義守大學 101 年 《英文》
第 1 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
My grandmother has an old-fashioned _____ for flu symptoms.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與固定搭配。句型為:
My grandmother has an old-fashioned _____ for flu symptoms.
我祖母有一種治療流感症狀的老式方法。
空格前有不定冠詞 an 與形容詞 old-fashioned,因此空格應填入可數名詞;再依句意判斷,必須是「治療方法、療法」之意。
解題方法
關鍵片語是:
- remedy for + 疾病/症狀:治療……的方法;對……的療法
- flu symptoms:流感症狀
- old-fashioned remedy:老式療法、傳統偏方
句意是「祖母有一種治療流感症狀的老式療法」,語意完整且搭配自然,因此選 remedy。
選項分析
(A) possession:擁有物;所有權
- 例:The house is in his possession.
這棟房子由他持有。 - possession for flu symptoms 不符合語意,無法表示「治療流感症狀的方法」。
(B) origin:起源;來源
- 例:The origin of the disease is unknown.
這種疾病的起源不明。 - origin for flu symptoms 無法表示治療方式;
第 2 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
I cannot _____ the house being untidy; I also hate it being dirty.
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核心觀念
本題考「動詞片語的語意與搭配」。判斷重點有二:
- 空格後的內容是「房子凌亂」這件令人無法忍受的事情。
- 句型為:
意為「忍受、容忍」。
題幹中的 being untidy 是動名詞片語,指「處於凌亂的狀態」。
解題方法
題幹:
I cannot _____ the house being untidy; I also hate it being dirty.
我無法忍受房子凌亂;我也討厭房子髒。
後半句 I also hate it being dirty 表示說話者不喜歡房子髒亂,因此前半句需要填入「無法忍受」之意。
代入 B:
I cannot put up with the house being untidy.
意思是:
我無法忍受房子凌亂。
語意完整,且 put up with 後面可接名詞或動名詞片語,文法與語意皆正確。
選項分析
(A) look forward to
意為「期待、盼望」,後面的 to 是介系詞,後接名詞或動名詞,例如:
I look forward to meeting you.
我期待與你見面。
若代入題幹,會變成「我無法期待房子凌亂」,與後句「我也討厭房子髒」的語意相矛盾,因此錯誤。
(B) put up with
意為「忍受、容忍」。後接名詞、代名詞或動名詞,例如:
She cannot put up with the noise.
她無法忍受噪音。
代入後:
第 3 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
In order to kill pests, farmers tend to spray their crops with insecticide. However, the overuse of it may _____ soil and do harm to our health.
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核心觀念
本題考查環境與農業相關字彙,以及動詞與受詞的語意搭配。
題幹描述農民為了消滅害蟲而在作物上噴灑殺蟲劑,但殺蟲劑使用過度會對土壤造成污染,並危害人體健康。因此空格應填入表示「污染」的動詞 contaminate。
關鍵句為:
However, the overuse of it may contaminate soil and do harm to our health.
然而,過度使用殺蟲劑可能污染土壤,並危害我們的健康。
其中:
- overuse:過度使用
- insecticide:殺蟲劑
- contaminate:污染,使受到有害物質污染
- soil:土壤
- do harm to:傷害、危害
- our health:我們的健康
解題方法
先抓語意關係:
- 前句提到農民噴灑 insecticide(殺蟲劑)。
- 後句指出殺蟲劑使用過度會對土壤與健康造成負面影響。
- 空格後面的受詞是 soil,最自然的搭配是 contaminate soil,意為「污染土壤」。
- 句中的 and 連接兩個由情態動詞 may 支配的動作:
- may contaminate soil
- may do harm to our health
因此選擇 contaminate。
文法上,may 是情態動詞,後面接原形動詞:
所以四個選項在形式上都能接在 may 後面,真正的判斷關鍵在於動詞與 soil 的語意搭配。
選項分析
(A) contaminate 污染
正確。contaminate 指使土地、水、食物等受到化學物質、細菌或其他有害物質污染。
第 4 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
He does not have enough money for food, _____ amusements.
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核心觀念
本題考「連接語的語意與句型搭配」,核心片語是 let alone,意為「更不用說……」「更別提……」。它通常接在否定或帶有限制意味的句子後面,表示前者尚且無法做到,後者更不可能做到。
句型常見為:
否定句,let alone A.
連……都不行,更不用說 A。
本句中,「食物」屬於基本生活需求;「娛樂」則是較非必要的花費。若連食物都沒有足夠的錢購買,就更不用說娛樂了,因此選 let alone。
解題方法
先觀察空格前後的語意:
He does not have enough money for food, _____ amusements.
前半句是負面陳述:
He does not have enough money for food.
他沒有足夠的錢買食物。
後面的 amusements 是名詞,表示「娛樂活動、消遣」。整句要表達的是「連食物都買不起,更不用說娛樂」,因此需要能承接否定語氣、表示遞進否定的片語。
完整句子為:
He does not have enough money for food, let alone amusements.
他沒有足夠的錢買食物,更不用說娛樂消遣了。
選項分析
(A) regardless of
regardless of 意為「不管、不論」,後面通常接名詞或動名詞,用來表示某件事不受另一條件影響。
例如:
Regardless of the weather, we will go hiking.
不論天氣如何,我們都會去健行。
代入後:
He does not have enough money for food, regardless of amusements.
語意變成「不管娛樂如何,他都沒有足夠的錢買食物」,前後缺乏合理的修飾關係,也無法表達「更不用說」的遞進語氣,因此錯誤。
(B) in addition to
in addition to 意為「除了……之外,還有……」「加上……」,表示附加或並列。
例如:
第 5 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
The nurse helped the doctor put a _____ on the patient’s foot.
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核心觀念
本題考「醫療情境中的字義判斷」與固定搭配:
- put a bandage on + 身體部位:在某個身體部位包紮繃帶
- bandage:繃帶、紗布;也可作動詞,表示包紮
題幹中的醫師正在處理病人的腳,因此需要使用醫療用品 bandage。
題幹定位與翻譯
The nurse helped the doctor put a _____ on the patient’s foot.
翻譯:
護理師協助醫師在病人的腳上包上一條繃帶。
句中「put a _____ on the patient’s foot」表示「把某物放在病人的腳上」,配合醫療情境,最合理的物品是 bandage。
解題方法
先掌握句子的情境:
- 主詞是 the nurse,受詞是 the doctor。
- 動詞片語 helped the doctor put... 表示「協助醫師放置某物」。
- 空格後有 on the patient’s foot,表示該物品要放在病人的腳上。
- 在醫療處置中,腳部受傷時常會使用繃帶包紮,因此選 bandage。
文法上,a 後面需要接可數名詞單數。四個選項皆可作名詞,但只有 bandage 符合句意與搭配。
選項分析
- (A) district
district 意為「地區、行政區」。
第 6 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
The young art student seems to lack the necessary _____ to make a name for herself in the art world.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語境判斷」。解題關鍵在於理解:
- lack:缺乏
- necessary:必要的
- make a name for oneself:成名、闖出名號
- art world:藝術界
題幹描述一位年輕藝術學生想在藝術界成名,因此句中所缺的名詞,應該是藝術創作最需要的「創意、創造力」。
題幹翻譯與定位
The young art student seems to lack the necessary _____ to make a name for herself in the art world.
這位年輕的藝術學生似乎缺乏在藝術界闖出名號所必需的___。
其中,to make a name for herself in the art world 說明她希望在藝術界成名;要達成此目標,最直接需要的是 creativity(創造力)。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
lack + the necessary + 名詞 + to V
空格需要填入一個名詞,表示「成為成功藝術家所需的重要能力或特質」。
藝術創作不僅需要技巧,也需要獨特的想法與創新能力,因此:
lack the necessary creativity
缺乏必要的創造力
語意完整,且與「在藝術界成名」具有直接關聯。
選項分析
(A) sympathy 同情;同情心
Sympathy 指對他人的痛苦、困境或情緒感到同情,例如:
She expressed sympathy for the victims.
她向受害者表達同情。
同情心並非藝術學生在藝術界成名所必需的核心能力。填入後成為「缺乏必要的同情心」,與藝術創作及成名的語意連結薄弱,因此不合適。
(B) creativity 創造力;創意
第 7 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
Teams of scientists travel to the Arctic to study the _____ of the Northern Lights.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨識」與「語境判斷」。句意是科學家前往北極,研究「北極光的某種自然現象」。因此空格需要填入表示「現象」的名詞。
- phenomenon:現象;可指自然界中可觀察、可研究的事件或狀態。
- version:版本;說法;改編形式。
- reputation:名聲;名譽;聲望。
- revolution:革命;劇變;旋轉運動。
解題方法
先定位題幹中的關鍵語意:
Teams of scientists travel to the Arctic to study the _____ of the Northern Lights.
科學家團隊前往北極,研究北極光的____。
主詞是 Teams of scientists,動詞是 study,研究對象是 the _____ of the Northern Lights。科學家前往北極,最合理的研究對象是北極光這種自然界中的「現象」,因此填入 phenomenon:
study the phenomenon of the Northern Lights
研究北極光這種現象
其中 the phenomenon of ... 是常見搭配,表示「……的現象」。
選項分析
(A) version
version 意為「版本、說法、形式」。例如:
- the latest version of the software:軟體的最新版本
- a different version of the story:故事的另一種說法
北極光不是同一事物的不同版本,科學家也不會以「北極光的版本」作為此句的研究對象,因此不合語意。
(B) phenomenon
phenomenon 意為「現象」,尤其常用於自然現象、社會現象或值得觀察研究的特殊事件。
北極光是由高能帶電粒子與地球磁場、大氣層交互作用所形成的自然光學現象,因此:
第 8 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
A 50% turnout was required for the vote to be _____ or legally accepted.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義判斷」與「語境搭配」。句意指出:投票率必須達到 50%,該投票才會「具法律效力,或被法律正式接受」。因此空格應填表示「有效的、具法律效力的」的形容詞 valid。
關鍵字義如下:
- turnout:投票率;參與投票的人數比例
- be required:被要求;必須
- vote:投票、表決;此處指整體投票結果
- legally accepted:在法律上被接受
- valid:有效的;合法有效的
- fictitious:虛構的;捏造的
- superstitious:迷信的
- liquid:液體的;流動的
解題方法
先抓住題幹中的語意提示:
A 50% turnout was required for the vote to be _____ or legally accepted.
必須有 50% 的投票率,這項投票才會具有效力,或在法律上被接受。
片語 legally accepted 已經明確解釋空格內容,表示投票必須「有效」。因此空格應填入與「合法接受」意思相近的 valid。
句型結構為:
require A for B to be C
要求 A,才能使 B 成為 C
本句即為:
A 50% turnout was required
必須達到 50% 的投票率
for the vote to be valid
投票才算有效
選項分析
(A) fictitious
fictitious 意為「虛構的、捏造的」,常用來形容虛構人物、虛構故事或不存在的資料,例如:
- a fictitious character:虛構人物
- a fictitious name:假名、虛構的姓名
第 9 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
She was _____ with painful burns after her accident.
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核心觀念
本題考「字義辨析」與「語意搭配」。句型為被動語態:
She was _____ with painful burns after her accident.
其中 was + 過去分詞 表示「她在事故後受到……的狀態或影響」。空格後接 with painful burns,語意必須是「因痛苦的燒傷而受折磨、飽受痛苦」。
解題方法
題幹關鍵是:
painful burns:疼痛的燒傷、灼傷after her accident:事故發生後was _____ with:受到某種痛苦或狀況的折磨
整句應表達「她在事故後因疼痛的燒傷而飽受折磨」,因此選擇表示「折磨、使痛苦」的 tormented。
題幹原文與翻譯:
She was tormented with painful burns after her accident.
她在事故後因疼痛的燒傷而飽受折磨。
選項分析
(A) tormented:折磨;使痛苦
torment 可作動詞,表示「折磨、使極度痛苦」。was tormented with painful burns 表示「受到疼痛燒傷的折磨」,符合事故後受傷的語境,文法與語意皆正確。
(B) summoned:召喚;傳喚;召集
summon 表示叫某人前來,例如:
The witness was summoned to court.
