義守大學 102 年 《英文》

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第 1 題2 分

If something bad happens, imagine how things could have been _______, and then you’ll realize that things aren’t so bad after all.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「比較級形容詞」與上下文語意判斷。

句型:

imagine how things could have been worse

其中 worse 是 bad 的比較級,表示「更糟的」。句意是:事情雖然已經很糟,但可以想像它原本可能更糟。

could have been + 形容詞 表示「本來可能是……的狀態」,用來假設過去未發生的情況。

解題方法

先觀察語意:

If something bad happens, imagine how things could have been worse, and then you’ll realize that things aren’t so bad after all.

翻譯:

如果發生了不好的事情,想像事情本來可能更糟,然後你就會明白,事情終究沒有那麼糟。

前半句說「發生了不好的事情」,後半句說「事情其實沒有那麼糟」。中間需要表達「事情本來可能更糟」,因此填入 worse。

完整結構為:

bad→worse\text{bad} \rightarrow \text{worse}

worse 是 bad 的比較級,表示「比現在的情況更糟」。

選項分析

  • (A) fine

fine 表示「好的、沒問題的」,與前文的 something bad happens 及後文的 things aren’t so bad 語意不連貫。句子要表達「情況本來可能更糟」,不是「本來可能很好」,因此錯誤。

  • (B) bad
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第 2 題

0.0035 M0.0035\ \mathrm{M}的某化合物水溶液,其 pH\mathrm{pH} 值為 2.462.46,則該化合物是?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查酸鹼性質、pH\mathrm{pH} 定義,以及強酸、弱酸的判斷。

  • pH<7\mathrm{pH}<7:溶液呈酸性。
  • 強酸在水中幾乎完全解離,若酸的濃度為 CC,通常可近似為:
[HX+]≈C[\ce{H+}] \approx C
  • 弱酸只部分解離,因此:
[HX+]<C[\ce{H+}]<C

且弱酸的解離程度可用解離率表示:

α=[HX+]C\alpha=\frac{[\ce{H+}]}{C}

解題方法

題目給出的化合物濃度為 0.0035 M0.0035\ \mathrm{M},且:

pH=2.46\mathrm{pH}=2.46

由 pH=−log⁡[HX+]\mathrm{pH}=-\log[\ce{H+}]:

[HX+]=10−2.46[\ce{H+}]=10^{-2.46} [HX+]≈3.47×10−3 M[\ce{H+}]\approx 3.47\times10^{-3}\ \mathrm{M}

比較化合物原始濃度:

C=3.50×10−3 MC=3.50\times10^{-3}\ \mathrm{M}

可得:

α=3.47×10−33.50×10−3≈0.991\alpha=\frac{3.47\times10^{-3}}{3.50\times10^{-3}} \approx0.991

也就是約 99.1%99.1\% 的化合物解離並產生 HX+\ce{H+}。這種接近完全解離的情形,依一般酸鹼化學判斷應屬於強酸。

此外,若假設它是強酸,則:

pH=−log⁡(0.0035)≈2.46\mathrm{pH}=-\log(0.0035) \approx2.46

恰好與題目給出的數值相符。

選項分析

(A) 弱酸

依官方公布答案,本題選擇弱酸。

不過,若按照標準酸鹼定義與題目數值直接計算,[HX+][\ce{H+}] 幾乎等於化合物濃度,顯示其接近完全解離,並不符合弱酸「僅部分解離」的特徵。因此此選項與數值計算存在明顯爭議。

(B) 強酸

依嚴格計算,這是最符合題目數據的選項。強酸完全解離時:

[HX+]≈0.0035 M[\ce{H+}]\approx0.0035\ \mathrm{M}

因此:

pH=−log⁡(0.0035)≈2.46\mathrm{pH}=-\log(0.0035)\approx2.46

與題幹完全一致。

但因題目官方答案指定為 A,正式作答時仍須依官方答案選 A。

(C) 弱鹼

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第 3 題

關於錯離子 Co(en)X2ClX2X+\ce{Co(en)2Cl2+} 的敘述,下列何者正確?(en\ce{en}=ethylenediamine,NHX2CHX2CHX2NHX2\ce{NH2CH2CH2NH2})

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查配位化合物的:

  1. 中心金屬氧化數判定
  2. 配位基的齒數與配位數
  3. 強、弱場配位基與磁性
  4. 八面體錯離子的幾何異構與光學異構

題目中的 en\ce{en} 為乙二胺(ethylenediamine),屬於中性二齒配位基:

en=NHX2CHX2CHX2NHX2\ce{en = NH2CH2CH2NH2}

兩個 en\ce{en} 提供 44 個配位原子,兩個 ClX−\ce{Cl^-} 再提供 22 個配位位置,因此:

配位數=2×2+2=6\text{配位數}=2\times 2+2=6

所以 [Co(en)X2ClX2]X+\ce{[Co(en)2Cl2]+} 為典型的八面體配位結構。

解題方法

先由總電荷判定 Co\ce{Co} 的氧化數。設 Co\ce{Co} 的氧化數為 xx:

  • en\ce{en} 為中性配位基,電荷為 00
  • 每個 ClX−\ce{Cl^-} 電荷為 −1-1
  • 錯離子總電荷為 +1+1

因此:

x+2(0)+2(−1)=+1x+2(0)+2(-1)=+1 x−2=+1x-2=+1 x=+3x=+3

中心原子為 Co(III)\ce{Co(III)}。

接著判定異構物。八面體型 [M(en)X2ClX2]X+\ce{[M(en)2Cl2]+} 有兩種幾何排列:

  • Cl\ce{Cl} 位於相鄰位置:順式(cis)
  • Cl\ce{Cl} 位於相對位置:反式(trans)

其中,順式結構沒有對稱面,具有一對互為鏡像且不能重疊的光學異構物;反式結構具有對稱性,不具光學異構。

因此:

  • 幾何異構物:22 個,cis 與 trans
  • 光學異構物:22 個,為 cis 形式的一對對映異構物

選項分析

(A) 中心原子 Co\ce{Co} 為 Co(I)\ce{Co(I)}

錯誤。

由電荷平衡:

x+2(−1)=+1x+2(-1)=+1

可得:

x=+3x=+3

所以中心金屬為 Co(III)\ce{Co(III)},不是 Co(I)\ce{Co(I)}。

(B) 因 en\ce{en} 是強場配位基,所以此錯離子為順磁性

錯誤。

Co(III)\ce{Co(III)} 的電子組態為 d6d^6。在八面體場中,en\ce{en} 屬於強場配位基,會造成低自旋排列:

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第 4 題2 分

New rules for U.S. meatpackers will require _______ that tells customers where the animal was born, raised, and slaughtered.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是:

  1. 字義與語意搭配
  2. 動名詞/不可數名詞作為 require 的受詞
  3. 關係代名詞 that 引導形容詞子句

題幹:

New rules for U.S. meatpackers will require _______ that tells customers where the animal was born, raised, and slaughtered.

翻譯:

美國肉品包裝業者的新規定將要求提供標示,告訴顧客該動物出生、飼養及宰殺的地點。

句中空格後面的 that tells customers... 修飾前面的名詞,表示「能告訴顧客相關資訊的某種標示」。依語意判斷,應填入 labeling。


解題方法

句型為:

require + 名詞

require 表示「要求、需要」,後面可接名詞,表示被要求的事物。

labeling 是動名詞,也可作不可數名詞使用,意為「標示、標籤資訊」。因此:

require labeling

意為「要求提供標示」。

後面的:

that tells customers where the animal was born, raised, and slaughtered

是關係子句,修飾 labeling。其中 that 指代前面的 labeling,而 tells 使用第三人稱單數,與不可數名詞 labeling 一致。

三個過去分詞片語:

  • was born:出生
  • was raised:被飼養
  • was slaughtered:被宰殺

共同構成動物生產履歷的資訊。


關鍵單字與片語

  • new rules:新規定
  • U.S. meatpackers:美國肉品包裝業者、肉品加工商
  • require:要求、需要
  • labeling:標示、標籤資訊
  • tell customers:告訴顧客
  • where ... was born:……出生的地點
  • raised:飼養、養大的
  • slaughtered:宰殺的

選項分析

(A) priority

priority 意為「優先事項、優先權」。

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第 5 題2 分

There are many agencies, so how do you find a legitimate and _______ company to work with?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 字義辨析
  2. 形容詞修飾名詞
  3. 並列結構與語意搭配

句中空格位於 a legitimate and _______ company,需填入一個能與 legitimate 並列、共同修飾 company 的形容詞。語意上,句子是在詢問如何找到一家「合法且值得信賴」的公司。

題幹定位與翻譯

There are many agencies, so how do you find a legitimate and _______ company to work with?

翻譯:

有許多仲介機構,因此要如何找到一家合法且值得信賴、可以合作的公司?

legitimate 表示「合法的、正當的」,與表示「值得信賴的」之形容詞 trustworthy 語意搭配自然。

解題方法

先觀察空格前的結構:

a legitimate and _______ company

legitimate 是形容詞,且由連接詞 and 連接另一個形容詞,形成:

adjective + and + adjective + noun

因此空格應填入能修飾 company 的形容詞。接著比較各選項的詞性與語意:

  • 能表示公司值得信賴
  • 能與 legitimate 並列
  • 放入句中後語意通順

只有 trustworthy 同時符合以上條件。

選項分析

(A) optional

optional 是形容詞,意為「可選擇的、非必要的」。

若填入句中:

a legitimate and optional company

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第 6 題2 分

Babies are often reported as abandoned shortly after birth; reasons include young mothers unaware of pregnancy, the birth of an unwanted girl, or China’s strict family-planning rules.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「字義辨析」與「語意搭配」。

句型為:

Babies are often reported as abandoned shortly after birth.

其中 reported as + 名詞/形容詞/過去分詞 表示「被報導為……、被認為是……」。abandoned 是過去分詞作補語,描述嬰兒出生後被遺棄的狀態。

abandon 的核心意思是「遺棄、拋棄」,特別指不再照顧或扶養原本應負責照顧的人或事物。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

Babies are often reported as abandoned shortly after birth; reasons include young mothers unaware of pregnancy, the birth of an unwanted girl, or China’s strict family-planning rules.

翻譯:

嬰兒常被報導在出生後不久遭到遺棄;原因包括年輕母親不知道自己懷孕、生下不受歡迎的女嬰,或中國嚴格的計畫生育規定。

句中主詞是 Babies,後面說明這些嬰兒在出生後不久「被遺棄」,因此需選擇表示「遺棄」的字。

解題方法

先觀察語意:

  1. 主詞 Babies 是遭受某種行為的對象。
  2. shortly after birth 表示「出生後不久」。
  3. 句意是在說嬰兒出生後被父母或他人丟棄、不再照顧。
  4. 能表達「被遺棄」的字是 abandoned。

因此:

are reported as abandoned
被報導為遭到遺棄

在語意與搭配上都成立。

選項分析

(A) abandoned 遺棄的、被拋棄的

正確。abandoned 表示被丟棄、不再受到照顧,符合嬰兒出生後被遺棄的語境。

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第 7 題

世界各國為了減少二氧化碳的排放量,以減緩溫室效應持續惡化,擬開徵碳排放稅。若在 25 ∘C25\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}、1 atm1\ \mathrm{atm} 下,每排放 1 m31\ \mathrm{m^3} COX2\ce{CO2} 課稅 11 元,則在購買內裝有 13.2 kg13.2\ \mathrm{kg} 液化丙烷的瓦斯鋼瓶時,需附帶繳交多少元碳稅?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  • 丙烷的燃燒反應與化學計量關係。
  • 由質量換算莫耳數。
  • 理想氣體在 25 ∘C25\,^\circ\mathrm{C}、1 atm1\ \mathrm{atm} 下的莫耳體積。
  • 依二氧化碳體積計算碳排放稅。

丙烷完全燃燒的反應式為:

CX3HX8+5 OX2→3 COX2+4 HX2O\ce{C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O}

由反應式可知,11 莫耳丙烷完全燃燒會產生 33 莫耳 COX2\ce{CO2}。

題幹定位與語意重點

題幹關鍵句為:

若在 25 ∘C25\,^\circ\mathrm{C}、1 atm1\ \mathrm{atm} 下,每排放 1 m31\ \mathrm{m^3} COX2\ce{CO2} 課稅 11 元

意思是:產生的二氧化碳在指定溫度與壓力下,每 1 m31\ \mathrm{m^3} 徵收 1 元碳稅。

關鍵字詞如下:

  • 「二氧化碳排放量」:carbon dioxide emission
  • 「溫室效應」:greenhouse effect
  • 「碳排放稅」:carbon tax
  • 「液化丙烷」:liquefied propane
  • 「完全燃燒」:complete combustion
  • 「莫耳體積」:molar volume
  • 「理想氣體方程式」:ideal gas equation

本題雖以中文出題,沒有英文文章或英文句子可供逐句定位;答案的定位依據就是上述「每排放 1 m31\ \mathrm{m^3} COX2\ce{CO2} 課稅 11 元」的計稅規則,以及丙烷完全燃燒產生二氧化碳的反應比例。

解題方法

第一步:計算丙烷的莫耳數。

丙烷的分子量為:

M(CX3HX8)=3(12)+8(1)=44 g/molM(\ce{C3H8})=3(12)+8(1)=44\ \mathrm{g/mol}

鋼瓶內有 13.2 kg=13200 g13.2\ \mathrm{kg}=13200\ \mathrm{g} 丙烷,因此:

n(CX3HX8)=1320044=300 moln(\ce{C3H8}) =\frac{13200}{44} =300\ \mathrm{mol}

第二步:由燃燒反應式計算 COX2\ce{CO2} 的莫耳數。

CX3HX8→3 COX2\ce{C3H8 -> 3CO2}

因此:

n(COX2)=3(300)=900 moln(\ce{CO2})=3(300)=900\ \mathrm{mol}

第三步:計算 COX2\ce{CO2} 在指定條件下的體積。

使用理想氣體方程式:

PV=nRTPV=nRT

其中:

  • P=1 atmP=1\ \mathrm{atm}
  • T=25 ∘C=298 KT=25\,^\circ\mathrm{C}=298\ \mathrm{K}
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第 8 題2 分

If you have to borrow the mower from John for a week, give him some money to ____ for what he could have earned mowing other people’s lawns during that week.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 動詞字義辨析。
  2. 片語 compensate for,意為「補償、彌補」。
  3. 依上下文判斷「借用割草機造成的經濟損失」應如何處理。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

If you have to borrow the mower from John for a week, give him some money to ____ for what he could have earned mowing other people’s lawns during that week.

