於be satisfactory / be adequate。 - 狀態動詞(Stative Verbs)的進行式限制:
表示「擁有、具備」的have屬於狀態動詞,通常不可用於現在進行式(除非表示「吃、喝、經歷、舉辦」等動作意義)。 - 英語日常對話的慣用搭配(Collocation)與句構合理性:
在回答「不需要買新領帶來配西裝」時,需符合自然的修辭語序與代名詞指涉。
解題方法
- 掌握語境邏輯:
店員或友人詢問賴先生是否要買新領帶「搭配(go with)」西裝,賴先生回答 “No”,代表他不需要買新領帶,後方補充的理由應是「手邊已有的領帶就足夠搭配/派上用場」。 - 分析動詞慣用語法:
- “several that will do” 中,
several代指several ties,關係代名詞that引導形容詞子句修飾several。 - 子句中的
will do即為「行、管用、合適」,精準回應了前句 “to go with your new suit” 的需求。
選項分析
- (A) I am having plenty of ties(錯誤)
第 17 題1 分
“My father will be here tomorrow.”
“Oh, I thought that he _______ today.”
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題目中譯與語境
A: “My father will be here tomorrow.”(「我父親明天會到這裡。」)
B: “Oh, I thought that he was coming today.”(「噢,我(原先)以為他今天會來。」)
核心觀念
本題考查兩大核心文法觀念:
- 主要子句與名詞子句的「時態一致(Sequence of Tenses)」:
主要子句動詞為過去式時(thought),名詞子句(that-clause)的動詞通常必須配合退回過去時態(如:現在式改過去式、will改would)。 - 進行式表示未來計畫與「過去未來(Future-in-the-past)」:
- 英語中常用「現在進行式(be + V-ing)」表示「已預先安排、即將發生的未來動作(Personal arrangement)」。
- 若將此結構置於過去時間背景中(由
thought引導),則轉換為「過去進行式(was/were + V-ing)」,用以表示「過去某個時間點所預期或安排的未來動作」。
解題方法
- 定位主要子句時態:
第二句的主詞與動詞為I thought(過去式),其後接由連接詞that引導的名詞子句作為受詞。 - 分析名詞子句的時間背景與原意:
說話者當時心裡的原本想法為:「他今天會來(這是一個既定行程)。」其直接引語為:“He is coming today.” 或 “He will come today.”。 - 進行間接引語轉換(時態倒退):
當轉為以過去式I thought引導的間接引語時:
第 18 題1 分
“What did he say?”
“He said that he _______ since two o’clock.”
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核心觀念
本題考「間接引述句的時態一致」以及「過去完成進行式」的用法。
原句:
“What did he say?”
“He said that he _______ since two o’clock.”
關鍵片語:
- What did he say?:他說了什麼?
- He said that...:他說……
- since two o’clock:自兩點起、從兩點開始一直……
- write:寫
- had been writing:過去某一時間以前一直在寫
主句動詞 said 是過去式,因此從句通常要依照「時態倒退」原則變化。若原本的直接引述是:
He said, “I have been writing since two o’clock.”
他說:「我從兩點起就一直在寫。」
轉為間接引述時,現在完成進行式 have been writing 倒退為過去完成進行式 had been writing:
He said that he had been writing since two o’clock.
他說他從兩點起就一直在寫。
解題方法
看到 since + 過去時間,先判斷動作是「從過去某一時間開始,持續到另一個時間點」。
本句的參照時間是 said 所表示的過去時間。也就是說,他在過去某個時間表示:自己從兩點開始,一直持續寫作到當時。
因此需要使用:
其結構為:
這是「過去完成進行式」,表示某動作在過去某個時間以前已持續進行一段時間。
選項分析
(A) has been writing
has been writing 是現在完成進行式,表示「一直寫到現在」。
若句子是:
He says that he has been writing since two o’clock.
時態可以成立,因為主句 says 是現在式。但本題主句是過去式 said,依標準考試中的時態一致原則,從句應倒退為 had been writing,因此 A 不選。
第 19 題1 分
The recent discovery of a novel by Harriet Wilson, published in 1859, _______ a landmark in Black American literature.
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核心觀念
本題考兩個重點:
- 現在完成式:
主詞為單數名詞 The recent discovery,句子需要一個完整的謂語。現在完成式的結構為:
bring 的過去分詞為 brought,因此可形成 has brought。
- 片語動詞 bring ... to light:
bring something to light 意為「揭露某事物;使某事物曝光;使某事物受到注意」。
解題方法
先找句子的主詞與謂語:
- 主詞:The recent discovery of a novel by Harriet Wilson
- 插入的分詞片語:published in 1859,修飾前面的 a novel,意為「出版於 1859 年的小說」
- 空格後的名詞片語:a landmark in Black American literature
句子主幹為:
The recent discovery _______ a landmark in Black American literature.
主詞中心為單數名詞 discovery,且 recent discovery 表示「最近發現」,這項發現對現在仍有影響,因此使用現在完成式最自然:
has brought
此外,語意上必須使用固定片語:
bring something to light
因此完整答案為:
The recent discovery of a novel by Harriet Wilson, published in 1859, has brought to light a landmark in Black American literature.
題幹定位與翻譯
原句:
The recent discovery of a novel by Harriet Wilson, published in 1859, has brought to light a landmark in Black American literature.
翻譯:
最近發現了哈莉特・威爾森一本出版於 1859 年的小說,使一部非裔美國文學中的重要作品得以受到世人注意。
其中:
- The recent discovery of ...:最近發現……
- a novel by Harriet Wilson:哈莉特・威爾森所著的一本小說
- published in 1859:出版於 1859 年的
第 20 題1 分
It seems very difficult _______.
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題幹翻譯與關鍵字
題幹:
It seems very difficult _______.
翻譯:要讓這個孩子停止哭泣,似乎非常困難。
關鍵單字與片語:
- seem:似乎、看來
- difficult:困難的
- child:孩子
- keep A from V-ing:阻止 A 做某事
- cry:哭泣
- restrain:抑制、約束
- hold:握住、抱住、 удерж住
- close:關閉
核心觀念
本題考兩個重要句型:
- It seems + 形容詞 + to V
「It seems very difficult to...」表示「做某事似乎非常困難」。
因此空格需要接一個完整的 to + 原形動詞 結構。
- keep A from V-ing
表示「阻止某人/某物做某事」:
例如:
- The rain kept us from going out.
大雨使我們無法外出。 - She tried to keep the baby from crying.
她試圖阻止嬰兒哭泣。
本題中的「阻止孩子哭泣」應使用:
keep the child from crying
解題方法
先觀察句首結構:
It seems very difficult _______.
形容詞 difficult 後面通常接不定詞,形成:
It seems very difficult to keep the child from crying.
再判斷語意:
- keep the child:使孩子維持某種狀態
- from crying:避免孩子哭泣
合起來就是「阻止孩子哭泣」,符合題意與文法。
選項分析
(A) to stop the child to cry
錯誤。動詞 stop 表示「阻止某人做某事」時,常用句型為:
因此應說:
stop the child from crying
也可說:
stop the child crying
但不能使用:
stop the child to cry
因為 stop + 人 + to V 不是「阻止某人做某事」的正確結構。
(B) restraining the child to cry
錯誤。restrain 表示「抑制、約束」,若要表達「阻止孩子哭泣」,應使用:
第 21 題1 分
II. For each sentence, choose one underlined part that contains faulty English.
For seven years, Spanish censorship did not allow Juan’s name to be mentioned or his works from being published.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考「使役/准許動詞 allow 的句型」以及「平行結構」。
常用句型為:
若後面接兩個並列受詞,兩者應使用相同的文法結構:
- allow Juan’s name to be mentioned
- allow his works to be published
其中:
- be mentioned:被提及
- be published:被出版
因此完整結構應為:
did not allow Juan’s name to be mentioned or his works to be published
解題方法
先找主要動詞:
Spanish censorship did not allow ...
後面接「受詞+to V」。題目中第一個並列部分是:
Juan’s name to be mentioned
這是正確的「受詞+被動不定詞」結構。
接著由連接詞 連接第二個部分:
his works from being published
由於 前後必須保持平行,第二部分也應採用:
his works to be published
原句使用 ,這是 、、 等動詞常用的結構,不能直接接在 後面。因此錯誤在 E。
題幹定位與翻譯:
For seven years, Spanish censorship did not allow Juan’s name to be mentioned or his works from being published.
翻譯為:
長達七年之久,西班牙的審查制度不准提及胡安的名字,也不准出版他的作品。
選項分析
A. For seven years
一段時間表示「持續多久」, 是正確的時間副詞片語。
例:
She lived in Spain for seven years.
意為「她在西班牙住了七年」。
因此 A 正確。
B. Spanish censorship
第 22 題1 分
Mumps are a very common disease which usually affects children.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考「以 -s 結尾、但實際上視為單數的疾病名稱」以及主詞與動詞的數一致。
mumps(腮腺炎)雖然字尾有 -s,在標準英文中是單數疾病名稱,應搭配單數動詞 is,不能使用複數動詞 are。
因此正確句子為:
Mumps is a very common disease which usually affects children.
腮腺炎是一種非常常見、通常會感染兒童的疾病。
解題方法
先找句子的主要主詞與主要動詞:
- 主詞:Mumps
- 動詞:are
- 主詞補語:a very common disease
雖然 mumps 外形像複數名詞,但它表示一種疾病,屬於單數概念,因此主要動詞應使用單數形式 is。
句型結構如下:
Mumps + is + a very common disease + which usually affects children.
其中 which usually affects children 是關係子句,修飾前面的 a very common disease。關係代名詞 which 指的是單數名詞 disease,因此使用單數動詞 affects。
選項分析
A. Mumps are
錯誤。mumps 是疾病名稱,雖然字尾為 -s,仍視為單數名詞,應改為:
Mumps is
依官方答案,本題錯誤處為 A。
B. a very common
正確。a very common disease 表示「一種非常常見的疾病」:
- a:一種
- very:非常
- common:常見的
common 為形容詞,用來修飾 disease,用法正確。
第 23 題1 分
No sooner had the words been spoken so he realized that he should have remained silent.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹與翻譯
No sooner had the words been spoken so he realized that he should have remained silent.
這些話才剛說出口,他就意識到自己本來應該保持沉默。
核心觀念
本題考「固定搭配」:
No sooner + 過去完成式倒裝句 + than + 過去式主句
意思是「一……就……」「才剛……便……」。
正常語序為:
He had no sooner spoken the words than he realized that he should have remained silent.
因為句首放置否定或半否定副詞片語 No sooner,必須使用助動詞提前的倒裝句:
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized...
其中:
- had been spoken:過去完成式被動語態,表示「話已經被說出」。
- realized:過去式,表示隨後發生的「意識到」。
- should have remained silent:情態動詞完成式,表示「本來應該保持沉默,但實際上沒有」。
解題方法
先找句子的固定搭配。看到 No sooner,後面應立即聯想到 than,不能搭配 so。
正確句子為:
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
因此,原句中的 so 應改為 than,官方答案 C 正確。
選項分析
由於題目文字轉錄未呈現各底線的完整切分,以下依原句各標示部分說明:
- A:No sooner
正確。這是固定句型的前半部,表示「才剛……」。
第 24 題1 分
I am sure that our system seems as odd to you as yours do to us.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 主詞與動詞的一致
- 所有代名詞(possessive pronoun)
- 「as...as...」同等比較句
- 代動詞 do 的替代用法
題意為:
I am sure that our system seems as odd to you as yours do to us.
翻譯:
我確信,我們的制度在你們看來很奇怪,就如同你們的制度在我們看來很奇怪一樣。
解題方法
先找出比較句的兩個主詞:
- 第一個主詞:our system
- 第二個主詞:yours
其中:
- our system = 我們的制度
- yours = your system,即「你們的制度」
yours 是所有代名詞,雖然形式上沒有出現 system,但實際上代替的是單數名詞 your system。
因此,後面的代動詞必須與單數主詞 yours(= your system) 一致,應使用 does,不能使用 do。
正確句子為:
I am sure that our system seems as odd to you as yours does to us.
此處 does 代替前面的動詞片語 seems odd,避免重複:
our system seems odd to you as your system seems odd to us
簡化為:
our system seems odd to you as yours does to us
文法與語意重點
一、as...as... 同等比較句
基本結構為:
A + be/一般動詞 + as + 形容詞或副詞 + as + B
本句為:
our system seems as odd to you as yours does to us
意思是:
我們的制度對你們而言有多奇怪,你們的制度對我們而言也一樣奇怪。
第一個 as 引導形容詞 odd,第二個 as 引出比較對象 yours。
二、yours 的用法
yours 是所有代名詞,表示「你的/你們的某物」,後面不能再直接接名詞。
例如:
- This book is mine.
這本書是我的。 - Our system is different from yours.