證人被傳喚出庭。
第 10 題2 分
I. Vocabulary and Usage: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
On my walk this morning I had an _____ with a new neighbor whom I’d never met before.
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核心觀念
本題考查「單字詞性與語意搭配」。
題幹句型為:
On my walk this morning I had an _____ with a new neighbor whom I’d never met before.
今天早上散步時,我和一位以前從未見過的新鄰居有了一次邂逅。
關鍵線索是:
- had an _____ with someone:與某人有一次……接觸或相遇
- a new neighbor whom I’d never met before:一位以前從未見過的新鄰居
因此,空格需要填入表示「偶遇、邂逅」的可數名詞。
解題方法
先判斷空格的詞性。空格前有冠詞 an,後面接介系詞 with,句型為:
have an + 名詞 + with someone
再根據語意判斷,主詞在散步時遇到一位從未見過的新鄰居,最自然的語意是「與某人偶然相遇」。
encounter 可作名詞,表示「相遇、邂逅、接觸」,常見搭配為:
have an encounter with someone
與某人有一次相遇/接觸
所以應選 (D) encounter。
選項分析
(A) association
association 是名詞,意為「關聯、聯繫、協會、交往」。
例如:
an association between smoking and lung cancer
吸菸與肺癌之間的關聯
a business association
商業協會
題幹只描述散步時第一次遇見鄰居,並沒有「長期交往、關係或聯繫」的意思。
第 11 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
Jill felt scared because she had to go to the dentist and have one tooth _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查使役動詞 have + 受詞 + 過去分詞 的用法:
表示「請某人替……做某事」或「使某物被……處理」,實際執行動作的人通常不明說。
例如:
- have my hair cut:請人剪頭髮
- have the car repaired:請人修車
- have one tooth pulled:請牙醫拔掉一顆牙
句中的 one tooth 是「被拔除」的對象,因此後面要使用表示被動意義的過去分詞 pulled。
題幹定位與翻譯
原句:
Jill felt scared because she had to go to the dentist and have one tooth pulled.
翻譯:
Jill 感到害怕,因為她必須去看牙醫,並拔掉一顆牙。
句中的 have one tooth pulled 並非 Jill 親自拔牙,而是「請牙醫把一顆牙拔掉」。
解題方法
先觀察句型:
have + one tooth + _____
其中:
- have:使役動詞
- one tooth:受詞
- 空格:受詞補語
牙齒不會主動執行 pull,而是「被牙醫拔掉」,所以受詞補語必須使用過去分詞,形成:
have one tooth pulled
因此選 (D) pulled。
此外,had to go 與 have one tooth pulled 是並列結構:
had to [go to the dentist] and [have one tooth pulled]
其中第一個動詞 go 與第二個動詞 have 都受到 had to 支配。
選項分析
(A) to pull
have one tooth to pull
to pull 是不定詞,通常表示主動「去拔」。此結構會使語意接近「有一顆牙要去拔」,不符合本題「請牙醫拔牙」的使役被動句型。
本題需要的是:
have + 受詞 + 過去分詞
而不是:
have + 受詞 + to-V
所以錯誤。
第 12 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
Parents must ensure that their children obtain an adequate amount of calcium in their diet _____ strengthen their bones.
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核心觀念
本題考查「目的副詞片語」的用法,句意是:
父母必須確保孩子在飲食中攝取足量的鈣,以強化骨骼。
表達「為了……」時,常見結構如下:
- in order to + 原形動詞:為了……
- so as to + 原形動詞:為了……
- because of + 名詞/動名詞:因為……
- in light of + 名詞:鑑於……、考量到……
題目空格後接原形動詞 strengthen,且前後語意表示「攝取鈣的目的」,因此應選擇能直接接原形動詞、表示目的的 in order to。
解題方法
題幹關鍵句為:
Parents must ensure that their children obtain an adequate amount of calcium in their diet _____ strengthen their bones.
翻譯:
父母必須確保孩子在飲食中攝取足量的鈣,以強化他們的骨骼。
判斷步驟如下:
- 空格前已有完整主要句:
their children obtain an adequate amount of calcium in their diet
- 空格後是原形動詞:
strengthen their bones
- 「攝取足量鈣」是手段,「強化骨骼」是目的,因此需要「為了……」的目的片語。
- in order to + 原形動詞 可直接放入:
obtain calcium in their diet in order to strengthen their bones
完整句意通順,故答案為 (B)。
此處的 to strengthen 是不定詞片語,邏輯主詞與前面的 their children 相同,也就是「孩子攝取鈣,為了強化自己的骨骼」。
選項分析
(A) because of
because of 表示「因為、由於」,後面必須接名詞、代名詞或動名詞,不能直接接原形動詞。
正確例句:
They drink milk because of its calcium.
他們因為牛奶含有鈣而喝牛奶。
本題若填入:
obtain calcium in their diet because of strengthen their bones
會出現兩個問題:
- because of 的語意是「原因」,本題需要的是「目的」。
- of 後不能直接接原形動詞 strengthen。
因此錯誤。
(B) in order to
in order to 表示「為了……」,後面接原形動詞,結構為:
in order to + 原形動詞
套入本題:
第 13 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
I don’t want to go out because it is getting dark out there. _____, the forecast predicted rain.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「連接副詞(conjunctive adverb)」的語意與上下文邏輯。空格後的句子必須與前一句形成合理關係。
題幹前後文為:
I don’t want to go out because it is getting dark out there. Furthermore, the forecast predicted rain.
我不想出門,因為外面天色越來越暗。此外,氣象預報預測會下雨。
前句說明「不想出門」的第一個理由:天色變暗;後句再補充第二個理由:預報預測會下雨。因此需要表示「此外、而且、再者」的連接副詞。
解題方法
先判斷兩句之間的邏輯:
- 外面天色變暗。
- 氣象預報預測會下雨。
- 兩者都是不想出門的理由,後句是在前句之上補充資訊。
因此,空格應填入具有「附加、遞進」語意的 Furthermore。
句子結構為:
I don’t want to go out because it is getting dark out there. Furthermore, the forecast predicted rain.
選項分析
(A) Furthermore
意思是「此外、而且、再者」。用來補充另一項相關資訊,前後句通常具有相同方向或相互支持的關係。
本題中,「天色變暗」與「預報會下雨」都是不想出門的原因,語意完全銜接,因此正確。
(B) Nevertheless
意思是「然而、儘管如此」。用於表示轉折,前後內容通常具有相反或出乎預期的關係。
本題前句說天色變暗,後句說預報會下雨,兩者都是支持「不想出門」的理由,沒有轉折關係,故不適合。
(C) Needless to say
第 14 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
Some say everything happens for a reason; others say things happen by chance. Regardless, some people believe in fate, while others don’t.
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核心觀念
本題考「轉承副詞/連接語」的語意功能,必須根據前後句的邏輯關係選出最恰當的片語。
關鍵句為:
Some say everything happens for a reason; others say things happen by chance.
有些人認為凡事發生都有原因;另一些人則認為事情只是偶然發生。
後句:
Regardless, some people believe in fate, while others don’t.
不論如何,有些人相信命運,另一些人則不相信。
其中,前句提出兩種不同看法,後句將這些內容概括為「有人相信命運,有人不相信」。因此需要具有「簡而言之、總之」功能的轉承語。
解題方法
先判斷前後句的語意關係:
- 前句說明人們對事情發生原因的兩種看法。
- 後句將前述看法進一步統整,指出人們對「命運」有不同信念。
- 因此空格需要表示「總結、概括」的連接語。
最符合此功能的是 In short,意思是「簡而言之、總之」。
完整句意為:
In short, some people believe in fate, while others don’t.
總而言之,有些人相信命運,另一些人則不相信。
選項分析
(A) Similarly「同樣地、相似地」
Similarly 用來引出與前文相似或平行的觀點,例如:
Similarly, both groups support the proposal.
同樣地,兩個團體都支持這項提案。
本題後句不是單純提出與前句相似的內容,而是對前文進行概括總結,因此使用 Similarly 無法清楚表達句意,故不選。
(B) Owing to「由於、因為」
Owing to 是介系詞片語,後面通常接名詞或名詞片語,表示原因,例如:
第 15 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
Historians are still mystified by the question _____ some ancient civilizations disappeared suddenly in history.
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核心觀念
本題考「間接問句」與名詞子句的用法。
句型為:
be mystified by the question + 疑問詞引導的名詞子句
其中,how some ancient civilizations disappeared suddenly in history 是由 how 引導的間接問句,作為 the question 的內容,表示「古代文明如何突然消失這個問題」。
how 在此具有「如何、以何種方式」的意思,說明歷史學家困惑的是古代文明突然消失的方式或經過。
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵部分為:
Historians are still mystified by the question how some ancient civilizations disappeared suddenly in history.
翻譯:
歷史學家至今仍對某些古代文明如何在歷史上突然消失這個問題感到困惑。
更自然、較完整的英文通常會寫成:
Historians are still mystified by the question of how some ancient civilizations disappeared suddenly in history.
本題選項中只有 how 能正確引導後面的間接問句,因此官方答案為 B。
解題方法
先找出主要句構:
- 主詞:
Historians - 動詞:
are still mystified - 介系詞片語:
by the question _____ ...
the question 後面需要接一個能表達「問題內容」的子句。後方的完整內容是:
some ancient civilizations disappeared suddenly in history
這是一個完整子句,前面需要疑問詞來表示「古代文明是如何消失的」。因此填入 how:
the question how some ancient civilizations disappeared suddenly in history
句意與文法皆成立。
選項分析
(A) that
that 引導的是陳述性名詞子句,通常表示「……這件事」,例如:
the fact that ancient civilizations disappeared
但本題要表達的是「如何消失」這個疑問,並非單純陳述「古代文明消失」這項事實。填入後:
the question that some ancient civilizations disappeared suddenly
語意不符合題目要問的內容,且 the question that ... 不是本句最自然的搭配,因此錯誤。
(B) how
第 16 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
_____ Mother Teresa is a selfless person is well known to most people.
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題幹定位與翻譯
題幹關鍵句為:
That Mother Teresa is a selfless person is well known to most people.
翻譯:德蕾莎修女是一位無私的人,這件事大多數人都很清楚。
關鍵單字與片語:
- selfless:無私的、無私奉獻的
- be well known to:為……所熟知
- most people:大多數人
核心觀念
本題考的是 That 名詞子句作主詞 的用法。
句型如下:
其中:
- That Mother Teresa is a selfless person 是完整的名詞子句。
- 整個名詞子句作為主詞。
- is well known 是主要動詞。
- to most people 表示「對大多數人而言」。
還原句意可理解為:
The fact that Mother Teresa is a selfless person is well known to most people.
也就是「德蕾莎修女很無私這項事實,大多數人都知道」。
在正式英文中,為避免主詞過長,也可使用虛主詞 It:
It is well known to most people that Mother Teresa is a selfless person.
解題方法
先觀察空格後面的內容:
Mother Teresa is a selfless person
這是一個結構完整的子句:
- 主詞:Mother Teresa
- 動詞:is
- 主詞補語:a selfless person
空格後方又接:
is well known to most people
因此,空格必須放入能引導名詞子句的連接詞,使前面的完整子句成為整句的主詞。
That 可以引導名詞子句:
That Mother Teresa is a selfless person
整體作為主詞,符合文法與語意,因此選 (D) That。
選項分析
(A) What
What 可引導名詞子句,通常具有「……的事物/……的事情」之意,例如:
What he said was true.
他所說的話是真的。
第 17 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
In winter months, northern Taiwan receives more rainfall than _____ southern Taiwan.
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題幹與翻譯
In winter months, northern Taiwan receives more rainfall than _____ southern Taiwan.
冬季月份,臺灣北部所接收到的降雨量比臺灣南部多。
關鍵單字與片語:
- winter months:冬季月份
- northern Taiwan:臺灣北部
- southern Taiwan:臺灣南部
- receive rainfall:接收降雨、降雨量較多
- more A than B:A 比 B 更多
核心觀念:比較句中的代動詞與倒裝
本題考的是比較級句型,以及為避免重複而使用的代動詞(pro-verb)。
基本句型為:
A receives more rainfall than B does.