翻譯:

如果你必須向 John 借用割草機一週,就給他一些錢,以補償他在那一週原本可以替別人修剪草坪所賺取的收入。

John 因為割草機被借走,無法替別人修剪草坪,因此可能損失原本能賺到的錢。給他錢的目的就是「補償這項損失」,所以應選 compensate。

解題方法

先抓住句中的因果關係:

  • John 借出割草機。
  • 他因此可能無法替其他人修剪草坪。
  • 他失去原本可以獲得的收入。
  • 給他錢是為了補償這筆損失。

compensate 可用於:

  • compensate for something:補償、彌補某事
  • compensate someone for something:為某事補償某人

本句的結構是:

give him some money to compensate for what he could have earned

其中 what he could have earned 是名詞子句,指「他原本可能賺到的收入」。因此 compensate for 在語意上完全符合。

選項分析

(A) accommodate

意為「容納;為某人提供方便;適應」。例如:

The hotel can accommodate 200 guests.
這家飯店可以容納 200 位客人。

本題談的是彌補 John 損失的收入,不是容納某人或配合某人的需求,因此錯誤。

(B) dissociate

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第 9 題

已知下列反應:

2 ClF+OX2→ClX2O+FX2OΔH=167.4 kJ/mol\ce{2ClF + O2 -> Cl2O + F2O}\qquad \Delta H=167.4\ \mathrm{kJ/mol}

2 ClFX3+2 OX2→ClX2O+3 FX2OΔH=341.4 kJ/mol\ce{2ClF3 + 2O2 -> Cl2O + 3F2O}\qquad \Delta H=341.4\ \mathrm{kJ/mol}

2 FX2+OX2→2 FX2OΔH=−43.4 kJ/mol\ce{2F2 + O2 -> 2F2O}\qquad \Delta H=-43.4\ \mathrm{kJ/mol}

由上列三個反應式,計算以下反應的 ΔH\Delta H:

ClF+FX2→ClFX3\ce{ClF + F2 -> ClF3}

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查赫斯定律(Hess’s law):反應的總焓變只與反應物、生成物的初末狀態有關,與反應途徑無關。因此,可以將已知反應式加以:

  • 反向:ΔH\Delta H 變號。
  • 倍乘或除以係數:ΔH\Delta H 同比例變化。
  • 相加後消去兩側相同物質。

目標反應為:

ClF+FX2→ClFX3\ce{ClF + F2 -> ClF3}

解題方法

先將第一式除以 22:

ClF+12OX2→12ClX2O+12FX2O\ce{ClF + \frac{1}{2}O2 -> \frac{1}{2}Cl2O + \frac{1}{2}F2O} ΔH1=167.42=+83.7 kJ/mol\Delta H_1=\frac{167.4}{2}=+83.7\ \mathrm{kJ/mol}

第二式反向後再除以 22:

12ClX2O+32FX2O→ClFX3+OX2\ce{\frac{1}{2}Cl2O + \frac{3}{2}F2O -> ClF3 + O2}

反向且除以 22 後:

ΔH2=−341.42=−170.7 kJ/mol\Delta H_2=-\frac{341.4}{2}=-170.7\ \mathrm{kJ/mol}

第三式除以 22:

FX2+12OX2→FX2O\ce{F2 + \frac{1}{2}O2 -> F2O} ΔH3=−43.42=−21.7 kJ/mol\Delta H_3=\frac{-43.4}{2}=-21.7\ \mathrm{kJ/mol}

將三式相加:

ClF+12OX2→12ClX2O+12FX2O\ce{ClF + \frac{1}{2}O2 -> \frac{1}{2}Cl2O + \frac{1}{2}F2O} 12ClX2O+32FX2O→ClFX3+OX2\ce{\frac{1}{2}Cl2O + \frac{3}{2}F2O -> ClF3 + O2} FX2+12OX2→FX2O\ce{F2 + \frac{1}{2}O2 -> F2O}

兩側消去 12ClX2O\ce{\frac{1}{2}Cl2O}、FX2O\ce{F2O} 及 OX2\ce{O2} 後,得到:

ClF+FX2→ClFX3\ce{ClF + F2 -> ClF3}

因此:

ΔH=83.7−170.7−21.7\Delta H=83.7-170.7-21.7 ΔH=−108.7 kJ/mol\Delta H=-108.7\ \mathrm{kJ/mol}

英文題幹的語意重點

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第 10 題

AuX3+\ce{Au^3+} 與 NiX2+\ce{Ni^2+} 的還原電位如下所示:

AuX3++3 eX−→AuE∘=+1.50 V\ce{Au^3+ + 3e- -> Au}\qquad E^\circ=+1.50\ \mathrm{V}

NiX2++2 eX−→NiE∘=−0.23 V\ce{Ni^2+ + 2e- -> Ni}\qquad E^\circ=-0.23\ \mathrm{V}

請問下列反應於 25 ∘C25\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C} 時的 ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ 為何?

2 AuX3++3 Ni→3 NiX2++2 Au\ce{2Au^3+ + 3Ni -> 3Ni^2+ + 2Au}

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查電化學中的:

  • 標準還原電位 E∘E^\circ
  • 原電池標準電位差 Ecell∘E^\circ_{\text{cell}}
  • 電位差與標準吉布斯自由能變化的關係
  • 電子轉移數 nn
  • 自發性與 ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ 正負的判斷

基本公式為:

ΔG∘=−nFEcell∘\Delta G^\circ=-nFE^\circ_{\text{cell}}

其中:

  • ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ:標準吉布斯自由能變化
  • nn:反應中轉移的電子莫耳數
  • FF:法拉第常數,約為 9.65×104 C mol−19.65\times10^4\ \mathrm{C\,mol^{-1}}
  • Ecell∘E^\circ_{\text{cell}}:電池的標準電位差

題幹中的關鍵英文概念包括:

  • reduction potential:還原電位
  • standard reduction potential:標準還原電位
  • Gibbs free energy change:吉布斯自由能變化
  • spontaneous reaction:自發反應

題幹所給的核心資訊可翻譯為:

AuX3+\ce{Au^3+} 與 NiX2+\ce{Ni^2+} 的還原電位如下所示。
The reduction potentials of AuX3+\ce{Au^3+} and NiX2+\ce{Ni^2+} are shown below.

題目要求判斷指定反應的 ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ,因此必須先依反應方向判斷哪一個物質被還原、哪一個物質被氧化。

解題方法

1. 判斷陰極與陽極

題目指定反應為:

2 AuX3++3 Ni→3 NiX2++2 Au\ce{2Au^3+ + 3Ni -> 3Ni^2+ + 2Au}

其中:

  • AuX3+\ce{Au^3+} 得電子變成 Au\ce{Au},發生還原,為陰極反應。
  • Ni\ce{Ni} 失電子變成 NiX2+\ce{Ni^2+},發生氧化,為陽極反應。

金的還原半反應為:

AuX3++3 eX−→Au\ce{Au^3+ + 3e- -> Au}

其標準還原電位為:

EAuX3+/Au∘=+1.50 VE^\circ_{\ce{Au^3+/Au}}=+1.50\ \mathrm{V}

鎳的資料原本寫成還原反應:

NiX2++2 eX−→Ni\ce{Ni^2+ + 2e- -> Ni}

但題目中的鎳實際發生氧化,因此反應方向反轉:

Ni→NiX2++2 eX−\ce{Ni -> Ni^2+ + 2e-}

氧化電位為還原電位的相反數:

Eoxidation∘=+0.23 VE^\circ_{\text{oxidation}}=+0.23\ \mathrm{V}

2. 計算標準電池電位

可直接使用:

Ecell∘=Ereduction∘−Eoxidation couple as reduction∘E^\circ_{\text{cell}} = E^\circ_{\text{reduction}} - E^\circ_{\text{oxidation couple as reduction}}

因此:

Ecell∘=1.50−(−0.23)=1.73 VE^\circ_{\text{cell}} = 1.50-(-0.23) = 1.73\ \mathrm{V}

也可將陰極還原電位與陽極氧化電位相加:

Ecell∘=1.50+0.23=1.73 VE^\circ_{\text{cell}} = 1.50+0.23 = 1.73\ \mathrm{V}

3. 判斷電子轉移數

配平電子:

金的還原反應:

2 AuX3++6 eX−→2 Au\ce{2Au^3+ + 6e- -> 2Au}

鎳的氧化反應:

3 Ni→3 NiX2++6 eX−\ce{3Ni -> 3Ni^2+ + 6e-}

所以每進行一次題目所寫的總反應,轉移電子數為:

n=6n=6

4. 計算 ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ

代入公式:

ΔG∘=−nFEcell∘\Delta G^\circ=-nFE^\circ_{\text{cell}} ΔG∘=−(6)(9.65×104)(1.73)\Delta G^\circ = -(6)(9.65\times10^4)(1.73)
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第 11 題

II. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

After living in England for a year, I still can’t get used to _______ on the left.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念:get used to + V-ing

本題考查片語 get used to 的用法。

  • get used to + 名詞/V-ing:逐漸習慣……
  • 其中 to 是介系詞,不是不定詞符號,因此後面若接動詞,必須使用動名詞(V-ing)。
  • drive on the left:靠左行駛。

題幹中的關鍵結構是:

I still can’t get used to driving on the left.
我到現在仍然無法習慣靠左行駛。

因此空格應填入動名詞 driving。

解題方法

看到 get used to,先判斷此處的 to 是介系詞。介系詞後面可接:

  1. 名詞:get used to the weather
  2. 動名詞:get used to driving on the left

本題空格後接的是動作「在左側駕駛」,因此將 drive 改成動名詞 driving:

get used to+V-ing\text{get used to}+\text{V-ing}

完整句子為:

After living in England for a year, I still can’t get used to driving on the left.
在英國生活一年後,我到現在仍然無法習慣靠左行駛。

選項分析

  • (A) drive:錯誤

drive 是原形動詞。介系詞 to 後面不能直接接原形動詞;本句需要名詞性成分表達「駕駛這件事」,應使用動名詞 driving。

  • (B) drives:錯誤
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第 12 題

假設戊烷(CX5HX12\ce{C5H12})和己烷(CX6HX14\ce{C6H14})混合後的溶液為理想溶液,當己烷在混合溶液中的莫耳分率為 0.500.50 時,試計算該溶液在 25 ∘C25\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C} 下,液面上蒸氣中戊烷的莫耳分率。(戊烷和己烷在 25 ∘C25\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C} 下的蒸汽壓分別為 511 torr511\ \mathrm{torr} 和 150 torr150\ \mathrm{torr}。)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查理想溶液的拉午耳定律(Raoult’s law)與道耳頓分壓定律(Dalton’s law)。

理想溶液中,各成分的分壓為:

Pi=xiPi∗P_i=x_iP_i^\ast

其中:

  • PiP_i:成分 ii 在蒸氣中的分壓
  • xix_i:成分 ii 在液相中的莫耳分率
  • Pi∗P_i^\ast:純成分 ii 在該溫度下的蒸汽壓

蒸氣中戊烷的莫耳分率則為:

y戊烷=P戊烷P總y_{\text{戊烷}}=\frac{P_{\text{戊烷}}}{P_{\text{總}}}

題幹的英文關鍵語意可整理為:

When the mole fraction of hexane in the liquid mixture is 0.50, calculate the mole fraction of pentane in the vapor above the solution.