我們的制度和你們的不同。
本題中:
yours = your system
而 system 是單數名詞,因此動詞使用單數形式 does。
三、do/does 的代動詞用法
當前後動作相同時,可用 do、does、did 代替前面已出現的動詞,以避免重複。
例如:
第 25 題1 分
If you were to ask John what did he with his money, he would have difficulty remembering.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考三個重點:
- 間接問句的語序
- 假設語氣與條件句
- have difficulty + V-ing
題幹中的關鍵錯誤在於:
what did he with his money
這是把直接問句的倒裝語序誤用在間接問句中。正確形式應為:
what he did with his money
題幹定位與翻譯
關鍵句為:
If you were to ask John what he did with his money, he would have difficulty remembering.
翻譯為:
如果你要問 John 他把錢花到哪裡去了,他會很難記得。
其中:
- ask A what...:問某人……事情
- what he did with his money:他如何處理自己的錢
- have difficulty + V-ing:做某事有困難
- remember:記得、回想起
- were to ask:假設你要問
- would have:就會……
解題方法
先找出動詞 ask 的受詞內容:
ask John what did he with his money
在 ask John 後面的部分是「間接問句」,不是獨立存在的直接問句。
直接問句為:
What did he do with his money?
直接問句使用疑問句倒裝:
did + 主詞 + 原形動詞
但轉成間接問句後,必須改回陳述句語序:
what + 主詞 + 動詞
因此:
what did he do with his money
→ what he did with his money
本題原句寫成 what did he with his money,不但語序錯誤,也缺少與助動詞 did 搭配的原形動詞 do。依官方答案,錯誤標示在 B,應改為 what he did。
選項分析
由原卷底線位置判斷,各選項可分為下列部分:
A. If you were to ask
此部分正確。
If + 主詞 + were to + 原形動詞 可表示對未來情況的假設,語氣較假設、較不確定。例如:
第 26 題1 分
However, since no ammonia fumes are detected, this theory does not seem credibly.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞後接形容詞或副詞」的文法,以及連綴動詞(linking verb)的用法。
題幹:
However, since no ammonia fumes are detected, this theory does not seem credibly.
然而,由於沒有偵測到氨氣,這個理論似乎不太可信。
句中的 seem 是連綴動詞,意思是「似乎、看來」。連綴動詞後面要接形容詞,用來描述主詞的狀態或性質:
- seem + adjective
- This theory seems credible.
這個理論似乎可信。
因此,應將 credibly 改為形容詞 credible。
解題方法
判斷 seem credibly 是否正確,先找出 seem 的功能。
此處的主詞是:
this theory
seem 用來描述 this theory「看起來是否可信」,並非表示某個動作「以可信的方式進行」。因此,seem 後面必須使用形容詞:
正確句子為:
However, since no ammonia fumes are detected, this theory does not seem credible.
翻譯:
然而,由於沒有偵測到氨氣,這個理論似乎不太可信。
選項分析
A. However
However 為副詞,表示「然而、不過」,用來連接前後意思相反或形成轉折的句子。
本句前文應有另一個理論或推論,後句以「然而」轉折,使用 However 合理。句首使用時後面加逗號也是正確的。
因此,A 正確。
B. since
since 在此表示「因為、由於」,引導原因副詞子句:
since no ammonia fumes are detected
由於沒有偵測到氨氣
since 也可以表示「自從」,但必須依上下文判斷。本句後面接的是現在式被動句,語意上明顯是在說明「這個理論不可信的原因」,所以解作「因為、由於」正確。
因此,B 正確。
C. ammonia fumes
第 27 題1 分
A turkey’s neck is a little longer that than of a duck, and not so gracefully curved as a swan’s.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹與答案定位
題幹:
A turkey’s neck is a little longer that than of a duck, and not so gracefully curved as a swan’s.
火雞的脖子比鴨子的稍微長一點,而且沒有天鵝的脖子那麼優雅地彎曲。
依官方答案,本題錯誤在 B,錯誤核心是比較句中的 that than 語序。正確應改為:
A turkey’s neck is a little longer than that of a duck, and not so gracefully curved as a swan’s.
核心觀念
本題考三個文法重點:
-
比較級的基本句型:
A + be + 比較級 + than + B -
使用 that of ... 代替前面已出現的單數名詞,避免重複:
the neck of a turkey is longer than that of a duck
此處 that 代替前面的單數名詞 neck,意為「鴨子的脖子」。
- not so ... as ... 的比較句型:
not so gracefully curved as a swan’s
沒有天鵝的脖子那麼優雅地彎曲
解題方法
先找出第一個比較結構:
A turkey’s neck is a little longer ___ a duck.
longer 是比較級,後面必須接 than,不能接 that。此外,句子比較的是「火雞的脖子」和「鴨子的脖子」,不能直接寫成 than of a duck,因為 of a duck 只是介系詞片語,缺少被修飾的名詞。
因此完整正確結構是:
longer than that of a duck
其中:
- than:比較連接詞,意為「比」
- that:代替前面的單數名詞 neck
- of a duck:修飾 that,表示「鴨子的」
句子的第二個比較結構為:
not so gracefully curved as a swan’s
此處 a swan’s 是所有格省略,完整形式是:
not so gracefully curved as a swan’s neck
英文為避免重複,將 neck 省略,只保留所有格 a swan’s。
選項分析
以下依原卷五個底線所代表的區段分析:
A. A turkey’s neck
第 28 題1 分
In the field of classical music, Mozart has earned a reputation that is very greater than that of any other composer.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹與翻譯
In the field of classical music, Mozart has earned a reputation that is very greater than that of any other composer.
在古典音樂領域,莫札特所贏得的聲譽比任何其他作曲家的聲譽都高。
關鍵單字與片語:
- field:領域
- classical music:古典音樂
- earn a reputation:贏得聲譽、建立名聲
- composer:作曲家
- greater than:比……更高、更大
- that of:……的那一個;此處代替前面的 reputation
核心觀念
本題考「比較級前的程度副詞搭配」。
形容詞比較級通常以 -er 或 more 表示,例如:
- great → greater
- important → more important
very 通常修飾原級形容詞,例如:
- very great
- very important
但 very 不直接修飾比較級,因此不可說:
- very greater
- very more important
比較級前應使用 much、far、a lot、even、still 等副詞,例如:
- much greater
- far greater
- a lot greater
- even greater
因此,very greater 應改為 much greater 或 far greater。
解題方法
先找句中的比較結構:
greater than that of any other composer
其中 greater than 已經是比較級,前面的程度副詞必須能修飾比較級。
原句使用:
very greater
very 與比較級 greater 搭配錯誤,故應選 D。
修正後可寫成:
In the field of classical music, Mozart has earned a reputation that is much greater than that of any other composer.
也可寫成:
第 29 題1 分
Neither France nor the United States have been able to discover a mutually satisfactory plan for gradual disarmament.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹與翻譯
Neither France nor the United States have been able to discover a mutually satisfactory plan for gradual disarmament.
法國與美國都未能找出一項雙方均能接受的逐步裁軍計畫。
核心觀念
本題考「Neither A nor B」的主詞動詞一致,以及現在完成式的使用。
neither A nor B 表示「A 和 B 兩者都不」,連接兩個主詞時,動詞通常依照靠近動詞的主詞決定單複數。本句中靠近動詞的主詞是 the United States,視為單數,因此應使用 has:
the United States 雖然形式上含有複數名詞 States,但國名作為一個國家使用時,視為單數。
解題方法
先找出主詞與主要動詞:
- 主詞:
Neither France nor the United States - 主要動詞:
have been able to discover是不定詞,不能作為主要動詞been able表示「能夠」,前面的助動詞必須配合主詞單複數
將主詞分解:
France:單數the United States:單數國名- 兩者由
neither ... nor ...連接 - 靠近動詞的主詞
the United States為單數
因此 have 應改為單數形式 has。選項 B 錯誤。
正確句子為:
Neither France nor the United States has been able to discover a mutually satisfactory plan for gradual disarmament.
選項分析
A. Neither
neither 使用正確,表示「兩者皆不」。本句談的是 France 與 the United States 兩個對象,使用 neither ... nor ... 合乎語意與句型。
常見搭配:
neither A nor B:A 和 B 兩者都不either A or B:A 或 B 其中之一both A and B:A 和 B 兩者都
因此 A 不需修改。
B. have been able
B 錯誤。have 是複數助動詞,但靠近它的主詞 the United States 為單數,應改為 has。
此外,has been able 是現在完成式,結構為:
第 30 題1 分
Providence, Rhode Island, is a busy manufacturing city and seaport, as well the state capital.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹定位與翻譯
題幹:
Providence, Rhode Island, is a busy manufacturing city and seaport, as well the state capital.
翻譯:
羅德島州的普羅維登斯是一座繁忙的製造業城市與海港,也是該州的首府。
本題錯誤位於:
as well the state capital
正確應為:
as well as the state capital
核心觀念
本題考 as well as 的用法。
as well as 是對等連接詞片語,意思是「以及、也、又」,可連接兩個詞性或結構相同的成分。例如:
- a city as well as a seaport
一座城市以及一個海港 - reading as well as writing
閱讀以及寫作 - John is smart as well as hardworking.
John 不但聰明,而且勤奮。
本句的基本結構是:
Providence is a manufacturing city and seaport, as well as the state capital.
其中 as well as 連接前後兩個名詞性成分:
- a busy manufacturing city and seaport
- the state capital
因此 well 後面必須接 as,不能直接接名詞片語 the state capital。
解題方法
先找句子的主要動詞:
Providence, Rhode Island, is ...
is 後面接主詞補語,說明 Providence 的身分:
- a busy manufacturing city and seaport
- the state capital
後半段表示「同時也是州首府」,必須使用能連接兩個並列成分的 as well as:
is A as well as B
所以完整句子為:
Providence, Rhode Island, is a busy manufacturing city and seaport, as well as the state capital.
選項分析
由官方答案可知,D 所標示的部分是錯誤位置。此處的錯誤本質上是 well 後面漏掉 as,應修正為 as well as the state capital。
- A:Providence, Rhode Island,
第 31 題1 分
Though blacks were emancipated with the end of the Civil War in 1865, but the first black senator was not elected into office until 1966.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考「時間介系詞的語意與搭配」,並兼考讓步副詞子句的句型。
- at the end of + 時間/事件:表示「在……結束時」。
- with + 名詞:通常表示「伴隨……」「隨著……」,強調兩件事同時發生或因某事而產生的結果。
- though/although + 子句,主句:表示「雖然……,但是……」;正式英文中,前面已有 though 或 although,主句通常不再使用 but。
本題官方答案將錯誤定位在 C:with the end of the Civil War in 1865。依命題意旨,應改為:
Though blacks were emancipated at the end of the Civil War in 1865, the first black senator was not elected into office until 1966.
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
Though blacks were emancipated with the end of the Civil War in 1865, but the first black senator was not elected into office until 1966.
依官方答案修正後:
Though blacks were emancipated at the end of the Civil War in 1865, the first black senator was not elected into office until 1966.
翻譯:
黑人雖然在 1865 年內戰結束時獲得解放,但第一位黑人參議員直到 1966 年才當選就任。
句首的 Though 引導讓步副詞子句,後面的主句說明與前面形成對比的事實。
解題方法
先判斷空間中的時間關係:
- 「在內戰結束時」是明確的時間點,因此以 at the end of the Civil War 最自然。
- at the end of 表示「在某事件結束的時候」。
- with the end of 雖然在一般語境中不一定完全無法理解,但不是本題所要求的標準時間表達。考試命題通常要求使用 at the end of。
因此 C 應改為:
with the end of → at the end of
此外,題幹的 Though ..., but ... 也有句型上的爭議。標準寫法應為下列其中一種:
Though blacks were emancipated at the end of the Civil War in 1865, the first black senator was not elected into office until 1966.
或:
Blacks were emancipated at the end of the Civil War in 1865, but the first black senator was not elected into office until 1966.
不可將 Though 與 but 同時作為同一句的讓步連接語。
選項分析
A. Though
Though 是從屬連接詞,表示「雖然」,可引導讓步副詞子句:
Though S + V, S + V.
例如:
Though he was tired, he continued working.
因此,若 A 所標示的是 Though,本身用法正確。
但要注意:使用 Though 後,主句通常不再搭配 but。錯誤在於兩個連接語同時出現,而不是 Though 這個字本身錯誤。
B. blacks were emancipated
此片語的文法結構正確:
第 32 題1 分
Pacific Northwest forests consist of a wide variety of trees and underbrush, which be constantly evolving.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹與翻譯
Pacific Northwest forests consist of a wide variety of trees and underbrush, which be constantly evolving.