其中:
- A 是比較對象的主詞。
- receives 是主要動詞。
- than 引導比較的對象。
- does 代替前面已出現的動詞 receives,避免重複寫成 than southern Taiwan receives。
本句完整還原如下:
Northern Taiwan receives more rainfall than southern Taiwan receives.
為避免重複,第二個 receives 可由助動詞 does 代替:
Northern Taiwan receives more rainfall than southern Taiwan does.
在較正式的書面英文中,than 後面也常使用倒裝:
Northern Taiwan receives more rainfall than does southern Taiwan.
因此正確答案為 (D) does。
解題方法
先觀察比較句的前半部:
northern Taiwan receives more rainfall
主要動詞是 receives,時態為現在式,主詞是單數的 northern Taiwan。
比較句後半部要表達:
southern Taiwan receives rainfall
因為 receives 已在前面出現,後半部不必重複主要動詞,可使用現在式助動詞 does 代替。
填入後為:
In winter months, northern Taiwan receives more rainfall than does southern Taiwan.
句意為:
冬季月份,臺灣北部的降雨量比臺灣南部多。
選項分析
(A) is
填入後:
northern Taiwan receives more rainfall than is southern Taiwan
is 是 be 動詞,不能代替前面的實義動詞 receives。本句也不是在比較「臺灣北部是什麼」與「臺灣南部是什麼」,而是在比較兩地的降雨量,因此動詞應與 receives rainfall 對應,不能使用 is。
故 (A) 錯誤。
(B) in
填入後:
northern Taiwan receives more rainfall than in southern Taiwan
第 18 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
_____ the movie was so boring, I doubt I would have gone to see it.
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核心觀念
本題考「第三類條件句」及其倒裝形式。
第三類條件句用來表示與過去事實相反的假設,基本句型為:
If + 主詞 + had + 過去分詞, 主詞 + would have + 過去分詞
例如:
If I had known the movie was boring, I would not have gone to see it.
如果我早知道這部電影很無聊,我就不會去看了。
當條件子句使用 had 時,可省略 if,並將 had 移到主詞前面:
Had I known ... = If I had known ...
題幹定位與翻譯
題幹為:
_____ the movie was so boring, I doubt I would have gone to see it.
完整句為:
Had I known the movie was so boring, I doubt I would have gone to see it.
翻譯:
如果我早知道這部電影如此無聊,我想我就不會去看了。
其中:
know:知道boring:無聊的doubt:懷疑;不相信go to see a movie:去看電影would have gone:本來會去,但實際上沒有去
解題方法
先觀察主要子句:
I doubt I would have gone to see it.
would have gone 是「would have + 過去分詞」,表示對過去情況的假設結果。因此,前面的條件子句應使用第三類條件句:
If I had known the movie was so boring, ...
題目選項中,Had I known 正是 If I had known 的倒裝形式:
第 19 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
I have every reason to believe that the global temperature will keep going up for many years _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查固定片語 for many years to come,意思是「在未來許多年」。其中:
- for many years:持續許多年
- to come:即將到來的、未來的
因此,many years to come 是名詞片語,表示「未來會到來的許多年」,作為時間副詞片語,修飾前面的 will keep going up。
題幹中的關鍵結構是:
the global temperature will keep going up for many years to come
全球氣溫在未來許多年仍會持續上升。
解題方法
先觀察空格前的名詞片語:
for many years _____
英文中表示「未來幾年/未來許多年」時,常用固定搭配:
in the years to come
for many years to come
此處 to come 是不定詞片語,後置修飾 years,相當於:
many years that are yet to come
許多尚未到來的年份
完整句意為:
我有充分理由相信,全球氣溫在未來許多年仍會持續上升。
因此應選擇 (D) to come。
選項分析
(A) coming
若要表達「接下來的年份」,可以說:
in the coming years
但題目結構是 for many years _____,直接說 for many years coming 不符合標準且自然的英文搭配。現在分詞 coming 不能在此處直接放在 years 後面表示「未來的年份」。
因此 (A) 錯誤。
(B) are coming
are coming 是現在進行式,表示「正在到來」。若放入句中,會變成:
第 20 題2 分
II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Complete the sentence with the best answer.
_____ the language barrier, we are confident that we will be able to communicate.
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核心觀念
本題考「讓步關係」與連接詞後方所接的結構:
- despite + 名詞/名詞片語:儘管……
- even though + 子句(主詞+動詞):即使/儘管……
- as、since + 子句:因為……;由於……
題目前置空格後為 the language barrier,這是名詞片語,適合接 despite。
題幹定位與翻譯
Despite the language barrier, we are confident that we will be able to communicate.
翻譯為:
儘管有語言障礙,我們仍有信心能夠溝通。
句中 the language barrier 表示「語言障礙」,前半句與後半句形成轉折:雖然存在語言障礙,卻仍然有信心可以溝通。
解題方法
先觀察空格後的成分:
_____ the language barrier
空格後只有名詞片語,沒有主詞與動詞,因此應選能直接接名詞片語的介系詞。
同時,後句:
we are confident that we will be able to communicate
表示「我們有信心能夠溝通」,與「語言障礙」之間是讓步關係,而非因果關係。因此使用:
Despite + 名詞片語
完整句型為:
Despite + 名詞片語, 主詞 + 動詞……
所以答案為 (C) Despite。
選項分析
(A) As
as 作為連接詞時,可表示「因為、由於」,後面通常接完整子句,例如:
As the language barrier is significant, communication is difficult.
若接在本題中:
As the language barrier, we are confident …
則 as 後面只有名詞片語,缺少動詞,結構不完整;而且「因為語言障礙,所以我們有信心溝通」語意也不合理。因此錯誤。
(B) Since
since 作為連接詞時,可表示「既然、因為」,後面須接完整子句,例如:
Since we have overcome the language barrier, we can communicate.
本題的 the language barrier 只是名詞片語,不能直接置於 since 後方;此外,本句要表達的是「儘管」而不是「因為」。因此錯誤。
(C) Despite
第 21 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Few people realized that, starting in the 1920s, scientists began to develop “super-plants.” Unlike natural plants, these plants were developed to withstand pollution, drought, dirty soil, and poor light.
Super-plants were first created with chemical changes in the plants, then with genetic changes. Some plants created this way include most new roses, and some new cotton and corn. Giant pumpkins, tomatoes, and strawberries are being developed now, as well as new flowers.
These super-plants were designed to thrive in home gardens, but the techniques have created plants that resist disease, require less care, and, more importantly, grow larger seeds and fruits on fewer nutrients and less water. So what began as an effort to make stronger houseplants may end up as a major way to increase the garden crops.
This paragraph is mainly about _____.
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核心觀念
本題考「閱讀理解的主旨判斷」(main idea)。解題重點是掌握全文反覆出現的核心名詞與文章發展方向,而不是只根據某一句細節作答。
本文的核心名詞是 super-plants(超級植物),內容依序說明:
- 超級植物自 1920 年代開始發展。
- 發展方式從化學改變進一步到基因改變。
- 目前已應用於玫瑰、棉花、玉米等植物。
- 這些植物具有耐污染、耐旱、抗病、少照顧、少水少養分卻能長出較大種子與果實等特性。
- 原本為培育強健室內植物,後來可能成為提高農作物產量的重要方法。
因此,全文主旨是「超級植物的發展」,而非只談室內植物、花園植物或培育技術。
解題方法
主旨題可採用「首句定範圍、各段找共同主題、排除過度狹隘選項」的方法。
文章第一段先指出:
“Few people realized that, starting in the 1920s, scientists began to develop ‘super-plants.’”
很少人知道,從 1920 年代開始,科學家便開始發展「超級植物」。
這一句直接交代文章主題:scientists began to develop super-plants。
第二段說明超級植物的發展方式與實例:
“Super-plants were first created with chemical changes in the plants, then with genetic changes.”
超級植物起初是透過植物的化學改變創造出來,後來則透過基因改變。
第三段進一步說明培育超級植物的目的與可能影響:
“So what began as an effort to make stronger houseplants may end up as a major way to increase the garden crops.”
因此,原本為了培育更強健室內植物所做的努力,最後可能成為提高園藝作物產量的重要方法。
全文涵蓋的是超級植物的「起源、發展方式、實例、特性與未來用途」,最能完整概括全文的選項是 the development of super-plants。
關鍵單字與片語
- super-plant:超級植物;經人工改良、具特殊適應能力的植物
- realize:察覺、了解
- starting in the 1920s:從 1920 年代開始
- develop:發展、培育
- unlike:不像、不同於
- natural plant:天然植物
- withstand:承受、抵抗
- pollution:污染
- drought:乾旱
- dirty soil:受污染的土壤
- poor light:不足的光照
- chemical change:化學改變
- genetic change:基因改變
- create:創造、培育
- thrive:茁壯成長、旺盛生長
- resist disease:抵抗疾病
- require less care:需要較少照料
- nutrient:養分、營養素
- seed:種子
- fruit:果實
- be designed to:被設計用來……
- as well as:以及、也
- end up as:最後成為……
- increase the crops:增加作物產量
文法與語意重點
- 被動語態:were developed to withstand
第 22 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Few people realized that, starting in the 1920s, scientists began to develop “super-plants.” Unlike natural plants, these plants were developed to withstand pollution, drought, dirty soil, and poor light.
Super-plants were first created with chemical changes in the plants, then with genetic changes. Some plants created this way include most new roses, and some new cotton and corn. Giant pumpkins, tomatoes, and strawberries are being developed now, as well as new flowers.
These super-plants were designed to thrive in home gardens, but the techniques have created plants that resist disease, require less care, and, more importantly, grow larger seeds and fruits on fewer nutrients and less water. So what began as an effort to make stronger houseplants may end up as a major way to increase the garden crops.
Originally, one of the purposes of developing super-plants was _____.
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核心觀念
本題測驗「細節理解(Detail Comprehension)」與「同義替換(Paraphrase)辨識能力」。考生必須根據題目中的時間修飾語 "Originally"(最初地)與關鍵詞 "purposes"(目的),回到文章第一段鎖定科學家最初培育「超級植物(super-plants)」時所設定的抗逆境目標,並辨別文中詞彙與選項間的同義轉換。
解題方法
- 題幹定位:
題幹問的是:「起初,研發超級植物的目的之一是___。」(Originally, one of the purposes of developing super-plants was _____.)
- 關鍵時間提示詞:Originally(起初、原本),對應文章第一段的「starting in the 1920s, scientists began to develop...」(自 1920 年代開始,科學家著手研發……)。
- 文章線索檢索與比對:
第一段第二句指出:
"Unlike natural plants, these plants were developed to withstand pollution, drought, dirty soil, and poor light."
(與天然植物不同,這些植物被研發出來是為了耐受汙染、乾旱、貧瘠土壤與光照不足。)
- 同義替換分析:
原文中的 withstand drought(忍耐/抵擋乾旱)在語意上完全等同於選項 (C) 的 survive dry weather(在乾燥氣候中存活):
withstand(動詞,經受、耐受)survive(動詞,存活、挺過)drought(名詞,乾旱)dry weather(名詞片語,乾燥氣候)
選項分析
-
(A) to induce some genetic changes(引發某些基因改變):【錯誤】
第二段提到「Super-plants were first created with chemical changes in the plants, then with genetic changes.」(超級植物最初是透過植物體內的化學變化創造,接著是透過基因改變)。基因改變是研發超級植物時採用的「手段/技術途徑(means/methods)」,而非最初培育的「目的(purpose)」。 -
(B) to bear rich fruits(結出豐碩的果實):【錯誤】
第三段提到「*the techniques have created plants that... grow larger seed
第 23 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Few people realized that, starting in the 1920s, scientists began to develop “super-plants.” Unlike natural plants, these plants were developed to withstand pollution, drought, dirty soil, and poor light.