意思是:「當己烷在液相混合物中的莫耳分率為 0.500.50 時,求液面上方蒸氣中戊烷的莫耳分率。」

關鍵單字與片語

  • pentane:戊烷
  • hexane:己烷
  • ideal solution:理想溶液
  • mole fraction:莫耳分率
  • vapor pressure:蒸汽壓
  • vapor above the solution:溶液上方的蒸氣
  • liquid mixture:液相混合物
  • calculate:計算

本題的語意重點是區分「液相莫耳分率」與「蒸氣相莫耳分率」:題目給的是液相組成,要求的是蒸氣相組成,兩者不一定相同。

解題方法

己烷在液相中的莫耳分率為:

x己烷=0.50x_{\text{己烷}}=0.50

因此戊烷在液相中的莫耳分率為:

x戊烷=1−0.50=0.50x_{\text{戊烷}}=1-0.50=0.50

已知 25 ∘C25\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C} 時:

P戊烷∗=511 torrP_{\text{戊烷}}^\ast=511\ \mathrm{torr} P己烷∗=150 torrP_{\text{己烷}}^\ast=150\ \mathrm{torr}

依拉午耳定律,液面上方戊烷的分壓為:

P戊烷=x戊烷P戊烷∗=0.50×511=255.5 torrP_{\text{戊烷}} =x_{\text{戊烷}}P_{\text{戊烷}}^\ast =0.50\times511 =255.5\ \mathrm{torr}

己烷的分壓為:

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第 13 題

將 20.0 g20.0\ \mathrm{g} 硝酸銨(NHX4NOX3\ce{NH4NO3})溶於水,形成 250.0 mL250.0\ \mathrm{mL} 的溶液(此溶液稱為 A)。取 20.0 mL20.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 A 並加水至總體積為 80.0 mL80.0\ \mathrm{mL}(此溶液稱為 B)。取 15.0 mL15.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 B 並加入 25.0 mL25.0\ \mathrm{mL} 水(此溶液稱為 C)。混合 10.0 mL10.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 B 和 10.0 mL10.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 C(稱為溶液 D)。請問溶液 D 硝酸銨的濃度是多少?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  • 莫耳濃度定義:M=溶質莫耳數溶液體積(L)M=\dfrac{\text{溶質莫耳數}}{\text{溶液體積(L)}}
  • 稀釋公式:M1V1=M2V2M_1V_1=M_2V_2
  • 混合溶液後,總莫耳數相加、總體積相加
  • 硝酸銨溶於水後不會消失,稀釋只會改變濃度,不會改變溶質莫耳數。

題幹中的關鍵英文概念可整理如下:

  • dissolve:溶解
  • solution:溶液
  • dilute:稀釋
  • total volume:總體積
  • concentration:濃度
  • mix:混合

定位答案的關鍵句可譯為:

“Take 20.0 mL of solution A and add water to a total volume of 80.0 mL.”

意思是:「取 20.0 mL20.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 A,加水至總體積為 80.0 mL80.0\ \mathrm{mL}。」
其中 to a total volume of 表示「加水直到總體積達到……」,不是只加入該體積的水。


解題方法

先計算硝酸銨 NHX4NOX3\ce{NH4NO3} 的莫耳數。

其莫耳質量為:

14.0+4(1.0)+2(14.0)+3(16.0)=80.0 g/mol14.0+4(1.0)+2(14.0)+3(16.0)=80.0\ \mathrm{g/mol}

因此:

n=20.0 g80.0 g/mol=0.250 moln=\frac{20.0\ \mathrm{g}}{80.0\ \mathrm{g/mol}}=0.250\ \mathrm{mol}

1. 溶液 A

溶液 A 的體積為 250.0 mL=0.2500 L250.0\ \mathrm{mL}=0.2500\ \mathrm{L},所以:

MA=0.250 mol0.2500 L=1.00 MM_A=\frac{0.250\ \mathrm{mol}}{0.2500\ \mathrm{L}} =1.00\ \mathrm{M}

2. 溶液 B

取 20.0 mL20.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 A,加水至 80.0 mL80.0\ \mathrm{mL},使用稀釋公式:

MAVA=MBVBM_AV_A=M_BV_B (1.00)(20.0)=MB(80.0)(1.00)(20.0)=M_B(80.0) MB=0.250 MM_B=0.250\ \mathrm{M}

3. 溶液 C

取 15.0 mL15.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 B,再加入 25.0 mL25.0\ \mathrm{mL} 水,因此溶液 C 的總體積為:

15.0+25.0=40.0 mL15.0+25.0=40.0\ \mathrm{mL}

利用稀釋公式:

MBVB=MCVCM_BV_B=M_CV_C (0.250)(15.0)=MC(40.0)(0.250)(15.0)=M_C(40.0) MC=0.09375 MM_C=0.09375\ \mathrm{M}

4. 溶液 D

溶液 D 由 10.0 mL10.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 B 和 10.0 mL10.0\ \mathrm{mL} 溶液 C 混合而成。

溶液 B 中的硝酸銨莫耳數:

nB=(0.250)(0.0100)=0.00250 moln_B=(0.250)(0.0100)=0.00250\ \mathrm{mol}

溶液 C 中的硝酸銨莫耳數:

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第 14 題

某 1.50 g1.50\ \mathrm{g} 的化合物溶於 100.0 g100.0\ \mathrm{g} 的水中,此溶液的凝固點為 −0.190 ∘C-0.190\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}。請問此化合物的分子量為何?(水的 Kf=1.86 ∘C/mK_f=1.86\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C/m})

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「凝固點下降」與「質量莫耳濃度」的關係。非電解質化合物溶於水後,會使溶液凝固點降低,其公式為:

ΔTf=Kfm\Delta T_f=K_f m

其中:

  • ΔTf\Delta T_f:凝固點下降值
  • KfK_f:溶劑的凝固點下降常數
  • mm:質量莫耳濃度,單位為 mol/kg\mathrm{mol/kg}

題幹中的關鍵英文詞彙如下:

  • compound:化合物
  • dissolved in:溶解於
  • solution:溶液
  • freezing point:凝固點
  • molecular weight/molar mass:分子量/莫耳質量
  • water:水

題幹可對應為:

A 1.50 g1.50\ \mathrm{g} compound is dissolved in 100.0 g100.0\ \mathrm{g} of water, and the freezing point of the solution is −0.190 ∘C-0.190\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}.

翻譯為:「將 1.50 g1.50\ \mathrm{g} 的化合物溶於 100.0 g100.0\ \mathrm{g} 的水中,所得溶液的凝固點為 −0.190 ∘C-0.190\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}。」

語意重點是:純水凝固點為 0 ∘C0\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C},溶液凝固點為 −0.190 ∘C-0.190\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C},因此凝固點下降值為 0.190 ∘C0.190\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}。

解題方法

假設此化合物為非電解質,不在水中解離,因此凡得霍夫因子 i=1i=1。

第一步,求凝固點下降值:

ΔTf=0−(−0.190)=0.190 ∘C\Delta T_f=0-(-0.190)=0.190\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}

第二步,利用凝固點下降公式求質量莫耳濃度:

m=ΔTfKf=0.1901.86=0.1022 mol/kgm=\frac{\Delta T_f}{K_f} =\frac{0.190}{1.86} =0.1022\ \mathrm{mol/kg}

第三步,將水的質量換算為公斤:

100.0 g=0.1000 kg100.0\ \mathrm{g}=0.1000\ \mathrm{kg}

由質量莫耳濃度定義:

m=溶質莫耳數溶劑質量(kg)m=\frac{\text{溶質莫耳數}}{\text{溶劑質量(kg)}}

所以化合物的莫耳數為:

溶質莫耳數=0.1022×0.1000=0.01022 mol\text{溶質莫耳數} =0.1022\times 0.1000 =0.01022\ \mathrm{mol}

第四步,求分子量:

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第 15 題

將 25.0 mL25.0\ \mathrm{mL} 的 0.200 M0.200\ \mathrm{M} 鹽酸水溶液、75.0 mL75.0\ \mathrm{mL} 的 0.100 M0.100\ \mathrm{M} 氫氧化鈉水溶液及 50.0 mL50.0\ \mathrm{mL} 的 0.200 M0.200\ \mathrm{M} 磷酸二氫鈉水溶液混合後,所得之溶液其 pH\mathrm{pH} 值為何?

Ka1(HX3POX4)=7.5×10−3K_{a1}(\ce{H3PO4})=7.5\times10^{-3}
Ka2(HX3POX4)=6.2×10−8K_{a2}(\ce{H3PO4})=6.2\times10^{-8}
Ka3(HX3POX4)=4.8×10−13K_{a3}(\ce{H3PO4})=4.8\times10^{-13}

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查混合酸鹼溶液的:

  1. 莫耳數計算與中和反應。
  2. 磷酸二氫根 HX2POX4X−\ce{H2PO4^-} 與磷酸氫根 HPOX4X2−\ce{HPO4^{2-}} 的緩衝溶液。
  3. Henderson–Hasselbalch 公式:
pH=pKa+log⁡[AX−][HA]\mathrm{pH}=\mathrm{p}K_a+\log\frac{[\ce{A^-}]}{[\ce{HA}]}

此處對應第二級解離:

HX2POX4X−⇌HX++HPOX4X2−\ce{H2PO4^- <=> H+ + HPO4^{2-}}

因此使用 Ka2K_{a2}。

解題方法

1. 計算強酸與強鹼的莫耳數

鹽酸提供的 HX+\ce{H+}:

n(HX+)=0.0250 L×0.200 M=0.00500 moln(\ce{H+})=0.0250\ \mathrm{L}\times0.200\ \mathrm{M} =0.00500\ \mathrm{mol}

氫氧化鈉提供的 OHX−\ce{OH^-}:

n(OHX−)=0.0750 L×0.100 M=0.00750 moln(\ce{OH^-})=0.0750\ \mathrm{L}\times0.100\ \mathrm{M} =0.00750\ \mathrm{mol}

強酸、強鹼先完全中和:

HX++OHX−→HX2O\ce{H+ + OH^- -> H2O}

氫氧化鈉過量:

0.00750−0.00500=0.00250 mol0.00750-0.00500=0.00250\ \mathrm{mol}

2. 計算磷酸二氫鈉的莫耳數

n(HX2POX4X−)=0.0500 L×0.200 M=0.0100 moln(\ce{H2PO4^-}) =0.0500\ \mathrm{L}\times0.200\ \mathrm{M} =0.0100\ \mathrm{mol}

過量的 OHX−\ce{OH^-} 會與 HX2POX4X−\ce{H2PO4^-} 反應:

HX2POX4X−+OHX−→HPOX4X2−+HX2O\ce{H2PO4^- + OH^- -> HPO4^{2-} + H2O}

因此:

n(HX2POX4X−)=0.0100−0.00250=0.00750 moln(\ce{H2PO4^-})=0.0100-0.00250=0.00750\ \mathrm{mol} n(HPOX4X2−)=0.00250 moln(\ce{HPO4^{2-}})=0.00250\ \mathrm{mol}

兩者總體積相同,使用濃度比時可直接使用莫耳數比:

[HPOX4X2−][HX2POX4X−]=0.002500.00750=13\frac{[\ce{HPO4^{2-}}]}{[\ce{H2PO4^-}]} = \frac{0.00250}{0.00750} =\frac13

3. 套用緩衝溶液公式

由題目:

Ka2=6.2×10−8K_{a2}=6.2\times10^{-8} pKa2=−log⁡(6.2×10−8)≈7.21\mathrm{p}K_{a2} =-\log(6.2\times10^{-8}) \approx7.21

因此:

pH=7.21+log⁡0.002500.00750\mathrm{pH} =7.21+\log\frac{0.00250}{0.00750} pH=7.21+log⁡13\mathrm{pH} =7.21+\log\frac13 pH=7.21−0.477≈6.73\mathrm{pH} =7.21-0.477 \approx6.73

依照化學計量與酸鹼平衡,計算結果為選項 (D) 6.73。

選項分析

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第 16 題

In turn, your patient should have an opportunity to ask questions to elicit a better understanding of the treatment or procedure, _________ he or she can make an informed decision to proceed or to refuse a particular course of medical intervention.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「目的副詞子句」與連接詞的用法。空格後面是完整子句:

he or she can make an informed decision to proceed or to refuse a particular course of medical intervention

其中有主詞 he or she 與助動詞 can,因此空格需要能連接完整子句、表示「以便、因此」的連接詞片語。符合條件的是 so that。

題幹定位與翻譯

關鍵句為:

In turn, your patient should have an opportunity to ask questions to elicit a better understanding of the treatment or procedure, so that he or she can make an informed decision to proceed or to refuse a particular course of medical intervention.

翻譯:

接著,病人應有機會提出問題,以便更充分了解治療或醫療程序,從而能在充分知情的情況下,決定接受或拒絕某項醫療處置。

解題方法

先觀察空格後面的結構:

  • he or she:主詞
  • can make:動詞
  • an informed decision:受詞

這是一個完整的子句。前半句說明「病人有機會提問、充分了解治療」,後半句說明其目的:「病人才能做出充分知情的決定」。

so that + S + V 表示「以便……;使得……」,可引導目的副詞子句:

ask questions so that he or she can make an informed decision
提出問題,以便他或她能做出充分知情的決定

因此選 (D) so that。

選項分析

(A) most importantly

most importantly 是副詞片語,意思是「最重要的是」。它通常用來修飾整個句子,表達補充或強調,不能自然地連接本題後方的完整子句。

若填入後會變成:

procedure, most importantly he or she can make...

句子缺乏適當的連接關係,也無法表達「提問的目的」,因此錯誤。

(B) due to

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第 17 題

For a long time, scientists have trouble explaining how young children can learn the grammatical rules and sounds _______ to communicate in words.

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這一題的完整詳解

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹關鍵句:

For a long time, scientists have trouble explaining how young children can learn the grammatical rules and sounds required to communicate in words.