美國太平洋西北地區的森林由種類繁多的樹木與林下灌木所組成,而這些植物正持續演化。
核心觀念
本題考查:
- 關係代名詞子句的動詞形式。
- 主詞與動詞的數一致。
- 現在進行式的構成:
句中 which be constantly evolving 是關係代名詞子句。which 代替前面的複數名詞,後面必須接複數動詞 are,形成:
which are constantly evolving
be 是原形動詞,不能直接作為一般現在式的述語動詞使用。
解題方法
先找出主要句構:
Pacific Northwest forests consist of a wide variety of trees and underbrush
主詞是複數的 forests,主要動詞 consist 使用正確。逗點後的:
which be constantly evolving
是修飾前面名詞的關係代名詞子句。由於 evolving 是現在分詞,必須在前面搭配適當的 be 動詞:
- 單數主詞:
is evolving - 複數主詞:
are evolving
which 所指涉的對象是前面的複數名詞群,包括 trees and underbrush,因此應改為:
which are constantly evolving
所以錯誤在 be,選 D。
選項分析
以下依原卷 A~E 的劃分說明:
A. Pacific Northwest forests
此部分正確。
Pacific Northwest 是地名形容詞,修飾 forests;forests 為複數名詞,表示「太平洋西北地區的森林」。
B. consist
此部分正確。
consist of 是固定片語,表示「由……組成」。主詞 forests 為複數,因此使用 consist,不加 -s。
正確句型為:
第 33 題1 分
Despite of his physical disadvantages, his determination led him to win the race.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考「介系詞片語的正確用法」,重點在於:
- despite + 名詞/名詞片語
- in spite of + 名詞/名詞片語
despite 本身已具有「儘管」的介系詞功能,後面不可再接 of。因此:
despite his physical disadvantages:正確in spite of his physical disadvantages:正確despite of his physical disadvantages:錯誤
題幹中 Despite of 將兩種結構混合使用,故錯誤在 A。
解題方法
先找出句中的讓步介系詞片語:
Despite of his physical disadvantages, his determination led him to win the race.
儘管他在身體條件上處於劣勢,他的決心仍使他贏得了這場比賽。
Despite of his physical disadvantages 是修飾整個主句的讓步片語。其中:
his physical disadvantages是名詞片語- 讓步介系詞應使用
despite或in spite of despite後面不能加of
正確句子可改為:
Despite his physical disadvantages, his determination led him to win the race.
也可改為:
In spite of his physical disadvantages, his determination led him to win the race.
選項分析
A. Despite of:錯誤
despite 已經是介系詞,後面可直接接名詞片語,不需要 of。despite of 屬於常見混淆形式,是把 despite 與 in spite of 拼接而成的錯誤結構。
正確形式:
despite his physical disadvantagesin spite of his physical disadvantages
因此官方答案為 A。
B. his physical disadvantages:正確
physical 為形容詞,意為「身體的、生理上的」;disadvantage 為「不利條件、劣勢」,此處使用複數 disadvantages,表示多項身體上的不利因素
第 34 題1 分
Christopher Columbus found a New World and a new people despite he hoped to reach Asia.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考查「對等連接詞與介系詞的用法」。
- although / though / even though:從屬連接詞,後面接完整子句,即「主詞+動詞」。
- despite / in spite of:介系詞,後面接名詞、代名詞或動名詞,不能直接接完整子句。
題幹中 he hoped to reach Asia 是完整子句,包含主詞 he 與動詞 hoped,因此前面不能使用介系詞 despite。
解題方法
先觀察轉折語後面的結構:
despite he hoped to reach Asia
儘管他希望抵達亞洲
despite 後面直接接了完整子句 he hoped to reach Asia,違反文法。
正確改法有兩種:
- 將
despite改為從屬連接詞:
Christopher Columbus found a New World and a new people although he hoped to reach Asia.
- 保留
despite,將後面的完整子句改成動名詞片語:
Christopher Columbus found a New World and a new people despite hoping to reach Asia.
依照原題各部分的劃分,錯誤位於 D 的 despite,因此官方答案為 D。
題幹翻譯與定位
Christopher Columbus found a New World and a new people despite he hoped to reach Asia.
克里斯多福・哥倫布原本希望抵達亞洲,卻發現了一個新世界與一個新的民族。
其中 he hoped to reach Asia 是完整子句,故前面應使用 although,不能使用 despite。
選項分析
- A. Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus 是主詞,指克里斯多福・哥倫布。專有名詞作主詞,使用正確。
- B. found
第 35 題1 分
Today it is almost impossible imagining American society as it was before the invention of television.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹與翻譯
Today it is almost impossible imagining American society as it was before the invention of television.
今日,要想像電視發明以前的美國社會,幾乎是不可能的。
關鍵單字與片語:
- almost:幾乎
- impossible:不可能的
- imagine:想像
- American society:美國社會
- as it was:如同它過去的樣貌
- before the invention of television:在電視發明以前
核心觀念
本題考「形式主詞 it」與不定詞片語的搭配。
英文常用下列句型:
It is + 形容詞 + to V ...
例如:
It is difficult to understand this problem.
理解這個問題很困難。
因此,若使用形式主詞 it,後面應接不定詞:
It is almost impossible to imagine ...
不能寫成:
It is almost impossible imagining ...
因為 impossible 後面在此需要以 to imagine 表示「要去想像……這件事」。
解題方法
先找出句子的真正主詞與動詞:
- is 是主要動詞。
- 「想像電視發明以前的美國社會」是句子的真正主詞內容。
- 這個內容可用不定詞片語 to imagine American society... 表示。
- 為避免主詞過長,英文常將真正主詞移到句尾,句首以形式主詞 it 代替:
It is almost impossible to imagine American society...
依官方答案,本題將錯誤定位在 B,官方所採的修正方向是使用不定詞結構。完整、自然的正確句子應為:
Today, it is almost impossible to imagine American society as it was before the invention of television.
選項分析
A. Today
第 36 題1 分
Some problems are relatively simple, others are such complex that there is no way to solve them.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考「」與「」的用法差異。
- :如此……以至於……
- 例:The problem is so complex that nobody can solve it.
- :如此……的名詞,以至於……
- 例:It is such a complex problem that nobody can solve it.
- 複數名詞:They are such complex problems that nobody can solve them.
題目中 complex 是形容詞,後面沒有接名詞,因此應使用 so complex that,不能使用 such complex that。
解題方法
題幹:
Some problems are relatively simple, others are such complex that there is no way to solve them.
有些問題相對簡單,其他問題則如此複雜,以至於根本沒有方法可以解決它們。
定位錯誤處:
others are such complex that there is no way to solve them
complex 在此作主詞補語,是形容詞;後面接 that 引導結果子句。因此應採用:
修正後為:
Some problems are relatively simple, others are so complex that there is no way to solve them.
意思是:
有些問題相對簡單,其他問題則複雜到根本無法解決。
因此官方答案 C 正確。
選項分析
A. Some
some 用於表示「一些」,與後面的 others 構成固定對比:
some ..., others ...
第 37 題1 分
Some rocks, such as sedimentary rocks, contain fossils, whereas other rocks, such as igneous rocks, were too hot to have fossils when form.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹定位與句意
題幹:
Some rocks, such as sedimentary rocks, contain fossils, whereas other rocks, such as igneous rocks, were too hot to have fossils when form.
翻譯為:
有些岩石,例如沉積岩,含有化石;然而,其他岩石,例如火成岩,在形成時溫度太高,因此沒有化石。
本題考查「分詞片語中的被動語態」及「主動、被動關係的判斷」。
核心觀念
句尾的 when form 是時間副詞子句的簡化形式。
完整的寫法應為:
when they were formed
主詞 they 指前面的 other rocks,而岩石是「被形成」的,不是主動「形成別的東西」,因此必須使用被動語態:
they were formed
將副詞子句簡化後,保留過去分詞:
when formed
所以正確句子為:
Some rocks, such as sedimentary rocks, contain fossils, whereas other rocks, such as igneous rocks, were too hot to have fossils when formed.
解題方法
判斷 when form 是否正確時,先還原成完整子句:
when other rocks form
此時 other rocks 是主動形成嗎?語意上不是。岩石是「被形成」的,因此應改為:
when other rocks were formed
若主詞與主要子句相同,副詞子句可簡化為過去分詞片語:
when they were formed
→ when formed
因此錯誤在 form,應改為 formed。
選項分析
以下依原卷 A~E 的劃線區域分析:
A. Some rocks
Some rocks 作主詞,意為「有些岩石」,搭配後面的複數動詞 contain,文法正確。
some + 複數可數名詞:有些……rocks為複數名詞,因此後面使用contain,不能使用contains。
B. such as sedimentary rocks
such as 表示「例如」,用來列舉前面的名詞。此處 sedimentary rocks 是 some rocks 的例子,使用正確。
such as sedimentary rocks:例如沉積岩such as不等於like的口語用法限制,在正式英文中可作為舉例片語。
第 38 題1 分
Not since Richard Nixon has a U.S. President been indicted for abuse of power and obstruction of justice, or leave office under the threat of impeachment.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹定位與翻譯
Not since Richard Nixon has a U.S. President been indicted for abuse of power and obstruction of justice, or leave office under the threat of impeachment.
自 Richard Nixon 以來,從未有美國總統因濫用職權及妨礙司法而被起訴,或在遭到彈劾的威脅下離開職位。
本題官方答案為 D,考點是「倒裝句中的現在完成式」以及「對等連接結構中的動詞形式一致」。
核心觀念
- Not since 開頭的否定副詞片語會造成部分倒裝
句首為否定意義的片語 Not since Richard Nixon,因此助動詞須置於主詞之前:
- 正確:Not since Richard Nixon has a U.S. President ...
- 錯誤:Not since Richard Nixon a U.S. President has ...
基本句型原本是:
A U.S. President has not been indicted ... since Richard Nixon.
將 Not since Richard Nixon 移至句首後,形成:
Not since Richard Nixon has a U.S. President been indicted ...
- 現在完成式中的兩個並列動詞須保持一致
句中有兩個由 or 連接的動作:
- has been indicted
- leave office
前者是現在完成式,後者也應與共用的助動詞 has 搭配,因此必須使用過去分詞 left:
has been indicted ... or left office
完整結構可理解為:
Not since Richard Nixon has a U.S. President [been indicted ...] or [left office ...]
解題方法
先找句子的主要動詞與連接詞:
- has:倒裝後置於主詞前的助動詞
- been indicted:現在完成式的被動語態
- or:連接兩個並列動作
- leave:第二個並列動詞
由於 has 同時支配兩個並列動詞,兩者都必須使用過去分詞:
以及
因此:
has been indicted ... or left office
原句的 leave 是原形,與前面的現在完成式不一致,故 D 應改為 left。
第 39 題1 分
Whether as general, emperor, and author, Julius Caesar was fated to enjoy enduring fame throughout much of the world.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- whether...or... 的對等連接用法。
- as + 身分/職業 的句型。
- 並列名詞的平行結構與冠詞使用。
題幹開頭的 Whether as general, emperor, and author 意為「無論身為將軍、皇帝或作家」,但 whether 表示「無論是……還是……」,通常必須和 or 呼應,不能搭配 and 列舉身分。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原文:
Whether as general, emperor, and author, Julius Caesar was fated to enjoy enduring fame throughout much of the world.
其中錯誤集中在開頭的 Whether as,也就是選項 A 所標示的部分。
全句可譯為:
無論身為將軍、皇帝或作家,尤利烏斯・凱撒注定將在世界大部分地區享有持久的聲名。
正確句型應為:
Whether as a general, an emperor, or an author, Julius Caesar was fated to enjoy enduring fame throughout much of the world.
解題方法
先辨認句首的連接詞 Whether。
whether 用來引導兩個或兩個以上的可能情況,基本句型為:
whether A or B
whether A, B, or C
例如:
- Whether at home or abroad, he is respected.
- Whether as a student, a teacher, or a researcher, she works diligently.
因此,本題列舉 Caesar 的三種身分時,應使用:
as a general, an emperor, or an author
而不是:
as general, emperor, and author
此外,general、emperor、author 在此都是可數普通名詞,作為個人身分時應加冠詞,形成平行結構:
a general, an emperor, or an author
所以句首應改為:
Whether as a general, an emperor, or an author
選項 A 的錯誤在於 Whether as 所形成的開頭結構與後面的 and 不相配,且身分名詞缺少適當冠詞。
選項分析
A. Whether
錯誤。
第 40 題1 分
Throughout her length career, Maria Marcey has been known for her ability to capture the distinct rhythms of Boston speech in her poems.
(原卷底線標示:A、B、C、D、E)
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題幹定位與翻譯
題幹原句:
Throughout her length career, Maria Marcey has been known for her ability to capture the distinct rhythms of Boston speech in her poems.
翻譯為:
在她漫長的職業生涯中,Maria Marcey 一直以能在詩作中捕捉波士頓口語獨特節奏的能力而聞名。
錯誤集中在片語 her length career。此處需要形容詞修飾名詞 career,正確應為 her lengthy career 或 her long career。
核心觀念
本題考「詞性辨識」與「形容詞修飾名詞」。
- length:名詞,意為「長度」。
- lengthy:形容詞,意為「漫長的、冗長的」。
- career:名詞,意為「職業生涯」。
在英文中,所有格限定詞 her 後面可以接形容詞,再接名詞:
her + adjective + noun
her lengthy career
但 length 是名詞,不能直接自然地修飾 career,因此 her length career 詞性與搭配均不正確。
解題方法
先找句子的主要結構:
Throughout her ______ career, Maria Marcey has been known for her ability to capture ...