Super-plants were first created with chemical changes in the plants, then with genetic changes. Some plants created this way include most new roses, and some new cotton and corn. Giant pumpkins, tomatoes, and strawberries are being developed now, as well as new flowers.
These super-plants were designed to thrive in home gardens, but the techniques have created plants that resist disease, require less care, and, more importantly, grow larger seeds and fruits on fewer nutrients and less water. So what began as an effort to make stronger houseplants may end up as a major way to increase the garden crops.
We can conclude from the paragraph that _____.
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核心觀念
本題為閱讀理解測驗中的「結論推論題」(Inference / Conclusion)。考查重點在於考生能否整合文章段落的因果脈絡與轉折關係,識別「原先預期(Initial intention)」與「最終結果(Ultimate outcome)」之間的落差,進而選出符合語意推論的正確敘述。
解題方法
- 題幹定位:
題幹詢問「We can conclude from the paragraph that _____」(從本段可以推斷出什麼)。需檢視全文主旨與結尾的總結句。 - 文本關鍵句定位:
- 原文第 3 段指出:
"These super-plants were designed to thrive in home gardens, but the techniques have created plants that resist disease, require less care, and, more importantly, grow larger seeds and fruits on fewer nutrients and less water. So what began as an effort to make stronger houseplants may end up as a major way to increase the garden crops."
(這些超級植物當初是為了在家庭花園中茂盛生長而設計的,但這些技術卻創造出了能抗病、需照料更少,且更重要的是,在更少養分與水分下長出更大種子與果實的植物。因此,最初原本只是為了培育更強健室內盆栽的努力,最終可能演變成大幅提升花園農作物產量的重要途徑。)
- 推論邏輯:
科學家最初的實驗目的僅是「培育更強健的室內盆栽或家庭觀賞植物(stronger houseplants / home gardens)」,但結果卻意外獲得了能在極少水與養分下結出大型果實的農作物(garden crops),甚至能解決更大的糧食/作物生產問題。這表示科學家最初進行實驗時,並未完全預期到最終的深遠成效。此邏輯完全對應選項 (A)。
關鍵字彙與片語
- withstand (v.):承受、經受(同義詞:resist, endure, tolerate)
- thrive (v.):茁壯、旺盛成長(同義詞:flourish, prosper)
- houseplant (n.):室內盆栽植物
- crop (n.):農作物、莊稼
第 24 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Few people realized that, starting in the 1920s, scientists began to develop “super-plants.” Unlike natural plants, these plants were developed to withstand pollution, drought, dirty soil, and poor light.
Super-plants were first created with chemical changes in the plants, then with genetic changes. Some plants created this way include most new roses, and some new cotton and corn. Giant pumpkins, tomatoes, and strawberries are being developed now, as well as new flowers.
These super-plants were designed to thrive in home gardens, but the techniques have created plants that resist disease, require less care, and, more importantly, grow larger seeds and fruits on fewer nutrients and less water. So what began as an effort to make stronger houseplants may end up as a major way to increase the garden crops.
The paragraph suggests that _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查學士後中醫閱讀測驗中的「合理推論題(Inference / Suggestion)」。此類題型的核心在於辨識文章的「延伸涵義(implication)」與「邏輯推導(logical deduction)」,要求考生在文章既有的事實基礎上,選出作者最可能支持的推論,而非死板地尋找字面上一模一樣的文字。考生必須掌握段落末尾的結論句,並理解「在惡劣環境下結出更大果實/種子」對農業與糧食供應的延伸貢獻。
解題方法與文章定位
1. 關鍵定位句
解題的關鍵落在文章最後一段的後半部:
原文:"...the techniques have created plants that resist disease, require less care, and, more importantly, grow larger seeds and fruits on fewer nutrients and less water. So what began as an effort to make stronger houseplants may end up as a major way to increase the garden crops."
中文翻譯:「……這些技術創造出了能夠抗病、需要較少照料的植物,而且更重要的是,在需要較少養分與較少水分的情況下,長出更大的種子和果實。因此,最初只是為了培育更強壯的室內植物的努力,最終可能會成為大幅增加園藝農作物產量的一種主要方式。」
2. 邏輯推論
文章明確指出 super-plants 具有以下特性:
- 抗旱(withstand drought)、抗貧瘠劣質土壤(withstand dirty soil)、需水量少且需養分少(fewer nutrients and less water)。
- 能長出更大的種子與果實(grow larger seeds and fruits)。
- 可大幅增加作物收成量(increase the garden crops)。
結合這幾項特性進行合理推論:一種「耗費更少水資源與肥料,卻能在惡劣環境中產出更多種子與果實」的植物,正符合解決乾旱、貧瘠地區乃至全球糧食短缺問題(meeting the world food shortage)的關鍵條件。因此 (D) 為最適當的推論。
選項分析
-
(A) super-plants are more nutritious than natural ones(超級植物比天然植物更有營養)
錯誤。文章提到它們能 "grow larger seeds and fruits on fewer nutrients"(用較少的養分長出更大的種子與果實),這裡的 nutrients 指的是植物生長所「攝取/吸收的養分(如肥料、土壤養分)」,而非植物本身「含有豐富的營養價值」。此選項混淆了植物消耗的養分與提供給人類的營養,屬於「扭曲原文(Distortion)」的典型陷阱。 -
(B) consumers prefer super-plants for their gardens(消費者比較偏好在花園裡種植超級植物)
錯誤。
第 25 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Few people realized that, starting in the 1920s, scientists began to develop “super-plants.” Unlike natural plants, these plants were developed to withstand pollution, drought, dirty soil, and poor light.
Super-plants were first created with chemical changes in the plants, then with genetic changes. Some plants created this way include most new roses, and some new cotton and corn. Giant pumpkins, tomatoes, and strawberries are being developed now, as well as new flowers.
These super-plants were designed to thrive in home gardens, but the techniques have created plants that resist disease, require less care, and, more importantly, grow larger seeds and fruits on fewer nutrients and less water. So what began as an effort to make stronger houseplants may end up as a major way to increase the garden crops.
In this passage, the word “withstand” (underlined in line 2) means _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「字義判斷」,要根據上下文判斷單字 withstand 的意思。
- withstand:抵抗、承受、耐得住
- pollution:污染
- drought:乾旱
- dirty soil:受污染的土壤、髒土
- poor light:光照不足
- be developed to...:被培育/發展來……
題幹描述這些「超級植物」具有較強的適應力,能夠在污染、乾旱、土壤不佳及光照不足的環境中存活。因此,withstand 應解作「抵抗、耐受」。
解題方法
定位答案的關鍵句為:
Unlike natural plants, these plants were developed to withstand pollution, drought, dirty soil, and poor light.
翻譯:
與天然植物不同,這些植物經過培育,能夠抵抗污染、乾旱、受污染的土壤以及光照不足。
句中 withstand 後面接的是一連串不利的環境因素:
- pollution(污染)
- drought(乾旱)
- dirty soil(土壤不佳)
- poor light(光照不足)
由語意可知,植物不是「處理」或「消除」這些因素,而是能夠在這些逆境下生長並存活,所以 withstand = resist。
此外,文章後文也提供線索:
the techniques have created plants that resist disease, require less care
翻譯:
這些技術培育出能抵抗疾病、需要較少照料的植物。
文章在後文直接使用 resist 描述植物的抗逆境能力,與前文的 withstand 意義相近,可作為同義字線索。
選項分析
(A) resist
意為「抵抗、抗拒、耐受」,與 withstand 意義相同。
第 26 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
It is a matter of common observation that although money incomes have kept going up over the years, we never seem to become much better off. Prices are rising continuously. This condition is called “inflation”; the money supply is becoming inflated so that each unit of it becomes less valuable.
We have grown accustomed in recent years to higher and higher rates of inflation. What could be bought ten years ago for one dollar now costs well over two dollars. Present indications are that this rate of inflation is tending to rise rather than to fall.
If in the real world, our money incomes go up at the same rate as prices, one might think that inflation does not matter. But it does. When money is losing its value, it lacks one of the qualities of a good money—stability of value. It is no longer acceptable as a store of value, and it becomes an unsuitable standard of deferred payments.
Nobody wants to hold a wasting asset, so people try to get rid of money as quickly as possible. Inflation therefore stimulates consumer spending and deters saving.
Inflation is a situation in which _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查經濟學基本概念 inflation(通貨膨脹) 的定義與文章語意判讀。
通貨膨脹指的是整體物價持續上升,導致貨幣的購買力下降;換言之,同樣金額能買到的商品變少,因此貨幣本身持續失去價值。文章也指出,通貨膨脹會使人們不願持有現金,進而刺激消費、抑制儲蓄。
題幹句型為:
Inflation is a situation in which _____.
其中 in which 引導關係子句,修飾前面的名詞 a situation,意思是「在這種情況下……」。
定位答案的關鍵原文
文章一開始即明確定義通貨膨脹:
This condition is called “inflation”; the money supply is becoming inflated so that each unit of it becomes less valuable.
翻譯為:
這種情況稱為「通貨膨脹」;貨幣供給量不斷膨脹,因此每一單位貨幣的價值變得較低。
文章後文再次強調:
When money is losing its value, it lacks one of the qualities of a good money—stability of value.
翻譯為:
當貨幣正在失去價值時,它便缺乏良好貨幣應具備的特質之一,也就是價值的穩定性。
因此,空格應填入「貨幣持續失去價值」的意思,與選項 (D) 完全相符。
解題方法
先抓文章的定義句,再將各選項與定義逐一比對:
- 找出文章對 inflation 的直接說明。
- 注意關鍵語意:
- less valuable:價值降低
- losing its value:正在失去價值
- 選擇與「貨幣價值持續下降」同義的選項。
- 排除與文章無關、與原文相反,或文章完全沒有提及的敘述。
選項分析
(A) we can watch our money increase in its value
我們可以看著自己的錢增值。
錯誤。文章明確表示貨幣價值下降:
each unit of it becomes less valuable
以及:
money is losing its value
本選項的 increase in its value 意為「價值增加」,與文章核心意思相反。
(B) employment is no longer a problem
就業不再是問題。
錯誤。文章討論的是物價、貨幣價值、消費與儲蓄,並未談論就業問題。即使在某些經濟理論中,通貨膨脹可能與就業率存在複雜關係,也不能由本篇文章推導出「就業不再是問題」。
(C) people can always find better paying jobs
人們總是能找到薪資更高的工作。
錯誤。文章提到 money incomes have kept going up,意思是「貨幣收入持續增加」,但這不等於每個人都能找到更高薪的工作。文章強調的是:即使收入增加,物價也同步上漲,人民的實際生活狀況未必改善。
此外,always 是過度絕對的表達,文中沒有任何依據支持「人們總是能找到更高薪工作」。
(D) money keeps losing its value
貨幣持續失去價值。
正確。這正是文章對通貨膨脹的核心描述:
the money supply is becoming inflated so that each unit of it becomes less valuabl
第 27 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
It is a matter of common observation that although money incomes have kept going up over the years, we never seem to become much better off. Prices are rising continuously. This condition is called “inflation”; the money supply is becoming inflated so that each unit of it becomes less valuable.
We have grown accustomed in recent years to higher and higher rates of inflation. What could be bought ten years ago for one dollar now costs well over two dollars. Present indications are that this rate of inflation is tending to rise rather than to fall.
If in the real world, our money incomes go up at the same rate as prices, one might think that inflation does not matter. But it does. When money is losing its value, it lacks one of the qualities of a good money—stability of value. It is no longer acceptable as a store of value, and it becomes an unsuitable standard of deferred payments.
Nobody wants to hold a wasting asset, so people try to get rid of money as quickly as possible. Inflation therefore stimulates consumer spending and deters saving.
If incomes and prices rise together, the writer argues _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者觀點判讀」與轉折語意。
文章討論 inflation(通貨膨脹):貨幣供給增加,使每一單位貨幣的價值降低。即使薪資與物價同步上升,通貨膨脹仍會造成貨幣功能受損,包括:
- stability of value:價值穩定性
- store of value:價值儲藏工具
- standard of deferred payments:延期付款的標準
因此,判斷本題的關鍵不是只看「收入與物價同時上升」這個條件,而是要注意作者後面的轉折與明確結論。
解題方法
定位第三段的關鍵句:
If in the real world, our money incomes go up at the same rate as prices, one might think that inflation does not matter. But it does.