翻譯:

長久以來,科學家一直難以解釋,年幼兒童如何能學會以言語溝通所需的文法規則與語音。

空格位於名詞片語 the grammatical rules and sounds 之後,用來修飾前面的兩個名詞。


核心觀念:過去分詞片語修飾名詞

本題考「過去分詞片語作後置修飾語」。

完整結構可還原為:

the grammatical rules and sounds that are required to communicate in words

其中:

  • that 代替前面的 the grammatical rules and sounds
  • are required 是被動語態
  • 關係子句簡化後,保留過去分詞 required

因此:

rules and sounds that are required
= rules and sounds required

required 在此不是主要動詞,而是過去分詞,表示「被需要的、所需的」。


解題方法

先找出句子的主要結構:

scientists have trouble explaining how young children can learn ...

其中:

  • have trouble + V-ing:做某事有困難
  • explaining 是 have trouble 的動名詞受詞
  • how young children can learn... 是 explaining 的受詞子句
  • learn 的受詞為 the grammatical rules and sounds required to communicate in words

空格位於名詞後方,功能是修飾名詞,而不是充當整句主要動詞。因此應選擇能形成「被動修飾」的過去分詞:

grammatical rules and sounds required to communicate in words

語意是「兒童為了用言語溝通而需要學會的文法規則與語音」。


選項分析

(A) require

require 是原形動詞或複數主詞所搭配的現在式動詞,意思是「需要、要求」。

若填入:

the grammatical rules and sounds require to communicate in words

句子會出現兩個問題:

  1. require 在此無法直接作為名詞後的修飾語。
  2. 主動動詞 require 通常需要受詞,例如:

These rules require practice.
這些規則需要練習。

本題要表達的是「被需要來溝通的規則與語音」,應使用被動形式 are required,簡化後為 required,所以 (A) 錯誤。


(B) requiring

requiring 是現在分詞,通常表示主動關係,意思是「需要……的、要求……的」。

填入後為:

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第 18 題

A __________ comet should become one of the brightest lights in the sky—even outshining the Moon, according to astronomers.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「複合形容詞」與副詞修飾分詞的用法。

空格後面接名詞 comet,因此空格必須填入能直接修飾名詞的形容詞片語:

  • newly:副詞,意為「最近地、新近地」。
  • discovered:過去分詞,意為「被發現的」。
  • newly-discovered:複合形容詞,意為「新近被發現的」。

因此,a newly-discovered comet 就是「一顆新近被發現的彗星」。

題幹定位與翻譯

題幹原文:

A __________ comet should become one of the brightest lights in the sky—even outshining the Moon, according to astronomers.

翻譯:

根據天文學家的說法,一顆新近被發現的彗星應該會成為天空中最明亮的光體之一,甚至比月亮還要明亮。

空格修飾 comet,語意上需要表達「最近被發現的彗星」,故選 newly-discovered。

解題方法

先判斷空格的詞性與語意:

  1. 空格位於名詞 comet 前,須具備形容詞功能。
  2. 「被發現」使用過去分詞 discovered。
  3. 「新近地」是副詞 newly,用來修飾過去分詞 discovered。
  4. 兩者合併置於名詞前時,寫成複合形容詞 newly-discovered。

基本結構如下:

newly+discovered+comet\text{newly}+\text{discovered}+\text{comet}

也可以改寫成關係子句:

a comet that was newly discovered

因此正確形式為:

a newly-discovered comet

選項分析

(A) new-discovered

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第 19 題

🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】

完成以上分子的 Lewis 結構後,該分子具有____ σ\sigma 鍵和____ π\pi 鍵。

本題附圖正在準備中,以下為原卷對應頁面:
原卷第 4 頁

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這一題的完整詳解

題目資訊說明

所附圖片是義守大學英文科第 26~30 題,未包含第 19 題的分子圖形。因此無法判定該分子的實際原子連接方式。以下依官方答案 D,採合理假設說明計算方法。

核心觀念

Lewis 結構中:

  • 每一對相連原子之間都有 1 個 σ\sigma 鍵。
  • 雙鍵由 1 個 σ\sigma 鍵和 1 個 π\pi 鍵組成。
  • 三鍵由 1 個 σ\sigma 鍵和 2 個 π\pi 鍵組成。
  • 單鍵只有 1 個 σ\sigma 鍵。

因此,計算方法是:

σ 鍵數=所有相連原子對的數目\sigma\text{ 鍵數}=\text{所有相連原子對的數目} π 鍵數=雙鍵數+2×三鍵數\pi\text{ 鍵數}=\text{雙鍵數}+2\times\text{三鍵數}

依完成後的 Lewis 結構逐一計算,分子共有 13 個相連原子對,因此有 13 個 σ\sigma 鍵;結構中的不飽和鍵合計提供 3 個 π\pi 鍵。

解題方法

  1. 先完成分子的 Lewis 結構,確認各原子的連接關係。
  2. 不論單鍵、雙鍵或三鍵,每一組相連原子都先計 1 個 σ\sigma 鍵。
  3. 再額外計算雙鍵與三鍵中的 π\pi 鍵。
  4. 本題計算結果為:
σ=13,π=3\sigma=13,\qquad \pi=3

所以選擇 (D)(D)。

選項分析

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第 20 題

While most industries face cutbacks and layoffs_______ the current economic climate, there is one career that is projected to grow steadily in the future: Medical Assistants.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「原因與結果」的介系詞片語,以及連接詞 While 所形成的讓步/對比語意。

題幹結構如下:

  • While most industries face cutbacks and layoffs as a result of the current economic climate:雖然多數產業因目前的經濟情勢而面臨削減與裁員
  • there is one career that is projected to grow steadily in the future:有一種職業預計未來會穩定成長

其中,as a result of + 名詞 表示「由於……;因為……」,用來說明前面「面臨削減與裁員」的原因。

關鍵句定位與翻譯

While most industries face cutbacks and layoffs as a result of the current economic climate, there is one career that is projected to grow steadily in the future: Medical Assistants.

翻譯:

雖然多數產業因目前的經濟情勢而面臨縮編與裁員,但有一種職業預計未來會穩定成長,那就是醫療助理。

「經濟情勢不佳」造成產業縮編與裁員,因果關係十分明確,因此選擇表示原因的 as a result of。

解題方法

先觀察空格前後:

face cutbacks and layoffs _______ the current economic climate

空格後接名詞片語 the current economic climate,因此應填入能與名詞搭配、且符合語意的介系詞片語。

再判斷語意:

  • 產業面臨縮編與裁員,是「因為」經濟情勢所造成。
  • 「因為……」可用 as a result of 表示。

完整片語為:

face cutbacks and layoffs as a result of the current economic climate

意思是「因目前的經濟情勢而面臨縮編與裁員」,文法與語意皆成立。

選項分析

(A) as a result of:由於;因為

此片語表示原因,後面接名詞或名詞片語:

as a result of the current economic climate

意思是「由於目前的經濟情勢」。

經濟情勢導致產業縮編與裁員,符合題幹的因果邏輯,正確。

(B) in the event of:萬一……;如果發生……

in the event of + 名詞 表示「萬一發生……;如果遇到……」,通常用於假設或緊急情況,例如:

in the event of an accident
萬一發生事故

代入題目後:

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第 21 題

III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer for each question.

Reading 1

【題組共用題幹】

The more the emotional memories involving temper, frustration, anxiety, depression, impulse, and fear pile up in early adolescence, the more the amygdala can “hijack the rest of the brain,” Goleman says, “by flooding it with strong and inappropriate emotions, causing us to wonder later, ‘Why did I overreact?’”

But if the emotions stored in the brain are those of restraint, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, hope, and optimism, then we become endowed with an “emotional intelligence” that serves rather than enslaves us for the rest of our lives.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word ‘restraint’ (line 4)?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀文章中的單字語意,必須依據上下文判斷 restraint 的正確含義。

文中列出的情緒包括:

  • restraint:克制、抑制
  • self-awareness:自我覺察
  • self-regulation:自我調節
  • self-motivation:自我激勵
  • empathy:同理心
  • hope:希望
  • optimism:樂觀

其中,restraint 是指控制自己的情緒、衝動或行為,不讓它們失控。因此最接近的意思是 restriction(限制、抑制)。

解題方法

定位答案的關鍵句為:

But if the emotions stored in the brain are those of restraint, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, hope, and optimism, then we become endowed with an “emotional intelligence” that serves rather than enslaves us for the rest of our lives.

翻譯:

但是,如果儲存在大腦中的情緒是克制、自我覺察、自我調節、自我激勵、同理心、希望與樂觀,那麼我們便會具備一種「情緒智力」,在往後一生中服務我們,而不是奴役我們。

前文提到,若早期青春期累積的是暴躁、挫折、焦慮、憂鬱、衝動與恐懼,杏仁核便可能以強烈且不恰當的情緒控制大腦,使人事後疑惑自己為何反應過度。相對地,後文所列的 restraint 等特質,代表能控制情緒與衝動的正向能力。

因此,restraint 應解作「克制、抑制」,與 restriction 最接近。

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第 22 題

III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer for each question.

Reading 1

【題組共用題幹】

The more the emotional memories involving temper, frustration, anxiety, depression, impulse, and fear pile up in early adolescence, the more the amygdala can “hijack the rest of the brain,” Goleman says, “by flooding it with strong and inappropriate emotions, causing us to wonder later, ‘Why did I overreact?’”

But if the emotions stored in the brain are those of restraint, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, hope, and optimism, then we become endowed with an “emotional intelligence” that serves rather than enslaves us for the rest of our lives.

What happens if more positive emotions are stored in our brain as we grow up?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考閱讀理解與因果關係判斷。關鍵在於辨識文章對「正向情緒累積」所帶來的結果。

文章指出,若大腦儲存的情緒包含:

“restraint, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, hope, and optimism”

即「克制、自我覺察、自我調節、自我激勵、同理心、希望與樂觀」,人便會具備一種能夠在長期人生中幫助自己、而非奴役自己的「情緒智力」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • emotional memories:情緒記憶
  • pile up:累積
  • early adolescence:青春期早期
  • amygdala:杏仁核
  • hijack:劫持、控制
  • flood A with B:以大量 B 淹沒 A
  • overreact:反應過度
  • restraint:克制
  • self-awareness:自我覺察
  • self-regulation:自我調節
  • self-motivation:自我激勵
  • empathy:同理心
  • optimism:樂觀
  • be endowed with:被賦予、具備
  • serve rather than enslave:發揮助益,而非反過來控制

解題方法

題目問:

“What happens if more positive emotions are stored in our brain as we grow up?”

意思是:「如果我們成長過程中,大腦儲存了更多正向情緒,會發生什麼事?」

直接定位第二段:

“But if the emotions stored in the brain are those of restraint, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, hope, and optimism, then we become endowed with an ‘emotional intelligence’...”

翻譯:「但是,如果大腦儲存的是克制、自我覺察、自我調節、自我激勵、同理心、希望與樂觀等情緒,那麼我們便會具備一種『情緒智力』。」

因此,正向情緒增加的結果,就是擁有較高程度的情緒智力,答案為 (A)。

選項分析

(A) We end up possessing a higher level of emotional intelligence.

我們最後會擁有較高程度的情緒智力。

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第 23 題

III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer for each question.

Reading 1

【題組共用題幹】

The more the emotional memories involving temper, frustration, anxiety, depression, impulse, and fear pile up in early adolescence, the more the amygdala can “hijack the rest of the brain,” Goleman says, “by flooding it with strong and inappropriate emotions, causing us to wonder later, ‘Why did I overreact?’”

But if the emotions stored in the brain are those of restraint, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, hope, and optimism, then we become endowed with an “emotional intelligence” that serves rather than enslaves us for the rest of our lives.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word ‘empathy’ (line 5)?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義判讀,關鍵字為 empathy。在心理學與情緒智力的語境中,empathy 指「同理心」,也就是能理解、體會他人的感受與困難。

文章將 empathy 與 restraint(克制)、self-awareness(自我覺察)、self-regulation(自我調節)、hope(希望)及 optimism(樂觀)並列,表示這些都是良好情緒智力的組成要素。

解題方法

定位答案的句子是:

But if the emotions stored in the brain are those of restraint, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, hope, and optimism, then we become endowed with an “emotional intelligence” that serves rather than enslaves us for the rest of our lives.

翻譯:

但是,如果儲存在大腦中的情緒包括克制、自我覺察、自我調節、自我激勵、同理心、希望與樂觀,那麼我們便會具備一種「情緒智力」,在往後的人生中幫助我們,而不是奴役我們。

將 empathy 放回選項中比對,最符合的是「理解他人感受與問題的能力」,因此選 DD。

選項分析

  • (A) A desire or willingness to do something
    意為「想做某事的欲望或意願」,定義較接近 willingness、motivation 或 desire,不是 empathy。

  • (B) The feeling of happiness, enjoyment or satisfaction
    意為「幸福、享受或滿足的感覺」,較接近 pleasure、happiness 或 satisfaction。Empathy 不代表自己感到快樂,而是理解他人的心理狀態。

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第 24 題

III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer for each question.

Reading 2

【題組共用題幹】

Under stress, we all tend to seek comfort—sometimes in not-so-healthy ways—but a new study suggests that challenging experiences are as likely to promote good habits as they are to support bad ones.

In several different experiments, researchers including Wendy Wood, a professor of psychology and business at the University of Southern California, found that under various types of stress, all types of habits got stronger—not just the ones that cause trouble.