其中:
- Throughout 是介系詞,意為「在……期間、貫穿……」。
- her 是所有格限定詞。
- 空格後的 career 是名詞,因此空格應填入能修飾名詞的形容詞。
length 為名詞,不能放在此處;其形容詞形式 lengthy 才能修飾 career。
修正後:
Throughout her lengthy career, Maria Marcey has been known for her ability to capture the distinct rhythms of Boston speech in her poems.
選項分析
由原卷底線位置判斷,各選項所對應的字詞如下:
- A. length:錯誤
length 是名詞,表示「長度」,不能直接作為形容詞修飾 career。此處應改為形容詞 lengthy,或使用 long。
第 41 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer.
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1:
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli do not develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most striking examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975, psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that, while suppressing their immune systems, caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of the rats who could turn off the electricity _______.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與語意判讀,重點是辨認實驗結果,而非自行推論免疫系統的完整變化。
文章比較兩組老鼠:
- 能轉動輪子、關掉電流的老鼠:具有控制電擊的能力。
- 不能關掉電流的老鼠:對電擊沒有控制權。
實驗結果指出,只有「無法控制電擊」的老鼠免疫反應低於正常值;能控制電流的老鼠,其免疫反應沒有受到削弱。
解題方法
先回到題幹所指的段落,定位關鍵句:
“Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity.”
翻譯:
Laudenslager 發現,無助老鼠的免疫反應低於正常值,但那些能夠關掉電流的老鼠並沒有出現這種情況。
句中的 but not in those that could turn off the electricity 表示:
能關掉電流的老鼠,其免疫反應並未低於正常值。
因此,能關掉電流的老鼠之免疫系統「沒有受到影響或削弱」,最符合的選項是 was not affected。
關鍵單字與片語
- immune system / immune response:免疫系統/免疫反應
- immune defenses:免疫防禦機制
- mild electric shocks:輕微電擊
- switch off the current:關掉電流
- be paired with:與……配對
- helpless:無助的;沒有控制能力的
- be depressed below normal:低於正常值;受到抑制
- lack of control over an event:缺乏對事件的控制
- unpleasant stimuli:令人不愉快的刺激
- sleep disturbances:睡眠障礙
- be confronted with:面臨……
- behave passively:消極被動地行動
- helplessness:無助感
本題句型中的 not A but B 是重要語意結構;原文的 but not in those... 省略了前面重複的內容,完整意思相當於:
第 42 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1:
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli do not develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most striking examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975, psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that, while suppressing their immune systems, caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to _______.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「代名詞指涉」與「因果關係定位」。
文章主旨之一是:真正削弱免疫系統、造成壓力反應的因素,不一定是 неприятable stimulus(不愉快刺激)本身,而是個體是否具有控制感。當動物長期處於無法控制的情境,會產生 learned helplessness(習得性無助),即使後來面對自己能控制的情境,也會表現得消極、被動。
解題方法
題目問:
the experience of helplessness causes rats to _______.
關鍵在文章第一段後半部,尤其是以下句子:
But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.
翻譯:
但是,如果動物面對的是自己無法控制的情境,之後即使面對自己能夠控制的經驗,仍會表現得消極被動。
題目中的 the experience of helplessness 對應到文中的 situations they have no control over;而題目詢問這種經驗造成的結果,答案就是 later behave passively in controllable situations,也就是「在可控制的情境中仍然消極行動」。
因此選 (C)。
選項分析
(A) try to control unpleasant stimuli
意思是「試圖控制不愉快的刺激」。
此選項與文章前段所描述的「能控制電擊的老鼠」有關。能轉動輪子停止電流的老鼠,確實具有控制刺激的能力;但題目問的是「無助的經驗造成什麼結果」,文章明確指出無助的動物後來會變得被動,並非更積極地試圖控制刺激,因此錯誤。
(B) turn off the electricity
意思是「關掉電流」。
這是部分老鼠原本可以採取的行動:牠們能藉由轉動輪子停止電擊。然而,無助組的老鼠無法控制電流;此行為不是無助經驗所造成的結果,故錯誤。
(C) behave passively in controllable situations
意思是「在可控制的情境中表現得消極被動」。
此選項直接對應原文:
they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.
這表示動物先前因無法控制刺激而形成無助感,後來即使遇到能控制的情境,也不再積極採取行動,符合 learned helplessness 的典型表現,故正確。
(D) become abnormally suspicious
意思是「變得異常多疑」。
文章沒有提到 rats 因無助而產生 suspicion(猜疑)或 distrust(不信任)的心理反應。文章討論的是免疫反應下降、睡眠障礙、腦部化學變化,以及面對可控制情境時的被動行為,故錯誤。
(E) act madly as if being threatened
意思是「像受到威脅般瘋狂行動」。
第 43 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1:
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli do not develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most striking examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975, psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that, while suppressing their immune systems, caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that _______.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係與文章定位」。重點在於分辨:
- 小鼠真正學會逃避的直接原因:將 saccharin 與胃痛連結。
- 引發胃痛與抑制免疫系統的物質:實驗中注射的藥物,而非 saccharin 本身。
文章描述的是經典的制約學習(conditioning):小鼠原本不一定厭惡糖精,經過「糖精+造成胃部不適的藥物」反覆配對後,才把糖精與胃痛產生聯想,進而避開糖精。
解題方法
先定位題幹詢問的關鍵句:
“Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener.”
翻譯:
「由於將糖精與胃痛聯想在一起,小鼠很快學會避開這種甜味劑。」
句中的核心因果關係是:
因此,小鼠避開糖精的原因不是單純不喜歡味道,也不是糖精直接造成免疫系統受損,而是牠們把糖精和胃痛建立了聯結。
題幹句型:
“The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that _______.”
這是「The reason why A was that B」句型,意思是「A 的原因是 B」。空格應填入文章明確提供的原因。
關鍵單字與片語
- anxiety:焦慮
- stress:壓力
- immune system:免疫系統
- immune response:免疫反應
- depress:抑制;使降低
- lack of control:缺乏控制
- helpless:無助的
- conditioned:經由制約形成的
- simultaneously:同時地
- sweetener:甜味劑
- inject:注射
- suppress:抑制
- stomach upset:胃部不適
- associate A with B:將 A 與 B 聯想在一起
- avoid:避免;避開
- reexpose A to B:使 A 再次接觸 B
- extinguish:消除;使消退
- weaken:削弱
- serve to:起到……作用
文中的:
“by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug”
第 44 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1:
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli do not develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most striking examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975, psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that, while suppressing their immune systems, caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that _______.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係判斷」與「心理—生理交互作用」。
Ader 的實驗顯示,老鼠因反覆將糖精與「免疫抑制藥物造成的胃部不適」聯結在一起,後來即使只接觸糖精,也會產生足以抑制免疫系統的生理反應。換言之,老鼠的心理制約反應改變了免疫功能,最後導致死亡。
核心機轉可整理如下:
再次給予糖精時:
因此,答案是「免疫系統受到心智影響而改變」,即選項 (C)。
解題方法
先定位文章中直接解釋死亡原因的句子:
“He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.”
翻譯為:
他只能推測,自己已成功地制約這些老鼠,以致糖精單獨存在時,便足以削弱牠們的免疫系統而使牠們死亡。
句中的關鍵是:
- conditioned:制約、建立條件反射
- saccharin alone:單獨的糖精
- served to weaken:具有削弱……的作用
- immune systems:免疫系統
- enough to kill them:足以殺死牠們
文章並未說糖精本身有毒,也未說死亡是因為攝取量過多;文章明確指出,糖精經由制約作用,單獨即可引發免疫抑制。因此應選擇 (C) their immune systems had been altered by the mind。
選項分析
(A) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
錯誤。此選項說老鼠「心理上受到糖精削弱」,但文章的重點不是心理狀態本身被削弱,而是心理制約進一步影響了免疫系統。死亡的直接原因是免疫功能受到抑制,不是籠統的「心理變弱」。
(B) the sweetener was poisonous to them
錯誤。此選項認為糖精本身具有毒性,但文章指出,糖精原本只是與藥物及胃部不適建立聯結。後來造成死亡的是糖精引發的免疫抑制反應,而非糖精本身的毒性。
(C) their immune systems had been altered by the mind
正確。老鼠經過條件制約後,糖精單獨出現便能引發免疫系統受抑制的反應。這正是文章第二段所要說明的「心智可以改變免疫反應」。
(D) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
錯誤。文章提到,攝取較大量糖精的老鼠死亡率較高,但這是因為牠們接受了更強的制約,並非因為糖精攝取過量而中毒。數量是影響制約強度的因素,不是死亡的直接原因。
(E) the dysfunction of their digestive system
第 45 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 1:
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli do not develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most striking examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975, psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that, while suppressing their immune systems, caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals _______.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題是閱讀理解題,考查考生能否掌握文章主旨與因果關係。文章主要說明:動物的免疫系統會受到心理壓力、失控感,以及「制約作用(conditioning)」影響而改變。
第二段的實驗顯示,小鼠將糖精的味道與引起胃部不適、抑制免疫系統的藥物建立聯結。經過多次制約後,即使不再注射藥物,單獨接觸糖精仍可能使免疫功能被削弱,甚至導致死亡。因此,文章結論是動物的免疫系統可以因制約而變弱。
解題方法
先找題幹問句的關鍵:
It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals _______.
意思是:「根據本文可以推論,動物的免疫系統能夠如何?」
接著定位第二段的關鍵句:
He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
翻譯為:「他只能推測,自己已經非常成功地制約了這些老鼠,以致於現在單獨的糖精就足以削弱牠們的免疫系統,甚至使牠們死亡。」
句中的 conditioned 對應選項 A 的 conditioning,而 weaken their immune systems 直接對應「使免疫系統變弱」。因此答案為 A。
選項分析
(A) can be weakened by conditioning
意思是:「能因制約作用而被削弱。」
正確。文章指出,小鼠原本是因藥物而免疫系統受到抑制;經過糖精與藥物的反覆聯結後,糖精本身便能引發免疫抑制效果。這正是 conditioning 對免疫系統造成影響的例子。
(B) can be suppressed by drug injections
意思是:「能因藥物注射而受到抑制。」
錯誤。文章確實提到藥物具有抑制免疫系統的作用:
a drug that, while suppressing their immune systems, caused stomach upsets
意思是:「一種會抑制牠們免疫系統、同時造成胃部不適的藥物。」
但這只是實驗中用來建立制約反應的藥物效果,並非本文最後要歸納的主要結論。題目問的是根據全文可得的結論,最具概括性的答案是「免疫系統可因制約而被削弱」,而非單純重述藥物的直接作用。
(C) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin
意思是:「能因頻繁攝取糖精而受到影響。」
錯誤。文章重點不在糖精攝取次數本身,而在糖精與藥物之間形成的聯結。糖精原本只是甜味劑,真正造成免疫抑制的是制約作用;若忽略糖精與藥物共同出現的實驗設計,便會誤選此項。
(D) can be altered by electric shocks
意思是:「能因電擊而改變。」
錯誤。第一段的電擊實驗主要證明「對事件缺乏控制感」會削弱免疫反應:
What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
意思是:「他認為,這項實驗證明削弱免疫系統的不是電擊經驗本身,而是對事件缺乏控制。」
因此,電擊並不是文章所強調的直接原因。能控制電擊的老鼠免疫反應沒有低於正常值,不能控制電擊的老鼠才出現免疫抑制。
(E) can be strengthened by the sweetener
意思是:「能因甜味劑而增強。」
第 46 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2:
Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild plants and animals for his own use. After centuries of being nomadic, of moving from place to place in pursuit of game or of fresh supplies of plant food, humans were finally able to stay in one place and systematically exploit the seasonal resources of one locality. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more people to live on a smaller plot of ground. As a result, societies developed knowledge and experience about the world around them; our present-day pets, livestock, and food plants were taken from the wild and developed into the forms we know today.
As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans began to organize their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history. One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early herbalists sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect. For instance, it was widely believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembled an internal organ would cure ailments of that organ. Thus, an extract made from a heart-shaped leaf might be prescribed for a person suffering from heart problems. All early societies included individuals who learned to use plants for medicinal purposes. Salves, potions, and brews made from leaves, roots, and the fruits of plants were devised to cure illnesses, to heal wounds, to ward off depression, and even as birth-control measures for women. Often the early herbalists of a society guarded the knowledge of medicinal uses of plants for their select group. They became very powerful members of the early societies and were sometimes credited with magical or religious powers.
Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.
This passage mainly discusses __________.