翻譯:
如果在現實世界中,我們的貨幣收入與物價以相同的速度上升,人們可能會認為通貨膨脹並不重要。但事實上,通貨膨脹確實會造成問題。
句中的 one might think 表示「表面上可能產生的想法」,不是作者真正的立場;真正的立場由轉折詞 But 引出。作者明確表示:
inflation does matter.
接著第四段補充原因:
Inflation therefore stimulates consumer spending and deters saving.
翻譯:
因此,通貨膨脹會刺激消費支出,並抑制儲蓄。
由此可知,即使收入和物價同步上升,通貨膨脹仍然是一項問題,故選 (B)。
選項分析
(A) there will be no more market fluctuations
「市場將不再有波動。」
文章沒有討論市場波動,也沒有表示收入與物價同步上升會消除市場變動;本選項無文章依據,錯誤。
(B) inflation will remain a problem
「通貨膨脹仍會是一項問題。」
正確。第三段以 But it does 直接否定「通貨膨脹不重要」的想法,說明即使收入與物價同速上升,通貨膨脹仍會使貨幣失去價值穩定性,並影響儲蓄與消費行為。
(C) money will hold its value
「貨幣將維持其價值。」
錯誤。文章第一段已指出:
the money supply is becoming inflated so that each unit of it becomes less valuable.
翻譯:
貨幣供給正在膨脹,因此每一單位貨幣變得比較沒有價值。
通貨膨脹的核心正是貨幣購買力下降,與「貨幣維持價值」相反。
第 28 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
It is a matter of common observation that although money incomes have kept going up over the years, we never seem to become much better off. Prices are rising continuously. This condition is called “inflation”; the money supply is becoming inflated so that each unit of it becomes less valuable.
We have grown accustomed in recent years to higher and higher rates of inflation. What could be bought ten years ago for one dollar now costs well over two dollars. Present indications are that this rate of inflation is tending to rise rather than to fall.
If in the real world, our money incomes go up at the same rate as prices, one might think that inflation does not matter. But it does. When money is losing its value, it lacks one of the qualities of a good money—stability of value. It is no longer acceptable as a store of value, and it becomes an unsuitable standard of deferred payments.
Nobody wants to hold a wasting asset, so people try to get rid of money as quickly as possible. Inflation therefore stimulates consumer spending and deters saving.
Over the years, our incomes have been increasing, and we _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章主旨與上下文推論」。文章說明:
- 薪資所得雖然逐年增加;
- 但物價也持續上漲,形成通貨膨脹(inflation);
- 因此貨幣購買力下降,實際生活富裕程度並未相對提升。
關鍵不在於「收入的金額是否增加」,而在於「收入增加後,實際能購買多少商品」。若物價上漲速度與所得增加速度相近,甚至更快,名目收入增加並不代表實質財務狀況變好。
關鍵單字與片語
- money income:貨幣所得、名目收入
- keep going up:持續上升
- become better off:變得更富裕、生活狀況改善
- price:價格
- rise continuously:持續上漲
- inflation:通貨膨脹
- money supply:貨幣供給
- each unit of it:其中的每一單位貨幣
- less valuable:價值較低
- cost:花費、要價
- real world:實際世界、現實情況
- money is losing its value:貨幣正在失去價值
- stability of value:價值的穩定性
- store of value:價值儲藏工具
- deferred payments:延期付款、遞延支付
- wasting asset:不斷貶值的資產
- get rid of:擺脫、花掉
- stimulate:刺激
- deter:抑制、阻礙
- saving:儲蓄
片語 be better off 表示「經濟狀況或生活狀況變得更好」。題幹中的 we never seem to become much better off 意為「我們似乎從未因此變得富裕多少」。
定位答案的原文
文章第一段指出:
“although money incomes have kept going up over the years, we never seem to become much better off.”
意思是:
「雖然多年來貨幣所得持續增加,我們似乎從未因此變得富裕多少。」
接著文章解釋原因:
“Prices are rising continuously.”
意思是:
「物價持續上漲。」
第二段又說:
“What could be bought ten years ago for one dollar now costs well over two dollars.”
意思是:
「十年前一美元可以買到的東西,現在要花兩美元以上。」
這表示即使收入的數字增加,貨幣的購買力卻下降。因此,題幹最後的空格應接「實際財務狀況沒有變好,甚至更差」的內容。
解題方法
先將題幹改寫成完整語意:
Over the years, our incomes have been increasing, and we _____.
前半句只說「所得增加」,但文章開頭使用 although 引導讓步句,後面接著說 we never seem to become much better off。因此空格必須表達「所得增加,卻沒有帶來相應的財務改善」。
選項中只有 B 同時包含兩層意思:
- 實際上沒有變得更好;
- 財務狀況甚至可能變得更差。
選項分析
(A) seem to prosper at a quicker rate
意思是「似乎以更快的速度繁榮」。
第 29 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
It is a matter of common observation that although money incomes have kept going up over the years, we never seem to become much better off. Prices are rising continuously. This condition is called “inflation”; the money supply is becoming inflated so that each unit of it becomes less valuable.
We have grown accustomed in recent years to higher and higher rates of inflation. What could be bought ten years ago for one dollar now costs well over two dollars. Present indications are that this rate of inflation is tending to rise rather than to fall.
If in the real world, our money incomes go up at the same rate as prices, one might think that inflation does not matter. But it does. When money is losing its value, it lacks one of the qualities of a good money—stability of value. It is no longer acceptable as a store of value, and it becomes an unsuitable standard of deferred payments.
Nobody wants to hold a wasting asset, so people try to get rid of money as quickly as possible. Inflation therefore stimulates consumer spending and deters saving.
When money loses its value, _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題測驗「閱讀測驗的細節定位與句意改寫(Paraphrasing)」。文章主題為通貨膨脹(inflation)對貨幣功能(價值儲存、延期支付標準)與貨幣本質(穩定性)的負面影響。解題關鍵在於能否快速在文章第三段定位出「當貨幣貶值時(When money is losing its value)」所引發的直接後果。
解題方法
- 題幹關鍵字定位:
題幹敘述為「When money loses its value, _____(當貨幣喪失其價值時,……)」,核心關鍵字為 lose its value。 - 回文檢索與定位:
定位至第三段第三句:
"When money is losing its value, it lacks one of the qualities of a good money—stability of value."
(當貨幣正在失去其價值時,它便缺乏了良好貨幣的特質之一——價值的穩定性。)
- 句意同義代換:
「lacks stability of value」(缺乏價值的穩定性),改寫後即為「it is no longer stable」(它不再具有穩定性)。
選項分析
-
(A) it is no longer stable(它不再穩定):
原擬正確選項。文中有明確對應依據。第三段指出:「When money is losing its value, it lacks one of the qualities of a good money—stability of value.」(當貨幣正在貶值時,它缺乏優良貨幣應有的特質——價值的穩定性)。「lacks stability of value」直接等同於「is no longer stable」。 -
(B) its rate against gold will be kept at the same level(其對黃金的比價將維持在同一水平):
錯誤。文章全文未提及黃金(gold)或金本位制,屬於無中生有的干擾選項;且在經濟學常識中,貨幣貶值時對黃金的匯率通常會下跌,而非維持同一水平。 -
(C) goods will lose their value, thus creating no new problems(商品將失去價值,因此不會產生新問題):
錯誤。通膨時是貨幣失去價值(money loses its value)、物價上漲(prices are rising),而不是商品失去價值;且文章明確指出通貨膨脹會帶來問題("But it does."、"creates problems"),與選項所述相反。
第 30 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
It is a matter of common observation that although money incomes have kept going up over the years, we never seem to become much better off. Prices are rising continuously. This condition is called “inflation”; the money supply is becoming inflated so that each unit of it becomes less valuable.
We have grown accustomed in recent years to higher and higher rates of inflation. What could be bought ten years ago for one dollar now costs well over two dollars. Present indications are that this rate of inflation is tending to rise rather than to fall.
If in the real world, our money incomes go up at the same rate as prices, one might think that inflation does not matter. But it does. When money is losing its value, it lacks one of the qualities of a good money—stability of value. It is no longer acceptable as a store of value, and it becomes an unsuitable standard of deferred payments.
Nobody wants to hold a wasting asset, so people try to get rid of money as quickly as possible. Inflation therefore stimulates consumer spending and deters saving.
In a period of inflation, people are likely to _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果關係判讀」,主題是 inflation(通貨膨脹)對個人理財行為的影響。
文章指出:
- 通貨膨脹使貨幣供給增加,導致每一單位貨幣的價值下降。
- 貨幣持續貶值,因此不再適合作為可靠的財產儲存工具。
- 人們不願長期持有正在貶值的貨幣,會盡快把錢花掉。
- 因此,通貨膨脹會刺激消費,抑制儲蓄。
關鍵因果鏈為:
解題方法
先定位文章中直接描述通貨膨脹下人們行為的句子:
“Nobody wants to hold a wasting asset, so people try to get rid of money as quickly as possible. Inflation therefore stimulates consumer spending and deters saving.”
翻譯:
「沒有人想持有正在貶值的資產,因此人們會設法盡快把錢花掉。因此,通貨膨脹會刺激消費支出,並抑制儲蓄。」
題目問:
In a period of inflation, people are likely to _____.
意思是:「在通貨膨脹期間,人們很可能會……」
根據 “stimulates consumer spending and deters saving” 可知,人們傾向於增加消費、不願儲蓄,因此選擇 (D)。
關鍵單字與片語
- money income:貨幣收入、名目收入
- be better off:生活變得更富裕、經濟狀況變好
- inflation:通貨膨脹
- money supply:貨幣供給
- unit:單位
- valuable:有價值的
- indication:跡象、顯示
- tend to:傾向於
- stability of value:價值穩定性
- acceptable as a store of value:適合作為價值儲藏工具
- deferred payment:延後付款、遞延支付
- wasting asset:正在貶值的資產
- get rid of:處理掉、脫手
- consumer spending:消費支出
- deter:阻止、抑制、使某人不願做某事
- save:儲蓄
- invest heavily:大量投資
- hold on to:繼續持有、不放手
- dependable asset:可靠的資產
文法與語意重點
- although 引導讓步副詞子句
“although money incomes have kept going up over the years”
意思是「雖然貨幣收入多年來持續增加」。
句子的主要意思是:即使收入增加,由於物價也持續上漲,人們的實際購買力並沒有明顯提升。
- keep + V-ing
“have kept going up”
表示「一直持續上升」。
其中現在完成式搭配 keep,強調從過去延續到現在的持續變化。
- so that 表示結果
第 31 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Recent research on daydreaming indicates that it is an intrinsic part of daily life. Daydreaming has been discovered as an effective means of relaxation. But the beneficial effects of daydreaming go beyond that.
Experiments conducted by Dr. Joan T. Freyberg, a New York City psychotherapist, showed that daydreaming significantly helps intellectual growth, powers of concentration, attention span, and the ability to communicate with others. Dr. Freyberg also discovered that her patients who easily engaged in fantasy-making usually responded more quickly to treatment.