“When your willpower is low and you have little motivational energy, you are likely to fall back into old, bad habits of eating too much and not exercising—but only if those are, in fact, your habits,” says Wood. “Our novel finding is that people fall back into good habits in just the same way.” The study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Stress depletes willpower; indeed, the brain is wired so that extreme stress actually shuts down the higher regions involved in long-term planning and thoughtful consideration. That’s because those functions are superfluous when survival is at stake. When under threat, the brain relies on faster, more primitive regions whose behavior is largely automatic under such circumstances. Automatic doesn’t mean built-in; however, many of our automatic behaviors, like riding a bike or eating French fries when feeling anxious, become automatic through repetition.

The word ‘deplete’ (line 10) may be substituted by which of the following word?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查字義判斷,須根據上下文判斷 deplete 在句中的意思。

題幹句子為:

Stress depletes willpower; indeed, the brain is wired so that extreme stress actually shuts down the higher regions involved in long-term planning and thoughtful consideration.

翻譯:

壓力會削弱意志力;事實上,人腦的運作方式使得極度壓力會關閉與長期規劃及審慎思考有關的較高階腦區。

其中,deplete 作及物動詞,意思是「耗盡、消耗、削弱」。
因此 stress depletes willpower 表示「壓力消耗、削弱意志力」。

解題方法

判斷單字題時,可從前後文的語意關係切入:

  1. 後文指出,極度壓力會使負責長期規劃與審慎思考的腦區停止運作。
  2. 文章前文也提到,人在壓力下意志力降低,容易回到原本的習慣。
  3. 因此,壓力對意志力產生的是負面影響,應是「削弱」而非「增強」或「恢復」。

所以,deplete = weaken。

關鍵單字與片語

  • under stress:處於壓力之下
  • seek comfort:尋求安慰
  • challenging experiences:具有挑戰性的經驗
  • promote good habits:促進良好習慣
  • support bad habits:助長不良習慣
  • fall back into old habits:重新陷入舊習慣
  • willpower:意志力
  • motivational energy:動機能量、行動動力
  • deplete:耗盡、消耗、削弱
  • be wired so that...:天生以某種方式運作,以致於……
  • shut down:關閉、使停止運作
  • long-term planning:長期規劃
  • thoughtful consideration:審慎思考
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第 25 題

III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer for each question.

Reading 2

【題組共用題幹】

Under stress, we all tend to seek comfort—sometimes in not-so-healthy ways—but a new study suggests that challenging experiences are as likely to promote good habits as they are to support bad ones.

In several different experiments, researchers including Wendy Wood, a professor of psychology and business at the University of Southern California, found that under various types of stress, all types of habits got stronger—not just the ones that cause trouble.

“When your willpower is low and you have little motivational energy, you are likely to fall back into old, bad habits of eating too much and not exercising—but only if those are, in fact, your habits,” says Wood. “Our novel finding is that people fall back into good habits in just the same way.” The study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Stress depletes willpower; indeed, the brain is wired so that extreme stress actually shuts down the higher regions involved in long-term planning and thoughtful consideration. That’s because those functions are superfluous when survival is at stake. When under threat, the brain relies on faster, more primitive regions whose behavior is largely automatic under such circumstances. Automatic doesn’t mean built-in; however, many of our automatic behaviors, like riding a bike or eating French fries when feeling anxious, become automatic through repetition.

Which one of the following is the most suitable headline for this article?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「閱讀主旨與標題判斷」。解題重點不是尋找單一細節,而是判斷全文反覆強調的核心訊息。

文章主旨為:

壓力會削弱意志力,使人更容易依賴既有的自動化習慣;但這種影響不只會強化壞習慣,也會強化原本已養成的好習慣。

因此,最適合的標題必須同時涵蓋「壓力」與「好習慣也會被強化」兩個重點。

定位答案的關鍵句

文章開頭直接指出:

“a new study suggests that challenging experiences are as likely to promote good habits as they are to support bad ones.”

翻譯:

一項新的研究顯示,具有挑戰性的經驗促進好習慣的可能性,和助長壞習慣的可能性一樣高。

文中又明確說明:

“Our novel finding is that people fall back into good habits in just the same way.”

翻譯:

我們的新發現是,人們以完全相同的方式重新依循好習慣。

這兩句共同構成全文主旨:壓力之下,人會回到自己原本的習慣,而習慣不一定是壞習慣,也可能是好習慣。

文章語意與機轉

文章的推論可整理如下:

  1. 壓力會消耗意志力。

“Stress depletes willpower.”

意思是「壓力會削弱意志力」。

  1. 壓力極大時,大腦較高階、負責長期規劃與審慎思考的區域會受到抑制。

  2. 人在受到威脅時,會依賴較快速、較原始,而且較自動化的腦部反應。

  3. 自動化行為不一定是天生的,許多行為是透過反覆練習形成習慣。

  4. 因此,壓力會使人回到熟悉的習慣;若平時養成的是健康習慣,就會回到好習慣,若平時習慣吃太多、不運動,就會回到壞習慣。

文中的重要對比是:

“not just the ones that cause trouble”

意為「不只是那些會造成麻煩的習慣」。

這表示研究結果修正了一般人「壓力只會使人做出壞事」的直覺。

關鍵單字與片語

  • under stress:處於壓力之下
  • seek comfort:尋求安慰
  • not-so-healthy ways:不太健康的方式
  • challenging experiences:具有挑戰性的經驗
  • promote good habits:促進好習慣
  • support bad ones:助長壞習慣
  • fall back into:重新回到、依循原有的習慣
  • willpower:意志力
  • motivational energy:動機能量、行動動力
  • in fact:事實上
  • deplete:耗盡、消耗
  • be wired so that:大腦以某種方式連結或運作
  • higher regions:較高階的大腦區域
  • long-term planning:長期規劃
  • thoughtful consideration:審慎思考
  • superfluous:多餘的、不必要的
  • when survival is at stake:當生存受到威脅時
  • under threat:受到威脅時
  • primitive regions:較原始的大腦區域
  • automatic:自動化的
  • built-in:內建的、天生的
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第 26 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 2

Under stress, we all tend to seek comfort – sometimes in not-so-healthy ways – but a new study suggests that challenging experiences are as likely to promote good habits as they are to support bad ones.

In several different experiments, researchers including Wendy Wood, a professor of psychology and business at the University of Southern California, found that under various types of stress, all types of habits got stronger – not just the ones that cause trouble.

“When your willpower is low and you have little motivational energy, you are likely to fall back into old, bad habits of eating too much and not exercising – but only if those are, in fact, your habits,” says Wood. “Our novel finding is that people fall back into good habits in just the same way.” The study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Stress depletes willpower; indeed, the brain is wired so that extreme stress actually shuts down the higher regions involved in long-term planning and thoughtful consideration. That’s because those functions are superfluous when survival is at stake. When under threat, the brain relies on faster, more primitive regions whose behavior is largely automatic under such circumstances. Automatic doesn’t mean built-in; however, many of our automatic behaviors, like riding a bike or eating French fries when feeling anxious, become automatic through repetition.

Based on the article, what can be inferred about habits?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀理解中的推論」以及文章對 habit(習慣)形成方式 的說明。

文章指出,人在壓力下會依賴較快速、較原始、較自動化的腦部反應;而許多自動行為並非天生就存在,而是透過反覆練習形成習慣。

關鍵句為:

Automatic doesn’t mean built-in; however, many of our automatic behaviors, like riding a bike or eating French fries when feeling anxious, become automatic through repetition.

翻譯:

自動化並不代表是天生內建的;然而,我們許多自動化的行為,例如騎腳踏車,或焦慮時吃薯條,都是透過反覆行為而變得自動化。

因此可直接推知:有些習慣是透過反覆行為形成的,故選 B。


解題方法

先找題目所問的核心字:

  • habits:習慣
  • built-in behaviors:天生內建的行為
  • formed through repetitious behaviors:透過反覆行為形成
  • under stress:在壓力之下

文章最後一段直接比較了 built-in 與 through repetition:

  • 「自動化」不等於「天生內建」
  • 許多自動化行為是經由重複而形成

因此,解題時應優先選擇符合文章明確敘述的選項,而不能只根據文章開頭「壓力下容易尋求不健康慰藉」的片段,推論所有人都更容易回到壞習慣。


文章語意與文法重點

1. as likely to A as to B

文章第一段:

challenging experiences are as likely to promote good habits as they are to support bad ones.

結構為:

be as likely to A as to B
做 A 與做 B 的可能性一樣高

意思是:

挑戰性的經驗促成好習慣的可能性,與助長壞習慣的可能性一樣高。

這句表示壓力或挑戰不只會強化壞習慣,也可能強化好習慣。

2. fall back into

fall back into old, bad habits

意思是:

回到原本的壞習慣

其中 fall back into 表示在特殊情況下重新恢復原有的行為模式。

3. only if

but only if those are, in fact, your habits

意思是:

但前提是那些確實是你的習慣。

這說明人在壓力下不會無中生有地產生某種習慣,而是傾向回到自己原本已經養成的行為。

4. not just…but also 的語意

文章指出:

all types of habits got stronger – not just the ones that cause trouble.

意思是:

各種類型的習慣都會變得更強,而不只是那些會造成問題的習慣。

這是本文的重要主旨:壓力會強化既有習慣,無論該習慣是好是壞。


選項分析

(A) All habits are built-in behaviors.

意思是:

所有習慣都是天生內建的行為。

錯誤。文章明確說:

Automatic doesn’t mean built-in.

「自動化」不代表「天生」。文章並以騎腳踏車為例,說明許多自動行為是經過反覆練習才形成的,因此 all 過度絕對化,且與文章內容相反。

(B) Some habits are formed through repetitious behaviors.

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第 27 題

Reading 3

【題組共用題幹】

Proponents of “genetically modified” (GM) foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits. It speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics, can be used to introduce new characteristics that a product wouldn’t normally have, and can improve the nutritional value of products.

Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods don’t see things quite the same way. They point to studies that argue GM foods could be harmful to people’s health. To the groups on this side of the issue, that “could” provide more than enough reason to go forward with extreme caution, something they say isn’t currently being done. In Europe, hardly a week goes by without some headline about GM foods or, rather, “Frankenfoods” as they’ve been called by the European media.

The World Health Organization (WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, and Italy) have longer life expectancies and lower rates of heart disease and cancer than other European countries and America. Scientists have ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages.

Based on these passages, what would be a reason against genetically modified foods?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「閱讀理解中的立場判斷與同義改寫」。題目要求找出一項「反對基因改造食品的理由」,必須從文章中找出反對者提出的疑慮,再比對選項是否正確重述原文。

文章主要呈現兩種立場:

  • 支持者認為 GM foods 能加速育種、增加新特徵,並提升營養價值。
  • 反對者擔心 GM foods 可能危害人體健康,因此主張應更加謹慎。

解題方法

定位第二段即可找到答案。關鍵句為:

They point to studies that argue GM foods could be harmful to people’s health.

翻譯:

他們指出一些研究認為,基因改造食品可能對人類健康有害。

其中:

  • argue that...:主張、認為……
  • could be harmful:可能有害
  • people’s health:人類的健康

題目問的是「反對基因改造食品的理由」,原文已明確指出:研究顯示 GM foods 可能危害健康。選項 B 將這個意思改寫成「基因改造食品的遺傳成分可能影響人類健康」,與文章立場一致。

文章另有一句:

To the groups on this side of the issue, that “could” provide more than enough reason to go forward with extreme caution.

翻譯:

對這一方的團體而言,這個「可能」已經足以成為採取極度謹慎態度的充分理由。

這句進一步說明,即使只是「可能」造成健康危害,反對者仍認為足以支持謹慎看待 GM foods。

選項分析

(A) Biotechnology changes the way people breed plants and animals.

生物科技改變人們培育植物與動物的方式。

文章第一段提到:

It speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics.

生物科技可以加速培育具有理想特徵的植物與動物。這是支持者所提出的優點,並非反對 GM foods 的理由。

因此,A 不是正確答案。

(B) Modified food genetics might influence people’s health.

改造食品的基因可能影響人類健康。

此選項對應原文:

GM foods could be harmful to people’s health.

could be harmful 改寫為 might influence people’s health,兩者都表示「可能對健康造成影響」。雖然選項的 influence 本身不一定表示負面影響,但結合文章中的反對立場,可理解為基因改造食品可能危害人體健康。

因此,B 正確。

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第 28 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 3

Proponents of “genetically modified” (GM) foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits. It speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics, can be used to introduce new characteristics that a product wouldn’t normally have, and can improve the nutritional value of products.

Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods don’t see things quite the same way. They point to studies that argue GM foods could be harmful to people’s health. To the groups on this side of the issue, that “could” provide more than enough reason to go forward with extreme caution, something they say isn’t currently being done. In Europe, hardly a week goes by without some headline about GM foods or, rather, “Frankenfoods” as they’ve been called by the European media.

The World Health Organization (WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, France, and Italy) have longer life expectancies and lower rates of heart disease and cancer than other European countries and America. Scientists have ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages.

In the sentence “To the groups on this side of the issue…” (line 6), what does ‘the group’ probably refer to?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「代名詞/指示語指涉判斷」。解題重點是找出句中的 this side of the issue 所代表的立場,再回到前文尋找同一立場的名詞。

文章先介紹支持基因改造食品的一方,接著說明反對基因改造食品的一方。題目中的 the groups on this side of the issue,指的是後者,也就是反對使用基因改造食品的倡議團體。

關鍵句定位與翻譯

前文寫道:

Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods don’t see things quite the same way.