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【核心觀念】
本題為標準的「主旨題(Main Idea / Topic)」,測驗考生掌握全篇篇章結構(Discourse Structure)、段落銜接與作者論述重心的能力。解主旨題時,關鍵在於找出全文的「主題句(Topic Sentence)」與「論述核心」,並避免落入「以偏概全(以細節當主旨)」或「過度延伸」的選項陷阱。
【解題方法與定位】
- 分析篇章結構:
- 第一段(背景鋪陳):描述史前人類從游牧走向定居、馴化動植物,並逐漸累積對周遭世界的知識(natural history 的雛形)。
- 第二段(核心論述):承接第一段的自然知識,帶出全文的真正焦點——早期自然史的一個重要面向,即利用植物作為藥物與醫療用途(One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine.)。接著全段深入說明早期草藥師的想像、草藥的各種療效(藥水、軟膏等)及其社會地位。
- 第三段(總結影響):結尾強調這些早期觀察者的貢獻奠定了現代藥物學的基礎(provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses)。
- 定位答案:
第二段第一、二句為全文轉折與承上啟下的核心骨幹:
"As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans began to organize their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history. One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine."
(隨著數世紀過去,人類文化演進繁榮,人類開始將大自然的知識整合進廣泛的『自然史』領域。早期自然史的一個面向,便是關注植物在藥物與醫療上的應用。)
作者由第一段廣泛的「自然史知識積累」聚焦到第二、三段的「藥用植物/草藥醫學」,這正是早期自然史的一個重要面向(one aspect)。因此全文主旨為 (B)。
【關鍵單字與片語】
- domesticate (v.):馴化、馴養
- in pursuit of (prep. phr.):追求、追尋
- systematically exploit (phr.):有系統地開發/利用
- natural history (n.):自然史(研究動植物及自然環境的科學領域)
- herbalist (n.):草藥師、草藥商人
- overwork one's imagination (phr.):過度發揮想像力
- ailment (n.):疾病、微恙
第 47 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2:
Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild plants and animals for his own use. After centuries of being nomadic, of moving from place to place in pursuit of game or of fresh supplies of plant food, humans were finally able to stay in one place and systematically exploit the seasonal resources of one locality. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more people to live on a smaller plot of ground. As a result, societies developed knowledge and experience about the world around them; our present-day pets, livestock, and food plants were taken from the wild and developed into the forms we know today.
As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans began to organize their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history. One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early herbalists sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect. For instance, it was widely believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembled an internal organ would cure ailments of that organ. Thus, an extract made from a heart-shaped leaf might be prescribed for a person suffering from heart problems. All early societies included individuals who learned to use plants for medicinal purposes. Salves, potions, and brews made from leaves, roots, and the fruits of plants were devised to cure illnesses, to heal wounds, to ward off depression, and even as birth-control measures for women. Often the early herbalists of a society guarded the knowledge of medicinal uses of plants for their select group. They became very powerful members of the early societies and were sometimes credited with magical or religious powers.
Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.
Domestication of plants and animals probably occurred because of ______________________.
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核心觀念
本題為標準的「文章細節與因果推論題」(Reading Comprehension: Detail & Causal Inference),評量考生定位篇章線索、理解字面細節(textual evidence)與同義改寫(paraphrase)的能力。在學士後醫學系英文閱讀測驗中,解答此類題目需從文章中找出描述「事件動機或成因」的文句,並比對選項是否精準轉述原文邏輯。
解題方法
-
鎖定題幹關鍵字與定位句:
題幹詢問「動植物馴化的可能原因」(Domestication of plants and animals probably occurred because of...)。 -
回歸第一段尋找因果鏈:
- 第一句:「Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild plants and animals for his own use.」(很久以前,史前人類為了自身的用途開始馴化許多野生動植物。)
- 第二、三句說明其背景動機與馴化後帶來的改變:「After centuries of being nomadic, of moving from place to place in pursuit of game or of fresh supplies of plant food, humans were finally able to stay in one place and systematically exploit the seasonal resources of one locality. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more people to live on a smaller plot of ground.」
- 定位句中譯:「在歷經數個世紀四處漂泊、為了追捕獵物或尋找新鮮植物性食物來源而遷徙不定之後,人類終於能夠定居一處,並有系統地利用某一地區的季節性資源。這不僅提供了更豐富的食物,也讓更多的人能夠生活在較小範圍的土地上。」
- 語意同義改寫與推論:
史前人類原本是遊牧/採集者(nomadic),為了追尋食物而到處遷徙;馴化動植物與定居的直接目的與成果,就是解決食物來源不穩定的問題,提供更充足、容易取得的食物(more abundant food / readily available food)。選項 (A) 的「need for more readily available food」完全吻合此因果推論。
選項分析
- (A) need for more readily available food(需要更容易隨手取得的食物):【正確】
原文指出史前人類「in pursuit of game or of fresh supplies of plant food」(不斷追逐獵物與新鮮植物食物),而馴化與定居「provided more ab
第 48 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2:
Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild plants and animals for his own use. After centuries of being nomadic, of moving from place to place in pursuit of game or of fresh supplies of plant food, humans were finally able to stay in one place and systematically exploit the seasonal resources of one locality. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more people to live on a smaller plot of ground. As a result, societies developed knowledge and experience about the world around them; our present-day pets, livestock, and food plants were taken from the wild and developed into the forms we know today.
As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans began to organize their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history. One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early herbalists sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect. For instance, it was widely believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembled an internal organ would cure ailments of that organ. Thus, an extract made from a heart-shaped leaf might be prescribed for a person suffering from heart problems. All early societies included individuals who learned to use plants for medicinal purposes. Salves, potions, and brews made from leaves, roots, and the fruits of plants were devised to cure illnesses, to heal wounds, to ward off depression, and even as birth-control measures for women. Often the early herbalists of a society guarded the knowledge of medicinal uses of plants for their select group. They became very powerful members of the early societies and were sometimes credited with magical or religious powers.
Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.
It can be inferred from the passage that an herbalist is .
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核心觀念
本題屬於篇章閱讀測驗中的字彙推論題(Contextual Vocabulary / Inference Question)。
在學士後醫學系英文考科中,高醫常於長篇閱讀測驗中挑選具有專業醫學或生物背景的單字(如 herbalist、botanist、pathologist 等),測驗考生能否透過字根字首構詞分析以及上下文線索(Context Clues),精準判斷該特定角色在文中的定義與職責。
解題方法
- 詞彙構詞拆解:
- 詞根:
herb(草本植物、草藥) - 後綴:
-ist(從事……的人、……專家) - 由字面結構即可直接推斷
herbalist意為「草藥師、本草學家、草藥採集/研究者」。
- 文章定位與上下文推論:
- 定位第二段相關句:
- 原文:“One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early herbalists sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect.”
(中譯:早期自然史的一個面向與將植物用於藥物及醫療有關。早期的草藥師在這一點上有時過度發揮了想像力。) - 原文接續說明:“All early societies included individuals who learned to use plants for medicinal purposes. Salves, potions, and brews made from leaves, roots, and the fruits of plants were devised to cure illnesses... Often the early herbalists of a society guarded the knowledge of medicinal uses of plants for their select group.”
(中譯:所有早期社會都存在著學會將植物用於醫療目的的個體。由葉、根、果實製成的藥膏、藥水與煎劑被研發出來用於治療疾病……社會中早期的草藥師通常為其特定群體保守著植物藥用價值的知識。) - 由上述對應文意可知,「早期草藥師(early herbalists)」即為「學習並使用植物進行醫療與治病的人(individuals who learned to use plants for medicinal purposes)」。故答案明確為 (B)。
選項分析
- (A) a dreamer(作夢者、愛空想的人):
- 錯誤。第二段雖提及草藥師「overworked their imaginations(過度運用想像力)」(例如以為心形葉子可以治心臟病),但這是形容他們在推論藥效時有牽強附會的現象,並非其本質身分或主要職業定義。
第 49 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2:
Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild plants and animals for his own use. After centuries of being nomadic, of moving from place to place in pursuit of game or of fresh supplies of plant food, humans were finally able to stay in one place and systematically exploit the seasonal resources of one locality. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more people to live on a smaller plot of ground. As a result, societies developed knowledge and experience about the world around them; our present-day pets, livestock, and food plants were taken from the wild and developed into the forms we know today.
As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans began to organize their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history. One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early herbalists sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect. For instance, it was widely believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembled an internal organ would cure ailments of that organ. Thus, an extract made from a heart-shaped leaf might be prescribed for a person suffering from heart problems. All early societies included individuals who learned to use plants for medicinal purposes. Salves, potions, and brews made from leaves, roots, and the fruits of plants were devised to cure illnesses, to heal wounds, to ward off depression, and even as birth-control measures for women. Often the early herbalists of a society guarded the knowledge of medicinal uses of plants for their select group. They became very powerful members of the early societies and were sometimes credited with magical or religious powers.
Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?
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核心觀念
本題考的是閱讀理解中的「推論題」,重點不是尋找文章中逐字出現的句子,而是根據作者的語氣與上下文,判斷何者最符合文章真正要表達的意思。
文章提到早期草藥師相信:
“It was widely believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembled an internal organ would cure ailments of that organ.”
人們普遍相信,外形類似某一內臟的植物或植物部位,可以治療該器官的疾病。
但作者緊接著說:
“The early herbalists sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect.”
早期草藥師在這方面有時過度發揮想像力。
這表示作者並未認同「植物外形與療效相似」的觀念,而是將其視為早期人類缺乏科學根據的推測。因此,文章可推論出:疾病的治療效果與植物的外形之間沒有密切關係。
解題方法
先抓住作者對早期草藥師觀念的評價:
overworked their imaginations:過度發揮想像力,暗示這種想法不夠科學。For instance:以下是具體例子。might be prescribed:可能被開立,描述的是當時的做法,不代表作者認為這種治療有效。
文章只是說早期人們「相信」心形葉子可以治療心臟疾病,並沒有證明這種說法正確。相反地,作者用「過度發揮想像力」表示質疑。
因此,選項必須區分:
- 早期草藥師「相信」某種關聯;
- 植物外形與實際療效「確實存在」關聯。
文章支持前者,否定後者。故選 D。
選項分析
(A) The shape of a plant is indicative of its ability to cure ailments of a similarly shaped organ.
植物的外形可以顯示它具有治療相似形狀器官疾病的能力。
錯誤。indicative of 表示「顯示、代表」,本選項把早期草藥師的迷信說法當成客觀事實。文章只說當時「人們普遍相信」這件事,且作者認為草藥師是 overworked their imaginations,並未支持植物外形能預示療效。
(B) Early herbalists were unimaginative.
早期草藥師缺乏想像力。
錯誤。文章明確說他們 overworked their imaginations,意思是「過度發揮想像力」,與 unimaginative「缺乏想像力」相反。
(C) The work of early herbalists has nothing to do with present-day medicine.
早期草藥師的工作與現代醫學毫無關係。
錯誤。文章最後指出:
“Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.”
儘管如此,這些早期觀察者的整體貢獻,仍構成今日藥物及其用途知識的基礎。
provided the rudiments of 是「提供……的基本雛形」之意,明確表示早期草藥師的工作對現代藥物知識有所貢獻。nothing to do with 太過絕對,與原文不符。
**(D) There is little relation between a cure for illness and the physical shape of a plant
第 50 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 2:
Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild plants and animals for his own use. After centuries of being nomadic, of moving from place to place in pursuit of game or of fresh supplies of plant food, humans were finally able to stay in one place and systematically exploit the seasonal resources of one locality. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more people to live on a smaller plot of ground. As a result, societies developed knowledge and experience about the world around them; our present-day pets, livestock, and food plants were taken from the wild and developed into the forms we know today.
As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans began to organize their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history. One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early herbalists sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect. For instance, it was widely believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembled an internal organ would cure ailments of that organ. Thus, an extract made from a heart-shaped leaf might be prescribed for a person suffering from heart problems. All early societies included individuals who learned to use plants for medicinal purposes. Salves, potions, and brews made from leaves, roots, and the fruits of plants were devised to cure illnesses, to heal wounds, to ward off depression, and even as birth-control measures for women. Often the early herbalists of a society guarded the knowledge of medicinal uses of plants for their select group. They became very powerful members of the early societies and were sometimes credited with magical or religious powers.
Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.
The word “rudiments” is closest in meaning to __________________.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判讀」與「上下文推論」。關鍵字是 rudiments,意指某一學問或技術的「基本要素、初步基礎、萌芽」。
文章指出,早期人類觀察植物並發展藥用知識,雖然當時常混合迷信,但這些貢獻仍然成為現代藥物知識的早期基礎。因此,rudiments 最接近「開始、起源、初步基礎」。
關鍵句定位與翻譯
題幹最後一句:
Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.