This paragraph says that daydreaming _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「主旨判斷」。解題重點是掌握文章整體態度與結論,而非只看單一句子。
文章指出,daydreaming(白日夢、幻想)不只是日常生活的一部分,也具有多項正面作用,包括:
- 幫助放鬆
- 促進智力成長
- 增強專注力與注意力持續時間
- 提升與他人溝通的能力
- 使患者更快對治療產生反應
因此,全文主旨是:白日夢具有多種益處。
關鍵單字與片語
- recent research:最近的研究
- indicate:指出、顯示
- intrinsic part:不可或缺的一部分、內在組成部分
- daily life:日常生活
- effective means of relaxation:有效的放鬆方式
- beneficial effects:有益的效果
- go beyond:超越、不僅限於
- experiment:實驗
- conduct:進行
- intellectual growth:智力成長、心智能力發展
- power of concentration:專注力
- attention span:注意力持續時間
- ability to communicate with others:與他人溝通的能力
- engage in fantasy-making:投入幻想活動、容易進行幻想
- respond to treatment:對治療產生反應
- significantly:顯著地
- quickly:迅速地
解題方法
先找出文章中帶有明顯正面意義的字詞:
- 「effective means of relaxation」表示白日夢是有效的放鬆方式。
- 「beneficial effects」直接表示白日夢具有有益效果。
- 「helps intellectual growth」表示白日夢有助於智力成長。
- 「powers of concentration, attention span」表示白日夢能增強專注力及注意力。
- 患者「responded more quickly to treatment」表示容易幻想的患者對治療反應較快。
題目問的是「This paragraph says that daydreaming _____」,須選擇能概括全文的選項。只有 has beneficial effects 能完整符合文章內容。
定位答案的原文與翻譯
關鍵句為:
But the beneficial effects of daydreaming go beyond that.
翻譯為:
但是,白日夢的有益效果不僅限於此。
後文進一步說明:
第 32 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Recent research on daydreaming indicates that it is an intrinsic part of daily life. Daydreaming has been discovered as an effective means of relaxation. But the beneficial effects of daydreaming go beyond that.
Experiments conducted by Dr. Joan T. Freyberg, a New York City psychotherapist, showed that daydreaming significantly helps intellectual growth, powers of concentration, attention span, and the ability to communicate with others. Dr. Freyberg also discovered that her patients who easily engaged in fantasy-making usually responded more quickly to treatment.
Dr. Freyberg has shown that people who daydream _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「原文訊息定位」與同義改寫。解題重點是找出文章中直接說明「daydreaming 對專注力的影響」的句子,再判斷選項是否符合原文語意。
文中的關鍵表達如下:
- daydreaming:做白日夢、幻想
- intrinsic part of daily life:日常生活中內在且不可或缺的一部分
- effective means of relaxation:有效的放鬆方式
- beneficial effects:有益的影響
- intellectual growth:智力成長
- powers of concentration:專注力
- attention span:注意力持續時間
- ability to communicate with others:與他人溝通的能力
- respond more quickly to treatment:對治療產生較快的反應
- fantasy-making:幻想活動、進行幻想
文法上,題幹句型為:
people who daydream _____
其中 who daydream 是關係子句,修飾 people;空格後需要接述語,說明「做白日夢的人具有何種特質或能力」。
解題方法
直接回到第二段尋找與「專注力」相關的原文:
Experiments conducted by Dr. Joan T. Freyberg, a New York City psychotherapist, showed that daydreaming significantly helps intellectual growth, powers of concentration, attention span, and the ability to communicate with others.
翻譯:
紐約市心理治療師 Joan T. Freyberg 博士所進行的實驗顯示,做白日夢能顯著幫助智力成長、增強專注力、延長注意力持續時間,並提升與他人溝通的能力。
第 33 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Recent research on daydreaming indicates that it is an intrinsic part of daily life. Daydreaming has been discovered as an effective means of relaxation. But the beneficial effects of daydreaming go beyond that.
Experiments conducted by Dr. Joan T. Freyberg, a New York City psychotherapist, showed that daydreaming significantly helps intellectual growth, powers of concentration, attention span, and the ability to communicate with others. Dr. Freyberg also discovered that her patients who easily engaged in fantasy-making usually responded more quickly to treatment.
The beneficial effects of daydreaming _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解中的「同義改寫」與「文章定位」。題目要求判斷:日間幻想的有益效果是否已被證實。
文章明確指出:
“Experiments conducted by Dr. Joan T. Freyberg … showed that daydreaming significantly helps intellectual growth, powers of concentration, attention span, and the ability to communicate with others.”
翻譯:
「紐約市心理治療師 Joan T. Freyberg 博士所進行的實驗顯示,白日夢能顯著幫助智力成長、集中力、注意力持續時間,以及與他人溝通的能力。」
因此,文章表示日間幻想的好處已經由實驗顯示,答案為 have been shown by experiments。
解題方法
先找題幹中的關鍵字:
- beneficial effects:有益效果、好處
- daydreaming:白日夢、日間幻想
- experiments:實驗
- showed:顯示、證明
- significantly helps:顯著有助於
題幹問:
The beneficial effects of daydreaming _____.
意思是:「日間幻想的有益效果如何?」
文章第二段的 Experiments … showed that 已直接回答此問題。將原文改寫為被動語態:
- 原文:Experiments showed the beneficial effects.
- 改寫:The beneficial effects have been shown by experiments.
選項中的 have been shown 是現在完成式被動語態,表示「已經被實驗顯示/證實」。
文法與語意重點
1. 現在完成式被動語態
have been shown 的結構為:
其中:
- have:主詞為複數的現在完成式助動詞
- been:be 的過去分詞
- shown:show 的過去分詞
主詞是複數的 effects,所以使用 have,不能使用 has。
2. 主動與被動轉換
文章原意為:
Experiments showed the beneficial effects.
主詞是 experiments,動詞是 showed,受詞是 beneficial effects。
改為被動語態後:
The beneficial effects have been shown by experiments.
重點從「實驗」轉為「有益效果」,符合題目句型。
關鍵單字與片語
第 34 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
Recent research on daydreaming indicates that it is an intrinsic part of daily life. Daydreaming has been discovered as an effective means of relaxation. But the beneficial effects of daydreaming go beyond that.
Experiments conducted by Dr. Joan T. Freyberg, a New York City psychotherapist, showed that daydreaming significantly helps intellectual growth, powers of concentration, attention span, and the ability to communicate with others. Dr. Freyberg also discovered that her patients who easily engaged in fantasy-making usually responded more quickly to treatment.
Daydreaming patients of Dr. Freyberg _____.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解中的「同義轉換」與「答案定位」。解題關鍵是將題目中的敘述,與文章中對應的原文句子進行比對。
文章指出,容易進行幻想的患者:
“usually responded more quickly to treatment.”
意思是:「通常能在較短時間內對治療產生反應」,也就是治療後改善得比較快。
關鍵單字與片語
respond to treatment:對治療產生反應、治療有效more quickly:更快地usually:通常improve:改善、好轉answer questions:回答問題without thinking:不假思索地response:反應、回答
解題方法
先找出題目主詞 Daydreaming patients of Dr. Freyberg,再回文章尋找描述這類患者的句子。原文明確寫道:
“Dr. Freyberg also discovered that her patients who easily engaged in fantasy-making usually responded more quickly to treatment.”
翻譯為:
「Freyberg 醫師還發現,那些容易進行幻想的患者,通常能更快地對治療產生反應。」
題目問的是這些患者的治療結果,因此應選擇表示「在較短時間內改善」的選項。
選項分析
(A) answered her questions quickly
「很快回答她的問題。」
第 35 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
The results are easy to see. In numerous countries around the world, the number of overweight and obese people is increasing at such a rapid rate that the term “obesity epidemic” is common parlance. The United States is notorious for the girth of its citizens, with 60 percent of adults and 13 percent of children either overweight or obese. But obesity rates among children are over 25 percent in Egypt, Chile, Peru, and Mexico. And in some parts of Africa, obesity affects more children than malnutrition. In Morocco and Zambia, over 15 percent of four-year-olds are obese.
There is little consensus on the causes of this worldwide epidemic. Doctors and nutritionists insist that it’s a simple relationship between calories consumed and energy expended. Eating more food than we burn through daily activities and exercise results in weight gain. Consumer advocates point to the food industry and its promotion of processed foods and sugary soft drinks, often marketed directly to children, while some parents blame themselves for allowing their children to watch television or play computer games when they could be playing outside.
But the international scope of the problem and the alarming speed of the increase in obesity rates have led some to believe that there are other factors at work. Doctors have always admitted that genetics and body chemistry, for example, thyroid gland function, play a role in some cases of obesity. Now, Leah Whigham and a team of researchers at the University of Wisconsin have identified another culprit: viruses. Specifically, they’re adenoviruses, a group of about 50 viruses that cause upper respiratory infections (in other words, common colds) as well as infections of the eyes and digestive tract.
This surprising idea was first suggested by Dr. Nikhil Dhurandhar, who observed that many people who had been exposed to a chicken adenovirus were overweight. In later research, the human adenovirus AD-36 was administered to chickens fed the same diet as a control group of chickens. The chickens that had received the virus showed a significant increase in body fat. And in humans, 30 percent of obese people tested positive for antibodies to AD-36 compared with only 5 percent of the rest of the population.
All of this suggests that AD-36, along with another adenovirus identified by Whigham’s team, may play a role in the unusual rise in worldwide obesity. Unfortunately, even if testing reveals exposure to one of the viruses, there is little an obese person can do besides the conventional measures of increasing exercise and restricting calories. The good news is that identifying exactly which viruses contribute to weight gain in humans could lead to the development of vaccines to prevent people from catching them in the first place.
The main idea of this article is _____.
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀測驗的「主旨判斷」。主旨不是單一細節,而是統整全文最核心的訊息。判斷時應注意:
- 開頭提出全球肥胖人口快速增加的現象。
- 中段介紹肥胖成因的不同看法。
- 後段集中說明一項新發現:特定病毒可能造成體重增加。
- 結尾指出此研究未來可能促成疫苗的發展。
因此,全文重點不是單純描述肥胖增加,而是介紹「肥胖流行病的一項令人意外的新成因」。
解題方法
先觀察文章的資訊重心:
- 第一段說明全球肥胖問題日益嚴重。
- 第二段介紹傳統的肥胖成因,例如熱量攝取過多、運動不足、加工食品及生活習慣。
- 第三段以轉折語氣指出可能有其他因素,並引出研究團隊的新發現:病毒。
- 第四、五段以雞隻實驗、人體抗體檢測及未來疫苗發展,支持「病毒可能導致肥胖」的說法。
全文的關鍵轉折是:
“Now, Leah Whigham and a team of researchers at the University of Wisconsin have identified another culprit: viruses.”
翻譯為:「現在,Leah Whigham 與威斯康辛大學的一組研究人員找到了另一個元兇:病毒。」
其中 another culprit 指的是除了飲食、運動、遺傳等因素之外,另一項可能造成肥胖的原因。後文又具體指出:
“Specifically, they’re adenoviruses...”
翻譯為:「更確切地說,它們是腺病毒……」
這表示文章主軸是「病毒作為肥胖成因的新研究」,故選 B。
選項分析
(A) the increase in obesity worldwide
意思是「全球肥胖的增加」。
第一段確實描述全球肥胖率上升,例如:
“the number of overweight and obese people is increasing at such a rapid rate”
意思是「過重與肥胖人口正以非常快速的速度增加」。
但這只是文章的背景現象。全文後半部主要探討造成肥胖的新因素,並非只介紹肥胖人口增加的現況,因此範圍過廣,不能完整涵蓋文章主旨。
(B) one surprising cause of the obesity epidemic
意思是「肥胖流行病的一項令人意外的成因」。
文中明確提出病毒,特別是腺病毒 AD-36,可能在肥胖形成中扮演角色:
“All of this suggests that AD-36, along with another adenovirus identified by Whigham’s team, may play a role in the unusual rise in worldwide obesity.”
第 36 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
The results are easy to see. In numerous countries around the world, the number of overweight and obese people is increasing at such a rapid rate that the term “obesity epidemic” is common parlance. The United States is notorious for the girth of its citizens, with 60 percent of adults and 13 percent of children either overweight or obese. But obesity rates among children are over 25 percent in Egypt, Chile, Peru, and Mexico. And in some parts of Africa, obesity affects more children than malnutrition. In Morocco and Zambia, over 15 percent of four-year-olds are obese.
There is little consensus on the causes of this worldwide epidemic. Doctors and nutritionists insist that it’s a simple relationship between calories consumed and energy expended. Eating more food than we burn through daily activities and exercise results in weight gain. Consumer advocates point to the food industry and its promotion of processed foods and sugary soft drinks, often marketed directly to children, while some parents blame themselves for allowing their children to watch television or play computer games when they could be playing outside.