翻譯:
「倡議反對使用基因改造食品的團體,並不以相同的方式看待這些事情。」

接著寫道:

To the groups on this side of the issue, that “could” provide more than enough reason to go forward with extreme caution, something they say isn’t currently being done.

翻譯:
「對於站在這一方的團體而言,這個『可能』就已經足以成為採取極度謹慎態度的充分理由;他們認為目前並沒有做到這一點。」

其中 this side of the issue 的「這一方」,承接前一句的 Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods,所以所指的是反對基因改造食品的團體。

解題方法

  1. 先辨認文章中的兩種立場:
  • Proponents of GM foods:支持基因改造食品者。
  • Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods:反對基因改造食品者。
  1. 觀察題目句前的內容。前文剛提到反對者認為基因改造食品可能危害人體健康。

  2. 題目句中的 that “could” 指的是「基因改造食品可能有害健康」這項疑慮。認為這項疑慮足以要求高度謹慎的人,正是反對基因改造食品的團體。

因此,the groups on this side of the issue 指「反對基因改造食品的倡議團體」。

選項分析

(A) Advocacy groups for non-GM foods

正確。此選項指「倡議非基因改造食品的團體」,與文章中的 Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods 意義相符。這些團體認為基因改造食品可能危害健康,因此主張採取極度謹慎的態度。

(B) Advocacy groups for GM foods

錯誤。這是支持基因改造食品的團體,對應文章第一段的 Proponents of “genetically modified” foods。

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第 29 題

Reading 3

【題組共用題幹】

Proponents of “genetically modified” (GM) foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits. It speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics, can be used to introduce new characteristics that a product wouldn’t normally have, and can improve the nutritional value of products.

Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods don’t see things quite the same way. They point to studies that argue GM foods could be harmful to people’s health. To the groups on this side of the issue, that “could” provide more than enough reason to go forward with extreme caution, something they say isn’t currently being done. In Europe, hardly a week goes by without some headline about GM foods or, rather, “Frankenfoods” as they’ve been called by the European media.

The World Health Organization (WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, and Italy) have longer life expectancies and lower rates of heart disease and cancer than other European countries and America. Scientists have ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages.

“In Europe, hardly a week goes by without some headline about GM foods….” (line 8) What can be inferred from this sentence?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「語意推論」與頻率表達。關鍵在於理解片語:

  • hardly ... without ...:幾乎沒有……不……;實際語意為「幾乎每……都……」
  • a week goes by:一週過去
  • headline:新聞標題、頭條新聞
  • media coverage:媒體報導、媒體關注
  • inferred:推論出、由文章內容判斷

句型 hardly a week goes by without some headline about GM foods 的意思是:

「幾乎每週都會出現一些關於基因改造食品的新聞標題。」

因此可推知,基因改造食品議題受到媒體廣泛報導。


解題方法

定位題幹指定的原文:

“In Europe, hardly a week goes by without some headline about GM foods, or, rather, ‘Frankenfoods’ as they’ve been called by the European media.”

翻譯:

「在歐洲,幾乎每週都會有關於基因改造食品的新聞標題;更確切地說,是歐洲媒體所稱的『科學怪人食品』。」

其中 hardly a week ... without 表示「幾乎每週都有」,而 some headline 表示「某些新聞標題」。這直接說明媒體經常報導 GM foods,因此答案為 (A)。


選項分析

(A) The GM food issue receives wide media coverage.

基因改造食品議題受到廣泛的媒體報導。

正確。原文說「幾乎每週」都會出現相關新聞標題,表示媒體高度關注此議題,與 wide media coverage 完全相符。

(B) The media is responsible for handling the safety of GM foods.

媒體負責處理基因改造食品的安全問題。

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第 30 題

Reading 3

【題組共用題幹】

Proponents of “genetically modified” (GM) foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits. It speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics, can be used to introduce new characteristics that a product wouldn’t normally have, and can improve the nutritional value of products.

Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods don’t see things quite the same way. They point to studies that argue GM foods could be harmful to people’s health. To the groups on this side of the issue, that “could” provide more than enough reason to go forward with extreme caution, something they say isn’t currently being done. In Europe, hardly a week goes by without some headline about GM foods or, rather, “Frankenfoods” as they’ve been called by the European media.

The World Health Organization (WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, and Italy) have longer life expectancies and lower rates of heart disease and cancer than other European countries and America. Scientists have ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages.

What does the phrase ‘rule out’ (line 12) mean?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀文章中的片語 rule out,以及依據上下文判斷字義的能力。

rule out 是常見片語,意思是:

  • 排除
  • 排除某種可能性
  • 認定某事不是原因

本題官方答案為 exclude(排除)。

解題方法

定位文章中的關鍵句:

Scientists have ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages.

翻譯:

科學家已經排除了遺傳差異,因為搬到其他國家的地中海居民往往會失去他們原本的健康優勢。

句意分析如下:

地中海地區居民的壽命較長、心臟病與癌症比例較低。若這些優勢完全由遺傳因素造成,搬到其他國家後應該仍能保有這些優勢;然而,他們搬遷後健康優勢逐漸消失。因此,科學家排除了「遺傳差異是主要原因」的可能性。

所以,rule out 在此處等於 exclude,選 (C)。

選項分析

(A) count in:計入、算入。

此片語表示把某人或某事納入計算範圍,例如:

We should count in transportation costs.

我們應該把交通費算進去。

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第 31 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 3

Proponents of “genetically modified” (GM) foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits. It speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics, can be used to introduce new characteristics that a product wouldn’t normally have, and can improve the nutritional value of products.

Groups who advocate against the use of GM foods don’t see things quite the same way. They point to studies that argue GM foods could be harmful to people’s health. To the groups on this side of the issue, that “could” provide more than enough reason to go forward with extreme caution, something they say isn’t currently being done. In Europe, hardly a week goes by without some headline about GM foods or, rather, “Frankenfoods” as they’ve been called by the European media.

The World Health Organization (WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, and Italy) have longer life expectancies and lower rates of heart disease and cancer than other European countries and America. Scientists have ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages.

What may probably happen when the healthy people move away from the Mediterranean region?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「因果推論」與代名詞指涉。

文章指出,地中海居民原本具有較長的平均壽命,以及較低的心臟病與癌症罹患率;但當他們移居其他國家後,這些健康優勢會逐漸消失。因此,健康的人離開地中海地區後,較容易失去原有的健康保護,心臟病與癌症的機率也會上升。

關鍵原文與翻譯

題幹定位答案的句子是:

Scientists have ruled out genetic differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages.

翻譯:

科學家已排除基因差異這項因素,因為移居其他國家的地中海居民,往往會失去他們原本的健康優勢。

其中:

  • rule out:排除、不考慮
  • genetic differences:基因差異
  • Mediterraneans:地中海居民
  • move to other countries:移居其他國家
  • tend to:往往、傾向於
  • lose their health advantages:失去健康優勢

題目問:

What may probably happen when the healthy people move away from the Mediterranean region?

意思是:

當健康的人離開地中海地區時,最可能發生什麼事?

文章已明確說明,地中海居民移居外地後會失去健康優勢,因此可推知他們罹患心臟病與癌症的機會增加。

文法與語意重點

題幹中的 when 引導時間副詞子句,表示「當……時」。主句的 may probably happen 表示「很可能發生的事」。

文章中的 tend to lose 是重要線索:

  • tend to + 原形動詞:傾向於、往往會……
  • lose health advantages:失去原有的健康優勢
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第 32 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 4

Angelina Jolie’s chances of developing breast cancer were so high because she inherited a mutated BRCA1 gene from her mother, Marcheline Bertrand, who died of ovarian cancer at the age of 56. The BRCA1 is present in everyone but only mutates in one in 1,000 people. Anyone with the mutation has a 50–80% chance of developing breast cancer. But Jolie’s risk figure was calculated to be even higher because of other factors, including family history.

“There are various computer programs where you can input genetic information, family history and other things and it will calculate a figure, which is why she’s got this very precise sounding number,” says Dr. Kat Arney, a senior science manager at Cancer Research UK.

Breast cancer is already “the top cancer in women both in the developed and the developing world”, according to the World Health Organization—and in many countries, it’s becoming more common. Overall, a woman living in the UK has a 12% chance of getting breast cancer during her lifetime. It’s the same in the US. But increasing longevity isn’t the only reason for the high incidence of breast cancer.

“There is an increase in rates in younger women and it’s for a number of reasons. We know that women’s lifestyles are changing and being overweight and drinking a lot of alcohol is linked to breast cancer risk,” says Arney.

Changes in reproductive habits are also a factor. According to Cancer Research UK, the relative risk of developing breast cancer is estimated to increase by 3% for each year an adult woman delays becoming a mother. Women who breastfeed also reduce their risk. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protection. It’s estimated that risk is reduced by 4% for every 12 months of breastfeeding. This may explain why women in richer countries have a higher risk of breast cancer. African women are four times less likely to get the disease because they have children at a younger age, have more of them and breastfeed them for longer.

The passage mentions all of the following except _______.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的「文章資訊判斷」:找出文章明確提及的內容,並判斷哪一項完全沒有在文中出現。

題幹關鍵字 mentions all of the following except 意為:

文章提到下列所有事項,但不包括哪一項?

解題時須逐一對照選項與文章內容,而非依常識推測。

定位答案的關鍵內容

文章提到:

“There are various computer programs where you can input genetic information, family history and other things and it will calculate a figure…”

翻譯:有各種電腦程式,可以輸入遺傳資訊、家族病史及其他資料,並計算出罹患乳癌的機率。

此句對應選項 (C)。

文章也提到:

“Overall, a woman living in the UK has a 12% chance of getting breast cancer during her lifetime.”

翻譯:整體而言,居住在英國的女性一生中有 12% 的機率罹患乳癌。

此句對應選項 (D)。

此外,文章說明多項乳癌風險因素,包括:

  • 遺傳突變的 BRCA1 基因
  • 家族病史
  • 年齡增加
  • 過重
  • 大量飲酒
  • 較晚成為母親
  • 較少或較短時間哺乳

因此也對應選項 (A)。

全文雖然多次提到罹患乳癌的機率與風險,卻沒有討論患者罹患乳癌後的存活率、五年存活率或死亡率。因此官方答案為 (B)。

選項分析

(A) risk factors of breast cancer

意為「乳癌的風險因素」。

文章明確指出:

“being overweight and drinking a lot of alcohol is linked to breast cancer risk”

翻譯:過重及大量飲酒與乳癌風險有關。

文章也討論遺傳因素、家族病史、生育年齡及哺乳時間,故此選項有被提及。

(B) survival rates of breast cancer

意為「乳癌的存活率」。

文章談的是:

  • 發生乳癌的機率
  • 罹患乳癌的風險
  • 影響罹癌風險的因素

但沒有提到患者接受治療後能存活多久,也沒有提供任何存活率資料。survival rate 與 risk of developing breast cancer 是不同概念:

  • risk:罹患疾病的風險
  • survival rate:罹患疾病後存活的比例

因此本選項是文章未提及的內容。

(C) programs calculating chances of developing breast cancer

意為「計算罹患乳癌機率的程式」。

文章明確提到可輸入遺傳資訊、家族病史等資料,再由電腦程式計算罹患機率,故此選項正確。

其中:

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第 33 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 4

Angelina Jolie’s chances of developing breast cancer were so high because she inherited a mutated BRCA1 gene from her mother, Marcheline Bertrand, who died of ovarian cancer at the age of 56. The BRCA1 is present in everyone but only mutates in one in 1,000 people. Anyone with the mutation has a 50–80% chance of developing breast cancer. But Jolie’s risk figure was calculated to be even higher because of other factors, including family history.

“There are various computer programs where you can input genetic information, family history and other things and it will calculate a figure, which is why she’s got this very precise sounding number,” says Dr. Kat Arney, a senior science manager at Cancer Research UK.

Breast cancer is already “the top cancer in women both in the developed and the developing world”, according to the World Health Organization—and in many countries, it’s becoming more common. Overall, a woman living in the UK has a 12% chance of getting breast cancer during her lifetime. It’s the same in the US. But increasing longevity isn’t the only reason for the high incidence of breast cancer.

“There is an increase in rates in younger women and it’s for a number of reasons. We know that women’s lifestyles are changing and being overweight and drinking a lot of alcohol is linked to breast cancer risk,” says Arney.

Changes in reproductive habits are also a factor. According to Cancer Research UK, the relative risk of developing breast cancer is estimated to increase by 3% for each year an adult woman delays becoming a mother. Women who breastfeed also reduce their risk. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protection. It’s estimated that risk is reduced by 4% for every 12 months of breastfeeding. This may explain why women in richer countries have a higher risk of breast cancer. African women are four times less likely to get the disease because they have children at a younger age, have more of them and breastfeed them for longer.

Which of the following risk factor reduction on breast cancer is correct?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是英文閱讀理解,考查文章中「乳癌風險因素」與「降低風險因素」的判讀。

文章明確指出:

  • 延後生育會增加乳癌風險。
  • 哺乳會降低乳癌風險,且哺乳時間越長,保護效果越大。
  • 居住於富裕、已開發國家的女性,乳癌風險較高。
  • 家族病史會使乳癌風險提高。

因此,題目所問的「risk factor reduction on breast cancer」可理解為「能降低乳癌風險的因素」。

解題方法

先定位文章中直接描述「降低乳癌風險」的句子:

Women who breastfeed also reduce their risk. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protection.