翻譯:
然而,這些早期觀察者的整體貢獻,為我們今日對藥物及其用途的知識奠定了初步基礎。
句中 provided the rudiments of... 表示「提供……的基本雛形/早期基礎」。由「早期貢獻」發展成「現代知識」的語意關係,可判斷 rudiments 是指知識的起點與基礎。
關鍵單字與片語
- prehistoric:史前的
- domesticate:馴化;栽培
- nomadic:游牧的
- in pursuit of:追尋;追求
- exploit:開發;利用
- seasonal resources:季節性資源
- natural history:博物學;自然史
- herbalist:草藥師
- ailment:疾病;病痛
- extract:萃取物;提取物
- prescribe:開立處方;指定使用
- salve:藥膏
- potion:藥水;魔法藥劑
- brew:沖泡物;煎劑
- ward off:防止;避開
第 51 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3:
It is true that we cannot be starving and cold and still be happy. But an abundance of food, the satisfaction of elementary physical needs alone, is not enough. A man wants to feel that he is important. He wants to be able not only to express his opinion freely, but to know that it carries some weight; to know that there are some things that he decides, or has a part in deciding, and that he is a needed and useful part of something far bigger than he is.
This hankering to be an individual is probably greater today than ever before. Huge factories, assembly lines, mysterious mechanisms, standardization—these underline the smallness of the individual, because they are so fatally impersonal.
If the immediate future of the world could be made personal to the life of most men; if they could see themselves, because it was true, as actual participants in that development in their own communities, on their own land, at their own jobs and businesses—there would be something to tie to. Men would not only have more things; they would be stronger and happier men.
It is the unique strength of democratic methods that they can provide a way of simulating and releasing the individual resourcefulness and inventiveness, the pride of workmanship, the creative genius of human beings whatever their station or function. A world of science and great machines is still a world of men; our modern task is more difficult, but the opportunity for democratic methods is greater even than in the days of the ax and the hand loom.
The most appropriate main theme for this article is __________.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」。判斷文章主旨時,不能只看單一段落或醒目的關鍵字,而要統整:
- 文章反覆出現的核心概念。
- 各段之間的論述關係。
- 作者最後提出的主要結論。
本文主要討論「現代機器化社會中的人」,以及民主制度如何使個人重新感受到自身的重要性與價值。因此,主旨涵蓋兩個相互對照的核心概念:men 與 machines。
文章結構與語意重點
第一段指出:人不只需要食物與物質滿足,也需要感受到自己的重要性、影響力與不可或缺性。
第二段說明,現代的大型工廠、裝配線、神秘機械與標準化制度,使個人顯得渺小,因為這些事物具有高度的非人格化特質。
第三段進一步提出理想情況:若人們能在自己的社區、土地、工作與事業中,親自參與世界的發展,他們就會更有歸屬感,也會成為更強壯、更快樂的人。
第四段則提出民主制度的功能:民主能夠激發個人的創造力、機智、工作自尊與創造天分。即使世界充滿科學與大型機械,本質上仍然是「由人組成的世界」。
全文的邏輯是:
因此,文章不只是談幸福,也不只是談民主,而是聚焦於人在機器化社會中的處境與價值。
定位答案的關鍵句
文章中最能直接概括主旨的句子是:
“A world of science and great machines is still a world of men; our modern task is more difficult, but the opportunity for democratic methods is greater even than in the days of the ax and the hand loom.”
翻譯:
「一個由科學與大型機器構成的世界,仍然是一個由人所組成的世界;我們現代的任務更加困難,但民主方法所擁有的機會,甚至比斧頭與手工織布機的時代更大。」
此句將 machines 與 men 放在同一個論述架構中,並說明機器化時代的核心問題仍然是如何維持人的價值。因此,選項 Men and Machines 最能涵蓋全文。
關鍵單字與片語
- abundance:大量;充足
- elementary physical needs:基本的生理需求
- carry some weight:具有分量;具有影響力
- have a part in deciding:參與決定
- hankering:渴望;強烈需求
- individual:個人;個體
- assembly line:裝配線
- standardization:標準化
- underline:凸顯;強調
- fatally impersonal:極度缺乏人情味的;非人格化的
- participant:參與者
第 52 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3:
It is true that we cannot be starving and cold and still be happy. But an abundance of food, the satisfaction of elementary physical needs alone, is not enough. A man wants to feel that he is important. He wants to be able not only to express his opinion freely, but to know that it carries some weight; to know that there are some things that he decides, or has a part in deciding, and that he is a needed and useful part of something far bigger than he is.
This hankering to be an individual is probably greater today than ever before. Huge factories, assembly lines, mysterious mechanisms, standardization—these underline the smallness of the individual, because they are so fatally impersonal.
If the immediate future of the world could be made personal to the life of most men; if they could see themselves, because it was true, as actual participants in that development in their own communities, on their own land, at their own jobs and businesses—there would be something to tie to. Men would not only have more things; they would be stronger and happier men.
It is the unique strength of democratic methods that they can provide a way of simulating and releasing the individual resourcefulness and inventiveness, the pride of workmanship, the creative genius of human beings whatever their station or function. A world of science and great machines is still a world of men; our modern task is more difficult, but the opportunity for democratic methods is greater even than in the days of the ax and the hand loom.
Which of the following statements can best describe one of the main ideas in this passage?
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核心觀念
本題是閱讀測驗的「主旨判斷題」,重點在辨認作者對「科技化、機械化社會中個人價值」的看法。
文章指出:物質生活是幸福的基本條件,但僅有食物與物質滿足並不夠。人仍需要感受到自己具有重要性,能表達意見、參與決策,並在更大的社會中扮演有用的角色。面對大型工廠、裝配線與標準化制度,個人容易感到渺小,因此民主制度的重要功能,就是重新激發個人的創意、才幹、責任感與工作榮譽。
定位答案的關鍵句
It is the unique strength of democratic methods that they can provide a way of simulating and releasing the individual resourcefulness and inventiveness, the pride of workmanship, the creative genius of human beings whatever their station or function.
民主方法獨特的力量,在於它能激發並釋放人們個人的機智與創造力、對工作的榮譽感,以及人類的創造天分,不論他們身處何種地位或擔任何種職務。
此句直接說明,即使身處科學與大型機械的時代,人類個人的才幹、創意與特質仍然十分重要,與選項 (A) 的主旨相符。
另一個能確認主旨的句子是:
A world of science and great machines is still a world of men.
科學與大型機械的世界,仍然是由人所組成的世界。
作者並未主張機器取代人,而是強調在機械化時代,更需要重視並釋放人的能力。
解題方法
先找出文章反覆出現的核心概念:
- 個人需要感受到自身的重要性。
- 大型工廠與標準化制度使個人顯得渺小。
- 民主制度能激發個人的創意與才幹。
- 科技進步不會消除人的價值,反而使個人參與更重要。
再將各選項與全文主旨比對。主旨題不能只抓某一個字面細節,必須確認選項是否同時涵蓋文章的主要論點、語氣與因果關係。
重要單字與片語
- abundance:大量、充裕
- elementary physical needs:基本的生理需求
- carry some weight:具有分量、受到重視
- have a part in:參與
- hankering:渴望、強烈欲望
- individual:個人、個體
- assembly line:裝配線、生產線
- impersonal:缺乏人情味的、非個人的
- participant:參與者
- democratic methods:民主方法、民主制度
- resourcefulness:機智應變能力
- inventiveness:創造力、發明能力
- pride of workmanship:對工作成果的自豪感
- creative genius:創造天分
- station:身分、地位
- function:職務、功能
文法與語意重點
- not only A but B
He wants to be able not only to express his opinion freely, but to know that it carries some weight.
他不只想自由表達意見,也想知道自己的意見受到重視。
此處使用「not only A but B」表示兩項並列需求,說明人不只需要表達意見,更需要確認意見具有影響力。
- If 條件句
If the immediate future of the world could be made personal to the life of most men, ... there would be something to tie to.
如果世界的近期未來能與大多數人的生活產生個人性的連結……人們便會有可以寄託、投入的事物。
這是與現在或未來情況相反、帶有假設性的條件句。作者的重點是:若人們能實際參與社區、土地、工作與事業,便會更堅強、更幸福。
第 53 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3:
It is true that we cannot be starving and cold and still be happy. But an abundance of food, the satisfaction of elementary physical needs alone, is not enough. A man wants to feel that he is important. He wants to be able not only to express his opinion freely, but to know that it carries some weight; to know that there are some things that he decides, or has a part in deciding, and that he is a needed and useful part of something far bigger than he is.
This hankering to be an individual is probably greater today than ever before. Huge factories, assembly lines, mysterious mechanisms, standardization—these underline the smallness of the individual, because they are so fatally impersonal.
If the immediate future of the world could be made personal to the life of most men; if they could see themselves, because it was true, as actual participants in that development in their own communities, on their own land, at their own jobs and businesses—there would be something to tie to. Men would not only have more things; they would be stronger and happier men.
It is the unique strength of democratic methods that they can provide a way of simulating and releasing the individual resourcefulness and inventiveness, the pride of workmanship, the creative genius of human beings whatever their station or function. A world of science and great machines is still a world of men; our modern task is more difficult, but the opportunity for democratic methods is greater even than in the days of the ax and the hand loom.
In the second paragraph, the author used the word “hankering.” What does it mean in its context? It means _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查字義判讀與上下文語意。hankering 是名詞,意為「強烈而持續的渴望、迫切的慾望」,通常帶有內心一直想要某事的語氣。
文中寫的是:
This hankering to be an individual is probably greater today than ever before.
這種想成為獨立個人的強烈渴望,可能比過去任何時候都更強烈。
其中 this 指的是前一段所描述的心理需求:人不只要吃飽,還希望感到自己重要,能自由表達意見,並且在某些事情上具有決定權。因此,hankering to be an individual 就是「渴望成為獨立且有價值的個人」。
解題方法
判斷字義時,先觀察 hankering 所修飾的內容:
to be an individual:成為一個獨立的個人- 前文強調人希望被重視、發揮影響力
- 後文提到大型工廠、裝配線、標準化制度使個人顯得渺小
整體語意顯示,作者是在談人們對「個人價值與獨特性」的強烈需求,而不是幻想、意外想法或堅定意志。因此選擇表示「強烈渴望」的選項。
選項分析
(A) a fantasy or illusion
意為「幻想或幻覺」。hankering 表示真實存在的渴望,不是脫離現實的想像。文章討論的是人在工業化社會中希望保有個人地位與價值,與幻想無關,錯誤。
(B) a strong, often restless desire
意為「強烈且常帶有不安、迫切感的慾望」。這正是 hankering 的字典義,也符合文章中人們渴望被重視、參與決策、展現個人價值的語境,正確。
(C) resoluteness with strong will
意為「意志堅定、具有強烈決心」。這是在描述 resolution 或 determination 的概念。hankering 著重「想要某事的慾望」,不表示執行目標時的堅定意志,錯誤。
第 54 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3:
It is true that we cannot be starving and cold and still be happy. But an abundance of food, the satisfaction of elementary physical needs alone, is not enough. A man wants to feel that he is important. He wants to be able not only to express his opinion freely, but to know that it carries some weight; to know that there are some things that he decides, or has a part in deciding, and that he is a needed and useful part of something far bigger than he is.
This hankering to be an individual is probably greater today than ever before. Huge factories, assembly lines, mysterious mechanisms, standardization—these underline the smallness of the individual, because they are so fatally impersonal.
If the immediate future of the world could be made personal to the life of most men; if they could see themselves, because it was true, as actual participants in that development in their own communities, on their own land, at their own jobs and businesses—there would be something to tie to. Men would not only have more things; they would be stronger and happier men.
It is the unique strength of democratic methods that they can provide a way of simulating and releasing the individual resourcefulness and inventiveness, the pride of workmanship, the creative genius of human beings whatever their station or function. A world of science and great machines is still a world of men; our modern task is more difficult, but the opportunity for democratic methods is greater even than in the days of the ax and the hand loom.
According to the author, an abundance of food can only satisfy basic physical needs; what a man really wants is to _______.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨統整」與「同義改寫」。文章指出:人類除了基本的食物與生理需求外,還需要感受到自己的重要性、價值與影響力,並且成為某個更大群體中不可或缺的一員。
關鍵概念包括:
- basic physical needs:基本的生理需求
- feel that he is important:感覺自己是重要的
- carry some weight:具有分量、受到重視
- a needed and useful part:不可或缺且有用的一部分
- individual resourcefulness and inventiveness:個人的機智與創造力
- stronger and happier men:更堅強、更快樂的人
因此,題目要找的不是單一行為,而是「滿足基本需求以外,人真正追求的心理價值」。
解題方法
先定位題幹對應的原文:
“A man wants to feel that he is important.”
翻譯:一個人希望感受到自己是重要的。
後文進一步說明「重要」的具體表現:
“He wants to be able not only to express his opinion freely, but to know that it carries some weight; to know that there are some things that he decides, or has a part in deciding, and that he is a needed and useful part of something far bigger than he is.”