But the international scope of the problem and the alarming speed of the increase in obesity rates have led some to believe that there are other factors at work. Doctors have always admitted that genetics and body chemistry, for example, thyroid gland function, play a role in some cases of obesity. Now, Leah Whigham and a team of researchers at the University of Wisconsin have identified another culprit: viruses. Specifically, they’re adenoviruses, a group of about 50 viruses that cause upper respiratory infections (in other words, common colds) as well as infections of the eyes and digestive tract.
This surprising idea was first suggested by Dr. Nikhil Dhurandhar, who observed that many people who had been exposed to a chicken adenovirus were overweight. In later research, the human adenovirus AD-36 was administered to chickens fed the same diet as a control group of chickens. The chickens that had received the virus showed a significant increase in body fat. And in humans, 30 percent of obese people tested positive for antibodies to AD-36 compared with only 5 percent of the rest of the population.
All of this suggests that AD-36, along with another adenovirus identified by Whigham’s team, may play a role in the unusual rise in worldwide obesity. Unfortunately, even if testing reveals exposure to one of the viruses, there is little an obese person can do besides the conventional measures of increasing exercise and restricting calories. The good news is that identifying exactly which viruses contribute to weight gain in humans could lead to the development of vaccines to prevent people from catching them in the first place.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following countries has the highest rate of childhood obesity?
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核心觀念
本題考查「閱讀定位」與「數據比較」。解題重點是:
- 找出文章第一段中各國兒童肥胖率。
- 比較選項所代表的數字。
- 注意比較對象是否一致,例如「children」與「four-year-olds」的年齡範圍不同。
文章提供的數據如下:
- 美國兒童:
- 墨西哥兒童:超過
- 摩洛哥四歲兒童:超過
- 尚比亞四歲兒童:超過
因此,在四個選項中,墨西哥的兒童肥胖率最高。
解題方法
直接定位第一段描述各國兒童肥胖率的句子:
But obesity rates among children are over 25 percent in Egypt, Chile, Peru, and Mexico.
然而,在埃及、智利、秘魯和墨西哥,兒童肥胖率超過百分之二十五。
再對照其他選項所在的數據:
with 60 percent of adults and 13 percent of children either overweight or obese.
美國有百分之六十的成人及百分之十三的兒童屬於過重或肥胖。
In Morocco and Zambia, over 15 percent of four-year-olds are obese.
在摩洛哥和尚比亞,超過百分之十五的四歲兒童患有肥胖症。
比較結果:
所以正確答案為 Mexico。
選項分析
(A) Mexico
正確。文章明確指出,墨西哥的兒童肥胖率超過 ,高於美國的 ,也高於摩洛哥與尚比亞四歲兒童超過 的比例。
(B) Morocco
錯誤。文章指出摩洛哥「超過 的四歲兒童」肥胖,低於墨西哥兒童「超過
第 37 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
The results are easy to see. In numerous countries around the world, the number of overweight and obese people is increasing at such a rapid rate that the term “obesity epidemic” is common parlance. The United States is notorious for the girth of its citizens, with 60 percent of adults and 13 percent of children either overweight or obese. But obesity rates among children are over 25 percent in Egypt, Chile, Peru, and Mexico. And in some parts of Africa, obesity affects more children than malnutrition. In Morocco and Zambia, over 15 percent of four-year-olds are obese.
There is little consensus on the causes of this worldwide epidemic. Doctors and nutritionists insist that it’s a simple relationship between calories consumed and energy expended. Eating more food than we burn through daily activities and exercise results in weight gain. Consumer advocates point to the food industry and its promotion of processed foods and sugary soft drinks, often marketed directly to children, while some parents blame themselves for allowing their children to watch television or play computer games when they could be playing outside.
But the international scope of the problem and the alarming speed of the increase in obesity rates have led some to believe that there are other factors at work. Doctors have always admitted that genetics and body chemistry, for example, thyroid gland function, play a role in some cases of obesity. Now, Leah Whigham and a team of researchers at the University of Wisconsin have identified another culprit: viruses. Specifically, they’re adenoviruses, a group of about 50 viruses that cause upper respiratory infections (in other words, common colds) as well as infections of the eyes and digestive tract.
This surprising idea was first suggested by Dr. Nikhil Dhurandhar, who observed that many people who had been exposed to a chicken adenovirus were overweight. In later research, the human adenovirus AD-36 was administered to chickens fed the same diet as a control group of chickens. The chickens that had received the virus showed a significant increase in body fat. And in humans, 30 percent of obese people tested positive for antibodies to AD-36 compared with only 5 percent of the rest of the population.
All of this suggests that AD-36, along with another adenovirus identified by Whigham’s team, may play a role in the unusual rise in worldwide obesity. Unfortunately, even if testing reveals exposure to one of the viruses, there is little an obese person can do besides the conventional measures of increasing exercise and restricting calories. The good news is that identifying exactly which viruses contribute to weight gain in humans could lead to the development of vaccines to prevent people from catching them in the first place.
The word “malnutrition” (underlined in paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to _____.
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核心觀念
本題考閱讀理解中的「字義判斷」,要依據上下文推測 malnutrition 的意思。
- malnutrition:營養不良;因缺乏足夠營養而造成的健康狀況
- starvation:飢餓、挨餓;因食物嚴重不足而缺乏營養
- overweight / obese:過重的/肥胖的
- affect:影響
- common parlance:通俗用語、日常說法
- at a rapid rate:以快速的速度
- in contrast to:與……相對、相比之下
雖然 malnutrition 的精確意思是「營養不良」,不完全等同於 starvation「飢餓」,但在本題語境中,兩者都指向「食物或營養不足」的狀態,因此 starvation 是四個選項中最接近的答案。
解題方法
先觀察空格所在句子的對比關係:
And in some parts of Africa, obesity affects more children than malnutrition.
而在非洲某些地區,肥胖影響到的兒童人數甚至比營養不良還多。
句中將 obesity(肥胖) 與 malnutrition(營養不良) 並列比較,表示即使在一般認為容易發生營養不足的地區,肥胖兒童人數仍然可能更多。
因此,malnutrition 必須是與「營養不足、飢餓」相關的名詞。四個選項中只有 starvation 符合此語意。
選項分析
- (A) rehabilitation
意為「復健、康復、復原」。通常用於疾病治療、身體機能恢復或罪犯重新適應社會,與「營養不足」無關,不能代入句中。
第 38 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
The results are easy to see. In numerous countries around the world, the number of overweight and obese people is increasing at such a rapid rate that the term “obesity epidemic” is common parlance. The United States is notorious for the girth of its citizens, with 60 percent of adults and 13 percent of children either overweight or obese. But obesity rates among children are over 25 percent in Egypt, Chile, Peru, and Mexico. And in some parts of Africa, obesity affects more children than malnutrition. In Morocco and Zambia, over 15 percent of four-year-olds are obese.
There is little consensus on the causes of this worldwide epidemic. Doctors and nutritionists insist that it’s a simple relationship between calories consumed and energy expended. Eating more food than we burn through daily activities and exercise results in weight gain. Consumer advocates point to the food industry and its promotion of processed foods and sugary soft drinks, often marketed directly to children, while some parents blame themselves for allowing their children to watch television or play computer games when they could be playing outside.
But the international scope of the problem and the alarming speed of the increase in obesity rates have led some to believe that there are other factors at work. Doctors have always admitted that genetics and body chemistry, for example, thyroid gland function, play a role in some cases of obesity. Now, Leah Whigham and a team of researchers at the University of Wisconsin have identified another culprit: viruses. Specifically, they’re adenoviruses, a group of about 50 viruses that cause upper respiratory infections (in other words, common colds) as well as infections of the eyes and digestive tract.
This surprising idea was first suggested by Dr. Nikhil Dhurandhar, who observed that many people who had been exposed to a chicken adenovirus were overweight. In later research, the human adenovirus AD-36 was administered to chickens fed the same diet as a control group of chickens. The chickens that had received the virus showed a significant increase in body fat. And in humans, 30 percent of obese people tested positive for antibodies to AD-36 compared with only 5 percent of the rest of the population.
All of this suggests that AD-36, along with another adenovirus identified by Whigham’s team, may play a role in the unusual rise in worldwide obesity. Unfortunately, even if testing reveals exposure to one of the viruses, there is little an obese person can do besides the conventional measures of increasing exercise and restricting calories. The good news is that identifying exactly which viruses contribute to weight gain in humans could lead to the development of vaccines to prevent people from catching them in the first place.
What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「段落主旨判斷」。判斷主旨時,須找出能統攝整段內容的概括句,而不是只選取其中一個細節。
第二段先指出:
There is little consensus on the causes of this worldwide epidemic.
對於這場全球性肥胖流行的原因,人們幾乎沒有共識。
接著分別列出不同立場:
- 醫師與營養師:認為肥胖是攝取熱量與消耗能量之間的關係。
- 消費者權益倡議者:認為食品業推銷加工食品與含糖飲料是原因之一。
- 部分家長:責怪自己讓孩子看電視或玩電腦,而沒有到戶外活動。
因此,本段核心是在說「人們對肥胖增加的原因沒有一致看法」。
解題方法
先找段首的總述句,再觀察後文是否以舉例方式支持該句。
本段第一句是主旨句:
There is little consensus on the causes of this worldwide epidemic.
其中:
little consensus:幾乎沒有共識causes:原因worldwide epidemic:全球性的流行問題
第二句以 Doctors and nutritionists... 開始,第三句以 Consumer advocates... 開始,第四句以 while some parents... 開始,分別說明不同人士的觀點。這些都是支持主旨的細節,證明各方對肥胖成因的看法並不一致。
所以正確答案是 (C) People don’t agree on the causes of the increase in obesity.
翻譯為:「人們對肥胖增加的原因沒有共識。」
選項分析
(A) The battle against obesity is fought by doctors and nutritionists.
「對抗肥胖的戰役是由醫師與營養師進行的。」
錯誤。文章並未說醫師與營養師正在主導對抗肥胖;他們只是眾多立場中的一方,認為肥胖與「攝取熱量及消耗能量」有關。此選項過度縮小段落範圍,也忽略消費者倡議者與家長的不同看法。
(B) Consuming extra calories results in weight gain.
「攝取過多熱量會造成體重增加。」
錯誤。這是段落中的一項具體觀點,不是整段主旨。原文指出:
Eating more food than we burn through daily activities and exercise results in weight gain.
意思是:「吃進的食物多於日常活動與運動所消耗的能量,就會導致體重增加。」
這句只代表醫師與營養師的看法,無法涵蓋後文提到的食品業、廣告及家長責任等不同觀點。
(C) People don’t agree on the causes of the increase in obesity.
「人們對肥胖增加的原因沒有共識。」
第 39 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
The results are easy to see. In numerous countries around the world, the number of overweight and obese people is increasing at such a rapid rate that the term “obesity epidemic” is common parlance. The United States is notorious for the girth of its citizens, with 60 percent of adults and 13 percent of children either overweight or obese. But obesity rates among children are over 25 percent in Egypt, Chile, Peru, and Mexico. And in some parts of Africa, obesity affects more children than malnutrition. In Morocco and Zambia, over 15 percent of four-year-olds are obese.
There is little consensus on the causes of this worldwide epidemic. Doctors and nutritionists insist that it’s a simple relationship between calories consumed and energy expended. Eating more food than we burn through daily activities and exercise results in weight gain. Consumer advocates point to the food industry and its promotion of processed foods and sugary soft drinks, often marketed directly to children, while some parents blame themselves for allowing their children to watch television or play computer games when they could be playing outside.
But the international scope of the problem and the alarming speed of the increase in obesity rates have led some to believe that there are other factors at work. Doctors have always admitted that genetics and body chemistry, for example, thyroid gland function, play a role in some cases of obesity. Now, Leah Whigham and a team of researchers at the University of Wisconsin have identified another culprit: viruses. Specifically, they’re adenoviruses, a group of about 50 viruses that cause upper respiratory infections (in other words, common colds) as well as infections of the eyes and digestive tract.