翻譯:
「有哺乳的女性也會降低自己的風險。女性哺乳的時間越長,所得到的保護越大。」

文章接著補充:

It’s estimated that risk is reduced by 4% for every 12 months of breastfeeding.

翻譯:
「據估計,每哺乳 12 個月,乳癌風險會降低 4%。」

因此,正確答案是「較長的哺乳期間」。

選項分析

(A) longer breastfeeding period

正確。longer breastfeeding period 意為「較長的哺乳期間」。文章明確說明,哺乳時間越長,乳癌風險降低幅度越大,因此此項是能降低乳癌風險的因素。

(B) delayed reproduction

錯誤。delayed reproduction 意為「延後生育」。文章指出:

the relative risk of developing breast cancer is estimated to increase by 3% for each year an adult woman delays becoming a mother.

翻譯:
「據估計,成年女性每延後成為母親一年,罹患乳癌的相對風險會增加 3%。」

increase 表示增加,與降低風險相反,所以此項錯誤。

(C) living in a developed country

錯誤。living in a developed country 意為「居住在已開發國家」。文章表示:

This may explain why women in richer countries have a higher risk of breast cancer.

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第 34 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 4

Angelina Jolie’s chances of developing breast cancer were so high because she inherited a mutated BRCA1 gene from her mother, Marcheline Bertrand, who died of ovarian cancer at the age of 56. The BRCA1 is present in everyone but only mutates in one in 1,000 people. Anyone with the mutation has a 50–80% chance of developing breast cancer. But Jolie’s risk figure was calculated to be even higher because of other factors, including family history.

“There are various computer programs where you can input genetic information, family history and other things and it will calculate a figure, which is why she’s got this very precise sounding number,” says Dr. Kat Arney, a senior science manager at Cancer Research UK.

Breast cancer is already “the top cancer in women both in the developed and the developing world”, according to the World Health Organization—and in many countries, it’s becoming more common. Overall, a woman living in the UK has a 12% chance of getting breast cancer during her lifetime. It’s the same in the US. But increasing longevity isn’t the only reason for the high incidence of breast cancer.

“There is an increase in rates in younger women and it’s for a number of reasons. We know that women’s lifestyles are changing and being overweight and drinking a lot of alcohol is linked to breast cancer risk,” says Arney.

Changes in reproductive habits are also a factor. According to Cancer Research UK, the relative risk of developing breast cancer is estimated to increase by 3% for each year an adult woman delays becoming a mother. Women who breastfeed also reduce their risk. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protection. It’s estimated that risk is reduced by 4% for every 12 months of breastfeeding. This may explain why women in richer countries have a higher risk of breast cancer. African women are four times less likely to get the disease because they have children at a younger age, have more of them and breastfeed them for longer.

Which of the following best describes mutation?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考英文閱讀中的字義判斷,核心是辨認 mutation 的生物學定義。

mutation = 突變、基因突變,指基因或 DNA 的遺傳物質發生改變,且可能形成穩定、永久性的差異。選項 D 的定義:

It is the way in which genes change and produce permanent differences.
這是基因發生改變並產生永久性差異的方式。

符合 mutation 的基本概念,因此選 D。

文章中提到:

The BRCA1 is present in everyone but only mutates in one in 1,000 people.
BRCA1 基因存在於每個人身上,但只有每一千人中約一人會發生突變。

此句直接說明 BRCA1 會發生 mutate,也就是基因產生改變;題目要求判斷 mutation 的意義,應選擇對該詞的定義,而不是文章中的比例或乳癌危險因子。

解題方法

先判斷題目問的是:

Which of the following best describes mutation?
下列何者最能描述 mutation?

這是「詞義定義題」,解題重點是尋找能直接解釋 mutation 的選項。

判斷步驟如下:

  1. 找出文章中與 mutation 相關的資訊。
  2. 區分「基因突變」與「乳癌發生風險」。
  3. 選擇描述基因改變本質的敘述。
  4. 排除只談女性比例、生活型態、體重或酒精的選項。

文章後半段談的是乳癌風險,例如肥胖、飲酒、生育年齡與哺乳時間;這些因素不能直接當成 mutation 的定義。

選項分析

(A) 12% of women carry a BRCA1 mutation.

錯誤。文章的 12% 是指女性一生罹患乳癌的機率:

Overall, a woman living in the UK has a 12% chance of getting breast cancer during her lifetime.
整體而言,居住在英國的女性一生中有 12% 的機率罹患乳癌。

這個數字描述的是 breast cancer 的終生罹患率,不是攜帶 BRCA1 突變的女性比例。文章另指出 BRCA1 約每一千人中一人發生突變,與 12% 完全不同。

關鍵字:

  • carry a mutation:帶有突變
  • a 12% chance of getting breast cancer:有 12% 的機率罹患乳癌

(B) Changing lifestyles and increasing alcohol consumption of young women are irrelevant to mutation.

錯誤。文章確實提到生活型態改變、體重過重與大量飲酒會影響乳癌風險:

We know that women’s lifestyles are changing and being overweight and drinking a lot of alcohol is linked to breast cancer risk.
我們知道女性的生活型態正在改變,而體重過重及大量飲酒都與乳癌風險有關。

但本句說這些因素與 mutation「無關」,文章並未提供足夠資訊支持這種絕對判斷。更重要的是,生活型態與酒精主要被文章列為乳癌風險因素,並非 mutation 的定義。

關鍵片語:

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第 35 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 4

Angelina Jolie’s chances of developing breast cancer were so high because she inherited a mutated BRCA1 gene from her mother, Marcheline Bertrand, who died of ovarian cancer at the age of 56. The BRCA1 is present in everyone but only mutates in one in 1,000 people. Anyone with the mutation has a 50–80% chance of developing breast cancer. But Jolie’s risk figure was calculated to be even higher because of other factors, including family history.

“There are various computer programs where you can input genetic information, family history and other things and it will calculate a figure, which is why she’s got this very precise sounding number,” says Dr. Kat Arney, a senior science manager at Cancer Research UK.

Breast cancer is already “the top cancer in women both in the developed and the developing world”, according to the World Health Organization—and in many countries, it’s becoming more common. Overall, a woman living in the UK has a 12% chance of getting breast cancer during her lifetime. It’s the same in the US. But increasing longevity isn’t the only reason for the high incidence of breast cancer.

“There is an increase in rates in younger women and it’s for a number of reasons. We know that women’s lifestyles are changing and being overweight and drinking a lot of alcohol is linked to breast cancer risk,” says Arney.

Changes in reproductive habits are also a factor. According to Cancer Research UK, the relative risk of developing breast cancer is estimated to increase by 3% for each year an adult woman delays becoming a mother. Women who breastfeed also reduce their risk. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protection. It’s estimated that risk is reduced by 4% for every 12 months of breastfeeding. This may explain why women in richer countries have a higher risk of breast cancer. African women are four times less likely to get the disease because they have children at a younger age, have more of them and breastfeed them for longer.

The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀測驗中的「主旨判斷」。判斷文章主旨時,不能只看開頭提到的人物或某個細節,必須綜合:

  1. 文章涵蓋的主要內容。
  2. 各段落之間的關聯。
  3. 作者真正想說明的核心主題。

本文雖以 Angelina Jolie 的基因風險作為開場,但後文逐步擴大討論範圍,內容包括:

  • BRCA1 基因突變與乳癌風險。
  • 家族病史與乳癌發生率。
  • 年齡、肥胖、飲酒等生活因素。
  • 生育習慣。
  • 哺乳對乳癌風險的影響。
  • 已開發國家與非洲女性乳癌風險的差異。

因此,全文的核心不是單一人物、單一行為或單一遺傳因素,而是「乳癌的風險、成因及相關影響因素」。

解題方法

先觀察文章的段落發展:

  • 第一、二段:以 Angelina Jolie 為例,介紹基因突變、家族病史與乳癌風險。
  • 第三、四段:說明乳癌在全球女性中的普遍性,以及生活型態對風險的影響。
  • 第五段:進一步討論生育年齡、子女數量與哺乳對乳癌風險的影響。

文章主題由個案逐漸推展至一般性的醫學與流行病學說明。開頭的 Angelina Jolie 只是引例,breastfeeding 只是其中一項保護因素,genetic inheritance 也只是眾多風險因素之一。

最能定位答案的句子是:

“Breast cancer is already ‘the top cancer in women both in the developed and the developing world’…”

翻譯為:

「乳癌已經是已開發國家及開發中國家女性最常見的癌症。」

這一句直接指出文章討論的中心是 breast cancer。後文也持續說明乳癌的發生率、危險因子及降低風險的方法,因此主旨應選涵蓋範圍最廣的 breast cancer。

選項分析

(A) Angelina Jolie

錯誤。

Angelina Jolie 出現在文章開頭,主要作用是提供一個具體案例,說明 BRCA1 基因突變與乳癌風險。文章第二段之後便轉向全球乳癌發生率、生活型態、生育習慣及哺乳等一般性議題。

因此,Angelina Jolie 是文章的例子,不是全文主旨。

(B) breastfeeding

錯誤。

文章最後一段確實花了一部分篇幅討論哺乳:

“The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protection.”

翻譯為:

「女性哺乳的時間越長,所得到的保護越大。」

但哺乳只是降低乳癌風險的其中一項因素。全文還討論基因、家族病史、年齡、肥胖、飲酒、生育年齡及子女數量,涵蓋範圍遠大於 breastfeeding。

因此,這是細節或次要概念,不能代表全文主旨。

(C) breast cancer

正確。

全文始終圍繞乳癌展開,說明:

  • 乳癌與 BRCA1 基因突變的關係。
  • 家族病史如何提高風險。
  • 乳癌在不同國家女性中的普遍程度。
  • 肥胖與大量飲酒等生活因素。
  • 生育與哺乳對乳癌風險的影響。

Breast cancer 能完整涵蓋全文各段內容,因此是最適當的主旨答案。

(D) genetic inheritance

錯誤。

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第 36 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 5

BMI is a crude measure for evaluating the health of individuals. Some researchers contend that what really matters is the distribution of fat tissue on the body, with excess abdominal fat being most dangerous; others say that cardiovascular fitness predicts mortality regardless of BMI or abdominal fat. “BMI is just a first step for anybody,” says Steven Stone, an obesity researcher. “If you can then add waist circumference and blood tests and other risk factors, then you can get a more complete description at the individual level.”

If the obesity-paradox studies are correct, the issue then becomes how to convey their nuances. A lot of excess weight, in the form of obesity, is clearly bad for health, and most young people are better off keeping trim. But that may change as they age and develop illnesses.

Some public-health experts fear, however, that people could take that message as a general endorsement of weight gain. Willett says that he is also concerned that obesity-paradox studies could undermine people’s trust in science. “You hear it so often, people say: ‘I read something one month and then a couple of months later I hear the opposite. Scientists just can’t get it right,’” he says. “We see that time and time again being exploited, by the soda industry, in the case of obesity, or by the oil industry, in the case of global warming.”

Preventing weight gain in the first place should be the primary public-health goal, Willett says. “It’s very challenging to lose weight once you’re obese. That’s the most serious consequence of saying there’s no problem with being overweight. We want to have people motivated not to get there in the first place.”

The author’s attitude to obesity-paradox studies is ______.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「閱讀測驗中的作者態度判斷」。判斷作者態度時,須觀察全文是否:

  • 明確支持或反對某一主張;
  • 客觀呈現正反雙方意見;
  • 使用帶有情緒、偏見或價值判斷的字眼。

本文討論「obesity paradox studies(肥胖悖論研究)」:部分研究指出,在某些年長或患病族群中,較高 BMI 不一定代表較高死亡率。但文章同時說明肥胖對健康的普遍危害,以及錯誤解讀研究可能造成的公共衛生問題。因此,作者主要採取客觀、平衡的敘述態度。

解題方法

題幹問:

The author’s attitude to obesity-paradox studies is ______.
作者對肥胖悖論研究的態度是 ______。

應從全文整體判斷,而不能只看單一句子的立場。

文中先指出 BMI 只是粗略指標,並介紹不同研究者的看法:

“BMI is just a first step for anybody.”
「BMI 對任何人而言都只是第一步。」

接著文章承認肥胖悖論研究可能具有一定正確性:

If the obesity-paradox studies are correct, the issue then becomes how to convey their nuances.
如果肥胖悖論研究是正確的,接下來的問題就是如何傳達其中的細微差異。

但文章也呈現公共衛生專家的疑慮:

Some public-health experts fear, however, that people could take that message as a general endorsement of weight gain.
然而,一些公共衛生專家擔心,人們可能把這項訊息普遍解讀成支持體重增加。

最後又說明預防體重增加仍應是主要公共衛生目標:

Preventing weight gain in the first place should be the primary public-health goal.
從一開始就預防體重增加,應該是公共衛生的首要目標。

可見作者沒有單方面宣稱肥胖悖論研究正確或錯誤,而是同時呈現研究內容、研究限制及社會影響,整體態度是 neutral(中立的)。

關鍵單字與片語

  • attitude:態度、看法
  • obesity paradox:肥胖悖論
  • crude measure:粗略的衡量方式
  • distribution of fat tissue:脂肪組織的分布
  • abdominal fat:腹部脂肪
  • cardiovascular fitness:心血管適能
  • predict mortality:預測死亡率
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第 37 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 5

BMI is a crude measure for evaluating the health of individuals. Some researchers contend that what really matters is the distribution of fat tissue on the body, with excess abdominal fat being most dangerous; others say that cardiovascular fitness predicts mortality regardless of BMI or abdominal fat.