翻譯:他不只希望能自由表達意見,也希望知道自己的意見具有分量;希望知道有些事情是由他決定,或至少他參與決定;並且知道自己是某個遠比自己更大的事物中不可或缺且有用的一部分。
這些內容共同指向「建立自我價值、自尊與自信」。因此,依官方答案,選擇 (E)。
題目中的 what a man really wants 是對整段文章的統整,不是要求只找原文中逐字出現的內容。選項必須能概括「重要、受重視、有決策能力、不可或缺」這些心理需求。
選項分析
(A) invent new machines and develop new technology
錯誤。文章提到 factories、assembly lines、mechanisms 與 science,是用來說明現代社會的機械化與標準化可能使個人顯得渺小,並非表示人真正想要發明機器或發展科技。科技只是文章討論的社會背景,不是核心需求。
(B) keep life happy and simple
錯誤。文章明確表示,僅有食物等基本物質條件並不足以使人真正幸福:
“But an abundance of food, the satisfaction of elementary physical needs alone, is not enough.”
翻譯:但是,充足的食物,以及僅僅滿足基本生理需求,並不足夠。
因此,作者強調的不是讓生活「簡單」,而是使個人感受到自身的重要性與價值。
(C) travel around the world to understand the smallness of the individual
第 55 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 3:
It is true that we cannot be starving and cold and still be happy. But an abundance of food, the satisfaction of elementary physical needs alone, is not enough. A man wants to feel that he is important. He wants to be able not only to express his opinion freely, but to know that it carries some weight; to know that there are some things that he decides, or has a part in deciding, and that he is a needed and useful part of something far bigger than he is.
This hankering to be an individual is probably greater today than ever before. Huge factories, assembly lines, mysterious mechanisms, standardization—these underline the smallness of the individual, because they are so fatally impersonal.
If the immediate future of the world could be made personal to the life of most men; if they could see themselves, because it was true, as actual participants in that development in their own communities, on their own land, at their own jobs and businesses—there would be something to tie to. Men would not only have more things; they would be stronger and happier men.
It is the unique strength of democratic methods that they can provide a way of simulating and releasing the individual resourcefulness and inventiveness, the pride of workmanship, the creative genius of human beings whatever their station or function. A world of science and great machines is still a world of men; our modern task is more difficult, but the opportunity for democratic methods is greater even than in the days of the ax and the hand loom.
What is the “unique strength of democratic methods” in this article?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與「指涉內容判斷」。題目詢問民主制度的「獨特優勢」是什麼,答案必須直接回到文章中對此概念的說明,而不是選擇延伸過度或文章未提及的內容。
文章主旨是:現代工業與大型機械容易使個人感到渺小、沒有存在感;民主制度則能讓每個人參與公共或工作上的發展,進而激發個人的能力、創意與成就感。
關鍵句定位與翻譯
定位答案的關鍵句為:
It is the unique strength of democratic methods that they can provide a way of simulating and releasing the individual resourcefulness and inventiveness, the pride of workmanship, the creative genius of human beings whatever their station or function.
句型為強調句:
It is + 被強調部分 + that + 完整句子
其中被強調的部分是:
the unique strength of democratic methods
後面的內容說明民主制度的獨特優勢:
they can provide a way of ... releasing the individual resourcefulness and inventiveness ... [and] the creative genius of human beings
意指民主制度能提供一種途徑,激發並展現人類個人的機智、創新能力、工作自尊與創造天分,不論一個人的社會地位或工作職能為何。
因此,最符合原文的是「人類能夠激發自己的才能與創造力」。
重要單字與片語
- unique strength:獨特的優勢
- democratic methods:民主的方法;民主制度的運作方式
- provide a way of...:提供……的方法或途徑
- resourcefulness:機智;善於解決問題的能力
- inventiveness:創新能力;發明才能
- pride of workmanship:對工作成果的自豪感
- creative genius:創造天分;創造力
- whatever their station or function:不論其地位或職務為何
- underline:凸顯;強調
- impersonal:缺乏人情味的;非個人化的
- participant:參與者
- hankering:強烈渴望
選項分析
(A) Men are good at releasing their potentials and fulfill their dreams in the age of machines.
錯誤。文章確實談到人類的潛能與創造力,但民主制度的功能是「提供一種激發與展現個人能力的途徑」,不是說人在機械時代都能實現夢想。選項中的 fulfill their dreams 並非原文重點,且 are good at releasing 也改變了原文「民主制度能提供方法」的主詞與語意。
第 56 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 4:
True learning is not a matter of the formal organization of knowledge of books. It is a series of personal experience. The written word makes public a state of mind; it transfers from private to public expression a set of ideas and facts that might otherwise remain unknown. For the writer, it is more than communication. It is the revelation, to oneself as writer, of things that have been hidden, now forced into expression.
On the other side, the side of the reader, it is the revelation of one person to another, a personal communication in an impersonal world. The reader in his true role is a private person, learning what another private person has to tell him. He may be seated in a library with a thousand others, but his way of knowing is by taking to himself the writer whose book he is reading. The teacher exists to get his students ready to read for and by themselves.
My plea is for the restoration of the personal element in modern life and in modern education at a time when everything is pushing us into collective states of mind, when intellectuals huddle together in committees that issue reports in anonymous prose, when so many people are willing to strip themselves of their personal qualities in order to become clusters of approved characteristics.
But as far as the deeper aims of education are concerned, the problem is not how to distribute more information to larger numbers of students. That, as we have seen, is fairly easy to solve. You put more students into the same classes and pump the material in.
The question is: What intellectual, personal, and moral qualities are we developing in our students? What are they learning to care about? What are they doing with their lives?
The most appropriate title for this article is ___________.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨與最佳標題判斷」。判斷標題時,必須掌握文章反覆出現的核心概念,而非只根據單一句子的表面內容。
本文的核心思想是:
- 真正的學習不是大量、形式化地吸收書本知識。
- 閱讀與寫作本質上是「一個私人個體與另一個私人個體之間的交流」。
- 教育的目的不只是把更多資訊灌輸給更多學生,而是培養學生的智識、人格與道德品質。
- 作者主張在集體化、匿名化的現代社會中,恢復學習與教育中的「個人性」。
因此,文章重點集中在「書本、讀者與私人個體之間的個人世界」。
解題方法
最佳標題應同時符合兩項條件:
- 能涵蓋全文主要內容。
- 能呈現作者最強調的核心對比與觀點。
本文第一段談寫作者藉由文字揭露內在思想;第二段談讀者透過書本與另一位私人個體交流;第三段主張恢復現代生活與教育中的個人性;後兩段則批評只追求大量資訊與大量學生的教育方式。
定位答案的關鍵句是:
“The reader in his true role is a private person, learning what another private person has to tell him.”
翻譯為:
「讀者真正的角色是一個私人個體,學習另一個私人個體想要告訴他的事情。」
此外,文章也明確指出:
“The written word makes public a state of mind…”
意思是:
「文字使某種內在的心境公開呈現。」
這說明書本雖然是公開的媒介,真正的閱讀經驗卻是私人與個人的。選項 C 正好抓住「私人世界」與「書本」這兩個核心意象。
關鍵單字與片語
- formal organization:形式上的組織、系統化編排
- a series of personal experience:一連串個人經驗
- written word:書面文字
- make public:使公開
- a state of mind:心理狀態、心境
- transfer A from private to public expression:將 A 從私人表達轉為公開表達
- remain unknown:維持未知、未被人知曉
- revelation:揭露、揭示
- force into expression:迫使某事表達出來
- on the other side:另一方面
- personal communication:個人交流
- impersonal world:缺乏個人色彩的世界
- take to oneself:將某人或某事內化、吸收
- by themselves:靠自己、獨立地
- restoration:恢復
- collective states of mind:集體性的思想狀態
- huddle together:聚集在一起
- anonymous prose:匿名的散文或文字
- strip oneself of:剝除自身的……
- as far as … are concerned:就……而言
- distribute information:分配、傳播資訊
- pump the material in:灌輸教材內容
- intellectual qualities:智識上的品質
- moral qualities:道德上的品質
文法與語意重點
- “It is more than communication.”
此處的 It 指前文的書寫或文字表達。作者認為寫作不只是傳遞訊息,更是作者發現並揭露自身內在思想的過程。
- “the side of the reader”
On the other side, the side of the reader 表示「從讀者這一方面來看」。文章藉此由寫作者的經驗轉向讀者的經驗。
- “learning what another private person has to tell him”
第 57 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 4:
True learning is not a matter of the formal organization of knowledge of books. It is a series of personal experience. The written word makes public a state of mind; it transfers from private to public expression a set of ideas and facts that might otherwise remain unknown. For the writer, it is more than communication. It is the revelation, to oneself as writer, of things that have been hidden, now forced into expression.
On the other side, the side of the reader, it is the revelation of one person to another, a personal communication in an impersonal world. The reader in his true role is a private person, learning what another private person has to tell him. He may be seated in a library with a thousand others, but his way of knowing is by taking to himself the writer whose book he is reading. The teacher exists to get his students ready to read for and by themselves.
My plea is for the restoration of the personal element in modern life and in modern education at a time when everything is pushing us into collective states of mind, when intellectuals huddle together in committees that issue reports in anonymous prose, when so many people are willing to strip themselves of their personal qualities in order to become clusters of approved characteristics.
But as far as the deeper aims of education are concerned, the problem is not how to distribute more information to larger numbers of students. That, as we have seen, is fairly easy to solve. You put more students into the same classes and pump the material in.
The question is: What intellectual, personal, and moral qualities are we developing in our students? What are they learning to care about? What are they doing with their lives?
According to this article, the deeper goal of education to the author is ________.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」與「作者觀點推論」。
文章主旨是:教育的深層目的,不在於大量傳授資訊,而在於培養學生的獨立思考、個人特質、道德判斷,以及對人生的關懷與目標。真正的學習應建立在個人經驗與自主閱讀上,而不是單純接受集體灌輸的知識。
解題方法
先掌握文章的轉折結構:
- 前文強調閱讀與學習具有「個人性」。
- 作者批評現代社會與教育過度追求集體化、標準化。
- 第四段指出,增加資訊與學生人數並不困難。
- 最後提出真正重要的問題:學生正在形成什麼樣的思想、人格與道德品質,以及他們想如何度過人生。
因此,答案必須符合「引導學生形成自己的人生方向與目標」這項深層教育目的,而不能只停留在傳授知識或培養實用技能。
定位原文
“The question is: What intellectual, personal, and moral qualities are we developing in our students? What are they learning to care about? What are they doing with their lives?”
翻譯為:
「問題在於:我們正在培養學生什麼樣的智識、個人與道德品質?他們正在學習關心什麼?他們要如何運用自己的人生?」
這三個問句顯示,作者關心的是學生能否發展自己的思想、人格、價值觀與人生目標。故以官方答案為準,最符合的是引導學生建立自己對人生的期待與目標。
選項分析
(A) to distribute more information and better knowledge to students
「向學生傳遞更多資訊與更好的知識。」
錯誤。作者明確表示:
“the problem is not how to distribute more information to larger numbers of students.”
翻譯為:
「問題不在於如何把更多資訊傳給更多學生。」
作者認為增加資訊傳遞量相對容易,這不是教育的深層目標,因此與文章觀點相反。
(B) to guide students to build up their own anticipations and aims of life
「引導學生建立自己對人生的期待與目標。」
正確。文章強調學生應透過個人學習與自主思考,發展自己的思想、人格與道德品質;最後又追問學生如何運用自己的人生。這正對應到建立個人的人生期待與目標。
第 58 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 4:
True learning is not a matter of the formal organization of knowledge of books. It is a series of personal experience. The written word makes public a state of mind; it transfers from private to public expression a set of ideas and facts that might otherwise remain unknown. For the writer, it is more than communication. It is the revelation, to oneself as writer, of things that have been hidden, now forced into expression.
On the other side, the side of the reader, it is the revelation of one person to another, a personal communication in an impersonal world. The reader in his true role is a private person, learning what another private person has to tell him. He may be seated in a library with a thousand others, but his way of knowing is by taking to himself the writer whose book he is reading. The teacher exists to get his students ready to read for and by themselves.
My plea is for the restoration of the personal element in modern life and in modern education at a time when everything is pushing us into collective states of mind, when intellectuals huddle together in committees that issue reports in anonymous prose, when so many people are willing to strip themselves of their personal qualities in order to become clusters of approved characteristics.
But as far as the deeper aims of education are concerned, the problem is not how to distribute more information to larger numbers of students. That, as we have seen, is fairly easy to solve. You put more students into the same classes and pump the material in.
The question is: What intellectual, personal, and moral qualities are we developing in our students? What are they learning to care about? What are they doing with their lives?
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the main ideas in this article?