This surprising idea was first suggested by Dr. Nikhil Dhurandhar, who observed that many people who had been exposed to a chicken adenovirus were overweight. In later research, the human adenovirus AD-36 was administered to chickens fed the same diet as a control group of chickens. The chickens that had received the virus showed a significant increase in body fat. And in humans, 30 percent of obese people tested positive for antibodies to AD-36 compared with only 5 percent of the rest of the population.
All of this suggests that AD-36, along with another adenovirus identified by Whigham’s team, may play a role in the unusual rise in worldwide obesity. Unfortunately, even if testing reveals exposure to one of the viruses, there is little an obese person can do besides the conventional measures of increasing exercise and restricting calories. The good news is that identifying exactly which viruses contribute to weight gain in humans could lead to the development of vaccines to prevent people from catching them in the first place.
According to paragraph 3, which of the following causes weight gain in chickens?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節定位」與「因果關係判斷」。解題重點是找出文章中直接描述「雞隻體重增加原因」的實驗句,而不是依選項與全文主題進行臆測。
文章指出,研究者將人類腺病毒 AD-36 給予雞隻,結果感染病毒的雞隻體脂肪明顯增加。因此,造成雞隻體重增加的因素是 a human adenovirus。
定位原文與翻譯
關鍵句位於第四段:
“In later research, the human adenovirus AD-36 was administered to chickens fed the same diet as a control group of chickens. The chickens that had received the virus showed a significant increase in body fat.”
翻譯:
後續研究中,研究人員將人類腺病毒 AD-36 施打給雞隻;這些雞隻所吃的飲食與控制組雞隻相同。接受病毒的雞隻,其體脂肪出現顯著增加。
其中:
- was administered to chickens:被施打/給予雞隻
- the same diet as:與……相同的飲食
- control group:控制組
- receive the virus:接受病毒
- a significant increase in body fat:體脂肪的顯著增加
句中明確表示兩組雞隻吃相同的食物,差別在於其中一組接受了 AD-36 病毒;接受病毒的雞隻體脂肪增加,故病毒是造成體重增加的因素。
解題方法
採用「實驗變因對照法」:
- 控制組與實驗組雞隻吃相同的飲食。
- 實驗組額外接受人類腺病毒 AD-36。
- 實驗組出現體脂肪顯著增加。
- 因此,造成雞隻體重增加的自變項是人類腺病毒。
文章中的 fed the same diet 已排除「飲食不同」的影響;received the virus 則直接指出實驗處理因素。
選項分析
(A) a different diet from other chickens
錯誤。文章明確說明:
“chickens fed the same diet as a control group of chickens”
意思是「吃與控制組相同飲食的雞隻」。既然兩組飲食相同,就不能選擇「與其他雞隻不同的飲食」。
(B) a human adenovirus
正確。文章指出人類腺病毒 AD-36 被施打給雞隻,之後這些雞隻的體脂肪顯著增加。AD-36 是 adenovirus 的一種,符合題目所問的原因。
(C) thyroid function
錯誤。第三段提到:
“Doctors have always admitted that genetics and body chemistry, for example, thyroid gland function, play a role in some cases of obesity.”
第 40 題2 分
III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer in each question.
【題組共用題幹】
The results are easy to see. In numerous countries around the world, the number of overweight and obese people is increasing at such a rapid rate that the term “obesity epidemic” is common parlance. The United States is notorious for the girth of its citizens, with 60 percent of adults and 13 percent of children either overweight or obese. But obesity rates among children are over 25 percent in Egypt, Chile, Peru, and Mexico. And in some parts of Africa, obesity affects more children than malnutrition. In Morocco and Zambia, over 15 percent of four-year-olds are obese.
There is little consensus on the causes of this worldwide epidemic. Doctors and nutritionists insist that it’s a simple relationship between calories consumed and energy expended. Eating more food than we burn through daily activities and exercise results in weight gain. Consumer advocates point to the food industry and its promotion of processed foods and sugary soft drinks, often marketed directly to children, while some parents blame themselves for allowing their children to watch television or play computer games when they could be playing outside.
But the international scope of the problem and the alarming speed of the increase in obesity rates have led some to believe that there are other factors at work. Doctors have always admitted that genetics and body chemistry, for example, thyroid gland function, play a role in some cases of obesity. Now, Leah Whigham and a team of researchers at the University of Wisconsin have identified another culprit: viruses. Specifically, they’re adenoviruses, a group of about 50 viruses that cause upper respiratory infections (in other words, common colds) as well as infections of the eyes and digestive tract.
This surprising idea was first suggested by Dr. Nikhil Dhurandhar, who observed that many people who had been exposed to a chicken adenovirus were overweight. In later research, the human adenovirus AD-36 was administered to chickens fed the same diet as a control group of chickens. The chickens that had received the virus showed a significant increase in body fat. And in humans, 30 percent of obese people tested positive for antibodies to AD-36 compared with only 5 percent of the rest of the population.
All of this suggests that AD-36, along with another adenovirus identified by Whigham’s team, may play a role in the unusual rise in worldwide obesity. Unfortunately, even if testing reveals exposure to one of the viruses, there is little an obese person can do besides the conventional measures of increasing exercise and restricting calories. The good news is that identifying exactly which viruses contribute to weight gain in humans could lead to the development of vaccines to prevent people from catching them in the first place.
What is the author’s attitude toward the research finding?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「作者態度」判斷。解題重點是找出文章結尾對研究發現的評價,再判斷作者對未來治療或預防前景的看法。
文章先說明肥胖與多種因素有關,包括:
- 飲食攝取熱量高於日常消耗
- 加工食品與含糖飲料
- 缺乏運動
- 遺傳與身體化學作用
- 腺病毒感染
研究發現指出,腺病毒 AD-36 可能與肥胖增加有關。作者最後提出,若能確定哪些病毒會導致人體體重增加,就能研發疫苗,預防人們感染這些病毒。因此,作者整體態度是「樂觀」,但樂觀的理由是未來有機會預防肥胖,而不是現階段已能治癒肥胖。
解題方法
判斷作者態度時,應優先注意:
- 文章最後的總結句。
- 帶有評價色彩的字詞,例如 Unfortunately、The good news is that。
- 選項中的因果關係是否與文章完全一致。
本題關鍵在最後兩句:
Unfortunately, even if testing reveals exposure to one of the viruses, there is little an obese person can do besides the conventional measures of increasing exercise and restricting calories.
不幸的是,即使檢測發現一名肥胖者曾接觸其中一種病毒,除了增加運動與限制熱量攝取等傳統方法外,肥胖者目前幾乎沒有其他能做的事。
The good news is that identifying exactly which viruses contribute to weight gain in humans could lead to the development of vaccines to prevent people from catching them in the first place.
好消息是,若能確切找出哪些病毒會導致人類體重增加,便可能促成疫苗的研發,讓人們一開始就能避免感染這些病毒。
第二句中的 The good news is that 明確表達作者對研究前景的正面態度。could lead to 表示「可能促成、能夠導向」,而 prevent people from catching them in the first place 表示「從一開始就預防人們感染病毒」。
所以,作者的態度是樂觀,理由是未來可藉由疫苗預防病毒感染,進而降低病毒相關肥胖的發生率。
選項分析
(A) optimistic because obesity caused by AD-36 can be cured by taking vaccines
錯誤。文章沒有說疫苗可以治癒已經形成的肥胖。文章指出,疫苗的作用是:
prevent people from catching them in the first place
意思是「在感染病毒之前加以預防」。因此,疫苗屬於預防措施,不是用來治療既有肥胖的藥物。此外,文章只說 AD-36 may play a role,即「可能扮演某種角色」,並未斷定所有由 AD-36 引起的肥胖都能被疫苗治癒。
(B) optimistic because obesity may be prevented by taking vaccines
正確。文章使用 The good news is that,清楚顯示作者的樂觀態度;並指出研究成果可能帶來疫苗的研發,以預防相關病毒感染。雖然原文更精確的意思是「接種疫苗可預防病毒感染,因而有機會預防部分病毒相關肥胖」,但在四個選項中,B 最符合文章內容。
(C) pessimistic because obesity is caused mainly by genetic problems
錯誤。文章提到遺傳與甲狀腺功能等因素確實會影響某些肥胖案例:
Doctors have always admitted that genetics and body chemistry ... play a role in some c
第 作文 題20 分
二、作文題:
Please discuss your ideas in at least 250 words.
Doctor-patient confidentiality refers to the promise that a doctor will not tell anyone else about a patient’s health problems. Are there times when this confidentiality should be broken? Please express your opinion.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題屬於「議論文」寫作,核心是討論醫病保密原則的界線。文章必須同時處理兩項價值:
- Doctor-patient confidentiality:醫師對病人病情、診斷與治療資訊負有保密義務。
- 公共安全與第三人權益:當病人的疾病或行為可能對他人造成重大、迫切傷害時,保密義務可能受到限制。
題目不是要求單純回答「應該」或「不應該」,而是要提出明確立場,說明何種情況可以破例,以及破例時應遵守的限制。較完整的論點是:保密原則應受到高度尊重,但在防止嚴重且迫切的傷害時,可以在必要範圍內揭露資訊。
題幹定位與翻譯
題目關鍵句為:
Are there times when this confidentiality should be broken? Please express your opinion.
翻譯為:
是否有些時候應該打破這項保密義務?請表達你的看法。
這句直接界定作文任務:考生必須表達個人立場,並以理由支持觀點。題目使用 Are there times when...,暗示答案不宜只寫絕對的 “Yes” 或 “No”,而應具體說明「哪些時候」可以打破保密。
解題方法
建議採用五段式議論文:
-
第一段:引言與立場
先說明醫病保密的重要性,再提出主張:保密原則重要,但並非毫無例外。 -
第二段:說明保密的價值
指出病人若信任醫師,才願意坦白病史、症狀與生活習慣;保密有助於正確診斷與治療。 -
第三段:第一類例外——防止迫切且嚴重的傷害
例如病人明確威脅傷害自己或他人,醫師可通知適當人員,以避免危險發生。 -
第四段:第二類例外——公共衛生與法律義務
某些具有高度傳染性的疾病,依法必須通報;法院命令或涉及兒童、老人等弱勢者遭受虐待時,也可能需要揭露。 -
第五段:結論
重申保密原則不可任意破壞;揭露資訊必須符合必要性、比例原則,且只提供給真正需要知道的人。
關鍵單字與片語
- doctor-patient confidentiality:醫病保密、醫師對病人資料的保密義務
- refer to:指的是
- promise:承諾
- health problems:健康問題、疾病
- confidentiality:保密性、保密義務
- be broken:被打破、被違反
- express one’s opinion:表達某人的意見
- privacy:隱私
- trust:信任
- reveal information:揭露資訊
- disclose medical records:公開病歷
- imminent danger:迫在眉睫的危險
- serious harm:嚴重傷害
- public health:公共衛生
- infectious disease:傳染病
- abuse:虐待
- legal obligation:法律義務
- court order:法院命令
- necessary extent:必要程度、必要範圍
- take precautions:採取預防措施
- protect third parties:保護第三人
文法與語意重點
- refers to + 名詞
題目中的:
Doctor-patient confidentiality refers to the promise...
意為「醫病保密是指一項承諾」。refer to 在此不是「提到」,而是「指的是、意指」。
- that 引導名詞子句或同位語從句
the promise that a doctor will not tell anyone else...
此處 that 引導內容,說明這項承諾的具體內容。
-
will not tell anyone else about...
anyone else 表示「其他任何人」;else 放在不定代名詞之後,不能寫成 else anyone。 -
times when...
times when this confidentiality should be broken
when 修飾 times,表示「某些情況」。
should be broken 是被動語態,因為被打破的是 confidentiality,而非某個主動執行動作的人。
- should 的語氣
should 表示「應該」,帶有規範、道德判斷的意味,因此文章必須討論「何時合理」,不能只描述醫療事實。
參考作文
Doctor-patient confidentiality is one of the foundations of a trustworthy medical system. Patients must feel safe when they talk to doctors about private matters, including their symptoms, family history, mental health, and personal habits. If patients are afraid that their information will be revealed, they may hide important facts, and this can lead to an incorrect diagnosis or