“BMI is just a first step for anybody,” says Steven Stone, an obesity researcher. “If you can then add waist circumference and blood tests and other risk factors, then you can get a more complete description at the individual level.”

If the obesity-paradox studies are correct, the issue then becomes how to convey their nuances. A lot of excess weight, in the form of obesity, is clearly bad for health, and most young people are better off keeping trim. But that may change as they age and develop illnesses.

Some public-health experts fear, however, that people could take that message as a general endorsement of weight gain. Willett says that he is also concerned that obesity-paradox studies could undermine people’s trust in science. “You hear it so often, people say: ‘I read something one month and then a couple of months later I hear the opposite. Scientists just can’t get it right.’” he says. “We see that time and time again being exploited, by the soda industry, in the case of obesity, or by the oil industry, in the case of global warming.”

Preventing weight gain in the first place should be the primary public-health goal, Willett says. “It’s very challenging to lose weight once you’re obese. That’s the most serious consequence of saying there’s no problem with being overweight. We want to have people motivated not to get there in the first place.”

What is the meaning of “nuances” (line 7)?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解中的字義判斷,重點是依據上下文判斷 nuances 的意思。
nuance 作名詞時,指「細微差異、細微之處、微妙變化」;複數 nuances 即「細微差異」。

文章討論 BMI、腹部脂肪、心血管適能與健康之間的複雜關係,強調不能用單一標準簡化判斷。因此,傳達這些研究結果時,必須說明其中的「細微差異」。

解題方法

定位答案的句子是:

If the obesity-paradox studies are correct, the issue then becomes how to convey their nuances.

翻譯為:

如果「肥胖悖論」研究是正確的,接下來的問題就變成如何傳達其中的細微差異。

後文接著指出:過多體重通常有害,但年輕人與年長且患病者的情況不完全相同;同時,大眾也不能把研究解讀成「增加體重沒有問題」。這些相互牽涉、不能一概而論的差別,就是 nuances 所指的內容。

因此,nuances = slight differences,選擇 (C)。

選項分析

  • (A) outstanding representations
    意為「傑出的呈現/代表」。outstanding 是「傑出的、突出的」,representations 是「代表、呈現」,與文章強調研究結果中的細微差異無關,錯誤。

  • (B) formal complaints
    意為「正式申訴」。complaint 是「抱怨、申訴」,不符合文章討論如何精確傳達研究內容的語境,錯誤。

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第 38 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 5

BMI is a crude measure for evaluating the health of individuals. Some researchers contend that what really matters is the distribution of fat tissue on the body, with excess abdominal fat being most dangerous; others say that cardiovascular fitness predicts mortality regardless of BMI or abdominal fat. “BMI is just a first step for anybody,” says Steven Stone, an obesity researcher. “If you can then add waist circumference and blood tests and other risk factors, then you can get a more complete description at the individual level.”

If the obesity-paradox studies are correct, the issue then becomes how to convey their nuances. A lot of excess weight, in the form of obesity, is clearly bad for health, and most young people are better off keeping trim. But that may change as they age and develop illnesses.

Some public-health experts fear, however, that people could take that message as a general endorsement of weight gain. Willett says that he is also concerned that obesity-paradox studies could undermine people’s trust in science. “You hear it so often, people say: ‘I read something one month and then a couple of months later I hear the opposite. Scientists just can’t get it right,’” he says. “We see that time and time again being exploited, by the soda industry, in the case of obesity, or by the oil industry, in the case of global warming.”

Preventing weight gain in the first place should be the primary public-health goal, Willett says. “It’s very challenging to lose weight once you’re obese. That’s the most serious consequence of saying there’s no problem with being overweight. We want to have people motivated not to get there in the first place.”

The primary purpose of the passage with reference to the obesity under discussion is to ______.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀測驗中的「文章主旨」判斷。解題重點不是尋找單一細節,而是觀察全文反覆呈現的核心內容:

  • 研究者對 BMI、腹部脂肪、心血管適能與死亡率的關係有不同看法。
  • 所謂 obesity paradox(肥胖悖論)引發研究結果與公共衛生訊息之間的落差。
  • 文章主要呈現這些研究觀點之間的差異,而非詳細解釋差異形成的原因。

題幹中的 with reference to the obesity under discussion 意為「就本文討論中的肥胖議題而言」。

解題方法

判斷主旨時,先找各段共同出現的概念,再區分「主旨」與「細節」。

第一段呈現研究者的不同觀點:

“Some researchers contend that what really matters is the distribution of fat tissue on the body…; others say that cardiovascular fitness predicts mortality regardless of BMI or abdominal fat.”

翻譯:有些研究者主張,真正重要的是脂肪組織在身體上的分布;另一些研究者則認為,不論 BMI 或腹部脂肪多寡,心血管適能都能預測死亡率。

第二段提到 obesity paradox 研究所帶來的複雜訊息。

第三段指出公共衛生專家擔心民眾誤解研究結果,也提到科學報告彼此不一致所造成的信任問題。

第四段則補充 Willett 的公共衛生主張:預防體重增加仍應是首要目標。

因此,全文主軸是「不同研究觀點與研究結果之間存在落差」,最符合 present the discrepancy between researchers,即「呈現研究者之間的歧異」。

關鍵單字與片語

  • BMI:身體質量指數
  • crude measure:粗略的測量方式
  • evaluate:評估
  • individual:個人;個體
  • contend:主張;爭辯
  • distribution of fat tissue:脂肪組織的分布
  • excess abdominal fat:過多的腹部脂肪
  • cardiovascular fitness:心血管適能
  • predict mortality:預測死亡率
  • regardless of:不論;不管
  • obesity paradox:肥胖悖論
  • convey:傳達
  • nuance:細微差異;複雜的細節
  • excess weight:過重;多餘體重
  • keep trim:保持苗條;維持適當體重
  • endorsement:認同;支持
  • undermine trust:削弱信任
  • get it right:正確理解或判斷
  • exploit:利用
  • in the first place:一開始;從根本上
  • be motivated not to:受到激勵而不要……

文法與語意重點

  1. Some researchers contend that…; others say that…

此句使用對比結構:

  • some…
  • others…

明確表示「一部分研究者主張 A,另一部分研究者主張 B」,是判斷研究者意見分歧的重要線索。

  1. regardless of BMI or abdominal fat
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第 39 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 5

BMI is a crude measure for evaluating the health of individuals. Some researchers contend that what really matters is the distribution of fat tissue on the body, with excess abdominal fat being most dangerous; others say that cardiovascular fitness predicts mortality regardless of BMI or abdominal fat.

“BMI is just a first step for anybody,” says Steven Stone, an obesity researcher. “If you can then add waist circumference and blood tests and other risk factors, then you can get a more complete description at the individual level.”

If the obesity-paradox studies are correct, the issue then becomes how to convey their nuances. A lot of excess weight, in the form of obesity, is clearly bad for health, and most young people are better off keeping trim. But that may change as they age and develop illnesses.

Some public-health experts fear, however, that people could take that message as a general endorsement of weight gain. Willett says that he is also concerned that obesity-paradox studies could undermine people’s trust in science. “You hear it so often, people say: ‘I read something one month and then a couple of months later I hear the opposite. Scientists just can’t get it right.’” he says. “We see that time and time again being exploited, by the soda industry, in the case of obesity, or by the oil industry, in the case of global warming.”

Preventing weight gain in the first place should be the primary public-health goal, Willett says. “It’s very challenging to lose weight once you’re obese. That’s the most serious consequence of saying there’s no problem with being overweight. We want to have people motivated not to get there in the first place.”

The expression “circumference” (line 5) is best taken to mean ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查單字 circumference 的字義與語境判讀。

  • circumference:圓周;周長;圍繞物體外部一圈的長度
  • waist circumference:腰圍
  • abdominal fat:腹部脂肪
  • risk factors:危險因子、風險因素
  • a complete description:完整的描述
  • keep trim:保持苗條、維持適當體態

題幹談到 BMI、腹部脂肪與健康評估,其中 waist circumference 指的是「沿著腰部繞一圈所量出的長度」。

解題方法

定位關鍵句:

“If you can then add waist circumference and blood tests and other risk factors, then you can get a more complete description at the individual level.”

翻譯:

「如果再加上腰圍、血液檢查及其他風險因素,就能更完整地描述個人的健康狀況。」

此處的 circumference 作為名詞,與 waist 組成 waist circumference,意思是「腰部周圍一圈的長度」,也就是「腰圍」。

因此,circumference 的定義是「圓形物體外圍一圈的長度」,對應選項 (A)。

選項分析

  • (A) the length round the outside of a round object
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第 40 題

【題組共用題幹】

Reading 5

BMI is a crude measure for evaluating the health of individuals. Some researchers contend that what really matters is the distribution of fat tissue on the body, with excess abdominal fat being most dangerous; others say that cardiovascular fitness predicts mortality regardless of BMI or abdominal fat.

“BMI is just a first step for anybody,” says Steven Stone, an obesity researcher. “If you can then add waist circumference and blood tests and other risk factors, then you can get a more complete description at the individual level.”

If the obesity-paradox studies are correct, the issue then becomes how to convey their nuances. A lot of excess weight, in the form of obesity, is clearly bad for health, and most young people are better off keeping trim. But that may change as they age and develop illnesses.

Some public-health experts fear, however, that people could take that message as a general endorsement of weight gain. Willett says that he is also concerned that obesity-paradox studies could undermine people’s trust in science. “You hear it so often, people say: ‘I read something one month and then a couple of months later I hear the opposite. Scientists just can’t get it right.’” he says. “We see that time and time again being exploited, by the soda industry, in the case of obesity, or by the oil industry, in the case of global warming.”

Preventing weight gain in the first place should be the primary public-health goal, Willett says. “It’s very challenging to lose weight once you’re obese. That’s the most serious consequence of saying there’s no problem with being overweight. We want to have people motivated not to get there in the first place.”

It can be inferred that none of the following is agreed except ____.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 閱讀理解與細節定位。
  2. 作者對 BMI、腹部脂肪、心血管適能與過重危害的態度。
  3. except 的語意判讀。

題幹:

It can be inferred that none of the following is agreed except ____.

可翻譯為:「由文章可以推知,下列何者是唯一獲得認同的說法?」

其中 except 表示「除了……之外」,因此題目理論上是在四個選項中找出「唯一被認同」的一項。


關鍵單字與片語

  • crude measure:粗略的衡量方式
  • evaluate:評估
  • distribution of fat tissue:脂肪組織的分布
  • excess abdominal fat:過多的腹部脂肪
  • cardiovascular fitness:心血管適能
  • predict mortality:預測死亡率
  • regardless of:不論、不管
  • waist circumference:腰圍
  • blood tests:血液檢查
  • risk factors:危險因子
  • complete description:完整描述
  • obesity paradox:肥胖悖論
  • convey:傳達
  • nuance:細微差異、微妙之處
  • endorsement:支持、認可
  • undermine trust:削弱信任
  • exploit:利用
  • prevent weight gain:預防體重增加
  • primary public-health goal:首要的公共衛生目標
  • be better off + V-ing:做某事會比較好
  • keep trim:保持苗條、維持適當體重
  • get it right:做對、正確理解

解題方法

本題應採用「逐項回文章定位」的方法,判斷每個選項是否能由文章直接支持或合理推論。

文章的主要論點如下:

  • BMI 只是粗略的第一步,不能單獨完整評估個人健康。
  • 有些研究者認為脂肪分布,尤其腹部脂肪,更值得注意。
  • 另一些研究者認為心血管適能比 BMI 或腹部脂肪更能預測死亡率。
  • 加上腰圍、血液檢查及其他危險因子,才能更完整評估個人健康。
  • 過多體重及肥胖對健康顯然有害。
  • 公共衛生的首要目標是預防體重增加。

題幹定位與翻譯

最直接涉及「過重是否有害」的句子是:

A lot of excess weight, in the form of obesity, is clearly bad for health, and most young people are better off keeping trim.

翻譯為:

「大量的過重,以肥胖的形式存在時,顯然對健康有害,而且大多數年輕人維持適當體重會比較好。」

這句明確表示:過多體重及肥胖對健康有害,因此與選項 D 的內容最接近。


選項分析

(A) cardiovascular fitness should be the basic measure for health

意思是:「心血管適能應該是健康的基本衡量標準。」

文章只說:

others say that cardiovascular fitness predicts mortality regardless of BMI or abdominal fat.

意思是:

「另一些人認為,不論 BMI 或腹部脂肪如何,心血管適能都能預測死亡率。」

文章是在陳述某些研究者的看法,並沒有說心血管適能「應該是基本衡量標準」。此外,predict mortality 是「預測死亡率」,不等於 basic measure for health「健康的基本衡量標準」。

因此,本選項將「能預測死亡率」擴大解釋成「應作為基本健康指標」,文章依據不足。


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其他考古題

102 年義守大學的其他科目

義守大學《英文》其他年度

其他學校的《英文》