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」與「非主旨辨識」。解題重點不是判斷選項句子是否曾出現在文章中,而是確認該敘述是否為全文反覆發展的核心思想。
本文主要強調:
- 真正的學習不是單純整理、灌輸書本知識。
- 閱讀與寫作都具有個人性的精神交流功能。
- 現代教育應重視學生個人的思想、品格與生命方向。
- 教育的深層目的,不只是讓更多學生獲得更多資訊。
定位答案的關鍵句
文章末段指出:
“But as far as the deeper aims of education are concerned, the problem is not how to distribute more information to larger numbers of students.”
就教育的深層目的而言,問題不在於如何把更多資訊分配給更多學生。
接著文章提出真正重要的問題:
“What intellectual, personal, and moral qualities are we developing in our students? What are they learning to care about? What are they doing with their lives?”
我們正在培養學生哪些知識上的、個人的與道德上的特質?他們正在學習關心什麼?他們如何運用自己的人生?
這些問句是作者提出的教育反思,不是直接說「教師需要知道學生如何過生活」。因此,選項 E 把作者的反問句改寫成教師必須知道的具體要求,並非本文明確陳述的主要思想,符合題目所問的 NOT one of the main ideas。
解題方法
逐一比對選項與文章各段的中心內容:
- 選項若直接概括某一段的核心論點,屬於主要思想。
- 選項若只是擷取細節,或將作者的反問改造成另一個主詞、另一種語氣,則不算全文主要思想。
- 本題答案應選出「與文章內容最接近但未被作者當作明確主張」的選項。
選項分析
(A) True learning is not a matter of the formal organization of knowledge of books.
真正的學習不是書本知識的形式化組織。
文章開頭直接指出:
“True learning is not a matter of the formal organization of knowledge of books.”
這是全文討論教育本質的起點。作者認為真正的學習來自個人經驗,以及學習者與作者之間的個人性交流。因此,A 是文章明確提出的主要思想,正確。
(B) A lot of people are willing to strip themselves of their personal qualities in order to become clusters of approved characteristics.
許多人願意剝除自己的個人特質,讓自己成為一組受到認可的特徵。
文章第三段批判現代社會的集體化傾向:
“so many people are willing to strip themselves of their personal qualities in order to become clusters of approved characteristics.”
當許多人為了符合社會認可的標準,而放棄個人特質時,作者主張教育應恢復個人性。因此,B 雖然是文章中的具體敘述,但也直接服務於全文「維護個人性、反對過度集體化」的主旨,屬於主要思想,正確。
(C) For the writer, the revelation of things that have been hidden, now forced into expression, is more significant than communication.
對作者而言,把原本隱藏的事物揭露並迫使其表達出來,比溝通更重要。
關鍵句為:
“For the writer, it is more than communication. It is the revelation, to oneself as writer, of things that have been hidden, now forced into expression.”
對寫作者而言,寫作不只是溝通;它也是讓作者自己揭示那些原本隱藏、如今被迫表達出來的事物。
其中 “more than communication” 表示「不只是溝通」,後面的 “It” 指的是寫作對作者所具有的更深層功能。因此,C 正確概括了作者對寫作與學習的看法,屬於文章主要思想。
(D) Knowledge is useless material unless it can help students to build up their own qualities of life.
第 59 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 4:
True learning is not a matter of the formal organization of knowledge of books. It is a series of personal experience. The written word makes public a state of mind; it transfers from private to public expression a set of ideas and facts that might otherwise remain unknown. For the writer, it is more than communication. It is the revelation, to oneself as writer, of things that have been hidden, now forced into expression.
On the other side, the side of the reader, it is the revelation of one person to another, a personal communication in an impersonal world. The reader in his true role is a private person, learning what another private person has to tell him. He may be seated in a library with a thousand others, but his way of knowing is by taking to himself the writer whose book he is reading. The teacher exists to get his students ready to read for and by themselves.
My plea is for the restoration of the personal element in modern life and in modern education at a time when everything is pushing us into collective states of mind, when intellectuals huddle together in committees that issue reports in anonymous prose, when so many people are willing to strip themselves of their personal qualities in order to become clusters of approved characteristics.
But as far as the deeper aims of education are concerned, the problem is not how to distribute more information to larger numbers of students. That, as we have seen, is fairly easy to solve. You put more students into the same classes and pump the material in.
The question is: What intellectual, personal, and moral qualities are we developing in our students? What are they learning to care about? What are they doing with their lives?
According to the article, the true purpose of a teacher is __________.
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核心觀念
本題考查英文閱讀理解中的「主旨定位」與「同義改寫」。關鍵在於辨認作者對教師功能的看法,而不是選擇一般社會上對教師的刻板印象。
文章主張真正的學習來自個人經驗與個人思考;教師的任務不是單純灌輸大量資訊,而是培養學生獨立閱讀、獨立學習及思考的能力。
答案定位句
“The teacher exists to get his students ready to read for and by themselves.”
意思是:
教師的存在,是為了讓學生準備好能夠為自己、靠自己閱讀。
其中:
- get someone ready to V:使某人準備好做某事
- by themselves:靠自己、獨立地
- for themselves:為自己、親自
因此,教師的真正目的在於引導學生具備獨立學習的能力,而不是永遠依賴教師講授。
解題方法
先找出題目中的核心詞 the true purpose of a teacher,再回文章尋找直接談論教師角色的句子。本文第二段明確指出教師的功能:
“The teacher exists to get his students ready to read for and by themselves.”
將這句話與選項逐一比對,可知 A 將原文的 “read for and by themselves” 改寫為 “learn by themselves”,語意最接近,故選 A。
文章末段也進一步排除「大量傳遞資訊」的教師觀:
“the problem is not how to distribute more information to larger numbers of students.”
作者認為教育的重點不是把更多資訊灌輸給更多學生,而是思考學生正在培養哪些 intellectual, personal, and moral qualities。因此,凡是強調讀得多、上課多、教師個人陪伴或一般人生對談的選項,都不是本文主旨。
選項分析
(A) to help her/his students to know how to learn by themselves
幫助學生知道如何獨立學習。
正確。此選項是對原文 “get his students ready to read for and by themselves” 的同義改寫。雖然原文使用 read,選項使用較廣義的 learn,但文章整體討論的是教育與真正的學習,因此語意相符。
(B) to get her/his students to study as much as they can in and off the classroom
讓學生在課堂內外盡可能讀書。
錯誤。文章沒有主張學生應該讀得越多越好,也沒有把教師的目的定義為增加學生的讀書時間。相反地,作者明確表示教育的深層目標不是向更多學生傳遞更多資訊。
此外,off the classroom 不是自然的英文搭配。若要表達「課堂內外」,通常說 in and outside the classroom 或 in and out of the classroom。
(C) to talk to her/his students about the meaning of life
和學生談論人生的意義。
錯誤。文章末段確實提到:
“What are they doing with their lives?”
意思是「他們如何度過自己的人生?」但這是作者用來說明教育應關注的問題,並不是說教師的真正任務就是和學生談論人生意義。此選項將文章中的延伸思考誤當成教師的直接職責。
第 60 題2 分
【題組共用題幹】
Passage 4:
True learning is not a matter of the formal organization of knowledge of books. It is a series of personal experience. The written word makes public a state of mind; it transfers from private to public expression a set of ideas and facts that might otherwise remain unknown. For the writer, it is more than communication. It is the revelation, to oneself as writer, of things that have been hidden, now forced into expression.
On the other side, the side of the reader, it is the revelation of one person to another, a personal communication in an impersonal world. The reader in his true role is a private person, learning what another private person has to tell him. He may be seated in a library with a thousand others, but his way of knowing is by taking to himself the writer whose book he is reading. The teacher exists to get his students ready to read for and by themselves.
My plea is for the restoration of the personal element in modern life and in modern education at a time when everything is pushing us into collective states of mind, when intellectuals huddle together in committees that issue reports in anonymous prose, when so many people are willing to strip themselves of their personal qualities in order to become clusters of approved characteristics.
But as far as the deeper aims of education are concerned, the problem is not how to distribute more information to larger numbers of students. That, as we have seen, is fairly easy to solve. You put more students into the same classes and pump the material in.
The question is: What intellectual, personal, and moral qualities are we developing in our students? What are they learning to care about? What are they doing with their lives?
The author said: “My plea is for the restoration of the personal element in modern life and in modern education at a time when everything is pushing us into collective states of mind, when intellectuals huddle together in committees that issue reports in anonymous prose . . .” What does “huddle together” mean here? It means ___________.
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核心觀念
本題考查片語 huddle together 在文章語境中的字義。
- huddle:聚集、縮成一團、擠在一起
- huddle together:聚在一起、擠在一起、群聚
- intellectuals:知識分子
- committee:委員會
- issue reports:發布報告
- anonymous prose:匿名的散文式文字;此處指缺乏個人特色、制式化的文字
- collective states of mind:集體性的思想狀態
- restoration:恢復、重建
- personal element:個人因素、個人特質
本題不是考「討論、表決」等具體活動,而是考 huddle together 所描述的動作:許多人靠攏、聚在一起,形成群體。
解題方法
定位答案的原文為:
when intellectuals huddle together in committees that issue reports in anonymous prose
翻譯為:
當知識分子聚集在一起組成委員會,而這些委員會發布以匿名、制式文字寫成的報告時……
句中主詞是 intellectuals,介系詞片語 in committees 說明他們聚集後所處的群體或組織。作者批評現代社會使人們被推向「集體性的思想狀態」,知識分子也聚集在委員會中,失去個人特色。因此 huddle together 的核心意思是「聚集、擠在一起」,最符合 (E) to crowd or draw together。
選項分析
(A) “to talk and discuss together”
意為「一起談話、討論」。這是人們聚集後可能進行的活動,但 huddle together 本身強調的是「靠攏、聚集」的動作,不直接表示談話或討論。文章也沒有提到知識分子正在交換意見,因此不選。
(B) “to unite together”
意為「團結在一起」。這個選項與「聚集」有部分語意接近,但 unite 著重於團結、結合成共同力量,通常帶有共同目標或立場一致的意味;huddle together 主要描述身體或群體彼此靠近、聚在一起,語意較具體,也未必表示真正團結。因此不是最精確的解釋。
(C) “to share different ideas together”
第 Writing 題20 分
IV. Writing:
Write a well-structured essay, in 250 words, to discuss your idea of “Medical Ethics” in Taiwan.
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核心觀念
本題要求以台灣醫療情境為背景,說明考生對「醫療倫理」的理解。重點包括:
- 病人自主權(autonomy):病人有權了解病情並參與醫療決定。
- 行善(beneficence):醫療人員應以病人利益為優先。
- 不傷害(non-maleficence):避免造成不必要的身心傷害。
- 正義(justice):公平分配醫療資源,不因年齡、收入、身心障礙或社會地位而歧視。
- 知情同意(informed consent):病人在充分了解診斷、風險、利益與替代方案後,才能作出同意。
- 醫療保密(confidentiality):醫師應保護病人隱私,但在預防重大傷害時,須依法及依倫理原則衡量是否揭露資訊。
題目也特別適合結合台灣的家庭中心文化、醫療資源分配、安寧照護、器官捐贈與醫療科技發展。
題幹與語意重點
題幹原文:
Write a well-structured essay, in 250 words, to discuss your idea of “Medical Ethics” in Taiwan.
翻譯:請以 250 字寫一篇結構完整的文章,討論你對「台灣醫療倫理」的看法。
文法與語意重點如下:
- write an essay:write 後接文章,表示「撰寫一篇文章」。
- well-structured:複合形容詞,意為「結構良好的、組織完整的」。
- in 250 words:表示篇幅限制為 250 個英文單字。
- to discuss:不定詞表目的,意為「為了討論」。
- your idea of:表示「你對……的想法/觀點」。
- in Taiwan:限定討論範圍,不能只泛論全世界的醫療倫理。
本題沒有選項,因此不適用逐項選項分析;答案重點在文章結構、論點完整性、台灣脈絡與英文表達。
解題方法
建議採用「定義—台灣問題—具體原則—文化平衡—結論」五段式:
- 首段定義 medical ethics,提出核心立場。
- 第二段說明知情同意、醫療保密與公平分配。
- 第三段連結台灣的家庭中心文化、醫療資源不均與科技發展。
- 第四段提出醫院與醫師的實際做法。
- 結尾重申病人尊嚴、信任與醫療品質的重要性。
這種安排能同時展現知識、分析能力與組織能力,避免只羅列抽象口號。
參考作文(250 words)
Medical ethics in Taiwan should be understood as the principles that guide health professionals when they make decisions affecting patients’ lives, dignity, and well-being. In my view, its central purpose is to balance respect for individual autonomy with beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
In practice, Taiwanese medicine faces several ethical challenges. Patients should receive information about diagnoses, risks, benefits, and alternatives before giving informed consent. Doctors must protect confidentiality, even when family members strongly request information. However, confidentiality must be carefully considered when disclosure is necessary to prevent serious harm. Medical teams should also avoid discrimination based on age, income, disability, or social status, especially when scarce resources such as intensive-care beds are allocated.